1
|
Chen EV, Nicoludis JM, Powell BM, Li KS, Yatsunyk LA. Crystal structure of a three-tetrad, parallel, K +-stabilized human telomeric G-quadruplex at 1.35 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:144-150. [PMID: 37223975 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23003977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the G-rich human telomeric DNA Tel22 has been determined at 1.35 Å resolution in space group P6. Tel22 forms a non-canonical DNA structure called the G-quadruplex. The space group and unit-cell parameters are comparable to those in the crystal structures with PDB codes 6ip3 (1.40 Å resolution) and 1kf1 (2.15 Å resolution). The G-quadruplexes are highly similar in all of the structures. However, this structure of Tel22 displays clear density for polyethylene glycol and two potassium ions, which are located outside the ion channel in the G-quadruplex and play an important role in stabilizing the crystal contacts. In addition, 111 water molecules were identified (compared with 79 and 68 in PDB entries 6ip3 and 1kf1, respectively) that participate in intricate and extensive networks providing high stability to the G-quadruplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Chen
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - J M Nicoludis
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - B M Powell
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - K S Li
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - L A Yatsunyk
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim YY, Kim SY, Kim HM, Li KS, Kim MN, Park KC, Kim BJ. Potential relationship between the canonical Wnt signalling pathway and expression of the vitamin D receptor in alopecia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:368-75. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Y. Lim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - S. Y. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - H. M. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - K. S. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - M. N. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - K.-C. Park
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospotal; Gyeonggi Korea
| | - B. J. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu YE, Zhang SW, Peng WG, Li KS, Li K, Jiang JK, Lin JH, Cai YM. Changes in lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1742-9. [PMID: 20146872 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood in patients with active tuberculosis. A total of 21 patients with active tuberculosis and 15 healthy volunteers were included in the study. T-lymphocyte subsets, B-lymphocytes (CD19(+) cells), natural killer (NK) cells and cells positive for costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD152 were evaluated using flow cytometry. Patients with tuberculosis had a significantly decreased percentage of CD3(+) and CD3(+)CD4(+) cells, and a significantly decreased ratio of CD3(+)CD4(+) to CD3(+)CD8(+) cells compared with healthy controls. In contrast, the percentage of B-cells (CD19(+) cells), CD3(+)CD8(+) cells, CD28(+) cells, CD152(+) cells, and subpopulations of CD4(+)CD152(+), CD8(+)CD152(+) and CD8(+)CD28(+) T-cells were all significantly increased compared with healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the percentages of NK cells or CD4(+)CD28(+) cells between patients and controls. These results indicate that patients with active tuberculosis have altered lymphocyte homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y E Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu KM, Smith GJD, Bahl J, Duan L, Tai H, Vijaykrishna D, Wang J, Zhang JX, Li KS, Fan XH, Webster RG, Chen H, Peiris JSM, Guan Y. The genesis and evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in poultry from southern China, 2000 to 2005. J Virol 2007; 81:10389-401. [PMID: 17652402 PMCID: PMC2045440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses have become established in terrestrial poultry in different Asian countries over the last 2 decades. Our previous study demonstrated that quail harbor increasingly diverse novel H9N2 reassortants, including both Chicken/Beijing/1/94 (Ck/Bei-like) and Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like) viruses. However, since 1999, the genesis and evolution of H9N2 viruses in different types of poultry have not been investigated systematically. In the present study, H9N2 viruses isolated from chickens, ducks, and other minor poultry species were characterized genetically and antigenically. Our findings demonstrate that Ck/Bei-like H9N2 viruses have been introduced into many different types of poultry in southern China, including quail, partridges, chukar, pheasant, guinea fowl, and domestic ducks, while G1-like viruses were commonly detected in quail, less frequently detected in other minor poultry species, and not detected in chickens and ducks. Genetic analysis revealed 35 genotypes of H9N2 viruses, including 14 novel genotypes that have not been recognized before. Our results also suggested that two-way interspecies transmission exists between different types of poultry. Our study demonstrates that the long-term cocirculation of multiple virus lineages (e.g., H5N1 and H9N2 viruses) in different types of poultry has facilitated the frequent reassortment events that are mostly responsible for the current great genetic diversity in H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses in this region. This situation favors the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Xu
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University, Guangdong, China, and Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan L, Campitelli L, Fan XH, Leung YHC, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX, Donatelli I, Delogu M, Li KS, Foni E, Chiapponi C, Wu WL, Kai H, Webster RG, Shortridge KF, Peiris JSM, Smith GJD, Chen H, Guan Y. Characterization of low-pathogenic H5 subtype influenza viruses from Eurasia: implications for the origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. J Virol 2007; 81:7529-39. [PMID: 17507485 PMCID: PMC1933357 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00327-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in many Asian countries, resulting in repeated outbreaks in poultry and increased cases of human infection. The immediate precursor of these HPAI viruses is believed to be A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996. From 2000 onwards, many novel reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses or genotypes have emerged in southern China. However, precursors of the Gs/GD-like viruses and their subsequent reassortants have not been fully determined. Here we characterize low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 subtype viruses isolated from poultry and migratory birds in southern China and Europe from the 1970s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Gs/GD-like virus was likely derived from an LPAI H5 virus in migratory birds. However, its variants arose from multiple reassortments between Gs/GD-like virus and viruses from migratory birds or with those Eurasian viruses isolated in the 1970s. It is of note that unlike HPAI H5N1 viruses, those recent LPAI H5 viruses have not become established in aquatic or terrestrial poultry. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the dynamic nature of the influenza virus gene pool in Eurasia with repeated transmissions between the eastern and western extremities of the continent. The data also show reassortment between influenza viruses from domestic and migratory birds in this region that has contributed to the expanded diversity of the influenza virus gene pool among poultry in Eurasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu KM, Li KS, Smith GJD, Li JW, Tai H, Zhang JX, Webster RG, Peiris JSM, Chen H, Guan Y. Evolution and molecular epidemiology of H9N2 influenza A viruses from quail in southern China, 2000 to 2005. J Virol 2006; 81:2635-45. [PMID: 17192315 PMCID: PMC1865985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02316-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in terrestrial poultry in Asian countries. Occasionally these viruses transmit to other mammals, including humans. Increasing epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that quail may be an important host, as they are susceptible to different subtypes of influenza viruses. To better understand the role of quail in influenza virus ecology and evolution, H9N2 viruses isolated from quail during 2000 to 2005 were antigenically and genetically characterized. Our results showed that H9N2 viruses are prevalent year-round in southern China and replicate mainly asymptomatically in the respiratory tract of quail. Genetic analysis revealed that both the G1-like and Ck/Bei-like H9N2 lineages were cocirculating in quail since 2000. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that most of the isolates tested were double- or multiple-reassortant variants, with four G1-like and 16 Ck/Bei-like genotypes recognized. A novel genotype of G1-like virus became predominant in quail since 2003, while multiple Ck/Bei-like genotypes were introduced into quail, wherein they incorporated G1-like gene segments, but none of them became established in this host. Those Ck/Bei-like reassortants generated in quail have then been introduced into other poultry. These complex interactions form a two-way transmission system between quail and other types of poultry. The present study provides evidence that H9N2 and H5N1 subtype viruses have also exchanged gene segments to generate currently circulating reassortants of both subtypes that have pandemic potential. Continuing influenza virus surveillance in poultry is critical to understanding the genesis and emergence of potentially pandemic strains in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith GJD, Fan XH, Wang J, Li KS, Qin K, Zhang JX, Vijaykrishna D, Cheung CL, Huang K, Rayner JM, Peiris JSM, Chen H, Webster RG, Guan Y. Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16936-41. [PMID: 17075062 PMCID: PMC1636557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608157103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses in poultry in Eurasia accompanied with the increase in human infection in 2006 suggests that the virus has not been effectively contained and that the pandemic threat persists. Updated virological and epidemiological findings from our market surveillance in southern China demonstrate that H5N1 influenza viruses continued to be panzootic in different types of poultry. Genetic and antigenic analyses revealed the emergence and predominance of a previously uncharacterized H5N1 virus sublineage (Fujian-like) in poultry since late 2005. Viruses from this sublineage gradually replaced those multiple regional distinct sublineages and caused recent human infection in China. These viruses have already transmitted to Hong Kong, Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand, resulting in a new transmission and outbreak wave in Southeast Asia. Serological studies suggest that H5N1 seroconversion in market poultry is low and that vaccination may have facilitated the selection of the Fujian-like sublineage. The predominance of this virus over a large geographical region within a short period directly challenges current disease control measures.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- China/epidemiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Poultry/virology
- Selection, Genetic
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. J. D. Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - X. H. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - J. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - K. S. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - K. Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - J. X. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - D. Vijaykrishna
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - C. L. Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - K. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - J. M. Rayner
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - J. S. M. Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - H. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
| | - R. G. Webster
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Y. Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith GJD, Naipospos TSP, Nguyen TD, de Jong MD, Vijaykrishna D, Usman TB, Hassan SS, Nguyen TV, Dao TV, Bui NA, Leung YHC, Cheung CL, Rayner JM, Zhang JX, Zhang LJ, Poon LLM, Li KS, Nguyen VC, Hien TT, Farrar J, Webster RG, Chen H, Peiris JSM, Guan Y. Evolution and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus in avian and human hosts in Indonesia and Vietnam. Virology 2006; 350:258-68. [PMID: 16713612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 is endemic in poultry in East and Southeast Asia with disease outbreaks recently spreading to parts of central Asia, Europe and Africa. Continued interspecies transmission to humans has been reported in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia and China, causing pandemic concern. Here, we genetically characterize 82 H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry throughout Indonesia and Vietnam and 11 human isolates from southern Vietnam together with sequence data available in public databases to address questions relevant to virus introduction, endemicity and evolution. Phylogenetic analysis shows that all viruses from Indonesia form a distinct sublineage of H5N1 genotype Z viruses suggesting this outbreak likely originated from a single introduction that spread throughout the country during the past two years. Continued virus activities in Indonesia were attributed to transmission via poultry movement within the country rather than through repeated introductions by bird migration. Within Indonesia and Vietnam, H5N1 viruses have evolved over time into geographically distinct groups within each country. Molecular analysis of the H5N1 genotype Z genome shows that only the M2 and PB1-F2 genes were under positive selection, suggesting that these genes might be involved in adaptation of this virus to new hosts following interspecies transmission. At the amino acid level 12 residues were under positive selection in those genotype Z viruses, in the HA and PB1-F2 proteins. Some of these residues were more frequently observed in human isolates than in avian isolates and are related to viral antigenicity and receptor binding. Our study provides insight into the ongoing evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses that are transmitting in diverse avian species and at the interface between avian and human hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J D Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Smith GJD, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, Rayner JM, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX, Zhang LJ, Guo CT, Cheung CL, Xu KM, Duan L, Huang K, Qin K, Leung YHC, Wu WL, Lu HR, Chen Y, Xia NS, Naipospos TSP, Yuen KY, Hassan SS, Bahri S, Nguyen TD, Webster RG, Peiris JSM, Guan Y. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2845-50. [PMID: 16473931 PMCID: PMC1413830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511120103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparedness for a possible influenza pandemic caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A subtype H5N1 has become a global priority. The spread of the virus to Europe and continued human infection in Southeast Asia have heightened pandemic concern. It remains unknown from where the pandemic strain may emerge; current attention is directed at Vietnam, Thailand, and, more recently, Indonesia and China. Here, we report that genetically and antigenically distinct sublineages of H5N1 virus have become established in poultry in different geographical regions of Southeast Asia, indicating the long-term endemicity of the virus, and the isolation of H5N1 virus from apparently healthy migratory birds in southern China. Our data show that H5N1 influenza virus, has continued to spread from its established source in southern China to other regions through transport of poultry and bird migration. The identification of regionally distinct sublineages contributes to the understanding of the mechanism for the perpetuation and spread of H5N1, providing information that is directly relevant to control of the source of infection in poultry. It points to the necessity of surveillance that is geographically broader than previously supposed and that includes H5N1 viruses of greater genetic and antigenic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Chen
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G. J. D. Smith
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K. S. Li
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
| | - J. Wang
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
| | - X. H. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. M. Rayner
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D. Vijaykrishna
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. X. Zhang
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L. J. Zhang
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C. T. Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C. L. Cheung
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K. M. Xu
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L. Duan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K. Qin
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y. H. C. Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W. L. Wu
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H. R. Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y. Chen
- Research Center for Medical Molecular Virology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - N. S. Xia
- Research Center for Medical Molecular Virology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - T. S. P. Naipospos
- Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Health, Government of Indonesia, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12550, Indonesia
| | - K. Y. Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S. S. Hassan
- Veterinary Research Institute, 31 400 Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - S. Bahri
- Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Health, Government of Indonesia, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12550, Indonesia
| | - T. D. Nguyen
- **National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam; and
| | - R. G. Webster
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- **National Institute of Veterinary Research, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - J. S. M. Peiris
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y. Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (Shantou University Medical College and Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Joint Influenza Research Center (SUMC and HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJD, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie ATS, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NTH, Webby RJ, Poon LLM, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JSM. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 2004; 430:209-13. [PMID: 15241415 DOI: 10.1038/nature02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5N1, caused disease outbreaks in poultry in China and seven other east Asian countries between late 2003 and early 2004; the same virus was fatal to humans in Thailand and Vietnam. Here we demonstrate a series of genetic reassortment events traceable to the precursor of the H5N1 viruses that caused the initial human outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 (refs 2-4) and subsequent avian outbreaks in 2001 and 2002 (refs 5, 6). These events gave rise to a dominant H5N1 genotype (Z) in chickens and ducks that was responsible for the regional outbreak in 2003-04. Our findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China had a central role in the generation and maintenance of this virus, and that wild birds may have contributed to the increasingly wide spread of the virus in Asia. Our results suggest that H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential have become endemic in the region and are not easily eradicable. These developments pose a threat to public and veterinary health in the region and potentially the world, and suggest that long-term control measures are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC & HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li KS, Xu KM, Peiris JSM, Poon LLM, Yu KZ, Yuen KY, Shortridge KF, Webster RG, Guan Y. Characterization of H9 subtype influenza viruses from the ducks of southern China: a candidate for the next influenza pandemic in humans? J Virol 2003; 77:6988-94. [PMID: 12768017 PMCID: PMC156195 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.6988-6994.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2002] [Accepted: 03/25/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A current view of the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses envisages a gene flow from the aquatic avian reservoir to humans via reassortment in pigs, the hypothetical "mixing vessel." Understanding arising from recent H5N1 influenza outbreaks in Hong Kong since 1997 and the isolation of avian H9N2 virus from humans raises alternative options for the emergence of a new pandemic virus. Here we report that H9N2 influenza viruses established in terrestrial poultry in southern China are transmitted back to domestic ducks, in which the viruses generate multiple reassortants. These novel H9N2 viruses are double or even triple reassortants that have amino acid signatures in their hemagglutinin, indicating their potential to directly infect humans. Some of them contain gene segments that are closely related to those of A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1/97, H5N1) or A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (G1-like, H9N2). More importantly, some of their internal genes are closely related to those of novel H5N1 viruses isolated during the outbreak in Hong Kong in 2001. This study reveals a two-way transmission of influenza virus between terrestrial and aquatic birds that facilitates the generation of novel reassortant H9N2 influenza viruses. Such reassortants may directly or indirectly play a role in the emergence of the next pandemic virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC & HKU), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The two sides of the brain are differently involved in the modulation of immune responses as demonstrated by lesion and behavioral approaches. To study the interactions between cerebral cortex cytokines and brain lateralization, three groups of BALB/c mice were selected on the basis of their performance in the paw preference test (left-pawed, ambidextrous and right-pawed) and the levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 were measured in the two cerebral cortices after an intraperitoneal saline or lipopolysaccharide. Generally, right cortices had higher interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 levels than left cortices for both saline and lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. A strong correlation between the levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in right and left cortices and behavioral lateralization was observed. For the saline-treated mice: in their left cortices, interleukin-1beta levels were higher for ambidextrous mice than for right-pawed mice (P<0.05); in their right cortices, interleukin-6 levels were higher for ambidextrous mice than for right-/left-pawed mice, and right-pawed mice have higher levels of interleukin-6 than left-pawed mice (P<0.01). In their left cortices, interleukin-6 levels are higher for left-pawed mice than for both ambidextrous and right-pawed mice (P<0.01). In their left cortices, interleukin-6 levels are higher for left-pawed mice than for both ambidextrous and right-pawed mice (P<0.01). The quadratic curve equations showed that the levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 in the right/left cortices had a highly significant correlation with paw preference scores in both normal and lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. In conclusion, the present report demonstrated that the basal levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 were higher in the right cortex than left cortex in mice. There was a strong correlation between the levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 and behavioral lateralization, and cytokine asymmetries had a strong correlation with the direction and the intensity of behavioral lateralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q L Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Blanton SH, Liang CY, Cai MW, Pandya A, Du LL, Landa B, Mummalanni S, Li KS, Chen ZY, Qin XN, Liu YF, Balkany T, Nance WE, Liu XZ. A novel locus for autosomal dominant non-syndromic deafness (DFNA41) maps to chromosome 12q24-qter. J Med Genet 2002; 39:567-70. [PMID: 12161595 PMCID: PMC1735215 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.8.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We have studied 36 subjects in a large multigenerational Chinese family that is segregating for an autosomal dominant adult onset form of progressive non-syndromic hearing loss. All affected subjects had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss involving all frequencies with some significant gender differences in initial presentation. After excluding linkage to known loci for non-syndromic deafness, we used the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) to test for 351 polymorphic markers distributed at approximately 10 cM intervals throughout the genome. Analysis of the resulting data provided evidence that the locus designated DFNA41 maps to a 15 cM region on chromosome 12q24.32-qter, proximal to the marker D12S1609. A maximum two point lod score of 6.56 at theta=0.0 was obtained for D12S343. This gene is distal to DFNA25, a previously identified locus for dominant adult onset hearing loss that maps to 12q21-24. Positional/functional candidate genes in this region include frizzled 10, epimorphin, RAN, and ZFOC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Blanton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li KS, Yamashiro T, Sumie A, Terao H, Mifune K, Nishizono A. Hepatitis B virus harboring nucleotide deletions in the core promoter region and genotype B correlate with low viral replication activity in anti-HBe positive carriers. J Clin Virol 2001; 23:97-106. [PMID: 11595588 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(01)00212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of anti-HBe following seroconversion of HBe antigen indicates reduced hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in the liver and low infectivity in the natural course of infection. However, some patients show continued replication or reactivation even in the presence of anti-HBe. OBJECTIVE To clarify the cause of HBV replication, we investigated genotype differences and mutations in the core promoter and precore region in relation to virus titer. STUDY DESIGN Using quantification of HBV DNA, nucleotide sequencing of the core promoter and precore region, and genotyping with the S gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), we analyzed sera of 26 anti-HBe positive carriers (28 serum samples). RESULTS Various mutations were detected including C to T point mutation at nt 1653, A to T and G to A contiguous point mutations at nt 1762 and 1764 in the core promoter region, and G to A point mutation at nt 1896 in the precore region, but no common mutations were detected that were directly related to the virus titer from earlier reported mutations. In contrast, the mean titer of genotype B virus was 1.5 x 10(5) copies per ml and that of mutant HBV of genotype C having 8 base pairs (8-bp) deletion (nt 1768-1775) in the core promoter region was 7.9 x 10(4) copies per ml (mean titer). These titers showed commonly lower than that of genotype C virus without 8-bp deletion (median titer 5.0 x 10(6) copies per ml). Transition of genotype from C to B after viral reactivation and reduction of proportion of 8-bp deletion mutant at reactivation period was observed in a patient who demonstrated exacerbation of liver dysfunction due to immunosuppressive therapy and increased viral replication. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm those of our earlier study describing low replication ability of 8-bp deletion mutant HBV in vitro, and also indicate that the presence of genotype B correlates with reduced titer of HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Department of Microbiology, Oita Medical University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu QL, Li KS. [Selective distribution of IL-1 beta and IL-6 contents in the right and left cortices of Balb/c mice]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2001; 53:152-4. [PMID: 11471217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to study the different distribution of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents in the right and left cortices, which may be related to the differences in immunomodulatory functions between the two cerebral cortices. Samples of tissue homogenate were prepared from the left and right cerebral cortices of the Balb/c mice and IL-1 beta, and IL-6 contents were measured using ELISA kits. Both IL-1 beta (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.001) contents of the right cortex were higher than those of the left. After injection of LPS, the IL-6 content of the left cortex increased. No statistically significant difference of IL-1 beta contents was found between the two cerebral cortices, while the IL-6 content of the right cortex was higher than that of the left (P < 0.01), suggesting that some cytokines are probably involved in the differences between the right and left cerebral immunomodulatory functions in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q L Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou 515031
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) is an essential signal-transducing component of the IL-1 receptor type I. The recent availability of IL-1RAcP-deficient (KO) mice allows to study the in vivo function of IL-1RAcP. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with rat recombinant IL-1beta (200 ng/mouse), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 microg/mouse), or subjected to 1-hour restraint stress. Neuroendocrine and immune parameters were measured 2 h after IL-1 or LPS injection or just after restraint. In wild-type controls, IL-1 and LPS activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased plasma IL-6. In KO mice, the plasma levels of corticosterone and IL-6 increased after LPS, but not after rat recombinant IL-1beta. The LPS-induced depression of the lymphoproliferation was similar in wild-type and KO mice. Finally, the 1-hour restraint was able to increase the plasma levels of corticosterone in KO mice. These results show that IL-1RAcP is essential for physiological activities of peripheral IL-1, as it was previously demonstrated for those of brain IL-1. However, using IL-1RAcP KO mice, we were unable to demonstrate a specific role of endogenous IL-1 during LPS-induced inflammation. Moreover, stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may occur in the absence of the IL-1-transducing receptor, IL-1RAcP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Layé
- Laboratoire de Neurocytochimie Fonctionnelle, Université de Bordeaux I, Talence, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Psychological stressors are known to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the release of corticosterone and catecholamines respectively. They have also been reported to induce cytokine production. All these molecules affect various immune parameters and can alter overall immune competence of the individual. The purpose of this investigation was to study the regulation of the production of corticosterone during stress and its possible effects on immune reactivity. In a first series of experiments, the possible regulation of corticosterone production by interleukin (IL)-1beta and peripheral catecholamines during restraint was assessed using a pharmacological approach in mice. Plasma IL-1beta concentrations remained at basal after 1-h restraint and the stress-induced increase of plasma corticosterone was not modified by a peripheral injection of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). By contrast, chemical sympathectomy potentiated the restraint-induced increase in plasma corticosterone concentration, this potentiation being reversed by IL-1ra. In a second series of experiments, the role of corticosterone in stress-immune relationships was studied in adrenalectomized mice subjected to restraint and immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Non-specific immunity, i.e. proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes and plasma levels of IL-1beta, as well as specific immunity, i.e. antibody production and delayed hypersensitivity, were not altered after 2-h restraint. Adrenalectomy failed to induce immune effects in stressed animals, except that delayed hypersensitivity was stronger in adrenalectomized animals, revealing that the high levels of corticosterone produced during stress have an anti-inflammatory activity. The present data show that the stress-induced production of corticosterone was modulated by both peripheral catecholamines and IL-1beta. However, this production of corticosterone was unable to modulate immune reactivity except delayed hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liège S, Layé S, Li KS, Moze E, Neveu PJ. Interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) is necessary for centrally mediated neuroendocrine and immune responses to IL-1beta. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:134-9. [PMID: 11024543 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient for the IL-1RAcP gene (IL-1RAcP KO) were used to explore the role of IL-1RAcP in physiological functions of brain IL-1beta. Animals were injected i.c.v. with two different doses of recombinant human (rh) IL-1beta: a small one (750 pg) known to induce sickness behavior, and a larger one (50 ng), chosen to counteract the possible loss of affinity of IL-1beta on its receptor. Neuroendocrine and immune parameters were measured 2 h after IL-1 injection. The increase of plasma corticosterone induced by rhIL-1beta in wild-type (WT) mice was not observed in IL-1RAcP KO mice. Likewise, the depression of splenocyte proliferation occurred in WT but not in KO mice. Finally, in opposition to WT mice, plasma levels and brain cortical content of IL-6 in IL-1RAcP KO mice remained unchanged as compared to saline-injected controls. The results clearly demonstrate that IL-1RAcP is necessary for the induction of the main neuroendocrine and immune effects of central IL-1beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Liège
- INSERM U.394 Neurobiologie Intégrative, Institut François Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Cedex, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Division of Cardiology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ren JF, Schwartzman D, Michele JJ, Li KS, Hoffmann J, Brode SE, Lighty GW, Dillon SM, Chaudhry FA. Lower frequency (5 MHZ) intracardiac echocardiography in a large swine model: imaging views and research applications. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997; 23:871-877. [PMID: 9300991 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(97)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous investigation indicated that, in the 50-114-kg weight range, the swine model provides transeosophageal echocardiographic normal values for cardiac structures comparable to those found in human adults. Intracardiac echocardiographic imaging using a 12.5-MHz ultrasound catheter is limited, due to ultrasonic attenuation. Transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the right heart is also limited with its anterior anatomic location. To further study the utility of intracardiac imaging, we placed a 5-MHz (30 Fr) multiplane transducer at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium, in the right atrium and right ventricle in 8 closed-chest swine (weight 129 +/- 61 kg). In each animal, complete whole heart imaging was obtained, with tomographic views including the cardiac 4-chamber, right atrium, right ventricle and outflow, left atrium and ventricle, and basal great vessels. Major intracardiac anatomic landmarks (i.e., crista terminalis, right atrial appendage, coronary sinus orifice, interatrial septum, tricuspid valve, right ventricular outflow, pulmonary veins, mitral valve and left ventricular papillary muscles) were visualized in every swine. Thus, this 5-MHz multiplane transducer, as a prototype for a steerable low-frequency intracardiac ultrasound catheter, improved both whole heart and individual cardiac structure imaging from a single intracardiac location. Further technological development and refinement is needed for routine use in research and clinical imaging practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Ren
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
There is evidence for bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system. The immune system is subjected to neuroendocrine influences and reciprocally the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis is modulated by immune signals. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), used to mimic infectious/inflammatory diseases, induce a series of stress markers, including modifications of monoaminergic transmission, enhancement of HPA axis activity, and decreased immune activity. In the present work we investigated the participation of peripheral catecholamines in the immune and endocrine responses to LPS in vivo. We studied the effects of LPS after chemical sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which does not cross the brain-blood barrier (BBB) in adults when peripherally injected. 6-OHDA administration was able to interfere with the effects of LPS on immune cells; however, the effects depended on the lymphoid tissue tested. In fact, the depression of mitogenesis induced by LPS was reversed by 6-OHDA in the spleen but not in the thymus. Moreover, 6-OHDA also interfered with the endocrine modifications induced by LPS. This neurotoxin completely or partially inhibited the effect of LPS on ACTH and corticosterone secretion, respectively. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that in vivo, the peripheral sympathetic nervous system participates in the immune and endocrine effects of LPS.
Collapse
|
23
|
Delrue-Perollet C, Li KS, Neveu PJ. No change in plasma corticosterone and splenic norepinephrine during humoral and cellular immune responses to sheep erythrocytes in C3H mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 1995; 2:36-43. [PMID: 7614259 DOI: 10.1159/000096846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Host responses to immune stimulation, including antigenic stimulation and inflammation, have been described to involve the central neurotransmission, the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system. After antigenic stimulation, it has been hypothesized that the HPA axis is involved in a feedback mechanism which limits lymphocyte expansion linked to the immune response. However, such a stimulation of the HPA axis after immunization is not consistently reported in the literature. In the present experiments, we looked for a possible activation of the HPA axis, as well as for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system during primary and secondary antibody synthesis and cellular immunity. C3H female mice were immunized with low or high doses of sheep red blood cells which induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or antibody synthesis, respectively. Plasma corticosterone levels remained in normal ranges whether the animals developed primary or secondary humoral response or DTH. Splenic norepinephrine (NE) levels were unchanged during cellular immunity. During primary and secondary antibody responses splenic NE levels decreased, but no difference appeared between immunized animals and controls when the splenic NE content was expressed in milligrams per spleen because of a spleen enlargement in immunized animals. From these results, it can be concluded that immune responses, antibody synthesis and cellular immunity, in opposition to inflammation, may be induced without any detectable stimulation of the HPA axis or modification of the NE input in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In stenotic arteries, constriction can decrease intraluminal pressure, which in turn can further decrease vessel size. Because of these pressure changes, the hypothesis that haemodynamic responses may be significantly different from intrinsic smooth muscle responses in stenotic arteries was tested. METHODS In rabbits (n = 16), one iliac artery was denuded (stenotic), and the other iliac artery was untouched (hypercholesterolaemic). The rabbits were placed on a 2% cholesterol diet for three weeks. Iliac arteries from these and normal (n = 8) rabbits were removed and studied as rings or perfused segments. RESULTS In arterial rings, maximal isometric tension in response to noradrenaline was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in hypercholesterolaemic [0.59(SEM 0.03) x 10(6) dynes.cm-2] and normal arteries 0.63(0.04) compared with stenotic arteries [0.28(0.04)]. Normal [EC50 = 6.99(0.07), -log(M)] and hypercholesterolaemic [EC50 = 7.00(0.12)] rings were more sensitive (p < 0.05) to noradrenaline than stenotic rings [EC50 = 6.49(0.24)]. All arterial rings vasodilated in response to glyceryl trinitrate, and changes in isometric tension occurred over a 1000-fold change in noradrenaline or glyceryl trinitrate concentration. In normal and hypercholesterolaemic arteries, flow was unaltered even at the highest noradrenaline concentration. In stenotic arteries, noradrenaline decreased distal pressure from 76.9(5.4) to 24.3(7.3) mm Hg (p < 0.05) and flow from 17.9(1.6) to 6.4(1.8) ml.min-1 (p < 0.05). After noradrenaline decreased flow, glyceryl trinitrate did not always successfully vasodilate the stenotic arteries and thereby re-establish flow. Lastly, in stenotic arteries, most of the haemodynamic response occurred at one incremental dose of noradrenaline or glyceryl trinitrate. CONCLUSION Fundamentally different haemodynamic responses occur in stenotic v normal and hypercholesterolaemic arteries. As the intrinsic smooth muscle responses (from the stenotic rings) are weaker, the augmented responses in whole stenotic segments are probably related to the intraluminal pressure changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Santamore
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harasawa H, Li KS, Nakamoto T, Coghlan L, Singleton HR, Dell'Italia LJ, Santamore WP. Ventricular coupling via the pericardium: normal versus tamponade. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27:1470-6. [PMID: 8221799 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/27.8.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine how regional variations in pericardial pressure affect the mechanical coupling between the ventricles. METHODS Canine hearts from 14 dogs (14.5-18 kg) were removed and placed in cold cardioplegia solution. Balloons were inserted into the left and right ventricles and the atria. Pericardial pressure over the left ventricle (Pclv) and the right ventricle (Pcrv) was measured with thin balloon catheters. Ventricular and pericardial pressures were measured, and ventricular and pericardial coupling was calculated, under control conditions and with increases in pericardial tension and fluid. RESULTS At baseline, regional differences in pericardial pressure occurred [Pclv > Pcrv, 4.0(SD 0.9) v 2.9(0.6) mm Hg, p < 0.05]. Ventricular coupling via the pericardium was defined as delta Pclv/delta Pcrv for right ventricular volume increases and delta Pcrv/delta Pclv for left ventricular volume increases. This ratio increased more after increasing right ventricular volume than after increasing left ventricular volume [delta Pclv/delta Pcrv > delta Pcrv/delta Pclv, 1.14(0.33) v 0.51(0.15), p < 0.05]. Increasing the pericardial tension by clamping the pericardium increased pericardial pressures, yet did not alter the regional variations in pressure [Pclv > Pcrv, 8.4(2.2) v 6.4(2.5) mm Hg, p < 0.05] or pericardial coupling [delta Pclv/delta Pcrv > delta Pclv/delta Pcrv, 1.18(0.46) v 0.54(0.16), p < 0.05]. In contrast, creating a mild tamponade increased pericardial pressures, eliminated regional differences in pressure, and altered the coupling between ventricles [delta Pclv/delta Pcrv approximately delta Pclv/delta Pcrv, 0.95(0.11) v 1.05(0.08), p = NS]. These regional differences in pericardial pressure might have a geometrical basis. In four in vivo canine experiments using cine magnetic resonance, the short axis radius of curvature for the right ventricle was greater than for the left ventricle [38.3(4.4) mm v 29.2(3.8) mm, p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS The pericardium partially protects right ventricular filling: regional differences in pericardial pressure normally occurred with lower pericardial pressure over the right ventricle, and left to right ventricular coupling was less. This protection of right ventricular filling was lost with even a small pericardial effusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Harasawa
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamaguchi S, Li KS, Harasawa H, Santamore WP. Acute alterations in systolic ventricular interdependence-mechanical dependence of right ventricle on left ventricle following acute alteration of right ventricular free wall. Basic Res Cardiol 1993; 88:350-61. [PMID: 8240227 DOI: 10.1007/bf00800641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine whether systolic ventricular interdependence can be acutely altered by changes in the mechanical properties of the ventricular wall. In eight acute canine studies, we released an aortic constriction during diastole. We measured right ventricular (RV) pressure changes (dPr) caused by sudden changes in left ventricular (LV) pressure (dPl). Measurements were obtained during control, 10 min after right coronary artery occlusion, and then 15 min after injecting glutaraldehyde into the RV free wall. By superimposing the pressure tracings of the beats immediately before and after the aortic release, the instantaneous pressure difference ratio (dPr/dPl) was calculated during systole. Maximal value of the pressure difference ratio decreased from control 0.11 +/- 0.04 to ischemia 0.08 +/- 0.03; (p < 0.05) and increased with glutaraldehyde 0.15 +/- 0.06; (p < 0.05). Thus, acute ischemia in RV free wall decreased the magnitude of systolic ventricular interdependence from LV to RV, while glutaraldehyde, which stiffens the RV free wall, increased the magnitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yamaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li KS, Ferdinand FD, Tulenko TN, Corin WJ, Santamore WP. The order of dilator-constrictor administration affects stenotic hemodynamic responses. Am J Med Sci 1993; 305:354-64. [PMID: 8506896 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199306000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that, due to intraluminal pressure changes, the order of constrictor-dilator administration alters stenotic hemodynamic responses. Canine carotid arteries were perfused with a physiologic salt solution under constant pressure (100 mm Hg). An intraluminal stenosis partially obstructed the arteries. Pressures proximal and distal to the artery and the flow were continually recorded as norepinephrine (10(-9)-10(-6) M) was added to the perfusate. Adding diltiazem (10(-7) M) before norepinephrine shifted the effective half maximum dose (ED50) of the norepinephrine flow curve from 7.35 +/- 0.66 X 10(-8) M to 6.39 +/- 0.72 X 10(-7) M (p < 0.05). More important, adding 10(-7) M diltiazem after norepinephrine-induced constriction did not reestablish stenotic pressure or flow: A 30-fold increase in diltiazem concentration (3.16 X 10(-6)M) was required to reestablish stenotic pressure (62.6 +/- 4.4 mm Hg) and flow (25.4 +/- 3.2 ml/min). Similarly, adding nitroglycerin (10(-7) M) before norepinephrine shifted the ED50 from 7.21 +/- 0.58 X 10(-8) to 5.94 +/- 0.78 X 10(-6) (p < 0.05). Adding 10(-7) M nitroglycerin after norepinephrine did not reestablish stenotic pressure or flow: 3.16 X 10(-6) M nitroglycerin was required to reestablish stenotic pressure (59.2 +/- 4.8 mm Hg) and flow (23.2 +/- 2.7 mL/min). This constrictor-dilation history did not occur in isolated arterial rings (norepinephrine + nitroglycerin = 38.1 +/- 13.9 g/cm2; nitroglycerin + norepinephrine = 42.2 +/- 9.4 g/cm2; p = not significant [NS]) or in normal arteries (norepinephrine + nitroglycerin = 4.89 +/- 0.14 mm [external diameter]; nitroglycerin + norepinephrine = 4.92 +/- 0.23 mm; p = NS). In stenotic arteries, intraluminal pressure influenced the order of constrictor-dilator administration on hemodynamic response, which was not observed in isolated arterial rings or in normal arteries. This pressure-dependent sensitivity affects vasomotor tone and may be important in the pathophysiology of ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common muscle fibres encircle both ventricles and the ventricles share a common septal wall. This close anatomical association suggests that regional ischaemia and structural integrity may alter systolic function in both the right and the left ventricle. To examine this possibility, we investigated the contribution of each wall to biventricular function. METHODS Isolated hearts, obtained from anaesthetised rabbits, were perfused with physiological salt solution under constant pressure. Balloons were placed in the right and left ventricles to measure isovolumetric pressure, and pressure-volume curves were obtained. In separate sets of experiments, the left ventricular free wall, right ventricular free wall, or septum was made ischaemic, incised, or injected with glutaraldehyde, respectively. Pressure-volume curves were obtained again. RESULTS After left ventricular free wall ischaemia (n = 11), right ventricular developed pressure decreased significantly from 27.9(SD 8.9) to 14.1(6.6) mm Hg (p < 0.05), and remained depressed when the left ventricular free wall was further damaged by glutaraldehyde. Cutting the left ventricular free wall (n = 6) decreased right ventricular developed pressure from 28.9(8.6) to 17.8(4.8) mm Hg (p < 0.05), while reapproximating the left ventricular free wall by suturing re-established right ventricular developed pressure. After right ventricular free wall ischaemia (n = 7), right ventricular developed pressure decreased from 26.8(6.6) to 24.1(5.7) mm Hg (NS) and left ventricular developed pressure was unaltered. Cutting the right ventricular free wall (n = 7) had no effect on left ventricular developed pressure. Cutting the septum (n = 7) had no obvious influence on right ventricular developed pressure, but dramatically decreased left ventricular developed pressure from 79.2(55.2) to 43.7(32.2) mm Hg (p < 0.05). Injecting glutaraldehyde into the septum (n = 7) decreased both right and left ventricular developed pressures from 22.1(8.5) to 14.0(8.8) and from 78.2(50.5) to 47.9(37.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the heart should be viewed as a mechanical syncytium. The left ventricular free wall plays a critical role in right ventricular systolic function and may help to explain the right ventricular response to left ventricular ischaemia. On the other hand, in the isolated heart preparation, right ventricular free wall ischaemia has only a minimal effect on left ventricular systolic developed pressure. Altering ventricular septal function affects both right and left ventricular systolic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Li
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine if rapid changes in left ventricular pressure can acutely alter right ventricular systolic pressure and thus influence the length of right ventricular ejection. METHODS The experiments were performed in six open chest anaesthetised dogs, weight 18-25.5 kg. Left and right ventricular pressures and pulmonary blood flow were recorded continuously as left ventricular pressure was abruptly decreased by opening a shunt in systole. From these data, the pressure and flow changes and the duration of right ventricular ejection were determined. RESULTS Opening the left ventricular shunt caused left ventricular pressure to fall from 94.1(SD 10.5) to 62.6(11.3) mm Hg (p < 0.01), right ventricular pressure to fall from 30.3(4.6) to 27.0(3.6) mm Hg (p < 0.01), and pulmonary flow to fall from 69.5(14.2) to 57.5(13.9) ml.s-1. The duration of right ventricular ejection, determined from pulmonary flow, also decreased from 192.7(22.7) to 157.2(18.7) ms (p < 0.05) and was significantly related to the length of left ventricular systole. Time between end diastole and peak negative dP/dt decreased for both left and right ventricle. Left and right ventricular time intervals were related before (r = 0.99) and after (r = 0.75) opening the shunt. CONCLUSIONS The duration of right ventricular ejection was decreased by a sudden decrease in left ventricular afterload and was significantly related to the length of left ventricular systole. The duration of right ventricular ejection may be coupled with left ventricular contraction through ventricular interdependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yamaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Platelets may accentuate vasoconstriction in stenotic arteries capable of vasomotion. We examined the interaction of platelets, stenosis, and arterial vasoconstriction in normal and stenotic arteries with intact endothelium. Beagle carotid arteries (n = 38) were isolated, removed, and placed in an in vitro perfusion system. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were perfused through the arteries under constant pressure (100 mmHg) and a fixed distal resistance. In intact arteries without a stenosis, angiotensin II (ANG II) decreased luminal diameter without altering flow during PRP perfusion. After creating an intraluminal stenosis, vasoconstriction produced by ANG II resulted in near total cessation of flow. During PRP perfusion, this effect was amplified, demonstrating suppression of flow at significantly (P less than 0.05) lower concentrations of ANG II (PRP, ED50 = 0.03 +/- 0.01 x 10(-8) M) compared with arteries perfused with PPP (PPP, ED50 = 2.7 +/- 0.8 x 10(-8) M). This accentuated vasoconstrictor response in the presence of platelets was not blocked by SKF 96148 (a thromboxane A2 antagonist) but was abolished by ketanserin (a 5-HT2-serotonergic blocker). This increased sensitivity to vasoconstriction was not due to significant platelet plugging inasmuch as no cyclic flow reductions were observed, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) did not prevent this accentuated vasoconstrictor response, and adventitial administration of nitroglycerin restored flow to baseline levels. These studies illustrate that 1) platelets amplify the effect of vasoconstrictors in stenotic arteries, 2) this amplification of vasoconstriction is primarily due to platelet release of serotonin, and 3) the amplification occurs in the absence of significant platelet plugging and endothelial damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Weyrich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nakamoto T, Li KS, Johnston WE, Santamore WP. Differential effects of positive end expiratory pressure and cardiac tamponade on left-right ventricular mechanical function in the dog. Cardiovasc Res 1992; 26:148-52. [PMID: 1571935 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/26.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine the hypothesis that an increased coupling occurs between the ventricles during tamponade via a ventricular-pericardial-ventricular interaction, but that ventricular coupling would be unaltered or reduced with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). METHODS An in situ arrested, canine heart preparation was used. Changes in left and right ventricular pressure (dPl, dPr) and volume (dVl, dVr) caused by increasing the volume of the other ventricle were measured at normal and at matched levels of raised pericardial pressures (Pp) caused by 20 cm H2O PEEP and by tamponade. RESULTS With PEEP, the coupling between the ventricles was unaltered when compared to control. With tamponade, dPl/dPr, dVl/dPr, dPr/dPl, and dVr/dPl increased significantly (p less than 0.05) by 0.21 (SEM 0.03, unitless), 0.45(0.04) ml.mm Hg-1, 0.18(0.03), and 0.28(0.04) ml.mm Hg-1 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Augmented ventricular interdependence occurs during tamponade but not with PEEP, which may help to explain the different haemodynamic patterns observed under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamoto
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim was to measure the systolic coupling between the ventricles and to determine the relative importance of ventricular interaction in the pressure development of each ventricle. DESIGN Acute studies were done in dogs to measure the changes in right and left ventricular pressures (dPr, dPl) caused by sudden changes in left ventricular pressure (dPl') with release of an aortic constriction, and sudden changes in right ventricular pressure (dPr') with release of a pulmonary artery constriction, respectively. The instantaneous cross talk gain [dPr/dPl' (Klr) or dPl/dPr' (Krl)] was calculated during the ejection phase. The potential systolic pressure generated by the contralateral ventricle was evaluated as the cross talk gain multiplied by the contralateral systolic developed pressure. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL Studies were done in eight random source dogs (12-18 kg), anaesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The maximal Klr was lower than the maximal Krl, at 0.09 (SD 0.05) v 0.25 (0.06), and the mean Klr also was lower than the mean Krl, at 0.04 (0.02) v 0.10 (0.03), p less than 0.05. The potential right ventricular pressures developed by the left ventricle [maximum 10.3(5.6), mean 4.8(2.7) mm Hg] were not significantly different from the potential left ventricular pressures developed by the right ventricle [maximum 8.8(2.7), mean 3.4(0.7) mm Hg]. However, the ratio between the potential transmitted pressure and the measured developed pressure was greater in the right ventricle [maximum 39.0(21.1), mean 17.8(8.9)%] than in the left ventricle [maximum 11.1(7.1)%, p less than 0.05; mean 3.9(1.5)%, p less than 0.01]. This suggests that about 20-40% of the right ventricular systolic pressure may result from the left ventricle and about 4-10% of the left ventricular systolic pressure may result from right ventricle. CONCLUSIONS Although the pressure coupling was greater in right to left ventricular interaction, right ventricular pressure generation may be more dependent on the left ventricle. Systolic ventricular interaction may be more important for right ventricular systolic function. Further, the parameters of right ventricular systolic function currently used may be considerably affected by the left ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yamaguchi
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The mechanical coupling between the ventricles occurs directly through the myocardium (ventricular-ventricular coupling) and indirectly through the pericardium (ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling). We postulated that the magnitude of ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling would increase at high pericardial pressures, while ventricular-ventricular coupling would be unaltered. DESIGN Canine hearts were removed and placed in cold cardioplegic solution. Balloons were inserted into each ventricle and the left and right ventricular pressure (dP1, dPr) and volume (dV1, dVr) changes caused by increasing the pressure and volume of the other ventricle and by increasing pericardial pressure (dPp) were measured. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS Hearts from 10 random source dogs, weight 12.5-18 kg, were used. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS At control pericardial pressure levels, the magnitude of the pericardial-ventricular interactions was greater than the ventricular-ventricular interactions: dP1/dPp was significantly greater than dP1/dPr, at 0.71 (SEM 0.04), n = 6, v 0.18 (0.03), p less than 0.01, and dV1/dPp was significantly greater than dV1/dPr, at -0.83 (0.09) v -0.24 (0.06), p less than 0.05. Raising the pericardial pressure increased the mechanical coupling between the ventricles: dP1/dPr approximately, dV1/dPr approximately, dPr/dP1 approximately, and dVr/dP1 approximately increased significantly (p less than 0.05) by 0.48 (0.03), 0.67 (0.13), 0.38 (0.05), and 0.61 (0.09) respectively. This increased coupling occurred through pericardial pressure changes. If pericardial pressure was maintained constant, the coupling between the ventricles was unaltered. This same pattern was observed in four in situ experiments. For these experiments, at the raised pericardial pressure levels, dP1/dPr increased, from 0.51 (0.03) to 0.79 (0.01), p less than 0.05, if pericardial pressure was allowed to vary, but was unaltered with a constant pericardial pressure, at 0.42 (0.03) v 0.44 (0.04), p greater than 0.5. CONCLUSIONS Ventricular interdependence was increased with raised pericardial pressure and this increased coupling was due primarily to an increased ventricular-pericardial-ventricular coupling. This increased coupling may help to explain the paradoxical pulse observed in cardiac tamponade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W P Santamore
- Philadelphia Heart Institute, Presbyterian Medical Center, PA 19104
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Kawahara S, Honda M, Li KS, Kosuda S, Tamura K, Nobusawa H, Hashimoto T, Kubota H, Kitanosono T, Gokan T. [Urinary tract involvement from pancreas carcinoma]. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1989; 49:1102-11. [PMID: 2587193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas carcinoma is sometimes notoriously difficult to diagnosis. It is well known that pancreas carcinoma can invade contiguous organs, but no attention for urinary tract involvement is paid. Urinary tract is involved at a late stage but may represent the first symptomatic evidence of disease. In such case, pancreas carcinoma can be presented initially as urologic disease and patients' symptom may not be differentiated from urinary tract disease. Computed tomographic (CT) images and medical records of 50 patients with histologically proved pancreas carcinoma were reviewed. There were 10 cases with urinary tract involvement. Those of 8 were male and 2 were female. There was a high incidence of left urinary tract involvement (left:right:bilateral = 7:2:1). Although 9 cases were pancreas body and tail carcinoma, 1 case was pancreas head carcinoma. And those stages were all in IV. All cases have confirmed evidence of urinary tract involvement at autopsy within 4 months following CT studies. IVP study was performed in 8 of these cases. We compared those IVP, CT images and findings of autopsy. In those patients, 4 cases showed direct invasion of the kidney, 5 cases showed ureteral involvement and 1 case showed metastasis to the urinary bladder and ureters. IVP showed inferior displacement of the kidney and/or ureteral displacement on the affected side. And also, collecting system distortion was demonstrated, including hydronephrosis secondary to ureteral compression. CT scan showed abnormal mass which is contiguous to the pancreas, showing compression the kidney and/or retroperitoneal extension with ureteral involvement. Metastasis to the urinary bladder is also identified. The findings of autopsy were almost the same of the CT findings. Pancreas carcinoma characteristically remains silent until little chance for cure. Although urinary tract involvement is rare, it can mimic renal and ureteral pathology. In differential diagnosis of urinary tract lesion, the disease process originated from pancreas should be included as well as from contiguous structures.
Collapse
|