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Fu X, Wang Q, Ma B, Zhang B, Sun K, Yu X, Ye Z, Zhang M. Advances in Detection Techniques for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17157. [PMID: 38138987 PMCID: PMC10743243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. This paper discusses the detection technologies used in the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, including serological detection technology, immunological detection technology, molecular biology detection technology, genetic detection technology, and biosensors. Comparisons of these detection technologies were analyzed, aiming to provide some recommendations for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China; (X.F.); (Q.W.); (B.M.); (B.Z.); (K.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.)
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2
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Noisumdaeng P, Phadungsombat J, Weerated S, Wiriyarat W, Puthavathana P. Genetic evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Thailand. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14419. [PMID: 36518286 PMCID: PMC9744161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ongoing outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses and the emergence of the genetic-related hemagglutinin (HA) gene of reassortant H5Nx viruses currently circulating in wild birds and poultries pose a great global public health concern. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the genetic evolution of Thai H5N1 HA and neuraminidase (NA) genes between 2003 and 2010. The H5N1 Thailand virus clade 2.3.4 was also genetically compared to the currently circulating clade 2.3.4.4 of H5Nx viruses. Methods Full-length nucleotide sequences of 178 HA and 143 NA genes of H5N1 viruses circulating between 2003 and 2010 were phylogenetically analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic construction. Bayesian phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using BEAST analysis with a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. The maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree was determined, and the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was estimated. The H5N1 HA nucleotide sequences of clade 2.3.4 Thailand viruses were phylogenetically analyzed using ML phylogenetic tree construction and analyzed for nucleotide similarities with various subtypes of reassortant H5Nx HA clade 2.3.4.4. Results ML phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct HA clades, clade 1 and clade 2.3.4, and two distinct NA groups within the corresponding H5 clade 1 viruses. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction for molecular clock suggested that the Thai H5N1 HA and NA emerged in 2001.87 (95% HPD: 2001.34-2002.49) and 2002.38 (95% HPD: 2001.99-2002.82), respectively, suggesting that the virus existed before it was first reported in 2004. The Thai H5N1 HA clade 2.3.4 was grouped into corresponding clades 2.3.4, 2.3.4.1, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.4.3, and shared nucleotide similarities to reassortant H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 ranged from 92.4-96.8%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed monophyletic H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 evolved from H5N1 clade 2.3.4. Conclusion H5N1 viruses existed, and were presumably introduced and circulated in avian species in Thailand, before they were officially reported in 2004. HA and NA genes continuously evolved during circulation between 2004 and 2010. This study provides a better understanding of genetic evolution with respect to molecular epidemiology. Monitoring and surveillance of emerging variants/reassortants should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirom Noisumdaeng
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand,Thammasat University Research Unit in Modern Microbiology and Public Health Genomics, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sasrinakarn Weerated
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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3
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Ilinykh PA, Huang K. What Do Antibody Studies Tell Us about Viral Infections? Pathogens 2022; 11:560. [PMID: 35631081 PMCID: PMC9143683 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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4
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X. Characterization of antibody response to an epitope spanning the haemagglutinin cleavage site of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:330-338. [PMID: 35297704 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractH7N9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry in China and vaccination is used as the primary strategy for disease control. However, monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry by current serological tests is difficult because vaccine-induced antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. Therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) is critical for H7N9 virus monitoring. However, no DIVA test is available for H7N9 subtype AIV. In this study, the potential of an epitope (the peptide 11) spanning the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site as a DIVA antigen for H7N9 virus was investigated. The results showed that the H7N9 virus infection sera and post-challenge sera obtained from H7N9 vaccinated chickens reacted with the peptide 11, whereas the sera elicited by inactivated and viral-vectored H7N9 vaccines had no reactivity with this peptide. The peptide 11 was further split in two peptides at the HA cleavage site, and the truncated peptides failed to discriminate H7N9 infected and vaccinated chickens. The peptide 11 locates in a prominent surface loop in the HA protein and contains highly conserved residues in the HA cleavage site among the H7N9 subtype and different subtypes of group 1 and 2, suggesting the potential of this peptide as a broad DIVA antigen for influenza viruses. Our study highlighted that the peptide 11 is a promising DIVA antigen and serological tests based on this peptide may serve as useful tools for monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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6
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Li X, Li X, Xu B. Phylogeography of Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses in China. Virol Sin 2020; 35:548-555. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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7
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Abstract
Several different vaccines have been produced for human use to prevent the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Some studies reported that the clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccines in older adults may be lower than in younger adults. In this study, a meta-analysis of the immunogenicity of H5N1 influenza vaccines in elderly adults was performed. Database search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Chinese VIP, Wanfang and CBM. A total of 3951 elderly adults from 10 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to a single dose, two doses of H5N1 vaccines resulted in the higher seroconversion and seroprotection. For all groups treated with adjuvanted vaccines, there were significant increases (1.55- to 2.16-fold) in the seroconversion rates (SCRs) and seroprotection rates (SPRs) after two immunizations. Oil-in-water emulsion (OE)-adjuvanted 7.5 μg vaccine caused higher antibody responses than 3.75 μg of vaccine (SCR: risk ratio (RR) = 1.26 (1.19, 1.33); SPR: RR = 1.25 (1.14, 1.36)). Elderly adults exhibited slightly lower antibody responses only when given 7.5 μg of OE-adjuvanted vaccine (SCR: RR = 1.06 (1.01, 1.11)) than younger adults. After treatment with the 7.5 μg of OE-adjuvanted vaccines, the most commonly reported adverse events were injection site pain, swelling and erythema, with the incidence of 32%, 3% and 2%, respectively, and no serious adverse events were found. These data demonstrate that two doses of 7.5 µg of OE-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine are well tolerated and induce a robust antibody response in elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Dianjiang County , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Gou
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Junqiong Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Park YR, Lee YN, Lee DH, Baek YG, Si YJ, Meeduangchanh P, Theppangna W, Douangngeun B, Kye SJ, Lee MH, Park CK, Lee YJ. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in Laos during 2015-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:947-955. [PMID: 31769586 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, there have been multiple outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in Laos. Here, we isolated H5N1 HPAI viruses from poultry outbreaks in Laos during 2015-2018 and investigated their genetic characteristics and pathogenicity in chickens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and that they differed from previous Laos viruses with respect to genetic composition. In particular, the isolates were divided into two genotypes, each of which had a different NS segments. The results of possible migration analysis suggested a high likelihood that the Laos isolates were introduced from neighbouring countries, particularly Vietnam. The recent Laos isolate, A/Duck/Laos/NL-1504599/2018, had an intravenous pathogenicity index score of 3.0 and showed a 50% chicken lethal dose of 102.5 EID50 /0.1 ml, indicating high pathogenicity. The isolated viruses exhibited no critical substitution in the markers associated with mammalian adaptation, but possess markers related to neuraminidase inhibitor resistance. These results emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance of circulating influenza virus in South-East Asia, including Laos, to better prepare for and mitigate global spread of H5 HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ri Park
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Soo-Jeong Kye
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
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9
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Babakazo P, Kabamba-Tshilobo J, Wemakoy EO, Lubula L, Manya LK, Ilunga BK, Disasuani W, Nkwembe E, Kavunga-Membo H, Changachanga JC, Muhemedi S, Tamfum JJM, Tempia S. Evaluation of the influenza sentinel surveillance system in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2012-2015. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1652. [PMID: 31823763 PMCID: PMC6902419 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization recommends periodic evaluations of influenza surveillance systems to identify areas for improvement and provide evidence of data reliability for policymaking. However, data about the performance of established influenza surveillance systems are limited in Africa, including in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). METHODS We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to evaluate the performance of the influenza sentinel surveillance system (ISSS) in DRC during 2012-2015. The performance of the system was evaluated using eight surveillance attributes: (i) data quality and completeness for key variables, (ii) timeliness, (iii) representativeness, (iv) flexibility, (v) simplicity, (vi) acceptability, (vii) stability and (viii) utility. For each attribute, specific indicators were developed and described using quantitative and qualitative methods. Scores for each indicator were as follows: < 60% weak performance; 60-79% moderate performance; ≥80% good performance. RESULTS During 2012-2015, we enrolled and tested 4339 patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and 2869 patients with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 11 sentinel sites situated in 5 of 11 provinces. Influenza viruses were detected in 446 (10.3%) samples from patients with ILI and in 151 (5.5%) samples from patients with SARI with higher detection during December-May. Data quality and completeness was > 90% for all evaluated indicators. Other strengths of the system were timeliness, simplicity, stability and utility that scored > 70% each. Representativeness, flexibility and acceptability had moderate performance. It was reported that the ISSS contributed to: (i) a better understanding of the epidemiology, circulating patterns and proportional contribution of influenza virus among patients with ILI or SARI; (ii) acquisition of new key competences related to influenza surveillance and diagnosis; and (iii) continuous education of surveillance staff and clinicians at sentinel sites about influenza. However, due to limited resources no actions were undertaken to mitigate the impact of seasonal influenza epidemics. CONCLUSIONS The system performed overall satisfactorily and provided reliable and timely data about influenza circulation in DRC. The simplicity of the system contributed to its stability. A better use of the available data could be made to inform and promote prevention interventions especially among the most vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pélagie Babakazo
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Joelle Kabamba-Tshilobo
- Influenza and Monkeypox Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Léopold Lubula
- Division de Lutte Contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Léonie Kitoko Manya
- Division de Lutte Contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benoit Kebela Ilunga
- Division de Lutte Contre la Maladie, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wally Disasuani
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Edith Nkwembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Hugo Kavunga-Membo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Claude Changachanga
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Saleh Muhemedi
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Stefano Tempia
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
- MassGenics, Duluth, GA, USA.
- Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham, Gauteng, 2131, South Africa.
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10
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Zhu W, Dong J, Zhang Y, Yang L, Li X, Chen T, Zhao X, Wei H, Bo H, Zeng X, Huang W, Li Z, Tang J, Zhou J, Gao R, Xin L, Yang J, Zou S, Chen W, Liu J, Shu Y, Wang D. A Gene Constellation in Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Viruses May Have Facilitated the Fifth Wave Outbreak in China. Cell Rep 2019; 23:909-917. [PMID: 29669294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2016-2017 epidemic of influenza A (H7N9) virus in China prompted concern that a genetic change may underlie increased virulence. Based on an evolutionary analysis of H7N9 viruses from all five outbreak waves, we find that additional subclades of the H7 and N9 genes have emerged. Our analysis indicates that H7N9 viruses inherited NP genes from co-circulating H7N9 instead of H9N2 viruses. Genotypic diversity among H7N9 viruses increased following wave I, peaked during wave III, and rapidly deceased thereafter with minimal diversity in wave V, suggesting that the viruses entered a relatively stable evolutionary stage. The ZJ11 genotype caused the majority of human infections in wave V. We suggest that the largest outbreak of wave V may be due to a constellation of genes rather than a single mutation. Therefore, continuous surveillance is necessary to minimize the threat of H7N9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jie Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Hejiang Wei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Zeng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Zi Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Li Xin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenbing Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China.
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.
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11
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Wu S, Zhang J, Huang J, Li W, Liu Z, He Z, Chen Z, He W, Zhao B, Qin Z, Jiao P, Liao M. Immune-Related Gene Expression in Ducks Infected With Waterfowl-Origin H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1782. [PMID: 31428075 PMCID: PMC6687855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely prevalent and of significant concern to the poultry industry and public health in China. Nowadays, the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus has become a dominant AIV subtype among domestic ducks in southern China. We found that waterfowl-origin clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses (A/goose/Guangdong/16568/2016, GS16568 and A/duck/Guangdong/16873/2016, DK16873) isolated from southern China in 2016 could replicate in multiple organs of inoculated ducks. DK16873 virus caused mild infections and killed 2/5 of inoculated ducks, and GS16568 virus did not kill inoculated ducks. In addition, the two viruses could be transmitted via direct contact between ducks. DK16873 and GS16568 viruses killed 2/5 and 1/5 of contact ducks, respectively. Furthermore, ducks inoculated with the two H5N6 viruses exhibited different expressions of immune-related genes in their lungs. The expression of RIG-I, TLR3 and IL6 was significantly upregulated at 12 h post-inoculation (HPI) and most of the tested immune-related genes were significantly upregulated at 3 days post-inoculation (DPI). Notably, the expression of RIG-I and IL-6 in response to DK16873 virus was significantly higher than for GS16568 virus at 12 HPI and 3 DPI. Our research have provided helpful information about the pathogenicity, transmission and immune-related genes expression in ducks infected with new H5N6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Tsunekuni R, Sudo K, Nguyen PT, Luu BD, Phuong TD, Tan TM, Nguyen T, Mine J, Nakayama M, Tanikawa T, Sharshov K, Takemae N, Saito T. Isolation of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus in Southern Vietnam with genetic similarity to those infecting humans in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2209-2217. [PMID: 31309743 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry and wild birds around Asia. H5N6 HPAIV is also a public concern due to sporadic human infections being reported in China. In the current study, we isolated an H5N6 HPAIV strain (A/Muscovy duck/Long An/AI470/2018; AI470) from an outbreak at a Muscovy duck farm in Long An Province in Southern Vietnam in July 2018 and genetically characterized it. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis revealed that the eight genomic segments of AI470 were most closely related (99.6%-99.9%) to A/common gull/Saratov/1676/2018 (H5N6), which was isolated in October 2018 in Russia. Furthermore, AI470 also shared 99.4%-99.9% homology with A/Guangxi/32797/2018, an H5N6 HPAIV strain that infected humans in China in 2018. Phylogenetic analyses of the entire genome showed that AI470 was directly derived from H5N6 HPAIVs that were in South China from 2015 to 2018 and clustered with four H5N6 HPAIV strains of human origin in South China from 2017 to 2018. This indicated that AI470 was introduced into Vietnam from China. In addition, molecular characteristics related to mammalian adaptation among the recent human H5N6 HPAIV viruses, except PB2 E627K, were shared by AI470. These findings are cause for concern since H5N6 HPAIV strains that possess a risk of human infection have crossed the Chinese border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasumi Sudo
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Duc Luu
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thai Duy Phuong
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh Tan
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Division of International Cooperation and Communications, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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13
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Mei K, Guo Y, Zhu X, Qu N, Huang J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Zhao B, He Z, Liao M, Jiao P. Different Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Goose-Origin H5N6 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens. Viruses 2019; 11:E612. [PMID: 31277451 DOI: 10.3390/v11070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 viruses have been circulating in poultry in Asia since 2013 and producing serious diseases in chickens. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of 10 H5N6 subtypes AIVs from geese in 2015–2016 in Guangdong province. Phylogenic analysis showed that all HA genes of the 10 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4, and their genes including HA, PA, PB1, M, NP, and NS all derived from Mix-like 1 (CH, VN, LS). Their PB2 genes come from Mix-like 2 (CH, VN, JP). The NA genes were classified into a Eurasian lineage. Therefore, the 10 viruses likely originate from the same ancestor and were all recombinant viruses between different genotypes. We selected A/Goose/Guangdong/GS144/2015(H5N6) (GS144) and A/Goose/Guangdong/GS148/2016(H5N6) (GS148) viruses to inoculate 5-week-old chickens intranasally with 104 EID50/0.1 mL dose intranasally to assess their pathogenicity and transmissibility. Inoculated chickens showed that the GS144 virus caused systematic infection with a lethality of 100%, but the lethality of GS148 virus was 0%. The two viruses were efficiently transmitted to contact chickens. The lethality of GS144 and GS148 virus in contact with chickens was 87.5% and 0%, respectively, which suggests that the transmissibility of GS144 virus was stronger than GS148 virus in chickens. Thus, different H5N6 viruses from the same waterfowl can show different pathogenicity and transmissibility in chickens. Continued surveillance and characteristic analysis of the H5N6 viruses will help us to keep abreast of evolution and variation in avian influenza viruses in the future.
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14
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Zuo Y, Wang P, Sun J, Guo S, Wang G, Zuo T, Fan S, Zhou P, Liang M, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang L. Complementary recognition of the receptor-binding site of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses by two human neutralizing antibodies. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16503-17. [PMID: 30154240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.004604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 is a major threat to global public health and therefore a high-priority target of current vaccine development. The receptor-binding site (RBS) on the globular head of hemagglutinin (HA) in the viral envelope is one of the major target sites for antibody recognition against H5N1 and other influenza viruses. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a pair of human RBS-specific antibodies, designated FLD21.140 and AVFluIgG03, that are mutually complementary in their neutralizing activities against a diverse panel of H5N1 viruses. Crystallographic analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the two antibodies share a similar RBS-binding mode, and their individual specificities are governed by residues at positions 133a, 144, and 145. Specifically, FLD21.140 preferred Leu-133a/Lys-144/Ser-145, whereas AVFluIgG03 favored Ser-133a/Thr-144/Pro-145 residue triplets, both of which perfectly matched the most prevalent residues in viruses from epidemic-originating regions. Of note, according to an analysis of 3758 H5 HA sequences available in the Influenza Virus Database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the residues Leu-133a/Ser-133a and Ser-145/Pro-145 constituted more than 87.6 and 99.3% of all residues at these two positions, respectively. Taken together, our results provide a structural understanding for the neutralizing complementarity of these two antibodies and improve our understanding of the RBS-specific antibody response against H5N1 infection in humans.
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Abstract
This article describes relations between humans, animals, artefacts, and pathogens in simulations of disasters, taking bird diseases in three Chinese sentinel posts as ethnographic cases. Drawing on distinctions between simulation, ritual, and play, it shows that the engagement of actors in the imaginary of simulations, which they describe as ‘realism’, reflectively reverses the oppositions between humans and nonhumans, active and passive, fiction and reality that shape ordinary life. Borrowing from the anthropology of hunting societies, it argues that simulations of bird diseases, considered as signs of future species extinction, rely on cynegetic techniques of power, in which humans and animals symmetrically shift perspectives, and not only on pastoralist techniques, in which humans are above the population they monitor and sometimes sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Keck
- Laboratoire d'anthropologie sociale 52 rue Cardinal Lemoine 75005 Paris France
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16
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Monagin C, Paccha B, Liang N, Trufan S, Zhou H, Wu D, Schneider BS, Chmura A, Epstein J, Daszak P, Ke C, Rabinowitz PM. Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194647. [PMID: 29614074 PMCID: PMC5882129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. A risk factor/exposure survey was administered to individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife. Serological testing was performed to evaluate prior infection with several wildlife viral pathogens. Follow up serology was performed on a subset of the cohort as well as close contacts of individuals. 1,312 individuals were enrolled in the study. Contact with a wide range of wildlife species was reported in both occupational and occasional contexts. The overall proportion of individuals seropositive to any of the tested wildlife pathogens was approximately 4.0%. However, persons employed as butchers demonstrated a seropositivity of 9.0% to at least one pathogen of interest. By contrast, individuals working as hunters had lower rates of seropositivity. Among the study population, a number of other behaviors showed correlation with seropositivity, including contact with particular wildlife species such as field rats. These results demonstrate the need to further explore zoonotic risks of particular activities regarding wildlife contact, and to better understand risks of persons working as butchers with wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Monagin
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Blanca Paccha
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ning Liang
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sally Trufan
- University of Washington Center for One Health Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Huiqiong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - De Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peter M. Rabinowitz
- University of Washington Center for One Health Research, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Chen E, Wang MH, He F, Sun R, Cheng W, Zee BCY, Lau SYF, Wang X, Chong KC. An increasing trend of rural infections of human influenza A (H7N9) from 2013 to 2017: A retrospective analysis of patient exposure histories in Zhejiang province, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193052. [PMID: 29447278 PMCID: PMC5814046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although investigations have shown that closing live poultry markets (LPMs) is highly effective in controlling human influenza A (H7N9) infections, many of the urban LPMs were shut down, but rural LPMs remained open. This study aimed to compare the proportional changes between urban and rural infections in the Zhejiang province from 2013 to 2017 by analyzing the exposure histories of human cases. METHODS All laboratory-confirmed cases of H7N9 from 2013 (the first wave) to 2017 (the fifth wave) in the Zhejiang province of China were analyzed. Urban and rural infections were defined based on the locations of poultry exposure (direct and indirect) in urban areas (central towns) and rural areas (towns and villages on the outskirts of cities). A Chi-square trend test was used to compare the proportional trend between urban and rural infections over time and logistic regression was used to obtain the odds ratio by years. RESULTS From 2013 to 2017, a statistically significant trend in rural infections was observed (p <0.01). The incremental odds ratio by years of rural infections was 1.59 with 95% confidence intervals of 1.34 to 1.86. Each year, significant increases in the proportion of live poultry transactions in LPMS and poultry processing plants were detected in conjunction with an increased proportion of urban and rural infections. CONCLUSION The empirical evidence indicated a need for heightened infection control measures in rural areas, such as serving rural farms and backyards as active surveillance points for the H7N9 virus. Other potential interventions such as the vaccination of poultry and extending the closure of LPMs to the provincial level require further careful investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Riyang Sun
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benny C. Y. Zee
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Steven Y. F. Lau
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (KCC); (XW)
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (KCC); (XW)
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Thanh HD, Tran VT, Nguyen DT, Hung VK, Kim W. Novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Vietnamese quail outbreaks. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 56:45-57. [PMID: 29406283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014-2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Dang Thanh
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Van Trung Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duc Tan Nguyen
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Vu-Khac Hung
- Central Vietnam Veterinary Institute, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Shi W, Li J, Zhou H, Gao GF. Pathogen genomic surveillance elucidates the origins, transmission and evolution of emerging viral agents in China. Sci China Life Sci 2017; 60:1317-1330. [PMID: 29270793 PMCID: PMC7088571 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past twenty years, numerous novel zoonotic viral agents with pandemic potential have emerged in China, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and, more recently, the avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus, which have caused outbreaks among humans with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, several emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens have also been imported into China from travelers, e.g. the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and Zika virus (ZIKV). Herein, we review these emerging viral pathogens in China and focus on how surveillance by pathogen genomics has been employed to discover and annotate novel pathogenic agents, identify natural reservoirs, monitor the transmission events and delineate their evolution and adaption to the human host. We also highlight the application of genomic sequencing in the recent Ebola epidemics in Western Africa. In summary, genomic sequencing has become a standard research tool in the field of emerging infectious diseases which has been proven invaluable in containing these viral infections and reducing burden of disease in humans and animals. Genomic surveillance of pathogenic agents will serve as a key epidemiological and research tool in the modern era of precision infectious diseases and in the future studies of virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical College), Taishan Medical College, Taian, 271000, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Abstract
Waterbirds are the main reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV), from which occasional spillover to poultry occurs. When circulating among poultry, LPAIV may become highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV). In recent years, the epidemiology of HPAIV viruses has changed drastically. HPAIV H5N1 are currently endemic among poultry in a number of countries. In addition, global spread of HPAIV H5Nx viruses has resulted in major outbreaks among wild birds and poultry worldwide. Using data collected during these outbreaks, the role of migratory birds as a vector became increasingly clear. Here we provide an overview of current data about various aspects of the changing role of wild birds in the epidemiology of avian influenza A viruses.
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22
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Xiao J, Zhang L, Wang Z, Xiang W, Lu P, Zhao Y, Han M, Ma A, Qi P, Wang M, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Conserved peptides enhance immune efficiency of inactive vaccines against emerging avian influenza viruses in chicken. Sci China Life Sci 2017; 60:1340-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Peng Y, Li X, Zhou H, Wu A, Dong L, Zhang Y, Gao R, Bo H, Yang L, Wang D, Lin X, Jin M, Shu Y, Jiang T. Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43566. [PMID: 28262734 PMCID: PMC5337931 DOI: 10.1038/srep43566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a significant potential threat to human society due to its wide spread and rapid evolution. In this study, we present a comprehensive antigenic map for HPAI H5N1 viruses including 218 newly sequenced isolates from diverse regions of mainland China, by computationally separating almost all HPAI H5N1 viruses into 15 major antigenic clusters (ACs) based on their hemagglutinin sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 12 of these 15 ACs originated in China in a divergent pattern. Further analysis of the dissemination of HPAI H5N1 virus in China identified that the virus's geographic expansion was co-incident with a significant divergence in antigenicity. Moreover, this antigenic diversification leads to global antigenic complexity, as typified by the recent HPAI H5N1 spread, showing extensive co-circulation and local persistence. This analysis has highlighted the challenge in H5N1 prevention and control that requires different planning strategies even inside China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Human University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- College of Animal Science & Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Libo Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Xian Lin
- College of Animal Science & Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Animal Science & Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Center of System Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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24
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Lu L, Leigh Brown AJ, Lycett SJ. Quantifying predictors for the spatial diffusion of avian influenza virus in China. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:16. [PMID: 28086751 PMCID: PMC5237338 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus (AIV) causes both severe outbreaks and endemic disease among poultry and has caused sporadic human infections in Asia, furthermore the routes of transmission in avian species between geographic regions can be numerous and complex. Using nucleotide sequences from the internal protein coding segments of AIV, we performed a Bayesian phylogeographic study to uncover regional routes of transmission and factors predictive of the rate of viral diffusion within China. Results We found that the Central area and Pan-Pearl River Delta were the two main sources of AIV diffusion, while the East Coast areas especially the Yangtze River delta, were the major targets of viral invasion. Next we investigated the extent to which economic, agricultural, environmental and climatic regional data was predictive of viral diffusion by fitting phylogeographic discrete trait models using generalised linear models. Conclusions Our results highlighted that the economic-agricultural predictors, especially the poultry population density and the number of farm product markets, are the key determinants of spatial diffusion of AIV in China; high human density and freight transportation are also important predictors of high rates of viral transmission; Climate features (e.g. temperature) were correlated to the viral invasion in the destination to some degree; while little or no impacts were found from natural environment factors (such as surface water coverage). This study uncovers the risk factors and enhances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of AIV in bird populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0845-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Leigh Brown
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Samantha J Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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25
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May EE, Harper JC, Brozik SM. Computational Biosensors: Molecules, Algorithms, and Detection Platforms. Modeling, Methodologies and Tools for Molecular and Nano-scale Communications 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50688-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced nucleic acid-based sensor-applications require computationally intelligent biosensors that are able to concurrently perform complex detection and classification of samples within an in vitro platform. Realization of these cutting-edge computational biosensor systems necessitates innovation and integration of three key technologies: molecular probes with computational capabilities, algorithmic methods to enable in vitro computational post processing and classification, and immobilization and detection approaches that enable the realization of deployable computational biosensor platforms. We provide an overview of current technologies, including our contributions towards the development of computational biosensor systems.
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26
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Lu J, Milinovich GJ, Hu W. A brief historical overview of emerging infectious disease response in China and the need for a One Health approach in future responses. One Health 2016; 2:99-102. [PMID: 28616482 PMCID: PMC5441323 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Prevention and Control Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan Institute of School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gabriel J. Milinovich
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4056, QLD, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4056, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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27
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Sitaras I, Rousou X, Peeters B, de Jong MC. Mutations in the haemagglutinin protein and their effect in transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in sub-optimally vaccinated chickens. Vaccine 2016; 34:5512-5518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Sitaras I, Rousou X, Kalthoff D, Beer M, Peeters B, de Jong MCM. Role of vaccination-induced immunity and antigenic distance in the transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20150976. [PMID: 26763336 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epidemics in poultry cause huge economic losses as well as sporadic human morbidity and mortality. Vaccination in poultry has often been reported as being ineffective in preventing transmission and as a potential driving force in the selection of immune escape mutants. We conducted transmission experiments to evaluate the transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N1 strains in chickens vaccinated with high and low doses of immune escape mutants we have previously selected, and analysed the data using mathematical models. Remarkably, we demonstrate that the effect of antigenic distances between the vaccine and challenge strains used in this study is too small to influence the transmission dynamics of the strains used. This is because the effect of a sufficient vaccine dose on antibody levels against the challenge viruses is large enough to compensate for any decrease in antibody titres due to antigenic differences between vaccine and challenge strains. Our results show that at least under experimental conditions, vaccination will remain effective even after antigenic changes as may be caused by the initial selection in vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sitaras
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Radix Building 107, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Xanthoula Rousou
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Radix Building 107, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Donata Kalthoff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Löffler Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Löffler Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Ben Peeters
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Radix Building 107, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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Artois J, Newman SH, Dhingra MS, Chaiban C, Linard C, Cattoli G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Xenarios I, Engler R, Liechti R, Kuznetsov D, Pham TL, Nguyen T, Pham VD, Castellan D, Von Dobschuetz S, Claes F, Dauphin G, Inui K, Gilbert M. Clade-level Spatial Modelling of HPAI H5N1 Dynamics in the Mekong Region Reveals New Patterns and Associations with Agro-Ecological Factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30316. [PMID: 27453195 PMCID: PMC4958987 DOI: 10.1038/srep30316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been circulating in Asia since 2003 and diversified into several genetic lineages, or clades. Although the spatial distribution of its outbreaks was extensively studied, differences in clades were never previously taken into account. We developed models to quantify associations over time and space between different HPAI H5N1 viruses from clade 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2 and agro-ecological factors. We found that the distribution of clades in the Mekong region from 2004 to 2013 was strongly regionalised, defining specific epidemiological zones, or epizones. Clade 1 became entrenched in the Mekong Delta and was not supplanted by newer clades, in association with a relatively higher presence of domestic ducks. In contrast, two new clades were introduced (2.3.4 and 2.3.2) in northern Viet Nam and were associated with higher chicken density and more intensive chicken production systems. We suggest that differences in poultry production systems in these different epizones may explain these associations, along with differences in introduction pressure from neighbouring countries. The different distribution patterns found at the clade level would not be otherwise apparent through analysis treating all outbreaks equally, which requires improved linking of disease outbreak records and genetic sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Artois
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Scott H. Newman
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Madhur S. Dhingra
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of Haryana, India
| | - Celia Chaiban
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Catherine Linard
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Geography, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Engler
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Kuznetsov
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Dong Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - David Castellan
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO-RAP), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sophie Von Dobschuetz
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Claes
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Ken Inui
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Sun H, Pu J, Wei Y, Sun Y, Hu J, Liu L, Xu G, Gao W, Li C, Zhang X, Huang Y, Chang KC, Liu X, Liu J. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 Viruses Exhibit Enhanced Affinity for Human Type Sialic Acid Receptor and In-Contact Transmission in Model Ferrets. J Virol 2016; 90:6235-43. [PMID: 27122581 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00127-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since May 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus has been reported to cause six severe human infections three of which were fatal. The biological properties of this subtype, in particular its relative pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals, are not known. We characterized the virus receptor-binding affinity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets of four H5N6 isolates derived from waterfowl in China from 2013-2014. All four H5N6 viruses have acquired a binding affinity for human-like SAα2,6Gal-linked receptor to be able to attach to human tracheal epithelial and alveolar cells. The emergent H5N6 viruses, which share high sequence similarity with the human isolate A/Guangzhou/39715/2014 (H5N6), were fully infective and highly transmissible by direct contact in ferrets but showed less-severe pathogenicity than the parental H5N1 virus. The present results highlight the threat of emergent H5N6 viruses to poultry and human health and the need to closely track their continual adaptation in humans. IMPORTANCE Extended epizootics and panzootics of H5N1 viruses have led to the emergence of the novel 2.3.4.4 clade of H5 virus subtypes, including H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8 reassortants. Avian H5N6 viruses from this clade have caused three fatalities out of six severe human infections in China since the first case in 2014. However, the biological properties of this subtype, especially the pathogenicity and transmission in mammals, are not known. Here, we found that natural avian H5N6 viruses have acquired a high affinity for human-type virus receptor. Compared to the parental clade 2.3.4 H5N1 virus, emergent H5N6 isolates showed less severe pathogenicity in mice and ferrets but acquired efficient in-contact transmission in ferrets. These findings suggest that the threat of avian H5N6 viruses to humans should not be ignored.
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31
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Abstract
An understanding of the global migration dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus is helpful for surveillance and disease prevention. To characterize the migration network of this virus, we used genetic analysis, which supported a global persistence model in which each of 9 regions acts to some extent as a source. Siberia is the major hub for the dispersal of the virus. Southeast Asia and Africa are major sources of genetically and antigenically novel strains. We found evidence of local persistence of the virus in Southeast Asia and Africa, which is rare for human influenza A viruses. The differences in migration dynamics between avian and human influenza viruses might help with the design of region-specific surveillance efforts and the selection of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaodong Zhu
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Fumin Lei
- These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Weifeng Shi
- These authors contributed equally to this article
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32
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Abstract
Domestic ducks are natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses and serve as reassortant hosts for new virus subtypes. We isolated 2 novel influenza A(H5N8) viruses from domestic ducks in eastern China, sequenced their genomes, and tested their pathogenicity in chickens and mice. Circulation of these viruses may pose health risks for humans.
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Abstract
Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The main concern surrounding this option has been the inability of the conventional serological tests to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to virus infection. In attempts to address this issue, at least six strategies have been formulated, aiming to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), namely (i) sentinel birds, (ii) subunit vaccine, (iii) heterologous neuraminidase (NA), (iv) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein, (v) matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein, and (vi) haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) glycoprotein. This short review briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of these DIVA strategies, together with the feasibility and practicality of the options as a part of the surveillance program directed toward the eventual eradication of AIV from poultry in countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haliza Hasan
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- 3 School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Peaston
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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34
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Xu Y, Bailey E, Spackman E, Li T, Wang H, Long LP, Baroch JA, Cunningham FL, Lin X, Jarman RG, DeLiberto TJ, Wan XF. Limited Antigenic Diversity in Contemporary H7 Avian-Origin Influenza A Viruses from North America. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20688. [PMID: 26858078 DOI: 10.1038/srep20688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H7 avian–origin influenza A viruses (AIVs) have caused at least 500 confirmed human infections since 2003 and culling of >75 million birds in recent years. Here we antigenically and genetically characterized 93 AIV isolates from North America (85 from migratory waterfowl [1976–2010], 7 from domestic poultry [1971–2012], and 1 from a seal [1980]). The hemagglutinin gene of these H7 viruses are separated from those from Eurasia. Gradual accumulation of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions was observed in the hemagglutinin of H7 AIVs from waterfowl and domestic poultry. Genotype characterization suggested that H7 AIVs in wild birds form diverse and transient internal gene constellations. Serologic analyses showed that the 93 isolates cross-reacted with each other to different extents. Antigenic cartography showed that the average antigenic distance among them was 1.14 units (standard deviation [SD], 0.57 unit) and that antigenic diversity among the H7 isolates we tested was limited. Our results suggest that the continuous genetic evolution has not led to significant antigenic diversity for H7 AIVs from North America. These findings add to our understanding of the natural history of IAVs and will inform public health decision-making regarding the threat these viruses pose to humans and poultry.
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35
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Tran CC, Yanagida JF, Saksena S, Fox J. An Alternative Vaccination Approach for The Prevention of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H5N1 in The Red River Delta, Vietnam -A Geospatial-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Vet Sci 2016; 3:E6. [PMID: 29056716 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the tradeoff between Vietnam's national poultry vaccination program, which implemented an annual two-round HPAI H5N1 vaccination program for the entire geographical area of the Red River Delta during the period from 2005-2010, and an alternative vaccination program which would involve vaccination for every production cycle at the recommended poultry age in high risk areas within the Delta. The ex ante analysis framework was applied to identify the location of areas with high probability of HPAI H5N1 occurrence for the alternative vaccination program by using boosted regression trees (BRT) models, followed by weighted overlay operations. Cost-effectiveness of the vaccination programs was then estimated to measure the tradeoff between the past national poultry vaccination program and the alternative vaccination program. Ex ante analysis showed that the focus areas for the alternative vaccination program included 1137 communes, corresponding to 50.6% of total communes in the Delta, and located primarily in the coastal areas to the east and south of Hanoi. The cost-effectiveness analysis suggested that the alternative vaccination program would have been more successful in reducing the rate of disease occurrence and the total cost of vaccinations, as compared to the national poultry vaccination program.
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36
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Zuo T, Sun J, Wang G, Jiang L, Zuo Y, Li D, Shi X, Liu X, Fan S, Ren H, Hu H, Sun L, Zhou B, Liang M, Zhou P, Wang X, Zhang L. Comprehensive analysis of antibody recognition in convalescent humans from highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8855. [PMID: 26635249 PMCID: PMC4686829 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of protective antibody recognition against highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 in humans is critical for the development of effective therapies and vaccines. Here we report the crystal structure of three H5-specific human monoclonal antibodies bound to the globular head of hemagglutinin (HA) with distinct epitope specificities, neutralization potencies and breadth. A structural and functional analysis of these epitopes combined with those reported elsewhere identifies four major vulnerable sites on the globular head of H5N1 HA. Chimeric and vulnerable site-specific mutant pseudoviruses are generated to delineate broad neutralization specificities of convalescent sera from two individuals who recovered from the infection with H5N1 virus. Our results show that the four vulnerable sites on the globular head rather than the stem region are the major neutralizing targets, suggesting that during natural H5N1 infection neutralizing antibodies against the globular head work in concert to provide protective antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zuo
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanan Zuo
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongxing Hu
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lina Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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37
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Song Y, Cui J, Song H, Ye J, Zhao Z, Wu S, Xu C, Jiao P, Liao M. New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from waterfowl in Southern China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1170. [PMID: 26557113 PMCID: PMC4615950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New reassortant H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Southern China. Blast analysis demonstrated that the PB2 gene in these viruses were most closely related to A/wild duck/Shangdong/628/2011 (H5N1), while their NP genes were both more closely related to A/wild duck/Shandong/1/2011 (H5N1) and A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). However, the HA, NA, PB1, PA, M, and NS genes had the highest identity with A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that their HA genes belonged to the same GsGd H5 clade 2.3.4.4 detected in China in 2010. Therefore, we supposed that these H5N8 viruses might be novel reassortant viruses that have a H5N8 backbone while acquiring PB2 and NP genes from H5N1 viruses. This study is useful for better understanding the genetic and antigenic evolution of H5 avian influenza viruses in Southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cui
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Ye
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, China ; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Guangzhou, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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Tian H, Cui Y, Dong L, Zhou S, Li X, Huang S, Yang R, Xu B. Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in China. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:54. [PMID: 25887370 PMCID: PMC4329208 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health. METHODS We applied phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution. RESULTS Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead-lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases. Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China. A clear signature of positively selected sites in the clade 2.3.2 virus was discovered and this may have resulted in the emergence of clade 2.3.2.1. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Lu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Sen Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shanqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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40
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Wu H, Lu R, Peng X, Xu L, Cheng L, Lu X, Jin C, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Novel reassortant highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses in poultry in China. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 31:64-7. [PMID: 25653129 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We characterized two novel highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza viruses isolated from Chinese poultry in 2013. Genomic analysis showed that both isolates were reassortants, and derived their genes from H5 and H6 subtype viruses found in poultry in China. The virulence of the two isolates was examined in chickens and mice, and both isolates were found to be highly pathogenic in chickens and only moderately virulent for mice. Our results show that continued circulation of these viruses could endanger both avian species and humans.
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Gamoh K, Nakamura S. Introduction of an update system for vaccine strains of veterinary influenza vaccines in Japan. Biologicals 2015; 43:150-2. [PMID: 25614371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic countermeasures used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are early detection procedures and the culling of affected chickens. However, if successive HPAI outbreaks occur, the vaccination may be an option for controlling HPAI. Therefore, avian influenza (AI) vaccines are stocked by the Japanese government. By contrast, equine influenza (EI) vaccine is an effective tool for preventing or controlling EI. Because antigenic drifts affect the efficacy of AI and EI vaccines, the vaccine strains should be updated rapidly. However, the development and registration of veterinary vaccines usually takes several years. In response to this issue, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) established a system that allows AI and EI vaccine strains to be updated rapidly. National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, MAFF, established a vaccine strains selection committee for veterinary influenza vaccine. The main agendas involve determining whether the current vaccine strains need to be updated and selecting the most appropriate vaccine strains. The committee concluded that A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/2007(H5N1) was added to the strains of stockpiled AI vaccines and that the EI vaccine strains did not need to be changed, but that the clade 2 viruses of the Florida sub-lineage strain, A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010(H3N8) was added to the EI vaccine strain.
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Coughlan L, Mullarkey C, Gilbert S. Adenoviral vectors as novel vaccines for influenza. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:382-99. [PMID: 25560474 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza is a viral respiratory disease causing seasonal epidemics, with significant annual illness and mortality. Emerging viruses can pose a major pandemic threat if they acquire the capacity for sustained human-to-human transmission. Vaccination reduces influenza-associated mortality and is critical in minimising the burden on the healthcare system. However, current vaccines are not always effective in at-risk populations and fail to induce long-lasting protective immunity against a range of viruses. KEY FINDINGS The development of 'universal' influenza vaccines, which induce heterosubtypic immunity capable of reducing disease severity, limiting viral shedding or protecting against influenza subtypes with pandemic potential, has gained interest in the research community. To date, approaches have focused on inducing immune responses to conserved epitopes within the stem of haemagglutinin, targeting the ectodomain of influenza M2e or by stimulating cellular immunity to conserved internal antigens, nucleoprotein or matrix protein 1. SUMMARY Adenoviral vectors are potent inducers of T-cell and antibody responses and have demonstrated safety in clinical applications, making them an excellent choice of vector for delivery of vaccine antigens. In order to circumvent pre-existing immunity in humans, serotypes from non-human primates have recently been investigated. We will discuss the pre-clinical development of these novel vectors and their advancement to clinical trials.
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43
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Tian H, Zhou S, Dong L, Van Boeckel TP, Cui Y, Newman SH, Takekawa JY, Prosser DJ, Xiao X, Wu Y, Cazelles B, Huang S, Yang R, Grenfell BT, Xu B. Avian influenza H5N1 viral and bird migration networks in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:172-7. [PMID: 25535385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405216112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and its long-term persistence in Asia have resulted in avian influenza panzootics and enormous economic losses in the poultry sector. However, an understanding of the regional long-distance transmission and seasonal patterns of the virus is still lacking. In this study, we present a phylogeographic approach to reconstruct the viral migration network. We show that within each wild fowl migratory flyway, the timing of H5N1 outbreaks and viral migrations are closely associated, but little viral transmission was observed between the flyways. The bird migration network is shown to better reflect the observed viral gene sequence data than other networks and contributes to seasonal H5N1 epidemics in local regions and its large-scale transmission along flyways. These findings have potentially far-reaching consequences, improving our understanding of how bird migration drives the periodic reemergence of H5N1 in Asia.
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He S, Shi J, Qi X, Huang G, Chen H, Lu C. Lethal infection by a novel reassortant H5N1 avian influenza A virus in a zoo-housed tiger. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:54-61. [PMID: 25461468 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In early 2013, a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) in a zoo died of respiratory distress. All specimens from the tiger were positive for HPAI H5N1, which were detected by real-time PCR, including nose swab, throat swab, tracheal swab, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, aquae pericardii and cerebrospinal fluid. One stain of virus, A/Tiger/JS/1/2013, was isolated from the lung sample. Pathogenicity experiments showed that the isolate was able to replicate and cause death in mice. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HA and NA of A/Tiger/JS/1/2013 clustered with A/duck/Vietnam/OIE-2202/2012 (H5N1), which belongs to clade 2.3.2.1. Interestingly, the gene segment PB2 shared 98% homology with A/wild duck/Korea/CSM-28/20/2010 (H4N6), which suggested that A/Tiger/JS/1/2013 is a novel reassortant H5N1 subtype virus. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed that the tiger was infected by this new reassortant HPAI H5N1 virus. Overall, our results showed that this Bengal tiger was infected by a novel reassortant H5N1, suggesting that the H5N1 virus can successfully cross species barriers from avian to mammal through reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- Division of Animal Influenza, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Institute of the Prevention of Acute Disease, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guoqing Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- Division of Animal Influenza, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China; OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Wang G, Zhang T, Li X, Jiang Z, Jiang Q, Chen Q, Tu X, Chen Z, Chang J, Li L, Xu B. Serological evidence of H7, H5 and H9 avian influenza virus co-infection among herons in a city park in Jiangxi, China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6345. [PMID: 25242001 PMCID: PMC4170210 DOI: 10.1038/srep06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive surveillance of influenza A viruses in different avian species is critical for understanding its transmission. Here, a breeding colony of Little Egrets and Black-crowned Night Herons was monitored both serologically and virologically in a city park of Jiangxi in 2009. A portion of herons had antibodies against H7 (52%), H5 (55%) and H9 (6%) subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in egg yolk samples, and 45% had antibodies against different AIV serotypes (H5, H7 or H9) simultaneously. Greater numbers of samples with anti-AIV H5N1 recombination-4 (Re-4, clade 7) antibodies were measured compared with those containing anti-H5N1 Re-1 (clade 0) and Re-5 (clade 2.3.4) antibodies. Eight strains of H5 and 9 strains of H9 were isolated from poultry of nearby markets. These results indicate wild birds are at risk from infection and co-infection with H7, H5, and H9 subtypes. Investigation of wild bird infection might provide an early warning sign of potential novel AIVs circulating in the nearby poultry industry and even in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiben Jiang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaobin Tu
- Wildlife Conservation Division, Jiangxi Forest Bureau, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Laixing Li
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'ning, 810008, China
| | - Bing Xu
- 1] Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China [2] College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China [3] Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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46
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Wu H, Peng X, Xu L, Jin C, Cheng L, Lu X, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Characterization of a novel highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus isolated from a duck in eastern China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3377-83. [PMID: 25091744 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live-poultry markets (LPMs) in eastern China in 2013, one H5N2 AIV was isolated from a duck. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of this strain belongs to clade 2.3.4 and received its genes from H5, H3 and H6 AIVs of poultry in China. The virulence of this strain was examined in chickens and mice, and it was found to be highly pathogenic in chickens but demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in mice. These results suggest that active surveillance of AIVs in LPMs should be used in an early warning system for avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China,
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Dong G, Luo J, Zhou K, Wu B, Peng C, Ji G, He H. Characterization of the amantadine-resistant H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza variants isolated from quails in Southern China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:223-32. [PMID: 24993865 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have spread in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe, and Africa since 2003. To evaluate the role of quails in the evolution of influenza A virus, we characterized three H5N1 viruses isolated from quails (QA viruses) in southern China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that three QA viruses derived from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like lineage and most closely related to HA clade 4 A/chicken/Hong Kong/31.4/02-like viruses. Molecular analysis suggested that QA viruses and clade 4 H5N1 viruses carried consistent residue signatures, such as the characteristic M2 Ser31Asn amantadine-resistance mutation, implying a common origin of these viruses. As revealed by viral pathogenicity tests, these QA viruses could replicate in intranasally infected mice, but were not lethal to them, showing low pathogenicity in mammals. However, they killed all intravenously inoculated chickens, showing high pathogenicity in poultry. Results from amantadine sensitivity tests of wild-type QA viruses and their reverse genetic viruses demonstrated that all QA viruses were resistant to amantadine, and the M2 Ser31Asn mutation was determined as the most likely cause of the increased amantadine-resistance of H5N1 QA viruses. Our study confirmed experimentally that the amino acid at residue 31 in the M2 protein plays a major role in determining the amantadine-resistance phenotype of H5N1 influenza viruses. Our findings provide further evidence that quails may play important roles in the evolution of influenza A viruses, which raises concerns over possible transmissions of H5N1 viruses among poultry, wild birds, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Dong
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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48
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Itoh Y, Yoshida R, Shichinohe S, Higuchi M, Ishigaki H, Nakayama M, Pham VL, Ishida H, Kitano M, Arikata M, Kitagawa N, Mitsuishi Y, Ogasawara K, Tsuchiya H, Hiono T, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Ito M, Quynh Mai L, Kawaoka Y, Miyamoto H, Ishijima M, Igarashi M, Suzuki Y, Takada A. Protective efficacy of passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies in animal models of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004192. [PMID: 24945244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype often cause severe pneumonia and multiple organ failure in humans, with reported case fatality rates of more than 60%. To develop a clinical antibody therapy, we generated a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) ch61 that showed strong neutralizing activity against H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated from humans and evaluated its protective potential in mouse and nonhuman primate models of H5N1 HPAI virus infections. Passive immunization with MAb ch61 one day before or after challenge with a lethal dose of the virus completely protected mice, and partial protection was achieved when mice were treated 3 days after the challenge. In a cynomolgus macaque model, reduced viral loads and partial protection against lethal infection were observed in macaques treated with MAb ch61 intravenously one and three days after challenge. Protective effects were also noted in macaques under immunosuppression. Though mutant viruses escaping from neutralization by MAb ch61 were recovered from macaques treated with this MAb alone, combined treatment with MAb ch61 and peramivir reduced the emergence of escape mutants. Our results indicate that antibody therapy might be beneficial in reducing viral loads and delaying disease progression during H5N1 HPAI virus infection in clinical cases and combined treatment with other antiviral compounds should improve the protective effects of antibody therapy against H5N1 HPAI virus infection. The H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa since its first appearance in southern China in 1996. This virus occasionally infects humans with a high case mortality rate and poses a significant pandemic threat. Since neutralizing antibodies generally play a major role in protective immunity against influenza viruses, antibody therapy is a potential option for preventing highly lethal infection with the H5N1 virus in humans. Here we evaluated the protective potential of a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody with strong neutralizing activity against H5N1 viruses in mouse and nonhuman primate models of lethal H5N1 virus infection. The therapeutic use of the neutralizing antibody resulted in reduced viral loads and improved survival in animals infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. It was noted that the protective effects were more prominent in immunosuppressed macaques, which might provide a model of protection against severe clinical disease in immunocompromised patients. In addition, combination therapy together with an antiviral drug reduced the selection of escape mutants. Collectively, this study suggests that antibody therapy may have beneficial effects in clinical cases of H5N1 HPAI virus infection in humans.
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49
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Wu R, Li X, Leung HC, Cao Z, Qiu Z, Zhou Y, Zheng BJ, He Y. A novel neutralizing antibody against diverse clades of H5N1 influenza virus and its mutants capable of airborne transmission. Antiviral Res 2014; 106:13-23. [PMID: 24681124 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 continues to spread among poultry and has frequently broken the species barrier to humans. Recent studies have shown that a laboratory-mutated or reassortant H5N1 virus bearing hemagglutinin (HA) with as few as four or five mutations was capable of transmitting more efficiently via respiratory droplets between ferrets, posing a serious threat to public health and underscoring the priority of effective vaccines and therapeutics. In this study, we identified a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) named HAb21, that has a broadly neutralizing activity against all tested strains of H5N1 covering clades 0, 1, 2.2, 2.3.4, and 2.3.2.1. Importantly, HAb21 efficiently neutralized diverse H5N1 variants with single or combination forms of mutations capable of airborne transmission. We demonstrated that HAb21 blocked viral entry during the receptor-binding step by targeting a previously uncharacterized epitope at the tip of the HA head. This novel epitope closely neighbors the receptor-binding site (RBS) and the interface of HA trimer and is highly conserved among divergent H5N1 strains. Our studies provide a new tool for use either for therapeutic purposes or as a basis of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Wu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ho-Chuen Leung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiliang Cao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zonglin Qiu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuxian He
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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50
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Lee CC, Zhu H, Huang PY, Peng L, Chang YC, Yip CH, Li YT, Cheung CL, Compans R, Yang C, Smith DK, Lam TT, King CC, Guan Y. Emergence and evolution of avian H5N2 influenza viruses in chickens in Taiwan. J Virol 2014; 88:5677-86. [PMID: 24623422 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00139-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sporadic activity by H5N2 influenza viruses has been observed in chickens in Taiwan from 2003 to 2012. The available information suggests that these viruses were generated by reassortment between a Mexican-like H5N2 virus and a local enzootic H6N1 virus. Yet the origin, prevalence, and pathogenicity of these H5N2 viruses have not been fully defined. Following the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks, surveillance was conducted from December 2012 to July 2013 at a live-poultry wholesale market in Taipei. Our findings showed that H5N2 and H6N1 viruses cocirculated at low levels in chickens in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all H5N2 viruses had hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes derived from a 1994 Mexican-like virus, while their internal gene complexes were incorporated from the enzootic H6N1 virus lineage by multiple reassortment events. Pathogenicity studies demonstrated heterogeneous results even though all tested viruses had motifs (R-X-K/R-R) supportive of high pathogenicity. Serological surveys for common subtypes of avian viruses confirmed the prevalence of the H5N2 and H6N1 viruses in chickens and revealed an extraordinarily high seroconversion rate to an H9N2 virus, a subtype that is not found in Taiwan but is prevalent in mainland China. These findings suggest that reassortant H5N2 viruses, together with H6N1 viruses, have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout Taiwan and that a large-scale vaccination program might have been conducted locally that likely led to the introduction of the 1994 Mexican-like virus to Taiwan in 2003. IMPORTANCE H5N2 avian influenza viruses first appeared in chickens in Taiwan in 2003 and caused a series of outbreaks afterwards. Phylogenetic analyses show that the chicken H5N2 viruses have H5 and N2 genes that are closely related to those of a vaccine strain originating from Mexico in 1994, while the contemporary duck H5N2 viruses in Taiwan belong to the Eurasian gene pool. The unusually high similarity of the chicken H5N2 viruses to the Mexican vaccine strain suggests that these viruses might have been introduced to Taiwan by using inadequately inactivated or attenuated vaccines. These chicken H5N2 viruses are developing varying levels of pathogenicity that could lead to significant consequences for the local poultry industry. These findings emphasize the need for strict quality control and competent oversight in the manufacture and usage of avian influenza virus vaccines and indicate that alternatives to widespread vaccination may be desirable.
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