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Bell TM, Facemire P, Bearss JJ, Raymond JL, Chapman J, Zeng X, Shamblin JD, Williams JA, Grosenbach DW, Hruby DE, Damon IK, Goff AJ, Mucker EM. Smallpox lesion characterization in placebo-treated and tecovirimat-treated macaques using traditional and novel methods. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012007. [PMID: 38386661 PMCID: PMC10883539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was the most rampant infectious disease killer of the 20th century, yet much remains unknown about the pathogenesis of the variola virus. Using archived tissue from a study conducted at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention we characterized pathology in 18 cynomolgus macaques intravenously infected with the Harper strain of variola virus. Six macaques were placebo-treated controls, six were tecovirimat-treated beginning at 2 days post-infection, and six were tecovirimat-treated beginning at 4 days post-infection. All macaques were treated daily until day 17. Archived tissues were interrogated using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. Gross lesions in three placebo-treated animals that succumbed to infection primarily consisted of cutaneous vesicles, pustules, or crusts with lymphadenopathy. The only gross lesions noted at the conclusion of the study in the three surviving placebo-treated and the Day 4 treated animals consisted of resolving cutaneous pox lesions. No gross lesions attributable to poxviral infection were present in the Day 2 treated macaques. Histologic lesions in three placebo-treated macaques that succumbed to infection consisted of proliferative and necrotizing dermatitis with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and lymphoid depletion. The only notable histologic lesion in the Day 4 treated macaques was resolving dermatitis; no notable lesions were seen in the Day 2 treated macaques. Variola virus was detected in all three placebo-treated animals that succumbed to infection prior to the study's conclusion by all utilized methods (IHC, ISH, IFA, EM). None of the three placebo-treated animals that survived to the end of the study nor the animals in the two tecovirimat treatment groups showed evidence of variola virus by these methods. Our findings further characterize variola lesions in the macaque model and describe new molecular methods for variola detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Bell
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Facemire
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jo Lynne Raymond
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Chapman
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Shamblin
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Williams
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Dennis E. Hruby
- SIGA Technologies, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Inger K. Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arthur J. Goff
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Mucker
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Blair PW, Kortepeter MG, Downey LG, Madar CS, Downs IL, Martins KA, Rossi F, Williams JA, Madar A, Schellhase CW, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Bavari S, Soloveva V, Wells JB, Stuthman KS, Garza NL, Vantongeren SA, Donnelly GC, Steffens J, Kalapaca J, Wiseman P, Henry J, Marko S, Chappell M, Lugo-Roman L, Ramos-Rivera E, Hofer C, Blue E, Moore J, Fiallos J, Wetzel D, Pratt WD, Unangst T, Miller A, Sola JJ, Reisler RB, Cardile AP. Intensive Care Unit-Like Care of Nonhuman Primates with Ebola Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:632-642. [PMID: 33367826 PMCID: PMC8366444 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) supportive care strategies are largely guided by retrospective observational research. This study investigated the effect of EVD supportive care algorithms on duration of survival in a controlled nonhuman primate (NHP) model. METHODS Fourteen rhesus macaques were challenged intramuscularly with a target dose of Ebola virus (1000 plaque-forming units; Kikwit). NHPs were allocated to intensive care unit (ICU)-like algorithms (n = 7), intravenous fluids plus levofloxacin (n = 2), or a control group (n = 5). The primary outcome measure was duration of survival, and secondary outcomes included changes in clinical laboratory values. RESULTS Duration of survival was not significantly different between the pooled ICU-like algorithm and control groups (8.2 vs 6.9 days of survival; hazard ratio; 0.50; P = .25). Norepinephrine was effective in transiently maintaining baseline blood pressure. NHPs treated with ICU-like algorithms had delayed onset of liver and kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS While an obvious survival difference was not observed with ICU-like care, clinical observations from this model may aid in EVD supportive care NHP model refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Blair
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lydia G Downey
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Isaac L Downs
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen A Martins
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Franco Rossi
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Annie Madar
- Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Edge BioInnovation Consulting and Management, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay B Wells
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly S Stuthman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean A Vantongeren
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ginger C Donnelly
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Kalapaca
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Perry Wiseman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Henry
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shannon Marko
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Chappell
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Lugo-Roman
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elliot Ramos-Rivera
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Hofer
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene Blue
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Moore
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy Fiallos
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Darrel Wetzel
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Pratt
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tami Unangst
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adele Miller
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James J Sola
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald B Reisler
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Amemiya K, Zeng X, Bearss JJ, Cote CK, Soffler C, Bernhards RC, Dankmeyer JL, Ribot WJ, Trevino SR, Welkos SL, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Was Used to Validate the Presence of Burkholderia Pseudomallei or B. Mallei in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020065. [PMID: 32365605 PMCID: PMC7345562 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Currently, there are no vaccines for these two diseases. Animal models have been developed to evaluate vaccines and therapeutics. Tissues from infected animals, however, must be fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) before analysis. A brownish staining material in infected tissues that represents the exopolysaccharide of the pathogen was seen by bright field microscopy but not the actual microorganism. Because of these results, FFPE tissue was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in an attempt to see the microorganism. Archival FFPE tissues were examined from ten mice, and five nonhuman primates after exposure to B. pseudomallei or B.mallei by LSCM. Additionally, a historical spleen biopsy from a human suspected of exposure to B. mallei was examined. B. pseudomallei was seen in many of the infected tissues from mice. Four out of five nonhuman primates were positive for the pathogen. In the human sample, B. mallei was seen in pyogranulomas in the spleen biopsy. Thus, the presence of the pathogen was validated by LSCM in murine, nonhuman primate, and human FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-2182
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Wilson J. Ribot
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
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4
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Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Stonier SW, Soffler C, Cote CK, Welkos SL, Fetterer DP, Chance TB, Trevino SR, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common host immune response in a chronically infected mouse model of melioidosis when comparing multiple human strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 32013893 PMCID: PMC6998218 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is caused by the Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei. Diagnosis of melioidosis is often difficult because of the protean clinical presentation of the disease, and it may mimic other diseases, such as tuberculosis. There are many different strains of B. pseudomallei that have been isolated from patients with melioidosis, but it was not clear if they could cause a similar disease in a chronic BALB/c murine model of melioidosis. Hence, we wanted to examine chronically infected mice exposed to different strains of B. pseudomallei to determine if there were differences in the host immune response to the pathogen. RESULTS We identified common host immune responses exhibited in chronically infected BALB/c mice, although there was some heterogeneity in the host response in chronically infected mice after exposure to different strains of B. pseudomallei. They all displayed pyogranulomatous lesions in their spleens with a large influx of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Sera from chronically infected mice by ELISA exhibited elevated IgG titers to the pathogen, and we detected by Luminex micro-bead array technology a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, KC, and MIG. By immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analysis we found that the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) was confined primarily to the area with the pathogen within pyogranulomatous lesions. We also found that cultured splenocytes from chronically infected mice could express IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α ex vivo without the need for additional exogenous stimulation. In addition by flow cytometry, we detected significant amounts of intracellular expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ without a protein transport blocker in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils but not in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in splenocytes from chronically infected mice. CONCLUSION Taken together the common features we have identified in chronically infected mice when 10 different human clinical strains of B. pseudomallei were examined could serve as biomarkers when evaluating potential therapeutic agents in mice for the treatment of chronic melioidosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susan L Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia R Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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5
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Reisler RB, Zeng X, Schellhase CW, Bearss JJ, Warren TK, Trefry JC, Christopher GW, Kortepeter MG, Bavari S, Cardile AP. Ebola Virus Causes Intestinal Tract Architectural Disruption and Bacterial Invasion in Non-Human Primates. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100513. [PMID: 30241284 PMCID: PMC6213817 DOI: 10.3390/v10100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus (EBOV) outbreak, there was a significant concern raised about the potential for secondary bacterial infection originating from the gastrointestinal tract, which led to the empiric treatment of many patients with antibiotics. This retrospective pathology case series summarizes the gastrointestinal pathology observed in control animals in the rhesus EBOV-Kikwit intramuscular 1000 plaque forming unit infection model. All 31 Non-human primates (NHPs) exhibited lymphoid depletion of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) but the severity and the specific location of the depletion varied. Mesenteric lymphoid depletion and necrosis were present in 87% (27/31) of NHPs. There was mucosal barrier disruption of the intestinal tract with mucosal necrosis and/or ulceration most notably in the duodenum (16%), cecum (16%), and colon (29%). In the intestinal tract, hemorrhage was noted most frequently in the duodenum (52%) and colon (45%). There were focal areas of bacterial submucosal invasion in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in 9/31 (29%) of NHPs. Only 2/31 (6%) had evidence of pancreatic necrosis. One NHP (3%) experienced jejunal intussusception which may have been directly related to EBOV. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated EBOV antigen in CD68+ macrophage/monocytes and endothelial cells in areas of GI vascular injury or necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Reisler
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Christopher W Schellhase
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Travis K Warren
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John C Trefry
- Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - George W Christopher
- Joint Program Management Office, Medical Countermeasure Systems, 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Mark G Kortepeter
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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Coffin KM, Liu J, Warren TK, Blancett CD, Kuehl KA, Nichols DK, Bearss JJ, Schellhase CW, Retterer CJ, Weidner JM, Radoshitzky SR, Brannan JM, Cardile AP, Dye JM, Palacios G, Sun MG, Kuhn JH, Bavari S, Zeng X. Persistent Marburg Virus Infection in the Testes of Nonhuman Primate Survivors. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:405-416.e3. [PMID: 30173956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission of filoviruses was first reported in 1968 after an outbreak of Marburg virus (MARV) disease and recently caused flare-ups of Ebola virus disease in the 2013-2016 outbreak. How filoviruses establish testicular persistence and are shed in semen remain unknown. We discovered that persistent MARV infection of seminiferous tubules, an immune-privileged site that harbors sperm production, is a relatively common event in crab-eating macaques that survived infection after antiviral treatment. Persistence triggers severe testicular damage, including spermatogenic cell depletion and inflammatory cell invasion. MARV mainly persists in Sertoli cells, leading to breakdown of the blood-testis barrier formed by inter-Sertoli cell tight junctions. This disruption is accompanied by local infiltration of immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Our study elucidates cellular events associated with testicular persistence that may promote sexual transmission of filoviruses and suggests that targeting immunosuppression may be warranted to clear filovirus persistence in damaged immune-privileged sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Coffin
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Candace D Blancett
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kathleen A Kuehl
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald K Nichols
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher W Schellhase
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cary J Retterer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jessica M Weidner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anthony P Cardile
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mei G Sun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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7
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Cashman KA, Wilkinson ER, Wollen SE, Shamblin JD, Zelko JM, Bearss JJ, Zeng X, Broderick KE, Schmaljohn CS. DNA vaccines elicit durable protective immunity against individual or simultaneous infections with Lassa and Ebola viruses in guinea pigs. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:3010-3019. [PMID: 29135337 PMCID: PMC5718824 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1382780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed optimized DNA vaccines against both Lassa fever and Ebola hemorrhagic fever viruses and demonstrated that they were protective individually in guinea pig and nonhuman primate models. In this study, we vaccinated groups of strain 13 guinea pigs two times, four weeks apart with 50 µg of each DNA vaccine or a mock vaccine at discrete sites by intradermal electroporation. Five weeks following the second vaccinations, guinea pigs were exposed to lethal doses of Lassa virus, Ebola virus, or a combination of both viruses simultaneously. None of the vaccinated guinea pigs, regardless of challenge virus and including the coinfected group, displayed weight loss, fever or other disease signs, and all survived to the study endpoint. All of the mock-vaccinated guinea pigs that were infected with Lassa virus, and all but one of the EBOV-infected mock-vaccinated guinea pigs succumbed. In order to determine if the dual-agent vaccination strategy could protect against both viruses if exposures were temporally separated, we held the surviving vaccinates in BSL-4 for approximately 120 days to perform a cross-challenge experiment in which guinea pigs originally infected with Lassa virus received a lethal dose of Ebola virus and those originally infected with Ebola virus were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus. All guinea pigs remained healthy and survived to the study endpoint. This study clearly demonstrates that DNA vaccines against Lassa and Ebola viruses can elicit protective immunity against both individual virus exposures as well as in a mixed-infection environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Cashman
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Eric R Wilkinson
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Justine M Zelko
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- d Office of the Chief Scientists, Headquarters, USAMRIID , Fort Detrick , MD
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8
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Cashman KA, Wilkinson ER, Shaia CI, Facemire PR, Bell TM, Bearss JJ, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Broderick KE, Sardesai NY, Schmaljohn CS. A DNA vaccine delivered by dermal electroporation fully protects cynomolgus macaques against Lassa fever. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2902-2911. [PMID: 29045192 PMCID: PMC5718832 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is an ambisense RNA virus in the Arenaviridae family and is the etiological agent of Lassa fever, a severe hemorrhagic disease endemic to West and Central Africa.1,2 There are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed vaccines available to prevent Lassa fever.1,2 in our previous studies, we developed a gene-optimized DNA vaccine that encodes the glycoprotein precursor gene of LASV (Josiah strain) and demonstrated that 3 vaccinations accompanied by dermal electroporation protected guinea pigs from LASV-associated illness and death. Here, we describe an initial efficacy experiment in cynomolgus macaque nonhuman primates (NHPs) in which we followed an identical 3-dose vaccine schedule that was successful in guinea pigs, and a follow-on experiment in which we used an accelerated vaccination strategy consisting of 2 administrations, spaced 4 weeks apart. In both studies, all of the LASV DNA-vaccinated NHPs survived challenge and none of them had measureable, sustained viremia or displayed weight loss or other disease signs post-exposure. Three of 10 mock-vaccinates survived exposure to LASV, but all of them became acutely ill post-exposure and remained chronically ill to the study end point (45 d post-exposure). Two of the 3 survivors experienced sensorineural hearing loss (described elsewhere). These results clearly demonstrate that the LASV DNA vaccine combined with dermal electroporation is a highly effective candidate for eventual use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Cashman
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Eric R Wilkinson
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Carl I Shaia
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Paul R Facemire
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Todd M Bell
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- b Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- a Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | | | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- d Office of the Chief Scientists, Headquarters, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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9
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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10
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Bell TM, Shaia CI, Bearss JJ, Mattix ME, Koistinen KA, Honnold SP, Zeng X, Blancett CD, Donnelly GC, Shamblin JD, Wilkinson ER, Cashman KA. Temporal Progression of Lesions in Guinea Pigs Infected With Lassa Virus. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:549-562. [PMID: 28438110 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816677153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) infection causes an acute, multisystemic viral hemorrhagic fever that annually infects an estimated 100 000 to 300 000 persons in West Africa. This pathogenesis study evaluated the temporal progression of disease in guinea pigs following aerosol and subcutaneous inoculation of the Josiah strain of LASV as well as the usefulness of Strain 13 guinea pigs as an animal model for Lassa fever. After experimental infection, guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus; n = 67) were serially sampled to evaluate the temporal progression of infection, gross and histologic lesions, and serum chemistry and hematologic changes. Guinea pigs developed viremia on day 5 to 6 postexposure (PE), with clinical signs appearing by day 7 to 8 PE. Complete blood counts revealed lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Gross pathologic findings included skin lesions and congested lungs. Histologic lesions consisted of cortical lymphoid depletion by day 6 to 7 PE with lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia at 7 to 8 days PE. Scattered hepatocellular degeneration and cell death were also noted in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in other tissues including the haired skin, lung, heart, adrenal gland, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. The first cell types to demonstrate staining for viral antigen were fibroblastic reticular cells and macrophages/dendritic cells in the lymph nodes on day 5 to 6 PE. This study demonstrates similarities between Lassa viral disease in human infections and experimental guinea pig infection. These shared pathologic characteristics support the utility of guinea pigs as an additional animal model for vaccine and therapeutic development under the Food and Drug Administration's Animal Rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Bell
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - C I Shaia
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA.,2 Current address: Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J J Bearss
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M E Mattix
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA.,3 Current address: WIL Research, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - K A Koistinen
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - S P Honnold
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - X Zeng
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - C D Blancett
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - G C Donnelly
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J D Shamblin
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - E R Wilkinson
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - K A Cashman
- 1 US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
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11
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Trefry JC, Wollen SE, Nasar F, Shamblin JD, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Jefferson MA, Chance TB, Kugelman JR, Ladner JT, Honko AN, Kobs DJ, Wending MQS, Sabourin CL, Pratt WD, Palacios GF, Pitt MLM. Ebola Virus Infections in Nonhuman Primates Are Temporally Influenced by Glycoprotein Poly-U Editing Site Populations in the Exposure Material. Viruses 2015; 7:6739-54. [PMID: 26703716 PMCID: PMC4690892 DOI: 10.3390/v7122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimentation with the variants of the Ebola virus that differ in the glycoprotein's poly-uridine site, which dictates the form of glycoprotein produced through a transcriptional stutter, has resulted in questions regarding the pathogenicity and lethality of the stocks used to develop products currently undergoing human clinical trials to combat the disease. In order to address these concerns and prevent the delay of these critical research programs, we designed an experiment that permitted us to intramuscularly challenge statistically significant numbers of naïve and vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with either a 7U or 8U variant of the Ebola virus, Kikwit isolate. In naïve animals, no difference in survivorship was observed; however, there was a significant delay in the disease course between the two groups. Significant differences were also observed in time-of-fever, serum chemistry, and hematology. In vaccinated animals, there was no statistical difference in survivorship between either challenge groups, with two succumbing in the 7U group compared to 1 in the 8U challenge group. In summary, survivorship was not affected, but the Ebola virus disease course in nonhuman primates is temporally influenced by glycoprotein poly-U editing site populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven J Kern
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeremy J Bearss
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michelle A Jefferson
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffery R Kugelman
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anna N Honko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dean J Kobs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | | | - Carol L Sabourin
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - M Louise M Pitt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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12
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Welkos SL, Klimko CP, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Bozue JA, Bernhards RC, Trevino SR, Waag DM, Amemiya K, Worsham PL, Cote CK. Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Using a Murine Intraperitoneal Infection Model and In Vitro Macrophage Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124667. [PMID: 25909629 PMCID: PMC4409376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. This bacterium is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. It has also been estimated to present a considerable risk as a potential biothreat agent. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei, and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by nonspecific symptomology, the high incidence of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains, and disease chronicity. Accordingly, there is a concerted effort to better characterize B. pseudomallei and its associated disease. Before novel vaccines and therapeutics can be tested in vivo, a well characterized animal model is essential. Previous work has indicated that mice may be a useful animal model. In order to develop standardized animal models of melioidosis, different strains of bacteria must be isolated, propagated, and characterized. Using a murine intraperitoneal (IP) infection model, we tested the virulence of 11 B. pseudomallei strains. The IP route offers a reproducible way to rank virulence that can be readily reproduced by other laboratories. This infection route is also useful in distinguishing significant differences in strain virulence that may be masked by the exquisite susceptibility associated with other routes of infection (e.g., inhalational). Additionally, there were several pathologic lesions observed in mice following IP infection. These included varisized abscesses in the spleen, liver, and haired skin. This model indicated that commonly used laboratory strains of B. pseudomallei (i.e., K96243 and 1026b) were significantly less virulent as compared to more recently acquired clinical isolates. Additionally, we characterized in vitro strain-associated differences in virulence for macrophages and described a potential inverse relationship between virulence in the IP mouse model of some strains and in the macrophage phagocytosis assay. Strains which were more virulent for mice (e.g., HBPU10304a) were often less virulent in the macrophage assays, as determined by several parameters such as intracellular bacterial replication and host cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Biostatisitics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Veterinary Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Arenas-Gamboa AM, Bearss JJ, Hubbard GB, Porter BF, Owston MA, Dick EJ. Sclerosing cholangitis in baboons (Papio spp) resembling primary sclerosing cholangitis of humans. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:524-7. [PMID: 21934101 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811419532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic and progressive cholestatic liver disease that has been extensively documented in the human literature. Although it shares many features in common with chronic lymphocytic cholangitis in cats, primary sclerosing cholangitis has never been reported in a nonhuman primate. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterized by the presence of intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic inflammation and concentric fibrosis of bile ducts, eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. The pathogenesis and cause remain unknown, but the disease likely involves a multifactorial mechanism with genetic- and immune-mediated components. The authors report 2 cases that histologically resemble the condition in humans; they consist of 2 adult male baboons with a clinical history of chronic elevated liver enzymes. In both cases, the liver was histologically characterized by thick bands of fibrosis and mild lymphoplasmacytic periportal cholangiohepatitis with concentric periductal fibrosis, resulting in atrophy and loss of bile ducts. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positivity of hepatocytes to cytokeratin 7. Masson stain demonstrated marked biliary fibrosis. This is the first report that resembles sclerosing cholangitis in a nonhuman primate, and it suggests that the baboon may provide a useful animal model for this condition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Arenas-Gamboa
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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14
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Limke TL, Bearss JJ, Atchison WD. Acute Exposure to Methylmercury Causes Ca2+ Dysregulation and Neuronal Death in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells through an M3 Muscarinic Receptor-Linked Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2004; 80:60-8. [PMID: 15141107 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfh131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to low concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) causes a severe loss of intracellular calcium (Ca2+(i)) homeostasis, which apparently contributes to neuronal death of cerebellar granule cells in culture. We examined the role of muscarinic receptors in MeHg-induced Ca2+ dysregulation and cell death in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro using fura-2 single-cell microfluorimetry and viability assays, respectively. The nonspecific muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine significantly delayed the onset of MeHg-induced Ca2+ elevations and reduced the amount of Ca2+ released into the cytosol. Depletion of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Ca2+ pool with thapsigargin or down-regulation of muscarinic receptors and inositol-1,3,4-triphosphate (IP3) receptors with bethanechol (BCh) caused similar reductions in the amplitude of the MeHg-induced Ca2+ increase, suggesting that MeHg interacts with muscarinic receptors to cause Ca2+ release from the SER through activation of the IP3 receptors. To determine whether this Ca2+ release plays a role in MeHg-induced cell death, cells were exposed to MeHg in the presence of specific muscarinic receptor inhibitors. Acute exposure to increasing concentrations of MeHg (0.2-1.0 microM) caused a corresponding increase in cell death at 24.5 h post-exposure. Prior down-regulation of muscarinic and IP3receptors with BCh protected against cell death. Protection was ablated by atropine and the M3 receptor antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxyl-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (DAMP), but not by the neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHE). Thus activation of M3 muscarinic receptors with subsequent generation of IP3 evidently contributes to elevated [Ca2+]i and subsequent cytotoxicity of cerebellar granule cells by MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobi L Limke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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