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Huapaya JA, Higgins J, Kanth S, Demirkale C, Gairhe S, Aboye EA, Regenold D, Sahagun SJ, Pastor G, Swaim D, Dewar R, Rehman T, Highbarger HC, Lallemand P, Laverdure S, Adelsberger J, Rupert A, Li W, Krack J, Teferi G, Kuruppu J, Strich JR, Davey R, Childs R, Chertow D, Kovacs JA, Barnett C, Torabi-Parizi P, Suffredini AF, Chairez C, McClaughlin M, Dee N, Curl KA, Caldararo R, Rehm C, Santamaria U, Giles N, Fallouh N, DeVille M, Moriarity T, Boyom Pouomogne D, Gonzales M, Shenoy A. Vaccination Ameliorates Cellular Inflammatory Responses in SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections. J Infect Dis 2023:7046024. [PMID: 36801946 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on cellular immune responses in persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection following vaccination are limited. The evaluation of these patients with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections may provide insight into how vaccinations limit the escalation of deleterious host inflammatory responses. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of peripheral blood cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in 21 vaccinated patients, all with mild disease, and 97 unvaccinated patients stratified based on disease severity. RESULTS We enrolled 118 persons (50±14.5 years, 52 women) with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compared to unvaccinated patients, vaccinated patients with breakthrough infections had a higher percentage of antigen presenting monocytes (HLA-DR+), mature monocytes (CD83+), functionally competent T cells (CD127+), and mature neutrophils (CD10+); and lower percentages of activated T cells (CD38+), activated neutrophils (CD64+) and immature B cells (CD127+CD19+). These differences widened with increased disease severity in unvaccinated patients. Longitudinal analysis showed that cellular activation decreased over time but persisted in unvaccinated patients with mild disease at 8-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections exhibit cellular immune responses that limit the progression of inflammatory responses and suggest mechanisms by which vaccination limits disease severity. These data may have implications for developing more effective vaccines and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Huapaya
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanette Higgins
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Shreya Kanth
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cumhur Demirkale
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Salina Gairhe
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Etsubdink A Aboye
- Medstar Heart and Vascular Institute, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C, USA
| | - David Regenold
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S J Sahagun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gloria Pastor
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Doris Swaim
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin Dewar
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Helene C Highbarger
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Perrine Lallemand
- Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Applied and Developmental Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sylvain Laverdure
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Applied and Developmental Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- AIDS Monitoring Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Willy Li
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Janell Krack
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janaki Kuruppu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Davey
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Childs
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunotherapy, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Barnett
- Medstar Heart and Vascular Institute, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C, USA.,Division of Cardiology. University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Parizad Torabi-Parizi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony F Suffredini
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Caplan MR, Wilson EMP, Schechter M, Cai CW, Venner A, Bishop R, Adelsberger J, Higgins J, Roby G, Wang J, Sheikh V, Sereti I. High prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations among Cytomegalovirus end-organ disease in the combination antiretroviral era. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100052. [PMID: 34557308 PMCID: PMC8446803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease (EOD) continues to pose a significant risk to patients with advanced HIV disease despite decreased incidence with combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and lower mortality with effective anti-CMV therapy. Subclinical CMV shedding may also contribute to ongoing inflammation and non-infectious comorbidities. Methods We examined the occurrence of CMV EOD and CMV shedding in a cohort of patients participating in a prospective observational study of severely immunosuppressed (CD4 ≤100 cells/μl), ART-naïve, HIV-1 infected adult participants. Results We studied 206 participants, of whom 193 (93.7%) were CMV IgG positive. Twenty-five participants (12.1%) developed confirmed CMV EOD. At baseline, 47 (22.8%) had CMV viremia detectable by PCR in the absence of clinical disease (CMV viremia). The remaining 134 (65%) had neither CMV EOD nor CMV viremia detected at baseline. Five participants with CMV EOD (2.4% of total cohort, 20% of CMV EOD) met AIDS Clinical Trials Group criteria for CMV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Only one-third of CMV EOD patients had retinitis, while two-thirds presented with histologically confirmed gastrointestinal illness. CMV viremia was associated with higher percentages of activated CD8+ T cells even after HIV suppression. Conclusion The manifestations of CMV EOD in advanced HIV disease before and after initiation of ART may be more diverse than previously described, with high incidence of gastrointestinal illness. Recognition and treatment of unusual clinical presentations of CMV infection remains important in reducing morbidity and mortality from HIV co-infections. Cytomegalovirus end organ disease (CMV EOD) remains an important complication in HIV/AIDS patients. We found that gastrointestinal disease was the most common presentation of CMV EOD. In addition, subclinical CMV viremia was associated with increased immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Caplan
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Eleanor M P Wilson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Schechter
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine W Cai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Allison Venner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Bishop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Jeanette Higgins
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Gregg Roby
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Virginia Sheikh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Breglio KF, Vinhaes CL, Arriaga MB, Nason M, Roby G, Adelsberger J, Andrade BB, Sheikh V, Sereti I. Clinical and Immunologic Predictors of Mycobacterium avium Complex Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Contemporary Cohort of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:2124-2135. [PMID: 33104218 PMCID: PMC8205640 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can present with new or worsening symptoms associated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection shortly after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation as MAC immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (MAC-IRIS). In this study, we assessed the utility of several laboratory tests as predictors of MAC-IRIS. METHODS People with HIV with clinical and histologic and/or microbiologic evidence of MAC-IRIS were identified and followed up to 96 weeks post-ART initiation within a prospective study of 206 ART-naive patients with CD4 <100 cells/µL. RESULTS Fifteen (7.3%) patients presented with MAC-IRIS within a median interval of 26 days after ART initiation. Patients who developed MAC-IRIS had lower body mass index, lower hemoglobin levels, higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and increased CD38 frequency and mean fluorescence intensity on CD8+ T cells at the time of ART initiation compared with non-MAC IRIS patients. A decision tree inference model revealed that stratifying patients based on levels of ALP and D-dimer could predict the likelihood of MAC-IRIS. A binary logistic regression demonstrated that higher levels of ALP at baseline were associated with increased risk of MAC-IRIS development. CONCLUSIONS High ALP levels and increased CD8+ T-cell activation with low CD4 counts at ART initiation should warrant suspicion for subsequent development of MAC-IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Breglio
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caian L Vinhaes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - María B Arriaga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Martha Nason
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregg Roby
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Fredrick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Laureate Universities, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Virginia Sheikh
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Migueles SA, Chairez C, Lin S, Gavil NV, Rosenthal DM, Pooran M, Natarajan V, Rupert A, Dewar R, Rehman T, Sherman BT, Adelsberger J, Leitman SF, Stroncek D, Morse CG, Connors M, Lane HC, Kovacs JA. Adoptive lymphocyte transfer to an HIV-infected progressor from an elite controller. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130664. [PMID: 31415245 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHIV-infected patients with poor virologic control and multidrug-resistant virus have limited therapeutic options. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the safety, immunologic effects, and antiviral activity of peripheral lymphocytes transferred from an elite controller, whose immune system is able to control viral replication without antiretroviral medications, to an HLA-B*2705-matched progressor.METHODSApproximately 22 billion cells were collected from an elite controller by lymphapheresis and infused within 6 hours into a recipient with a preinfusion CD4+ T cell count of 10 cells/μL (1%) and HIV plasma viral load of 114,993 copies/mL.RESULTSDonor cells were cleared from the recipient's peripheral blood by day 8. A transient decrease in viral load to 58,421 (day 3) was followed by a rebound to 702,972 (day 6) before returning to baseline values by day 8. The decreased viral load was temporally associated with peak levels of donor T cells, including CD8+ T cells that had high levels of expression of Ki67, perforin, and granzyme B. Notably, recipient CD8+ T cells also showed increased expression of these markers, especially in HIV-specific tetramer-positive cells.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that the adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from an HIV-infected elite controller to an HIV-infected patient with progressive disease may be able to perturb the immune system of the recipient in both positive and negative ways.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT00559416.FUNDINGIntramural Research Programs of the US NIH Clinical Center and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); the National Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl Chairez
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle M Rosenthal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Milad Pooran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin Dewar
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brad T Sherman
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan F Leitman
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caryn G Morse
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - H Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Spoerner M, Karl M, Lopes P, Hoering M, Loeffel K, Nuehs A, Adelsberger J, Kremer W, Kalbitzer HR. High pressure 31P NMR spectroscopy on guanine nucleotides. J Biomol NMR 2017; 67:1-13. [PMID: 28012125 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-016-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 31P NMR pressure response of guanine nucleotides bound to proteins has been studied in the past for characterizing the pressure perturbation of conformational equilibria. The pressure response of the 31P NMR chemical shifts of the phosphate groups of GMP, GDP, and GTP as well as the commonly used GTP analogs GppNHp, GppCH2p and GTPγS was measured in the absence and presence of Mg2+-ions within a pressure range up to 200 MPa. The pressure dependence of chemical shifts is clearly non-linear. For all nucleotides a negative first order pressure coefficient B 1 was determined indicating an upfield shift of the resonances with pressure. With exception of the α-phosphate group of Mg2+·GMP and Mg2+·GppNHp the second order pressure coefficients are positive. To describe the data of Mg2+·GppCH2p and GTPγS a Taylor expansion of 3rd order is required. For distinguishing pH effects from pressure effects a complete pH titration set is presented for GMP, as well as GDP and GTP in absence and presence of Mg2+ ions using indirect referencing to DSS under identical experimental conditions. By a comparison between high pressure 31P NMR data on free Mg2+-GDP and Mg2+-GDP in complex with the proto-oncogene Ras we demonstrate that pressure induced changes in chemical shift are clearly different between both forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Spoerner
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Karl
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pedro Lopes
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Hoering
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karoline Loeffel
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nuehs
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kremer
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Robert Kalbitzer
- Centre of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Yang J, Diaz N, Adelsberger J, Zhou X, Stevens R, Rupert A, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Barbon C, Imamichi T, Lempicki R, Cosentino LM. The effects of storage temperature on PBMC gene expression. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:6. [PMID: 26979060 PMCID: PMC4791795 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a common and essential practice in conducting research. There are different reports in the literature as to whether cryopreserved PBMCs need to only be stored ≤ -150 °C or can be stored for a specified time at -80 °C. Therefore, we performed gene expression analysis on cryopreserved PBMCs stored at both temperatures for 14 months and PBMCs that underwent temperature cycling 104 times between these 2 storage temperatures. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to confirm the involvement of specific genes associated with identified cellular pathways. All cryopreserved/stored samples were compared to freshly isolated PBMCs and between storage conditions. RESULTS We identified a total of 1,367 genes whose expression after 14 months of storage was affected >3 fold in PBMCs following isolation, cryopreservation and thawing as compared to freshly isolated PBMC aliquots that did not undergo cryopreservation. Sixty-six of these genes were shared among two or more major stress-related cellular pathways (stress responses, immune activation and cell death). Thirteen genes involved in these pathways were tested by real-time RT-PCR and the results agreed with the corresponding microarray data. There was no significant change on the gene expression if the PBMCs experienced brief but repetitive temperature cycling as compared to those that were constantly kept ≤ -150 °C. However, there were 18 genes identified to be different when PBMCs were stored at -80 °C but did not change when stored < -150 °C. A correlation was also found between the expressions of 2'-5'- oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS2), a known interferon stimulated gene (IFSG), and poor PBMC recovery post-thaw. PBMC recovery and viability were better when the cells were stored ≤ -150 °C as compared to -80 °C. CONCLUSIONS Not only is the viability and recovery of PBMCs affected during cryopreservation but also their gene expression pattern, as compared to freshly isolated PBMCs. Different storage temperature of PBMCs can activate or suppress different genes, but the cycling between -80 °C and -150 °C did not produce significant alterations in gene expression when compared to PBMCs stored ≤ -150 °C. Further analysis by gene expression of various PBMC processing and cryopreservation procedures is currently underway, as is identifying possible molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Norma Diaz
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Xueyuan Zhou
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Randy Stevens
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Julia A Metcalf
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Mike Baseler
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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7
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Adelsberger J, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Miasnikova A, Busch P, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Polystyrene-block-poly (methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate)-block-polystyrene triblock copolymers in aqueous solution—a SANS study of the temperature-induced switching behavior. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Kyriakos K, Philipp M, Adelsberger J, Jaksch S, Berezkin AV, Lugo DM, Richtering W, Grillo I, Miasnikova A, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Cononsolvency of Water/Methanol Mixtures for PNIPAM and PS-b-PNIPAM: Pathway of Aggregate Formation Investigated Using Time-Resolved SANS. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kyriakos
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martine Philipp
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jaksch
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anatoly V. Berezkin
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dersy M. Lugo
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Institut für Physikalische
Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Grillo
- Large
Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Miasnikova
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut
für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut
für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department,
Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Lempicki RA, Diaz N, Yang J, Adelsberger J, Metcalf JA, Stevens R, Rupert A, Baseler M, Cosentino M. 077 PBMC gene expression profiles: Impact of sample handling. Cryobiology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Popescu MT, Tsitsilianis C, Papadakis CM, Adelsberger J, Balog S, Busch P, Hadjiantoniou NA, Patrickios CS. Stimuli-Responsive Amphiphilic Polyelectrolyte Heptablock Copolymer Physical Hydrogels: An Unusual pH-Response. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Teodora Popescu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, ICE/HT-FORTH, P.O. Box 1414, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tsitsilianis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, ICE/HT-FORTH, P.O. Box 1414, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie,
Physikdepartment, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie,
Physikdepartment, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandor Balog
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Busch
- Jülich Centre for Neutron
Science at FRM II, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Costas S. Patrickios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia,
Cyprus
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11
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Adelsberger J, Metwalli E, Diethert A, Grillo I, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 3/2012. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201290011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Adelsberger J, Metwalli E, Diethert A, Grillo I, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Kinetics of Collapse Transition and Cluster Formation in a Thermoresponsive Micellar Solution of P(S-b-NIPAM-b-S) Induced by a Temperature Jump. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:254-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Natarajan V, Kottilil S, Hazen A, Adelsberger J, Murphy AA, Polis MA, Kovacs JA. HCV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are predominantly carried on the surface of cells in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals. J Med Virol 2011; 82:2032-7. [PMID: 20981790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HCV replication in extra-hepatic reservoirs has been suggested to occur in many tissues including PBMCs. A recent study showed evidence for compartmentalization and evolution of HCV in PBMCs. However, the cells that support HCV replication in PBMCs have not been identified. In this study we have fractionated the PBMC from HIV/HCV co-infected patients into T, monocytes, B and NK cells, and most of the HCV was located in CD3-cell fractions. Protease treatment of PBMCs to remove cell surface receptors resulted in the loss of HCV RNA suggesting that most of the HCV is present on the cell surface. PBMCs were treated by freeze-thaw nuclease method that would protect the HCV RNA in the virus but not the intracellular viral RNA. Data from this analysis support the conclusion that most of HCV is present on the cell surface. Even though the presence of minus strand RNA in PBMCs suggests that a low level HCV replication takes place within the PBMCs of HIV/HCV co-infected individuals, HCV in PBMC is present mainly on the surface of non-T cells, mostly on NK, monocytes and B cells. These results suggest a unique pathogenic role of NK, monocyte and B cells as carriers of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
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14
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Zhong Q, Wang W, Adelsberger J, Golosova A, Bivigou Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Funari SS, Perlich J, Roth SV, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Collapse transition in thin films of poly(methoxydiethylenglycol acrylate). Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Catalfamo M, Wilhelm C, Tcheung L, Proschan M, Friesen T, Park JH, Adelsberger J, Baseler M, Maldarelli F, Davey R, Roby G, Rehm C, Lane C. CD4 and CD8 T cell immune activation during chronic HIV infection: roles of homeostasis, HIV, type I IFN, and IL-7. J Immunol 2011; 186:2106-16. [PMID: 21257970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV disease. Although the causes are not fully understood, the forces that lead to immune dysfunction differ for CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, we report that the molecular pathways that drive immune activation during chronic HIV infection are influenced by differences in the homeostatic regulation of the CD4 and CD8 T cell pools. Proliferation of CD4 T cells is controlled more tightly by CD4 T cell numbers than is CD8 T cell proliferation. This difference reflects the importance of maintaining a polyclonal CD4 T cell pool in host surveillance. Both pools of T cells were found to be driven by viral load and its associated state of inflammation. In the setting of HIV-induced lymphopenia, naive CD4 T cells were recruited mainly into the proliferating pool in response to CD4 T cell depletion, whereas naive CD8 T cell proliferation was driven mainly by levels of HIV RNA. RNA analysis revealed increased expression of genes associated with type I IFN and common γ chain cytokine signaling in CD4 T cell subsets and only type I IFN-associated genes in CD8 T cell subsets. In vitro studies demonstrated enhanced STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-α and increased expression of the IFNAR1 transcripts in naive and memory CD4 T cells compared with that observed in CD8 T cells. CD4 T cell subsets also showed enhanced STAT1 phosphorylation in response to exogenous IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Catalfamo
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Adelsberger J, Kulkarni A, Jain A, Wang W, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Busch P, Pipich V, Holderer O, Hellweg T, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Thermoresponsive PS-b-PNIPAM-b-PS Micelles: Aggregation Behavior, Segmental Dynamics, and Thermal Response. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Adelsberger
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Amit Kulkarni
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Weinan Wang
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Peter Busch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Vitaliy Pipich
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Olaf Holderer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at FRM II, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physikdepartment E13, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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17
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Healey LM, Hahn BK, Rehm CA, Adelsberger J, Qin J, Follmann DA, Tavel J, Kovacs JA, Sereti I, Davey RT. The effect of continuous versus pericycle antiretroviral therapy on IL-2 responsiveness. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:455-62. [PMID: 18597618 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is capable of inducing significant increases in CD4 T cell counts as a result of increased T cell survival and decreased cell turnover. However, its role in the setting of ART interruptions (STI) is less well characterized. We sought to compare the effect of continuous (C) versus intermittent (P) ART on CD4 responses in patients undergoing IL-2 therapy. METHODS CD4 cell responses were compared in 25 patients who underwent IL-2 therapy during periods of continuous ART (n = 90 cycles) as well as during STI (n = 45 cycles). During STI, patients resumed ART for only 10 days surrounding each IL-2 cycle. RESULTS C cycles resulted in a significantly greater CD4 gain than P cycles (Delta156 cells/microL, 95% CI = 68-243). In multivariate analyses, baseline CD4/CD25 expression and treatment arm remained strong predictors of CD4 gain while CD8/CD38+, CD8/DR+, and CD4 Ki67+ phenotype were not predictive. CONCLUSIONS Continuous ART was associated with a statistically significantly greater CD4 cell response to IL-2 therapy than was intermittent ART. These observations may have important implications for the appropriate integration of IL-2 therapy into STI strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letha M Healey
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Wilhelm C, Mascio MD, Hu Z, Srinivasula S, Thaker V, Adelsberger J, Rupert A, Baseler M, Tagaya Y, Roby G, Rehm C, Follmann D, Lane C, Catalfamo M. 332 HIV Infection leads to increased proliferation of T-cells by two distinct pathways that differentially affect CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Catalfamo M, Di Mascio M, Tagaya Y, Sriniasula S, Thaker V, Adelsberger J, Rupert A, Baseler M, Roby G, Rehm C, Lane C. 16 HIV Infection Leads to Increased Immune Activation by 2 Distinct Pathways that Differentially Affect CD4 and CD8 T Cells. Cytokine 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Di Mascio M, Sereti I, Matthews LT, Natarajan V, Adelsberger J, Lempicki R, Yoder C, Jones E, Chow C, Metcalf JA, Sidorov IA, Dimitrov DS, Polis MA, Kovacs JA. Naïve T-cell dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy provide insights into the mechanisms of naive T-cell depletion. J Virol 2006; 80:2665-74. [PMID: 16501076 PMCID: PMC1395465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2665-2674.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both naïve CD4+ and naïve CD8+ T cells are depleted in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by unknown mechanisms. Analysis of their dynamics prior to and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) could reveal possible mechanisms of depletion. Twenty patients were evaluated with immunophenotyping, intracellular Ki67 staining, T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) quantitation in sorted CD4 and CD8 cells, and thymic computed tomography scans prior to and approximately 6 and approximately 18 months after initiation of HAART. Naïve T-cell proliferation decreased significantly during the first 6 months of therapy (P < 0.01) followed by a slower decline. Thymic indices did not change significantly over time. At baseline, naïve CD4+ T-cell numbers were lower than naive CD8+ T-cell numbers; after HAART, a greater increase in naïve CD4+ T cells than naïve CD8+ T cells was observed. A greater relative change (n-fold) in the number of TREC+ T cells/mul than in naïve T-cell counts was observed at 6 months for both CD4+ (median relative change [n-fold] of 2.2 and 1.7, respectively; P < 0.01) and CD8+ T cell pools (1.4 and 1.2; P < 0.01). A more pronounced decrease in the proliferation than the disappearance rate of naïve T cells after HAART was observed in a second group of six HIV-1-infected patients studied by in vivo pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. These observations are consistent with a mathematical model where the HIV-1-induced increase in proliferation of naïve T cells is mostly explained by a faster recruitment into memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mascio
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700 B Rockledge Drive, MSC 7609, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Sereti I, Anthony KB, Martinez-Wilson H, Lempicki R, Adelsberger J, Metcalf JA, Hallahan CW, Follmann D, Davey RT, Kovacs JA, Lane HC. IL-2–induced CD4+ T-cell expansion in HIV-infected patients is associated with long-term decreases in T-cell proliferation. Blood 2004; 104:775-80. [PMID: 15090457 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Administration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) leads to selective and sustained CD4+ T-cell expansions in patients infected with HIV. It has been hypothesized that persistent CD4+ T-cell proliferation is the primary mechanism maintaining these expansions. T-cell proliferation was studied by ex vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and intracellular Ki67 staining in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) with or without IL-2. In contrast to the tested hypothesis, HIV-infected patients treated with IL-2 had lower CD4+ T-cell proliferation compared to patients treated with ART alone. Independently of viral load changes, administration of IL-2 led to a decrease in basal CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Total numbers of CD4+ T cells with naive and recall, but not effector, memory phenotype were increased. The degree of CD4+ T-cell expansion correlated with the decreases in proliferation and a strong association was seen between these decreases and the expansion of the CD4+/CD25+ subset. Intermittent IL-2 in HIV-infected patients leads to expansions of CD4+/CD25+ T cells with naive and recall memory phenotypes that strongly correlate with decreases in proliferation. These data suggest that decreased T-cell proliferation is central in the CD4+ T-cell expansions induced by IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Sereti
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Quinto I, Puca A, Greenhouse J, Silvera P, Yalley-Ogunro J, Lewis MG, Palmieri C, Trimboli F, Byrum R, Adelsberger J, Venzon D, Chen X, Scala G. High Attenuation and Immunogenicity of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Expressing a Proteolysis-resistant Inhibitor of NF-κB. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:1720-8. [PMID: 14593121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309375200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB/IkappaB proteins play a major role in the transcriptional regulation of human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1). In the case of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) the cellular factors required for the viral transcriptional activation and replication in vivo remain undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the p50/p65 NF-kappaB transcription factors enhanced the Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of SIVmac239. In addition, IkappaB-alpha S32/36A, a proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of NF-kappaB, strongly inhibited the Tat-mediated transactivation of SIVmac239. Based on this evidence, we have generated a self-regulatory virus by endowing the genome of SIV-mac239 with IkappaB-alpha S32/36A; the resulting virus, SIVIkappaB-alpha S32/36A, was nef-deleted and expressed the NF-kappaB inhibitor. We show that SIVIkappaB-alpha S32/36A was highly and stably attenuated both in cell cultures and in vivo in rhesus macaque as compared with a nef-deleted control virus. Moreover, the high attenuation was associated with a robust immune response as measured by SIV-specific antibody production, tetramer, and intracellular IFN-gamma staining of SIV gag-specific T cells. These results underscore the crucial role of NF-kappaB/IkappaB proteins in the regulation of SIV replication both in cell cultures and in monkeys. Thus, inhibitors of NF-kappaB could efficiently counteract the SIV/HIV replication in vivo and may assist in developing novel approaches for AIDS vaccine and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Quinto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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23
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Kinter AL, Umscheid CA, Arthos J, Cicala C, Lin Y, Jackson R, Donoghue E, Ehler L, Adelsberger J, Rabin RL, Fauci AS. HIV envelope induces virus expression from resting CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals in the absence of markers of cellular activation or apoptosis. J Immunol 2003; 170:2449-55. [PMID: 12594269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting CD4(+) T cells containing integrated HIV provirus constitute one of the long-lived cellular reservoirs of HIV in vivo. This cellular reservoir of HIV had been thought to be quiescent with regard to virus replication based on the premise that HIV production in T cells is inexorably linked to cellular activation as determined by classical activation markers. The transition of T cells within this HIV reservoir from a resting state to an activated HIV-producing state is believed to be associated with a shorten life span due to susceptibility to activation-associated apoptosis. Evidence is mounting, however, that HIV production may occur in T cells that have not undergone classic T cell activation. HIV encodes several proteins, including envelope and Nef, which trigger a variety of signaling pathways associated with cellular activation, thereby facilitating HIV replication in nondividing cells. The present study demonstrates that production of infectious virus from resting CD4(+) T cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals can be induced following exposure of these cells to HIV-1 recombinant (oligomeric gp140) envelope protein. Envelope-mediated induction of HIV expression occurs in the presence of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and is not associated with markers of classic T cell activation, proliferation, or apoptosis. The ability of HIV envelope to induce virus replication in HIV-infected resting CD4(+) T cells without triggering apoptosis provides a mechanism for the virus itself to directly participate in the maintenance of HIV production from this cellular reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Kinter
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Moir S, Malaspina A, Ogwaro KM, Donoghue ET, Hallahan CW, Ehler LA, Liu S, Adelsberger J, Lapointe R, Hwu P, Baseler M, Orenstein JM, Chun TW, Mican JA, Fauci AS. HIV-1 induces phenotypic and functional perturbations of B cells in chronically infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10362-7. [PMID: 11504927 PMCID: PMC56966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.181347898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of perturbations of B cells has been described in the setting of HIV infection; however, most remain poorly understood. To directly address the effect of HIV replication on B cell function, we investigated the capacity of B cells isolated from HIV-infected patients to respond to a variety of stimuli before and after reduction of viremia by effective antiretroviral therapy. B cells taken from patients with high levels of plasma viremia were defective in their proliferative responses to various stimuli. Viremia was also associated with the appearance of a subpopulation of B cells that expressed reduced levels of CD21. After fractionation into CD21(high)- and CD21(low)-expressing B cells, the CD21(low) fraction showed dramatically reduced proliferation in response to B cell stimuli and enhanced secretion of immunoglobulins when compared with the CD21(high) fraction. Electron microscopic analysis of each fraction revealed cells with plasmacytoid features in the CD21(low) B cell population but not in the CD21(high) fraction. These results indicate that HIV viremia induces the appearance of a subset of B cells whose function is impaired and which may be responsible for the hypergammaglobulinemia associated with HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Stevens R, Adelsberger J, Lempicki R, Hengel RL, Sereti I, Lambert L, Dewar RL, Davey RT, Walker RE, Falloon J, Polis MA, Masur H, Lane HC. Interleukin-2 induced immune effects in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving intermittent interleukin-2 immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1351-60. [PMID: 11465092 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1351::aid-immu1351>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the immunological effects of intermittent IL-2 therapy, which leads to selective increases in CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients, 11 patients underwent extensive immunological evaluation. While IL-2 induced changes in both CD4+ and CD8+ cell number acutely, only CD4+ cells showed sustained increases following discontinuation of IL-2. Transient increases in expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR were seen on both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but CD25 (a chain of the IL-2 receptor) increased exclusively on CD4+ cells. This increase in CD25 expression was sustained for months following discontinuation of IL-2, and was seen in naive as well as memory cells. IL-2 induced cell proliferation, but tachyphylaxis to these proliferative effects developed after 1 week despite continued IL-2 administration. It thus appears that sustained CD25 expression selectively on CD4+ cells is a critical component of the immunological response to IL-2, and that intermittent administration of IL-2 is necessary to overcome the tachyphylaxis to IL-2-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
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26
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Kovacs JA, Imamichi H, Vogel S, Metcalf JA, Dewar RL, Baseler M, Stevens R, Adelsberger J, Lambert L, Davey RT, Walker RE, Falloon J, Polis MA, Masur H, Lane HC. Effects of intermittent interleukin-2 therapy on plasma and tissue human immunodeficiency virus levels and quasi-species expression. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1063-9. [PMID: 10979900 DOI: 10.1086/315821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2000] [Revised: 06/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the effects of intermittent interleukin (IL)-2 therapy on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 11 patients underwent detailed virological evaluation during a year of IL-2 therapy. Six patients showed a >0.5 log increase in plasma HIV during at least 1 IL-2 cycle, with 2 experiencing an increase in >50% of cycles. Three of the remaining 5 patients had a >0.5 log decrease during at least 1 IL-2 cycle, and the remaining patients exhibited <0.5 log changes. No changes in lymphoid (tonsil) levels of HIV were seen during the year. Quasi-species analysis in a separate cohort demonstrated that the virus induced by IL-2 most commonly resembled pre-IL-2 plasma quasi species. Thus, intermittent IL-2 does not result in sustained increases in either plasma or tissue levels of HIV and does not result in sustained expression of a previously silent quasi species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662, USA.
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27
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Moir S, Malaspina A, Li Y, Chun TW, Lowe T, Adelsberger J, Baseler M, Ehler LA, Liu S, Davey RT, Mican JA, Fauci AS. B cells of HIV-1-infected patients bind virions through CD21-complement interactions and transmit infectious virus to activated T cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:637-46. [PMID: 10974030 PMCID: PMC2193277 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.5.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of HIV-associated immunopathogenesis on B cells has been largely associated with indirect consequences of viral replication. This study demonstrates that HIV interacts directly with B cells in both lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood. B cells isolated from lymph node and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 4 and 23 chronically infected patients, respectively, demonstrated similar capacities to pass virus to activated HIV-negative PBMCs when compared with CD4(+) cells from the same patients. However, in contrast to T cells, virus associated with B cells was surface bound, as shown by its sensitivity to pronase and the staining pattern revealed by in situ amplification of HIV-1 RNA. Cell sorting and ligand displacing approaches established that CD21 was the HIV-binding receptor on B cells, and that this association was mediated through complement-opsonized virus. These B cells were also found to express significantly lower levels of CD21 compared with HIV-negative individuals, suggesting a direct perturbing effect of HIV on B cells. These findings suggest that B cells, although they themselves are not readily infected by HIV, are similar to follicular dendritic cells in their capacity to serve as extracellular reservoirs for HIV-1. Furthermore, B cells possess the added capability of circulating in peripheral blood and migrating through tissues where they can potentially interact with and pass virus to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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28
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Moir S, Lapointe R, Malaspina A, Ostrowski M, Cole CE, Chun TW, Adelsberger J, Baseler M, Hwu P, Fauci AS. CD40-Mediated induction of CD4 and CXCR4 on B lymphocytes correlates with restricted susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: potential role of B lymphocytes as a viral reservoir. J Virol 1999; 73:7972-80. [PMID: 10482544 PMCID: PMC112811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.7972-7980.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates primarily in lymphoid tissues where it has ready access to activated immune competent cells. We used one of the major pathways of immune activation, namely, CD40-CD40L interactions, to study the infectability of B lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Highly enriched populations of B lymphocytes generated in the presence of interleukin-4 and oligomeric soluble CD40L upregulated costimulatory and activation markers, as well as HIV-1 receptors CD4 and CXCR4, but not CCR5. By using single-round competent luciferase viruses complemented with either amphotropic or HIV-derived envelopes, we found a direct correlation between upregulation of HIV-1 receptors and the susceptibility of the B lymphocytes to infection with dual-tropic and T-tropic strains of HIV-1; in contrast, cells were resistant to M-tropic strains of HIV-1. HIV-1 envelope-mediated infection was completely abolished with either an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody or a peptide known to directly block CXCR4 usage and partially blocked with stromal cell-derived factor 1, all of which had no effect on the entry of virus pseudotyped with amphotropic envelope. Full virus replication kinetics confirmed that infection depends on CXCR4 usage. Furthermore, productive cycles of virus replication occurred rapidly yet under most conditions, without the appearance of syncytia. Thus, an activated immunological environment may induce the expression of HIV-1 receptors on B lymphocytes, priming them for infection with selective strains of HIV-1 and allowing them to serve as a potential viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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29
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Ostrowski MA, Chun TW, Justement SJ, Motola I, Spinelli MA, Adelsberger J, Ehler LA, Mizell SB, Hallahan CW, Fauci AS. Both memory and CD45RA+/CD62L+ naive CD4(+) T cells are infected in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol 1999; 73:6430-5. [PMID: 10400736 PMCID: PMC112723 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.8.6430-6435.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1998] [Accepted: 04/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular activation is critical for the propagation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It has been suggested that truly naive CD4(+) T cells are resistant to productive HIV-1 infection because of their constitutive resting state. Memory and naive CD4(+) T-cell subsets from 11 HIV-1-infected individuals were isolated ex vivo by a combination of magnetic bead depletion and fluorescence-activated cell sorting techniques with stringent criteria of combined expression of CD45RA and CD62L to identify naive CD4(+) T-cell subsets. In all patients HIV-1 provirus could be detected within naive CD45RA+/CD62L+ CD4(+) T cells; in addition, replication-competent HIV-1 was isolated from these cells upon CD4(+) T-cell stimulation in tissue cultures. Memory CD4(+) T cells had a median of fourfold more replication-competent virus and a median of sixfold more provirus than naive CD4(+) T cells. Overall, there was a median of 16-fold more integrated provirus identified in memory CD4(+) T cells than in naive CD4(+) T cells within a given patient. Interestingly, there was a trend toward equalization of viral loads in memory and naive CD4(+) T-cell subsets in those patients who harbored CXCR4-using (syncytium-inducing) viruses. Within any given patient, there was no selective usage of a particular coreceptor by virus isolated from memory versus naive CD4(+) T cells. Our findings suggest that naive CD4(+) T cells may be a significant viral reservoir for HIV, particularly in those patients harboring CXCR4-using viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ostrowski
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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30
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Ruiz ME, Cicala C, Arthos J, Kinter A, Catanzaro AT, Adelsberger J, Holmes KL, Cohen OJ, Fauci AS. Peripheral Blood-Derived CD34+ Progenitor Cells: CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 and CC Chemokine Receptor 5 Expression and Infection by HIV. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study demonstrates cell surface expression of both CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), major coreceptors for T cell-tropic and macrophage-tropic strains of HIV, respectively, on CD34+ progenitor cells derived from the peripheral blood. CD34+ progenitor cells were susceptible to infection by diverse strains of HIV, and infection could be sustained for prolonged periods in vitro. HIV entry into CD34+ progenitor cells could be modulated by soluble CD4, HIV gp120 third variable loop neutralizing mAb and the cognate ligands for the CXCR4 and CCR5 HIV coreceptors. This study suggests that a significant proportion of the circulating progenitor cell pool may serve as a reservoir for HIV that is capable of trafficking the virus to diverse anatomic compartments. Furthermore, the infection and ultimate destruction of these progenitor cells may explain in part the defective lymphopoiesis in certain HIV-infected individuals despite effective control of virus replication during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Adelsberger
- ‡Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Science Applications International Corp., National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
- Laboratories of
| | - Kevin L. Holmes
- †Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- Laboratories of
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Ruiz ME, Cicala C, Arthos J, Kinter A, Catanzaro AT, Adelsberger J, Holmes KL, Cohen OJ, Fauci AS. Peripheral blood-derived CD34+ progenitor cells: CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 expression and infection by HIV. J Immunol 1998; 161:4169-76. [PMID: 9780190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates cell surface expression of both CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), major coreceptors for T cell-tropic and macrophage-tropic strains of HIV, respectively, on CD34+ progenitor cells derived from the peripheral blood. CD34+ progenitor cells were susceptible to infection by diverse strains of HIV, and infection could be sustained for prolonged periods in vitro. HIV entry into CD34+ progenitor cells could be modulated by soluble CD4, HIV gp120 third variable loop neutralizing mAb and the cognate ligands for the CXCR4 and CCR5 HIV coreceptors. This study suggests that a significant proportion of the circulating progenitor cell pool may serve as a reservoir for HIV that is capable of trafficking the virus to diverse anatomic compartments. Furthermore, the infection and ultimate destruction of these progenitor cells may explain in part the defective lymphopoiesis in certain HIV-infected individuals despite effective control of virus replication during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ruiz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1576, USA.
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32
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Cohen OJ, Vaccarezza M, Lam GK, Baird BF, Wildt K, Murphy PM, Zimmerman PA, Nutman TB, Fox CH, Hoover S, Adelsberger J, Baseler M, Arthos J, Davey RT, Dewar RL, Metcalf J, Schwartzentruber DJ, Orenstein JM, Buchbinder S, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair J, Rinaldo C, Margolick JB, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Heterozygosity for a defective gene for CC chemokine receptor 5 is not the sole determinant for the immunologic and virologic phenotype of HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1581-9. [PMID: 9294127 PMCID: PMC508340 DOI: 10.1172/jci119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors are a heterogeneous group of individuals with regard to immunologic and virologic markers of HIV-1 disease. CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has recently been identified as an important coreceptor for HIV-1 entry into CD4+ T cells. A mutant allele of CCR5 confers a high degree of resistance to HIV-1 infection in homozygous individuals and partial protection against HIV disease progression in heterozygotes. The frequency of CCR5 heterozygotes is increased among HIV-1- infected long-term nonprogressors compared with progressors; however, the host defense mechanisms responsible for nonprogression in CCR5 heterozygotes are unknown. We hypothesized that nonprogressors who were heterozygous for the mutant CCR5 gene might define a subgroup of nonprogressors with higher CD4+ T cell counts and lower viral load compared with CCR5 wild-type nonprogressors. However, in a cohort of 33 HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors, those who were heterozygous for the mutant CCR5 gene were indistinguishable from CCR5 wild-type nonprogressors with regard to all measured immunologic and virologic parameters. Although epidemiologic data support a role for the mutant CCR5 allele in the determination of the state of long-term nonprogression in some HIV-1- infected individuals, it is not the only determinant. Furthermore, long-term nonprogressors with the wild-type CCR5 genotype are indistinguishable from heterozygotes from an immunologic and virologic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Cohen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Although CD4+ cells are the primary targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, earlier reports have suggested that intrathymic infection of CD8+ cells may occur. However, it was unclear whether HIV-1-infected CD8+ thymocytes were truly mature single-positive (SP) cells. In the present study, SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissues (SCID-hu mice) were infected with three primary isolates of HIV-1 and infected thymocytes were analyzed to assess maturational status. After intra-implant or intraperitoneal injection with HIV-1, thymocytes were sorted by three-color flow cytometric analysis into mature populations of CD3hiCD4+ and CD3hiCD8+ SP cells of > 99% purity (< 0.3% CD4-containing cells in the CD8+ population). The presence of HIV-1 provirus in the sorted thymocyte populations was determined by quantitative PCR. A fraction of mature CD3hiCD8+ thymocytes contained HIV-1 proviral DNA, and evidence of viral mRNA transcription in these cells was demonstrated by in situ hybridization. In contrast, when uninfected CD3hiCD8+ thymocytes were cocultured with HIV-1-infected CD4+ thymocytes, no evidence of productive HIV-1 infection was detected. Thus, HIV-1 infection of CD8+ thymocytes in the SCID-hu mouse does not occur by direct contact with the virus. Rather, cell surface CD4 is required; therefore, precursor cells are the likely primary target of HIV-1 infection in the thymus. During ontogeny, some of these infected cells continue their differentiation into mature CD8+ SP thymocytes that contain proviral DNA and express viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Laboratory of Retrovirus Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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34
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Weissman D, Daucher J, Barker T, Adelsberger J, Baseler M, Fauci AS. Cytokine regulation of HIV replication induced by dendritic cell-CD4-positive T cell interactions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:759-67. [PMID: 8738427 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been established that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication occurs throughout the course of disease in the lymphoid tissue. We have developed a model system to study the effect of cytokines and other agents on HIV replication using cocultures of DCs and T cells that reflect the cell-to-cell interactions that occur in the microenvironment of lymphoid tissue. Dendritic cells from peripheral blood, when pulsed with small amounts of HIV, induce infection in autologous, unstimulated CD4-positive T cells. Using this system, cytokines, anti-cytokine antibodies, and inhibitors of cellular activation were added to cultures and the effects on cellular proliferation and activation and HIV production were measured. Cytokines that increased T cell proliferation, such as IL-2 and IL-4, enhanced HIV replication, while the effect of IL-12 was more complex. HIV production was inhibited by blocking endogenously produced IL-2, as well as by adding IL-10, which blocks IL-2 secretion, antigen-presenting cell function, and T cell activation. Proinflammatory cytokines induced modest enhancement of viral replication in cocultures of HIV-pulsed DCs and CD4-positive T cells. Thus, using a model of HIV replication that more closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment of lymphoid tissue may allow a better analysis of the effect of cytokines and cytokine networks, as well as agents that modify immune activation on HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weissman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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35
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Boyle MJ, Connors M, Flanigan ME, Geiger SP, Ford H, Baseler M, Adelsberger J, Davey RT, Lane HC. The human HIV/peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)-SCID mouse. A modified human PBL-SCID model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. J Immunol 1995; 154:6612-23. [PMID: 7759895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PBL from HIV-infected patients were engrafted into CB-17 SCID mice to develop a novel small animal model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Engraftment was achieved in 84% of mice, with human Ig (hu-Ig) levels and total human mononuclear cell recovery by peritoneal wash similar to those in control hu-PBL-SCID mice engrafted with uninfected donor cells. The hu-Ig produced by hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mice had broad reactivity against HIV. Virus could be detected in 98% of mice by polymerase chain reaction and/or viral coculture. Viremia was first detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on day 7 (approximately 10,000 copies of viral RNA/ml of plasma) and persisted through day 17. Quasispecies analysis of amplified, cloned, proviral DNA of the V3 region of the env gene showed that nucleotide sequences from hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mouse peritoneal wash cells on day 17 were not significantly changed from those derived from donor PBL at the time of injection. Relative to human CD4+ T cell recovery by peritoneal wash in control hu-PBL-SCID mice (CD4 = 19 +/- 2%; n = 40), severe CD4+ lymphocyte depletion (CD4 = 5 +/- 0.5%; n = 59; p < 0.001) was observed in untreated hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mice 18 to 25 days after engraftment. Treatment with 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, a nucleoside analogue, significantly reduced CD4+ T cell depletion (CD4 = 13 +/- 1; n = 59; p < 0.001) and the frequency of virus isolation (70%; p = 0.015) in the hu-HIV/PBL-SCID model. Boosting hu-Ig levels in the mice by injection of purified donor Ig with neutralizing activity did not affect the frequency of CD4+ lymphocyte recovery or virus isolation. The administration of a mAb to TNF had minimal effects. These studies demonstrate that PBL from HIV-infected donors can engraft SCID mice; that HIV can be detected in the spleen, peritoneal wash cells, and blood of these mice; that HIV infection within the model results in rapid CD4+ T cell depletion; and that anti-retroviral therapy is effective in improving CD4+ T cell recovery and reducing the frequency of virus isolation. The hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mouse model thus represents a potentially useful model in which to study HIV pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Boyle
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Boyle MJ, Connors M, Flanigan ME, Geiger SP, Ford H, Baseler M, Adelsberger J, Davey RT, Lane HC. The human HIV/peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL)-SCID mouse. A modified human PBL-SCID model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.12.6612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
PBL from HIV-infected patients were engrafted into CB-17 SCID mice to develop a novel small animal model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Engraftment was achieved in 84% of mice, with human Ig (hu-Ig) levels and total human mononuclear cell recovery by peritoneal wash similar to those in control hu-PBL-SCID mice engrafted with uninfected donor cells. The hu-Ig produced by hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mice had broad reactivity against HIV. Virus could be detected in 98% of mice by polymerase chain reaction and/or viral coculture. Viremia was first detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on day 7 (approximately 10,000 copies of viral RNA/ml of plasma) and persisted through day 17. Quasispecies analysis of amplified, cloned, proviral DNA of the V3 region of the env gene showed that nucleotide sequences from hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mouse peritoneal wash cells on day 17 were not significantly changed from those derived from donor PBL at the time of injection. Relative to human CD4+ T cell recovery by peritoneal wash in control hu-PBL-SCID mice (CD4 = 19 +/- 2%; n = 40), severe CD4+ lymphocyte depletion (CD4 = 5 +/- 0.5%; n = 59; p < 0.001) was observed in untreated hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mice 18 to 25 days after engraftment. Treatment with 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, a nucleoside analogue, significantly reduced CD4+ T cell depletion (CD4 = 13 +/- 1; n = 59; p < 0.001) and the frequency of virus isolation (70%; p = 0.015) in the hu-HIV/PBL-SCID model. Boosting hu-Ig levels in the mice by injection of purified donor Ig with neutralizing activity did not affect the frequency of CD4+ lymphocyte recovery or virus isolation. The administration of a mAb to TNF had minimal effects. These studies demonstrate that PBL from HIV-infected donors can engraft SCID mice; that HIV can be detected in the spleen, peritoneal wash cells, and blood of these mice; that HIV infection within the model results in rapid CD4+ T cell depletion; and that anti-retroviral therapy is effective in improving CD4+ T cell recovery and reducing the frequency of virus isolation. The hu-HIV/PBL-SCID mouse model thus represents a potentially useful model in which to study HIV pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Boyle
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M E Flanigan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S P Geiger
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Ford
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Baseler
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Adelsberger
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R T Davey
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H C Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Weissman D, Li Y, Ananworanich J, Zhou LJ, Adelsberger J, Tedder TF, Baseler M, Fauci AS. Three populations of cells with dendritic morphology exist in peripheral blood, only one of which is infectable with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:826-30. [PMID: 7846060 PMCID: PMC42713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.3.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data have been reported with regard to the infectability, dysfunction, and depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. These discrepancies could potentially be explained by the existence of multiple subsets of cells with dendritic morphology in peripheral blood. The isolation of DCs in humans is accomplished through negative selection until a morphologically pure population is obtained. Recently, DC precursors purified from peripheral blood by negative selection have been observed to develop into functionally and morphologically mature DCs. In this report we identify three populations of cells in peripheral blood that have or can develop a dendritic morphology. The first population, when allowed to mature in culture, develops a dendritic morphology and gains the expression of HB15, a marker of DCs in blood, thymus, skin, and lymphoid organs. The second population expresses HB15 and has the phenotypic and morphologic characteristics of mature DCs. The third population is morphologically very similar to mature DCs but does not share the same T-cell-stimulatory activity and is the only population that is infectable with HIV. Understanding the heterogeneity of cells of dendritic lineage and/or morphology in the peripheral blood will aid in understanding their role as antigen-presenting cells in general and as potential participants in the immunopathogenesis of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weissman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Stanley SK, McCune JM, Kaneshima H, Justement JS, Sullivan M, Boone E, Baseler M, Adelsberger J, Bonyhadi M, Orenstein J. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of the human thymus and disruption of the thymic microenvironment in the SCID-hu mouse. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1151-63. [PMID: 8376927 PMCID: PMC2191215 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in immunosuppression and depletion of circulating CD4+ T cells. Since the thymus is the primary organ in which T cells mature it is of interest to examine the effects of HIV infection in this tissue. HIV infection has been demonstrated in the thymuses of infected individuals and thymocytes have been previously demonstrated to be susceptible to HIV infection both in vivo, using the SCID-hu mouse, and in vitro. The present study sought to determine which subsets of thymocytes were infected in the SCID-hu mouse model and to evaluate HIV-related alterations in the thymic microenvironment. Using two different primary HIV isolates, infection was found in CD4+/CD8+ double positive thymocytes as well as in both the CD4+ and CD8+ single positive subsets of thymocytes. The kinetics of infection and resulting viral burden differed among the three thymocyte subsets and depended on which HIV isolate was used for infection. Thymic epithelial (TE) cells were also shown to endocytose virus and to often contain copious amounts of viral RNA in the cytoplasm by in situ hybridization, although productive infection of these cells could not be definitively shown. Furthermore, degenerating TE cells were observed even without detection of HIV in the degenerating cells. Two striking morphologic patterns of infection were seen, involving either predominantly thymocyte infection and depletion, or TE cell involvement with detectable cytoplasmic viral RNA and/or TE cell toxicity. Thus, a variety of cells in the human thymus is susceptible to HIV infection, and infection with HIV results in a marked disruption of the thymic microenvironment leading to depletion of thymocytes and degeneration of TE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Stanley
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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