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Hollecker L, Choo H, Chong Y, Chu CK, Lostia S, McBrayer TR, Stuyver LJ, Mason JC, Du J, Rachakonda S, Shi J, Schinazi RF, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of β-Enantiomers of N4-Hydroxy-3′-Deoxy-Pyrimidine Nucleosides and Their Evaluation against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:43-55. [PMID: 15074714 DOI: 10.1177/095632020401500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) was recently reported to have anti-pestivirus and anti-hepacivirus activity. It is thought that this nucleoside acts as a weak alternative substrate for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase. In addition to NHC, 3′-deoxyuridine (3′-dU) was found to inhibit bovine diarrhoea virus (BVDV) production by 1 log10 at 37.2 μM. These initial findings prompted the synthesis of β-D and β-L analogues of (i) base-modified 3′-deoxy-NHC; (ii) 3′-deoxyuridine; and 3′-deoxycytidine. The antiviral activity of these 42 nucleosides was evaluated against BVDV and HCV bicistronic replicon in cell culture. Among the NHC analogues, the antiviral activity observed for the β-L-3′-deoxy-5-fluoro-derivative 1-(3-deoxy-β-L- erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-fluoro-4-hydrox-yaminopyrimidin-2( 1H)-one and the β-D-3′-deoxy-5-iodo-derivative 1-(3-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine in the replicon system (1 log10 reduction at 100 μM) was due to the concomitant toxicity towards intracellular ribosomal RNA levels (CC90 equal or lower than the EC90). In conclusion, none of the newly synthesized derivatives exhibited enhanced antiviral activity compared to the parent nucleoside NHC.
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2
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Stuyver LJ, McBrayer TR, Tharnish PM, Hassan AEA, Chu CK, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA, Schinazi RF, Otto MJ. Dynamics of subgenomic hepatitis C virus replicon RNA levels in Huh-7 cells after exposure to nucleoside antimetabolites. J Virol 2003; 77:10689-94. [PMID: 12970456 PMCID: PMC228517 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.19.10689-10694.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with antimetabolites results in chemically induced low nucleoside triphosphate pools and cell cycle arrest in exponentially growing cells. Since steady-state levels of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon RNA were shown to be dependent on exponential growth of Huh-7 cells, the effects of antimetabolites for several nucleoside biosynthesis pathways on cell growth and HCV RNA levels were investigated. A specific anti-HCV replicon effect was defined as (i). minimal interference with the exponential cell growth, (ii). minimal reduction in cellular host RNA levels, and (iii). reduction of the HCV RNA copy number per cell compared to that of the untreated control. While most antimetabolites caused a cytostatic effect on cell growth, only inhibitors of the de novo pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthesis mimicked observations seen in confluent replicon cells, i.e., cytostasis combined with a sharp decrease in replicon copy number per cell. These results suggest that high levels of CTP and UTP are critical parameters for maintaining the steady-state level replication of HCV replicon in Huh-7 cells.
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3
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Dyatkina N, Khorlin A, Watanabe KA. Formation and reactivity of 2,4-ditriazolyl pyrimidine C-nucleoside derived from pseudouridine. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2000; 19:585-91. [PMID: 10843494 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008035009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymine and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-psi-uridine (1) was converted into the corresponding 2,4-ditriazolyl derivatives 5 and 2, respectively. Of these two substituents, the C4-triazolyl group was found to be quite susceptible to nucleophilic substitution while the other triazolyl is resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dyatkina
- Codon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
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4
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Drohat AC, Xiao G, Tordova M, Jagadeesh J, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA, Gilliland GL, Stivers JT. Heteronuclear NMR and crystallographic studies of wild-type and H187Q Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase: electrophilic catalysis of uracil expulsion by a neutral histidine 187. Biochemistry 1999; 38:11876-86. [PMID: 10508390 DOI: 10.1021/bi9910880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the putative general acid His187 in the reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) was investigated using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of H187Q UDG, and its complex with uracil, have been solved at 1.40 and 1.60 A resolution, respectively. The structures are essentially identical to those of the wild-type enzyme, except that the side chain of Gln187 is turned away from the uracil base and cannot interact with uracil O2. This result provides a structural basis for the similar kinetic properties of the H187Q and H187A enzymes. The ionization state of His187 was directly addressed with (1)H-(15)N NMR experiments optimized for histidine ring spin systems, which established that His187 is neutral in the catalytically active state of the enzyme (pK(a) <5.5). These NMR experiments also show that His187 is held in the N(epsilon)()2-H tautomeric form, consistent with the crystallographic observation of a 2.9 A hydrogen bond from the backbone nitrogen of Ser189 to the ring N(delta)()1 of His187. The energetic cost of breaking this hydrogen bond may contribute significantly to the low pK(a) of His187. Thus, the traditional view that a cationic His187 donates a proton to uracil O2 is incorrect. Rather, we propose a concerted mechanism involving general base catalysis by Asp64 and electrophilic stabilization of the developing enolate on uracil O2 by a neutral His187.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Drohat
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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5
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Pankiewicz KW, Lesiak-Watanabe K, Watanabe KA, Malinowski K. Novel mycophenolic adenine bis(phosphonate)s as potential immunosuppressants. Curr Med Chem 1999; 6:629-34. [PMID: 10390605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the most potent and specific inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). This compound was reported to bind the NAD site of IMPDH and mimic the binding of nicotinamide moiety of nicotinamide adenine dicnucleotide. We linked MPA derivatives with the adenine moiety of NAD through a methylenebis(phonphonate) birdge to form novel mycophenolic adenine dinucleotides (MADs) which resemble well the intact natural cofactor. The MAD analogues differ by the length of the side chain (linker) between the aromatic ring of mycophenolic derivative and the beta-phosphorus atom of the adenosine bis(phosphonate) moiety. Regardless of the linker size, MADs were found to be potent inhibitors of human IMPDH type I and type II with Ki's = 0.25-0.52 microM, an order of magnitude less potent than MPA itself (Ki = 0.01-0.04 microM). The growth of K562 cells was inhibited by MPA (IC50 = 0.03 microM) and the MAD analogues (IC50 = 0.01-1.15 microM) with a similar potency. Accordingly, a suppression of alloantigen- induced proliferation of human lymphocytes by the MAD analogues at concentration of 10-20 microM was equally effective as that observed for MPA. In contrast to MPA, MAD analogues were found to be resistant to glucuronidation in vitro. Since therapeutic potential of MPA is limited by its undesirable glucuronidation, the glucuronidation- resistant MAD analogues may be superior immunosuppressants if they are not glucuronidated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Pankiewicz
- Pharmasset, Inc., 1860 Montreal Road, Atlanta, GA 30084, USA
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6
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Gibson ES, Lesiak K, Watanabe KA, Gudas LJ, Pankiewicz KW. Synthesis of a novel C-nucleoside, 2-amino-7-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro- pentofuranosyl)-3H,5H-pyrrolo-[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (2'-deoxy-9-deazaguanosine). Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999; 18:363-76. [PMID: 10358941 DOI: 10.1080/15257779908043082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the C-nucleoside, 2-amino-7-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro- pentofuranosyl)-3H,5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (9-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine) was achieved starting from 2-amino-6-methyl-3H-pyrimidin-4-one (5) and methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-D-erythro-pento-furanoside (11). The anomeric configuration of the C-nucleoside was established by 1H NMR, NOEDS and ROESY. This C-nucleoside did not inhibit the growth of T-cell lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gibson
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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7
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Stivers JT, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA. Kinetic mechanism of damage site recognition and uracil flipping by Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:952-63. [PMID: 9893991 DOI: 10.1021/bi9818669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of premutagenic uracil residues in DNA by flipping the uracil base from the DNA helix. The mechanism of base flipping and the role this step plays in site-specific DNA binding and catalysis by enzymes are largely unknown. The thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA binding and uracil flipping by UDG have been studied in the absence of glycosidic bond cleavage using substrate analogues containing the 2'-alpha and 2'-beta fluorine isomers of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (Ubeta, Ualpha) positioned adjacent to a fluorescent nucleotide reporter group 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Activity measurements show that DNA containing a Ubeta or Ualpha nucleotide is a 10(7)-fold slower substrate for UDG (t1/2 approximately 20 h), which allows measurements of DNA binding and base flipping in the absence of glycosidic bond cleavage. When UDG binds these analogues, but not other DNA molecules, a 4-8-fold 2-AP fluorescence enhancement is observed, as expected for a decrease in 2-AP base stacking resulting from enzymatic flipping of the adjacent uracil. Thermodynamic measurements show that UDG forms weak nonspecific complexes with dsDNA (KDns = 1.5 microM) and binds approximately 25-fold more tightly to Ubeta containing dsDNA (KDapp approximately 50 nM). Thus, base flipping contributes less than approximately 2 kcal/mol to the free energy of binding and is not a major component of the >10(6)-fold catalytic specificity of UDG. Kinetic studies at 25 degrees C show that site-specific binding occurs by a two-step mechanism. The first step (E + S left and right arrow ES) involves the diffusion-controlled binding of UDG to form a weak nonspecific complex with the DNA (KD approximately 1.5-3 microM). The second step (ES left and right arrow E'F) involves a rapid step leading to reversible uracil flipping (kmax approximately 1200 s-1). This step is followed closely by a conformational change in UDG that was monitored by the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. The results provide evidence for an enzyme-assisted mechanism for uracil flipping and exclude a passive mechanism in which the enzyme traps a transient extrahelical base in the free substrate. The data suggest that the duplex structure of the DNA is locally destabilized before the base-flipping step, thereby facilitating extrusion of the uracil. Thus, base flipping contributes little to the free energy of DNA binding but contributes greatly to specificity through an induced-fit mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Stivers
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, National Institute for Standards and Technology, Rockville 20850, USA
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8
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Majumdar A, Khorlin A, Dyatkina N, Lin FL, Powell J, Liu J, Fei Z, Khripine Y, Watanabe KA, George J, Glazer PM, Seidman MM. Targeted gene knockout mediated by triple helix forming oligonucleotides. Nat Genet 1998; 20:212-4. [PMID: 9771719 DOI: 10.1038/2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triple helix forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) recognize and bind sequences in duplex DNA and have received considerable attention because of their potential for targeting specific genomic sites. TFOs can deliver DNA reactive reagents to specific sequences in purified chromosomal DNA (ref. 4) and nuclei. However, chromosome targeting in viable cells has not been demonstrated, and in vitro experiments indicate that chromatin structure is incompatible with triplex formation. We have prepared modified TFOs, linked to the DNA-crosslinking reagent psoralen, directed at a site in the Hprt gene. We show that stable Hprt-deficient clones can be recovered following introduction of the TFOs into viable cells and photoactivation of the psoralen. Analysis of 282 clones indicated that 85% contained mutations in the triplex target region. We observed mainly deletions and some insertions. These data indicate that appropriately constructed TFOs can find chromosomal targets, and suggest that the chromatin structure in the target region is more dynamic than predicted by the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Majumdar
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA
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9
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Krayevsky AA, Watanabe KA. Substrates of DNA polymerases with planar conformation of sugar: model of substrate transition state? Nucleosides Nucleotides 1998; 17:1153-62. [PMID: 9708315 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several years ago, we published an hypothesis concerning conformation of the glycone moiety of different substrates in active centers of several DNA metabolizing enzymes (Nucleosides & Nucleotides 1993, 12, 649-670). This hypothesis prompted us to further study the subtle conformational changes on substrates of DNA polymerases. Data collected in our, as well as other laboratories, have been analyzed, and models of active centers of different DNA polymerases are discussed below. Based on the model of substrate requirements, we now can divide DNA polymerases into two distinguished classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Krayevsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Brown DA, Ren WY, Khorlin A, Lesiak K, Conklin D, Watanabe KA, Seidman MM, George J. Aliphatic and alicyclic diols induce melanogenesis in cultured cells and guinea pig skin. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:428-37. [PMID: 9540987 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have found that several aliphatic and alicyclic diols induce melanogenesis in cultured S91 mouse melanoma cells and normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). In addition, these compounds induce melanogenesis when applied to guinea pig skin, with transfer of melanin to keratinocytes and formation of "supranuclear caps," as occurs in naturally pigmented skin. The relative order of potency of some of these diols in NHEM is 5-norbornene-2,2-dimethanol > 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-butanediol > cis-1,2-cyclopentanediol > 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol > 1,2-propanediol. Following treatment with these diols or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, melanin and tyrosinase activity are increased within S91 cells and NHEM; however, for cultured NHEM, the largest increases of melanin and tyrosinase occur in an extracellular particulate fraction, shown by electron microscopy to consist almost entirely of stage III and IV melanosomes. These results indicate that cultured NHEM treated with diols export melanosomes in a fashion that is commensurate with natural melanogenic processes. In contrast, S91 mouse melanoma cells exhibit aberrant melanosomal trafficking, in accordance with the known defect in myosin-V mediated melanosomal transport. Both S91 cells and NHEM exhibit morphologic changes and growth arrest indicative of differentiation following treatment with diols. The diols described in this report are candidates for use as cosmeceutical tanning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Brown
- Codon Pharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
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11
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Lesiak K, Watanabe KA, Majumdar A, Powell J, Seidman M, Vanderveen K, Goldstein BM, Pankiewicz KW. Synthesis of a methylenebis(phosphonate) analogue of mycophenolic adenine dinucleotide: a glucuronidation-resistant MAD analogue of NAD. J Med Chem 1998; 41:618-22. [PMID: 9484510 DOI: 10.1021/jm970705k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic alcohol (MPAlc), obtained by reduction of the carboxylic group of mycophenolic acid (MPA), was coupled with 2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine 5'-methylenebis(phosphonate) (4) in the presence of diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) to give P1-(2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosin-5'-yl)-P2-(mycophenolic alcohol-6'-yl)methylenebis(phosphonate) (8) in 32% yield. Deisopropy-lidenation of 8 with CF3COOH/H2O afforded the methylenebis(phosphonate) analogue 3 of mycophenolic adenine dinucleotide (MAD). Compound 3, beta-methylene-MAD, was found to be a potent inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) type II (Ki = 0.3 microM) as well as an inhibitor of growth of K562 cells (IC50 = 1.5 microM). In contrast to MPA and mycophenolic alcohol, beta-methylene-MAD was not converted into the glucuronide when incubated with uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lesiak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Codon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
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12
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Lesiak K, Watanabe KA, Majumdar A, Seidman M, Vanderveen K, Goldstein BM, Pankiewicz KW. Synthesis of nonhydrolyzable analogues of thiazole-4-carboxamide and benzamide adenine dinucleotide containing fluorine atom at the C2' of adenine nucleoside: induction of K562 differentiation and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitory activity. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2533-8. [PMID: 9258359 DOI: 10.1021/jm970247f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD) analogue 7 containing a fluorine atom at the C2' arabino configuration of the adenine nucleoside moiety was found to be a potent inducer of differentiation of K562 erythroid leukemia cells. This finding prompted us to synthesize its hydrolysis-resistant methylenebis(phosphonate) and difluoromethylenebis(phosphonate) analogues 8 and 9, respectively. Since both TAD and benzamide adenine dinucleotide (BAD) are potent inhibitors of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the corresponding fluorine-substituted methylenebis(phosphonate) analogue 12 of BAD was also synthesized. Thus, 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (13) was converted in five steps into the corresponding methylenebis(phosphonate) analogue 18. Dehydration of 18 with DCC led to the formation of the bicyclic trisanhydride intermediate 19a, which upon reaction with 2',3'-O-isopropylidenetiazofurin (20) or -benzamide riboside (21) followed by hydrolysis and deprotection afforded the desired methylene-bridged dinucleotides 8 and 12, respectively. The similar displacement of the 5'-mesyl function of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-O-mesyltiazofurin (24) with the difluoromethylenebis(phosphonic acid) derivative gave the phosphonate 25 which was coupled with 13 to afford 26. The desired difluoromethylenebis(phosphonate) analogue 9 was obtained by deprotection with Dowex 50/H+. This compound as well as beta-CF2-TAD (4) showed improved differentiation-inducing activity over beta-CH2-TAD (3), whereas analogues containing the -CH2-linkage (8 and 12) were inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lesiak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Codon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
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13
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Pankiewicz KW, Lesiak K, Zatorski A, Goldstein BM, Carr SF, Sochacki M, Majumdar A, Seidman M, Watanabe KA. The practical synthesis of a methylenebisphosphonate analogue of benzamide adenine dinucleotide: inhibition of human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (type I and II). J Med Chem 1997; 40:1287-91. [PMID: 9111303 DOI: 10.1021/jm960641y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
beta-Methylene-BAD (8), a nonhydrolyzable analogue of benzamide adenine dinucleotide (BAD), was synthesized as potential inhibitor of human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Treatment of 2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine 5'-methylenebisphosphonate (15) with DCC afforded P1,P4-bis(2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosine) 5'-P1,P2:P3,P4-dimethylenetetrakisphosphonate (17). This compound was further converted with DCC to an active intermediate 18 which upon reaction with 3-(2',3'-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzamide (19) gave, after hydrolysis and deisopropylidenation, the desired beta-methylene-BAD (8) in 95% yield. In a similar manner, treatment of 18 with 2',3'-O-isopropylidenetiazofurin (21) followed by hydrolysis and deprotection afforded beta-methylene-TAD (5) in 91% yield. Compound 8 (IC50 = 0.665 microM) was found to be a 6-8 times less potent inhibitor of IMPDH than 5 (IC50 = 0.107 microM) and was almost equally potent against IMPDH type I and type II. Although TAD and beta-methylene-TAD were bound by LADH with the same affinity, the binding affinity of 8 toward LADH (Ki = 333 microM) was found to be 50-fold lower than that of the parent pyrophosphate 7 (Ki = 6.3 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Pankiewicz
- Codon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
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14
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Kim JY, Su TL, Chou TC, Koehler B, Scarborough A, Ouerfelli O, Watanabe KA. Cyclopent[a]anthraquinones as DNA intercalating agents with covalent bond formation potential: synthesis and biological activity. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2812-8. [PMID: 8709111 DOI: 10.1021/jm950881y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of mitomycin C (MMC) analogues, namely cyclopentanthraquinone derivatives, were synthesized via Diels-Alder cyclization of naphthoquinone with 1-vinylcyclopent-1-enes. These new compounds are planar structures, like MMC, and bear an aziridine ring and a methyl carbamate side chain. After bioreduction, they are anticipated to be capable of intercalating into double-stranded DNA and bind covalently. Structure-activity relationships were studied. Of these compounds, 2,3-aziridino-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]methyl] cyclopent[alpha]anthracene-6,11-dione (4) was shown to have inhibitory activity against several leukemic and solid tumor cell lines. Mice (BDF1) bearing Lewis lung adenocarcinoma were treated with 4 and MMC (i.p., QD x 5). At a dose of 30.0 mg/kg, compound 4 was as effective as MMC (0.8 mg/kg). Compound 4 appears to be less toxic than MMC. DNA unwinding assay indicated that 4 is able to intercalate into DNA double strands and is also a topoisomerase II inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Kim
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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15
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Zatorski A, Watanabe KA, Carr SF, Goldstein BM, Pankiewicz KW. Chemical synthesis of benzamide adenine dinucleotide: inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (types I and II). J Med Chem 1996; 39:2422-6. [PMID: 8691436 DOI: 10.1021/jm9601415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of 3-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzamide (6) with POCl3 in (EtO)3-PO afforded only little phosphorylation product (8, 5%), but the major product was 5'-chlorobenzamide riboside (7, 85%). Reaction of 6 with 2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite followed by 2-cyanoethanol/tetrazole treatment and oxidation with tert-butyl peroxide gave a 1:1 mixture of the desired 5'-O-bis(2-cyanoethyl) phosphate 9 and the chloro derivative 7. This mixture was treated with methanolic ammonia and partitioned between CHCl3 and water. The 2',3'-O-isopropylidenebenzamide mononucleotide (8) was obtained in 21.2% overall yield from the aqueous layer. Compound 8 was then converted into the corresponding imidazolide 11b which, upon coupling with 2',3'-O-acetonide of AMP, afforded the acetonide of benzamide adenine dinucleotide (15) in 94% yield together with small amounts of symmetrical pyrophosphates P1,P2-bis(2',3'-O-isopropylideneadenosin-5'-yl)pyrophosphate (13, 3%) and P1,P2-bis(2',3'-O-isopropylidene-3-(carbamoylphenyl)-5'-ribosyl)py rophosphate (14, 2%). Deprotection of 15 with Dowex 50/H+ in water afforded the desired benzamide adenine dinucleotide (BAD) in 93% yield. BAD inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I (IC50 = 0.78 microM) and type II (IC50 = 0.88 microM) with same degree of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zatorski
- OncorPharm, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877, USA
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16
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Lewis W, Levine ES, Griniuviene B, Tankersley KO, Colacino JM, Sommadossi JP, Watanabe KA, Perrino FW. Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:3592-7. [PMID: 8622980 PMCID: PMC39655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymidine analog fialuridine deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU) was toxic in trials for chronic hepatitis B infection. One mechanism postulated that defective mtDNA replication was mediated through inhibition of DNA polymerase-gamma (DNA pol-gamma), by FIAU triphosphate (FIALTP) or by triphosphates of FIAU metabolites. Inhibition kinetics and primer-extension analyses determined biochemical mechanisms of FIAU, 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) -5-methyluracil (FAU), 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil triphosphate (TP) inhibition of DNA pol-gamma. dTMP incorporation by DNA pol-gamma was inhibited competitively by FIAUTP, FMAUTP, and FAUTP (K1=0.015, 0.03, and 1.0 microM, respectively). By using oliginucleotide template-primers. DNA pol-gamma incorporated each analog into DNA opposite a single adenosine efficiently without effects on DNA chain elongation. Incorporation of multiple adjacent analogs at positions of consecutive adenosines dramatically impaired chain elongation by DNA pol-gamma. Effects of FIAU, FMAU, and FAU on HepG2 cell mmtDNA abundance and ultrastructure were determined. After 14 days, mtDNA decreased by 30% with 20 microM FIAU or 20 microM FMAU and decreased less than 10% with 100 microM FAU. FIAU and FMAU disrupted mitochondria and caused accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. Biochemical and cell biological findings suggest that FIAU and its metabolites inhibit mtDNA replication, most likely at positions of adenosine tracts, leading to decreased mtDNA and mitochondrial ultrastructural defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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17
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Pankiewicz KW, Zatorski A, Watanabe KA. NAD-analogues as potential anticancer agents: conformational restrictions as basis for selectivity. Acta Biochim Pol 1996. [DOI: 10.18388/abp.1996_4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor type inhibitors (NAD-analogues) of IMP-dehydrogenase (IMPDH) were synthesized and their application as potential anticancer agents are discussed. C-nucleoside isosteres of NAD, C-NAD and C-PAD, showed an effective competitive inhibition of IMPDH, C-NAD but not C-PAD caused extremely potent inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase. We also synthesized compounds in which nicotinamide riboside was replaced with tiazofurin (TAD-analogues) and the 2' and 3'-positions of adenosine part were fluorinated. The ribose ring of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine is in the C3'-endo conformation whereas 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine favors the C2'-endo sugar pucker. These derivatives are good inhibitors of IMPDH type II, the isoenzyme dominant in neoplastic cells. In contrast, all these analogues showed rather week inhibitory activity against alcohol dehydrogenase. Nicotinamide riboside derivatives in which the base and the sugar are linked through an oxygen or a methylene bridge were synthesized. NAD-analogues containing such conformationally restricted nicotinamide nucleoside moiety (syn or anti) are expected to be selective inhibitors of B-specific (IMPDH) or A-specific dehydrogenases, respectively.
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18
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Su TL, Chou TC, Kim JY, Huang JT, Ciszewska G, Ren WY, Otter GM, Sirotnak FM, Watanabe KA. 9-substituted acridine derivatives with long half-life and potent antitumor activity: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 1995; 38:3226-35. [PMID: 7650675 DOI: 10.1021/jm00017a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of DNA-intercalating 9-anilinoacridines, namely 9-phenoxyacridines, 9-(phenylthio)acridines, and 9-(3',5'-disubstituted anilino)acridines, were synthesized as potential antitumor agents with inhibitory effects on DNA topoisomerase II. Unlike amsacrine (m-AMSA), these agents were designed to avoid the oxidative metabolic pathway. These acridine derivatives were, therefore, expected to have long half-life in plasma. Both 9-phenoxyacridines and 9-(phenylthio)acridines were found to have moderate cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia L1210 and human leukemic HL-60 cell growth in culture. Among 9-(3',5'-disubstituted anilino)acridines, 3-(9-acridinylamino)-5-(hydroxymethyl)aniline (AHMA) was found to be a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor and exhibited significant antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Chemotherapy of solid-tumor-bearing mice with 10, 10, and 5 mg/kg (QD x 4, ip) AHMA, VP-16, and m-AMSA, respectively, resulted in more tumor volume reduction by AHMA than by VP-16 or m-AMSA for E0771 mammary adenocarcinoma and B-16 melanoma. For Lewis lung carcinoma, AHMA was as potent as VP-16 but more active than m-AMSA. Structure-activity relationships of AHMA derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Su
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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19
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Conti PS, Alauddin MM, Fissekis JR, Schmall B, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of 2'-fluoro-5-[11C]-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([11C]-FMAU): a potential nucleoside analog for in vivo study of cellular proliferation with PET. Nucl Med Biol 1995; 22:783-9. [PMID: 8535339 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)00017-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid in vivo catabolism limits the use of currently available radiotracers used in tumor proliferation studies with PET. This is manifested by the need to develop complex mathematical models to interpret kinetic and metabolite data obtained from imaging studies with agents such as carbon-11 labeled thymidine. A potential carbon-11 labeled radiotracer for cellular proliferation, 2'-fluoro-5-([11C]-methyl)-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FMAU), has been prepared using a previously described method for preparation of [11C]methyl-thymidine where selective alkylation of a pyrimidyl dianion is accomplished with [11C]methyl iodide at the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring. FMAU shares many in vivo characteristics of thymidine, including cellular transport, phosphorylation by mammalian kinase, and incorporation into DNA. Most importantly, in vivo catabolism of FMAU is limited, potentially yielding simplified kinetic models for determination of cellular proliferation with positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Conti
- PET Imaging Science Center, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Li H, Hallows WH, Punzi JS, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA, Goldstein BM. Crystallographic studies of isosteric NAD analogues bound to alcohol dehydrogenase: specificity and substrate binding in two ternary complexes. Biochemistry 1994; 33:11734-44. [PMID: 7918390 DOI: 10.1021/bi00205a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CNAD (5-beta-D-ribofuranosylnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an isosteric C-glycosidic analogue of NAD(H) containing a neutral pyridine ring. CPAD (5-beta-D-ribofuranosylpicolinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a closely related pyridine-containing analogue with the pyridine nitrogen on the opposite side of the ring. CNAD is a potent and specific inhibitor of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH), binding with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range. CPAD binds LADH with an affinity comparable to that of NAD. Crystal structures of CNAD and CPAD bound to LADH are presented at 2.4 and 2.7 A, respectively. The two complexes are isomorphous, crystallizing in the triclinic system with cell dimensions different from those seen in previous ternary LADH complexes. Structures were solved using the molecular replacement method and refined to crystallographic R values of 18% (CNAD) and 17% (CPAD). Both inhibitors bind to the "closed" form of LADH in the normal cofactor-binding cleft. The conformation of LADH-bound CPAD closely mimics that of LADH-bound NAD(H). The data suggest that alcohol substrate binds directly to the catalytic zinc atom. In the CNAD complex, the pyridine nitrogen replaces alcohol as the fourth coordination ligand to the active site zinc atom, while all other polar interactions remain the same as those of bound NAD(H). The zinc-nitrogen ligand explains the high affinity of CNAD for LADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
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21
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Fulcrand-el Kattan G, Goudgaon NM, Ilksoy N, Huang JT, Watanabe KA, Sommadossi JP, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and biological properties of 5-o-carboranyl-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil. J Med Chem 1994; 37:2583-8. [PMID: 8057301 DOI: 10.1021/jm00042a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel 5-o-carboranyl-containing nucleoside, 5-o-carboranyl-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (6, CFAU), was synthesized as a potential intracellular neutron capture agent. This compound was prepared in five steps starting from 5-iodo-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (1). The desired carboranyl derivative was obtained by addition of decaborane [as the bis(propionitrile) adduct] to the protected acetylenic nucleoside precursor followed by debenzoylation. The synthesis of CFAU was also performed by glycosylation of the suitably protected 5-o-carboranyluracil with the appropriate 2-fluoroarabinosyl derivative. This compound was evaluated for its cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes, monkey cells, and rat and human gliomas cells, as well as for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus type 1. Its biological activity was compared to 5-o-carboranyl-1-(2-deoxyribofuranosyl)uracil in these cell culture systems, human bone marrow cells, and mice. The results obtained to date suggest that CFAU has suitable characteristics as a sensitizer for boron neutron capture therapy.
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Abstract
CNAD (5-beta-D-ribofuranosylnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an isosteric and isomeric analogue of NAD, in which the nicotinamide ring is linked to the sugar via a C-glycosyl (C5-C1') bond. CNAD acts as a general dehydrogenase inhibitor but shows unusual specificity and affinity for liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1). The pattern of inhibition is congruent to 4 nM, with NAD as the variable substrate. These values are 3-5 orders of magnitude smaller than those obtained for CNAD in other dehydrogenases and are comparable to values observed for the tightest binding ADH inhibitors known. The specificity and affinity of CNAD for ADH are likely due to coordination of the zinc cation at the ADH catalytic site by the CNAD pyridine nitrogen. This is supported by kinetic and computational studies of ADH-CNAD complexes. These results are compared with those for a related analogue, CPAD. In this analogue, displacement of the pyridine nitrogen to the opposite side of the ring removes the specificity for ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Goldstein
- Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
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23
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Li H, Hallows WH, Punzi JS, Marquez VE, Carrell HL, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA, Goldstein BM. Crystallographic studies of two alcohol dehydrogenase-bound analogues of thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), the active anabolite of the antitumor agent tiazofurin. Biochemistry 1994; 33:23-32. [PMID: 8286346 DOI: 10.1021/bi00167a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD) is the active anabolite of the antitumor drug tiazofurin. Beta-methylene TAD (beta-TAD) is a phosphodiesterase-resistant analogue of TAD, active in tiazofurin-resistant cells. Beta-methylene SAD (beta-SAD) is the active selenium derivative of beta-TAD. Both agents are analogues of the cofactor NAD and are capable of acting as general dehydrogenase inhibitors. Crystal structures of beta-TAD and beta-SAD bound to horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) are presented at 2.9 and 2.7 A, respectively. Both complexes crystallize in the orthorhombic space group C222(1) and are isomorphous to apo-LADH. Complexes containing beta-TAD and beta-SAD were refined to crystallographic R values of 15% and 16%, respectively, for reflections between 8 A and the minimum d spacing. Conformations of both inhibitors are similar. beta-TAD and beta-SAD bind to the "open" form of LADH in the normal cofactor-binding cleft between the coenzyme and catalytic domains of each monomer. Binding at the adenosine end of each inhibitor resembles that of NAD. However, the positions of the thiazole and selenazole heterocycles are displaced away from the catalytic Zn cation by approximately 4 A. Close intramolecular S-O and Se-O contacts observed in the parent nucleoside analogues are maintained in both LADH-bound beta-TAD and beta-SAD, respectively. These conformational constraints may influence the binding specificity of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
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24
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Zatorski A, Lipka P, Mollova N, Schram KH, Goldstein BM, Watanabe KA, Pankiewicz KW. Synthesis of thiazole-4-carboxamide-adenine difluoromethylenediphosphonates substituted with fluorine at C-2' of the adenosine. Carbohydr Res 1993; 249:95-108. [PMID: 8252557 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84063-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of an analogue 3 of thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine-dinucleotide (TAD) in which the beta-oxygen atom of the pyrophosphate bridge is replaced by a difluoromethylene group has been achieved. Likewise, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine containing analogues of TAD (4) and its difluoromethylenediphosphonate congener (5) have been synthesized. Adenosine 5'-difluoromethylenediphosphonate (8) was prepared from 5'-O-tosyladenosine (6) and tris(tetra-n-butylammonium)difluoromethylenediphosphonate (7) by a modified procedure of Poulter's. Compound 8 was converted into the 2',3'-cyclic carbonate 9 by treatment with triethyl orthoformate. Treatment of 9 with 2',3'-O-isopropylidenetiazofurin (10) in pyridine in the presence of DCC gave a mixture of dinucleotide 11 and the isopropylidene-protected diadenosine tetraphosphonate 12. After deprotection of 11, the desired beta-difluoromethylene TAD (3) was separated by HPLC as the minor product. The diadenosine tetraphosphonate 12, an analogue of Ap4A, was obtained as the major component. Alternatively, 2',3'-O-isopropylidenetiazofurin (10) was tosylated, and the product 13 was further converted into the corresponding difluoromethylenediphosphonate 14 by coupling with 7. DCC-catalyzed coupling of 14 with 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine (15) followed by deisopropylidenation afforded the analogue 5. Again the corresponding tetraphosphonate analogue of tiazofurin 17 was the predominant product. Dinucleotide 4 was obtained by coupling of the carbonyldiimidazole-activated tiazofurin 5'-monophosphate with 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine 5'-monophosphate. 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoroadenosine (15) was prepared efficiently from the known N6-benzoyl-3'-O-tetrahydropyranyladenosine (18), which was converted into 3'-O-tetrahydropyranyl-2'-O-triflyl-5'-O-trityladenosine (20) by tritylation and triflation. Treatment of 20 with sodium acetate in hexamethylphosphoric triamide, followed by deacetylation afforded 9-(3-O-tetrahydropyranyl-5-O-trityl-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl)-N6-benzoyladenine (22), which was then treated with DAST. After deprotection of the product, 15 was obtained in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zatorski
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
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25
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Pankiewicz KW, Zeidler J, Ciszewski LA, Bell JE, Goldstein BM, Jayaram HN, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of isosteric analogues of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide containing C-nucleotide of nicotinamide or picolinamide. J Med Chem 1993; 36:1855-9. [PMID: 8099976 DOI: 10.1021/jm00065a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two isosteric analogues of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, C-NAD (11) and C-PAD (12), in which the nicotinamide riboside portion is replaced by a C-nucleoside, were synthesized from 5-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide (7) and 6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)picolinamide (8), respectively. Nucleoside 7 was prepared from the 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(tetrahydropyranyl)-D-ribonolactone (13) and 3-cyano-5-lithiopyridine as reported earlier. Nucleoside 8 was obtained by conversion of the bromo function of the 6-(2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-D-altro-pentitol-1-yl)-2-bromopyrid ine (14) into a carboxamido group followed by mesylation of the anomeric hydroxyl group to give derivative 18. Treatment of 18 with CF3COOH/CHCl3 caused deisopropylidenation with simultaneous cyclization into the desired 6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)picolinamide (8). NAD analogues, C-NAD (11) and C-PAD (12), were synthesized by imidazole-catalyzed coupling of the corresponding 5'-monophosphates of 7 and 8 with the adenosine-5'-monophosphate. Dinucleotide 11 was found to inhibit the proliferation of L1210 cells (IC50 = 7 microM) and to be a good competitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH, ID50 = 20 microM) as well as bovine glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, Ki = 15 microM). Interestingly, C-NAD (11) caused extremely potent noncompetitive inhibition of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, Ki = 1.1 nM), whereas C-PAD (12) was found to be a much less potent competitive inhibitor (Ki = 20 microM) of ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Pankiewicz
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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Su TL, Köhler B, Chou TC, Chun MW, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of the acridone alkaloids glyfoline and congeners. Structure-activity relationship studies of cytotoxic acridones. J Med Chem 1992; 35:2703-10. [PMID: 1635067 DOI: 10.1021/jm00092a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyfoline (4, 1,6-dihydroxy-10-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyacridin-9-one) and its congeners were synthesized for evaluation of their cytotoxicity. A detailed structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these acridone derivatives were also studied. To study the SAR of glyfoline analogues, substituent(s) at C-1 and C-6 and at the heterocyclic nitrogen of glyfoline nucleus were modified. Nitro- and amino-substituted glyfoline analogues were also synthesized to study the effects of substituent(s) (electron-withdrawing vs electron-donating) on their cytotoxicity. These compounds were synthesized via the Ullmann condensation of anthranilic acids with iodobenzenes or 2-chlorobenzoic acids with aniline derivatives. The SAR studies showed that 1-hydroxy-9-acridones were more active than their 1-OMe derivatives against cell growth of human leukemic HL-60 cells in culture. Replacement of NMe of glyfoline with NH or N(CH2)2NEt2 resulted in either total loss or dramatic reduction of cytotoxicity. Glyfoline congeners with nitro function at the A-ring were inactive, while compounds with amino substituent were shown to be cytotoxic in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Su
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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27
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Kong XB, Zhu QY, Vidal PM, Watanabe KA, Polsky B, Armstrong D, Ostrander M, Lang SA, Muchmore E, Chou TC. Comparisons of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities, cellular transport, and plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:808-18. [PMID: 1503443 PMCID: PMC189428 DOI: 10.1128/aac.36.4.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), a candidate anti-AIDS compound in clinical trials, showed anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) potency (50% effective concentration, 0.0052 microM) slightly better than or equal to that of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in MT4 cells and was threefold more potent in H9 cells. There was no FLT resistance demonstrable in the AZT-resistant HIV-1 strains. Both FLT and AZT showed low cytotoxicity for MT4 cells, with selectivity indices (efficacy/toxicity ratio) of greater than 47,000 and greater than 33,000, respectively. Cellular permeation of FLT and thymidine (dThd) was greater than that of AZT, and FLT and dThd permeated the cell membranes by a carrier-mediated mechanism as well as by simple diffusion, as indicated by the existence of nitrobenzylthioinosine-5'-monophosphate-sensitive and -insensitive components. By contrast, transport of AZT into cells was by simple diffusion. The intracellular level of the triphosphate of FLT (FLTTP) in MT4 cells was two- to threefold higher than that of AZT (AZTTP) after exposure to 1.8 microM each compound for 12 h. The elimination kinetics of FLTTP and AZTTP in HIV-1-infected MT4 cells in fresh medium showed biphasic patterns, with initial half-lives of 1.03 and 1.09 h, respectively. In phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes, the FLTTP level was increased 59-fold compared with that in unstimulated cells at 12 h, was four- to sixfold higher than the level of AZTTP in stimulated cells at 12 h, and remained four- to fivefold higher during a 4-h elimination period in fresh medium and twofold higher at the end of a 12-h elimination period. Two- to eightfold more [3H]AZT than [3H]FLT was incorporated into the host cell DNA, and both [3H]AZT and [3H]FLT remained persistently incorporated for over 24 h. The incorporated [3H]AZT and [3H]FLT were alkali labile, whereas incorporated [3H]dThd was alkali stable. Pharmacokinetics of FLT in plasma of monkeys after intravenous (i.v.) administration showed that the FLT concentration in plasma declined, with a half-life of 1.19 +/- 0.1 h; the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.93 +/- 0.2 liter/kg of body weight, and total clearance was 0.56 +/- 0.15 liter/kg. Oral bioavailability of FLT was excellent and comparable to i.v. bioavailability in terms of areas under the concentration-time curves for three monkeys. Of the total dose, 41 to 61% was excreted in urine as unchanged FLT, and only 3.2 to 7.4% of the total dose was identified as glucuronide-conjugated FLT in urine 48 h after i.v. administration to monkeys. We conclude that FLT exhibits an anti-HIV-1 potency similar to that of AZT but with slightly better selectivity of effects and with higher intracellular active metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Kong
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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28
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Kong XB, Rubin L, Chen LI, Ciszewska G, Watanabe KA, Tong WP, Sirotnak FM, Chou TC. Topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage activity and irreversibility of cleavable complex formation induced by DNA intercalator with alkylating capability. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 41:237-44. [PMID: 1311406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of chrysophanol and emodin derivatives with DNA-intercalating capability and with or without alkylating potential have been synthesized and shown to have antitumor activity in vitro. The topoisomerase II (Topo II)-mediated DNA cleavage activities induced by representative compounds 3-(2-chloroethylamino) methyl-1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (SK-31690), 3-bis [(2-chloroethyl)amino]methyl-1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (SK-31662), and 3-(2-hydroxyethylamino)methy-1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinon e (SK-31694), and their cytotoxicities, have been investigated. All three compounds inhibited the kinetoplast DNA decatenation catalyzed by DNA Topo II. These compounds inhibited leukemia cell growth and stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner from 0.5 to 60 microM, the formation of Topo II-DNA cleavable complexes, when 3'-32P-labeled DNA was used. The mapping of Topo II-mediated DNA cleavage sites using HindIII-digested 3'-32P-labeled DNA showed that, at 10 microM, these compounds induced protein-linked DNA breaks that correlated with cytotoxicity, with respect to their maximal efficacy or the reciprocal concentration for the half-maximal effect. The reversibility study showed that the amounts of protein-linked DNA cleavage induced by 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide and VP-16 as well as SK-31694, which lacks alkylating potential, were markedly decreased during 30-sec exposure to 65 degrees or 0.5 M NaCl. In contrast, protein-linked DNA cleavages induced by SK-31662, which has two alkylating functionalities, and by SK-31690, which has one alkylating functionality in its structure, cannot be reversed during the 15-min exposure to 65 degrees or 0.5 M NaCl. These data suggest that Topo II is a major cellular target for cytotoxicity of these compounds. Furthermore, DNA intercalators with alkylating potential interact with Topo II-DNA cleavable complexes in an irreversible manner, with enhanced toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Alkylating Agents/pharmacology
- Anthraquinones/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Humans
- Intercalating Agents/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/enzymology
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Kong
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York 10021
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29
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Trousdale MD, Law JL, Yarber FA, Watanabe KA, Fox JJ. Evaluation of 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil in a rabbit model of herpetic keratitis. Antiviral Res 1992; 17:157-67. [PMID: 1313221 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(92)90049-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5- ethyluracil (FEAU) was tested in a rabbit model of acute herpetic keratitis and its effectiveness compared with that of acyclovir (ACV). FEAU or ACV was applied topically 3 times daily, beginning 3 days post-HSV-1 inoculation and continued for a period of 7 days. FEAU at a concentration of 1% (w/v) or 3% ACV resulted in significant lessening of the severity of corneal lesions, conjunctivitis, iritis, and corneal clouding at 24 to 48 h after beginning chemotherapy. No toxic reaction was observed in any rabbit eyes treated with either FEAU or ACV. The duration of virus shedding into tear film and colonization of the trigeminal ganglia, however, were not reduced by either FEAU or ACV treatment begun 3 days post-inoculation. Fifty percent effective dose (ED50) of FEAU determinations performed on isolates from tear film and on the virus inoculum in secondary rabbit kidney cultures yielded a range of 4.6-7 microM, with two in vitro resistant isolates having ED50S of greater than or equal to 1500 microM of FEAU. Fifty percent cell growth inhibition for FEAU was 3000 microM at 72 h.
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30
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Kong XB, Zhu QY, Ruprecht RM, Watanabe KA, Zeidler JM, Gold JW, Polsky B, Armstrong D, Chou TC. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro by two-drug and three-drug combinations of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, phosphonoformate, and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2003-11. [PMID: 1722077 PMCID: PMC245315 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.10.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), phosphonoformate (PFA), and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine (ddT) and their combination on human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) replication were studied by measuring the HIV-1 p24 antigen expression and reverse transcriptase (RT) release in HIV-1-infected MT4 cells in vitro. RT activity was also measured in a cell-free system by using poly(rA)-oligo(dT) as the primer-template, and cell growth inhibition was measured in noninfected MT4 cells. The interactions of these two- and three-drug combinations were evaluated by the combination index (CI) method and isobologram techniques. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of AZT, PFA, and ddT were 0.014 to 0.005, 9.4 to 8.8, and 8.4 to 2.5 microM, respectively, for p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and 0.005 to 0.0034, 1.43 to 1.37, and 2.87 to 2.83 microM, respectively, for RT activity in vitro; for RT activity in the cell-free system, the EC50s were 0.00019 to 0.00024, 0.012 to 0.02, and 0.00074 to 0.0005 microM, for AZT-5'-triphosphate, PFA, and ddT-5'-triphosphate, respectively. AZT in combination with PFA (1:200) or ddT (1:5) as well as the combination of these three drugs (1:200:5) synergistically inhibited HIV-1 replication and RT activity in the cell-free system over a wide range of drug concentrations, with the CIs ranging from 0.5 to 0.09, in which CIs of less than 1, 1, and greater than 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. Three- and two-drug combinations of AZT, PFA, and ddT showed similar degrees of synergism against HIV-1 replication in p24 assays and RT release assays, whereas the combination of AZT and ddT was found to be the most selective in terms of its anti-HIV-1 effect versus cytotoxicity. Dose reduction indices calculated from both HIV-1 replication inhibition, as measured by p24 ELISA and by RT activity in the cell-free system, indicated that two- and three-drug combinations at high effect levels and the selected combination ratios allow 2- to 240-fold dose reduction over the single drug alone in terms of their anti-HIV-1 effects. The three-drug combination showed the highest dose reduction index. These finding suggest that increased efficacy and reduced toxicity may be achieved in AIDS therapy by using AZT, PFA, and ddT in two- or three-drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Kong
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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31
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Huang JT, Chen LC, Wang LB, Kim MH, Warshaw JA, Armstrong D, Zhu QY, Chou TC, Watanabe KA, Matulic-Adamic J. Fluorinated sugar analogues of potential anti-HIV-1 nucleosides. J Med Chem 1991; 34:1640-6. [PMID: 2033590 DOI: 10.1021/jm00109a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain agents with therapeutic indices superior to those of AZT, FLT, or D4T, several analogues of anti-HIV-1 nucleosides were synthesized. These include 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3' -difluoro-5-methyluridine (13), its arabino analogue 19, arabino-5-methylcytosine analogue 21, 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2' -fluorothymidine (25), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyluridine (29), 2'-azido-3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methyluridine (31), and 2'3'-dideoxy-2' -fluoro-5-methyluridine (37). These new nucleosides were screened for their activity against HIV and feline TLV in vitro. None of the compounds showed significant activity. It is interesting to note that such a small modification in the sugar moiety of active anti-HIV nucleosides (i.e., displacement of hydrogen by fluorine) almost completely inactivate the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Huang
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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32
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Watanabe KA, Harada K, Zeidler J, Matulic-Adamic J, Takahashi K, Ren WY, Cheng LC, Fox JJ, Chou TC, Zhu QY. Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of 2'-"up"-fluoro analogues of active anti-AIDS nucleosides 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC). J Med Chem 1990; 33:2145-50. [PMID: 1695683 DOI: 10.1021/jm00170a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1-(3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (6, F-AZT) and 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threopentofuranosyl)cytosine (12, F-DDC) were synthesized from the potent antiherpes virus nucleosides 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (1, FMAU) and 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (FIAC) in the hope that introduction of a 2-"up"-fluoro substituent might potentiate the anti-HIV activity of AZT and DDC. FMAU (1) was converted in three steps into 2,3'-anhydro-1-(2-fluoro-2-deoxy-5-O-trityl-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymine (4), which when treated with NaN3 followed by detritylation afforded 6. F-DDC was prepared by two methods. Tritylation of FIAC followed by treatment of the product with thiocarbonyldimidazole afforded the 5'-O-trityl-3'-O-(imidazolyl)thiocarbonyl nucleoside 9. Upon radical reduction of 9 with Bu3SnH and AIBN, 5'-O-trityl-DDC 10 was obtained. Compound 10 was detritylated to give 12, which (when obtained by this procedure) resisted crystallization, but the diacetate 12' was obtained in crystalline form. Alternatively, FAC (14) was converted into N4,O5'-dibenzoyl derivative 15, which was treated with thiocarbonyldiimidazole. Reduction of 16 with Bu3SnH/AIBN followed by debenzoylation afforded 12, which was obtained in crystalline form. F-AZT did not exhibit any significant activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. F-DDC, however, showed activity against HIV-1, but the therapeutic index is much inferior to that of AZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Watanabe
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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33
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Sochacka E, Nawrot B, Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA. Synthesis of 1-methyl-5-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracil and 1-methyl-5-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil. The C-nucleoside isostere of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and its 2'-"up"-fluoro analogue. J Med Chem 1990; 33:1995-9. [PMID: 2362280 DOI: 10.1021/jm00169a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-5-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracil (C-AZT), a C-nucleoside isostere of the potent anti-AIDS nucleoside 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), was synthesized. 1-Methyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-tritylpseudouridine (2a) was oxidized with CrO3/pyridine/Ac2O complex to 1-methyl-5-(5-O-trityl-beta-D-glycero-pentofuranos-3-ulosyl) uracil (12a), which was selectively reduced to 1-methyl-5-(5-O-trityl-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracil (13a). Mesylation of 13a to 14a followed by nucleophilic displacement of the mesyloxy group with azide afforded 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5'-O-trityl-1-methylpseudoridine (15a), which was detritylated to C-AZT. In a similar manner, 1-methyl-5-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (C-FMAU, a potent antiherpetic nucleoside) was converted into the 3'-azido analogue (3'-azido-C-FMAU). Both C-AZT and 3'-azido-C-FMAU, however, did not exhibit any significant inhibitory activity against HIV in H9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sochacka
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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34
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Abstract
A series of four 2'-azido-2',3'-dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized and their activity against human immunodeficiency virus was explored. 2,2'-Anhydro-5-O-benzoyluridine (6a) was prepared from 5-O-benzoyluridine (5a) and converted into 3'-deoxy analogue 8a by imidazolylthiocarbonylation followed by Bu3SnH reduction. Treatment of 8a with LiN3 in DMF followed by saponification afforded 2'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (1a). The 5'-O-benzoylated nucleoside 9a was further converted into the 5-bromo and 5-iodo analogues (1b and 1c) by halogenation and debenzoylation. 2',3'-O-Isopropylideneuridine (3) was converted in two steps into the thymine nucleoside, which was benzoylated and de-O-isopropylidenated to afford 5'-O-benzoyl-5-methyluridine (5d). 2'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methyluridine (1d) was synthesized from 5d in a similar manner as that used for the synthesis of 1a from 5a. These new nucleosides, closely related to AZT, however, did not exhibit any significant anti-HIV activity in tissue culture using H9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Warshaw
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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35
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Soike KF, Chou TC, Fox JJ, Watanabe KA, Gloff CA. Inhibition of simian varicella virus infection of monkeys by 1-(2-deoxy-2- fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil (FEAU) and synergistic effects of combination with human recombinant interferon-beta. Antiviral Res 1990; 13:165-74. [PMID: 2166466 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(90)90035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1-(2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil (FEAU) has been shown to be a highly effective inhibitor of Simian varicella virus infection in African green monkeys. Administration of FEAU by either intravenous injection or gavage at doses as low as 1 mg/kg/day prevented the development of rash and reduced viremia. The effective dose could be further reduced to 0.2 mg/kg/day when administered in combination with a sub-effective dose of human recombinant interferon-beta. No evidence of toxicity was seen in monkeys treated for 10 days with FEAU doses of 10 mg/kg/day when they were monitored by hematology and clinical chemistry tests and by clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Soike
- Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
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36
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Fourel I, Hantz O, Watanabe KA, Jacquet C, Chomel B, Fox JJ, Trepo C. Inhibitory effects of 2'-fluorinated arabinosyl-pyrimidine nucleosides on woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronically infected woodchucks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:473-5. [PMID: 2334160 PMCID: PMC171618 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.3.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of woodchuck hepatitis virus infections with 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodocytosine (FIAC) and 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (FMAU), given intraperitoneally, caused complete and permanent decrease of serum virus endogenous DNA polymerase and viral DNA in all treated woodchucks but was associated with severe toxicity. By contrast 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-ethyluracil (FEAU) induced a sustained, although less dramatic, decrease of viral replication without apparent toxic effect. FEAU was also effective when given orally. However, in both cases this inhibitory effect was transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fourel
- Unité de Recherche sur les Hépatites, le SIDA et les Rétrovirus Humains, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 271, Lyon, France
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37
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Tzeng CC, Wu YC, Su TL, Watanabe KA, Lu ST, Chou TC. Inhibitory effects of isoquinoline-type alkaloids on leukemic cell growth and macromolecule biosynthesis. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1990; 6:58-65. [PMID: 2352316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A number of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of plants indigenous to Taiwan were isolated and purified and their chemical structures were determined. These compounds, namely benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines or their N-oxides, aporphines, oxoaporphines and 1-N, N-dimethylaminoethylphenanthrenes or their N-oxides, were studied for their potency in inhibiting precursor incorporation into DNA, RNA and protein. Inhibition of murine leukemic L1210 and human leukemic CCRF-CEM and HL-60 cell growth was also examined. Of the compounds evaluated for cell growth inhibition, (+-)-N-methylcoclaurine(3), (-)-norannuradhapurine HBr(19), oxoglaucine (23), dicentrine methine (27) and 1-(N-methyl-N-hydroxyaminoethyl)-3, 4-methylenedioxy-7-methoxyphenanthrene (28) showed an IC50 less than 10 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Tzeng
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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38
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Darzynkiewicz Z, Carter SP, Kapuscinski J, Watanabe KA. Effect of derivatives of chrysophanol, a new type of potential antitumor agents of anthraquinone family, on growth and cell cycle of L1210 leukemic cells. Cancer Lett 1989; 46:181-7. [PMID: 2766258 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(89)90128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The new C-methyl modified derivatives of the anthraquinones chrysophanol and emodin, recently synthesized by us, are potentially bifunctional agents having the ability to intercalate to nucleic acids and also having alkylating properties. Two of these compounds, namely 3-(N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino)methyl-1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (Compound 31.662) and its 1,8-di-O-methylated analog (Compound 31.655) have been presently tested on murine leukemic L1210 cells in vitro with respect to their cell cycle specificity. During the initial 24 h of treatment the cytostatic effects of the drugs predominated, manifesting as suppression of cell progression through S (especially through the early portion of S phase) and G2. After 24 h, the cytotoxic effects became apparent, and there was also the appearance of cells with doubled DNA content suggestive of either endoreduplication or impairment of cytokinesis; these cells at higher ploidy level were progressing through S and G2. The observed effects were time- and dose-dependent, occurring at 0.1-0.4 micrograms/ml concentration of 31.662 and 2.0-10.0 micrograms/ml of its methylated analog, either during continuous- or after a 4-h pulse-treatment. Modulation of the cell cycle by the studied drugs is similar to that generally caused by intercalators as well as alkylating agents. However, because no positive evidence of intercalation of the studied drugs to nucleic acids was found, it is possible that alkylation of DNA or other cell constituents may be the primary lesion(s) leading to perturbation of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Darzynkiewicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Cell Research, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Walker Laboratories, Rye, NY 10580
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39
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Koyama M, Takahashi K, Chou TC, Darzynkiewicz Z, Kapuscinski J, Kelly TR, Watanabe KA. Intercalating agents with covalent bond forming capability. A novel type of potential anticancer agents. 2. Derivatives of chrysophanol and emodin. J Med Chem 1989; 32:1594-9. [PMID: 2738893 DOI: 10.1021/jm00127a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-one new C-methyl-modified derivatives of the anthraquinones chrysophanol and emodin or their various methyl ethers were prepared for structure-activity relationship studies of anticancer activity against mouse leukemia L1210 and human leukemia HL-60 cells. Representative compounds were spectrophotometrically studied for their capacity to interact with natural and denatured DNA. In general, those anthraquinones bearing an amino function interact with DNA. 1,8-Dimethoxyanthraquinones are incapable of intercalating into DNA. 1- or 8-Monohydroxymono-methoxyanthraquinones, however, interact with DNA to some extent. No straightforward correlation is apparent between the DNA-affinity data of the compounds studied spectrophotometrically and their cytotoxic effects. Cytotoxic potencies of these compounds on cell growth inhibition during a 72-h period are inversely correlated to their potencies when inhibiting [3H]TdR incorporation into DNA during the initial 30 min of exposure. Surprisingly, some compounds that showed more cytotoxicity did not inhibit initial TdR incorporation (0-30 min), while some others that strongly inhibited TdR incorporation initially did not exhibit cytotoxicity in 72 h. The results suggest that the cytotoxicity produced by these compounds is time dependent and is not a direct result of initial inhibition of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koyama
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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40
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Chu CK, Matulic-Adamic J, Huang JT, Chou TC, Burchenal JH, Fox JJ, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. CXXXV. Synthesis of some 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-9H-purines and their biological activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1989; 37:336-9. [PMID: 2743479 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.37.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven purine nucleosides containing the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl moiety were synthesized and tested for their antitumor activity. Direct condensation of 3-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl bromide (1) with N6-benzoyladenine in CH2Cl2 followed by saponification of the product afforded the adenine nucleoside (I, 2'-F-ara-A). Deamination of I with NaNO2 in HOAc gave the hypoxanthine analogue (II, 2'-F-ara-H). The 6-thiopurine nucleoside (III, 2'-F-ara-6MP) was prepared by condensation of 1 with 6-chloropurine by the mercury procedure followed by thiourea treatment and saponification of the product. Methylation of III gave the 6-SCH3 analogue (IV). Raney Ni desulfurization of III afforded the unsubstituted purine nucleoside (V, 2'-F-ara-P). Condensation of 1 with 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine by the silyl procedure afforded the protected 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine nucleoside which served as the precursor for both the guanine and 6-thioguanine nucleosides (VI, 2'-F-ara-G and VII, 2'-F-ara-TG, respectively). Thus, alkaline hydrolysis of the precursor gave VI. Thiourea treatment prior to alkaline hydrolysis gave VII. The new nucleoside, 2'-F-ara-G (VI) is found to be selectively toxic to human T-cell leukemia CCRF-CEM.
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41
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Kong XB, Scheck AC, Price RW, Vidal PM, Fanucchi MP, Watanabe KA, Fox JJ, Chou TC. Incorporation and metabolism of 2'-fluoro-5-substituted arabinosyl pyrimidines and their selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected and mock-infected Vero cells. Antiviral Res 1988; 10:153-66. [PMID: 2852483 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(88)90028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation and metabolism of 2'-fluoro-5-substituted arabinosyl pyrimidine analogs, and their selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected and mock-infected Vero cells were studied by HPLC and CsCl isopycnic density gradient analysis of isolated DNAs. The amounts of radiolabeled analogs incorporated as parent compound following 10 microM exposure for 4 h were 10-fold higher in HSV-1-infected vs mock-infected cells for 2'-fluoro-5-difluoromethyl-Ara-U (F2FMAU); 4.3-fold higher for 5-ethyl deoxyuridine (EdU); 2.6-fold higher for 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-Ara-U (FMAU) and 1.7-fold higher for dThd. For 2'-fluoro-5-ethyl-Ara-U (FEAU), 3.0 pmole of unchanged moiety was incorporated per 10(6) HSV-1-infected cells but no incorporation was detected in mock-infected cells. HPLC profiles showed that the percentages of radiolabeled analogs incorporated as parent compound in the DNA extracted from HSV-1-infected cells were 31.0% for F2FMAU, 99.6% for EdU, 83.5% for FEAU and 98.3% for FMAU; from mock-infected cells, they were 63.6% for F2FMAU, 96.7% for EdU, 97.3% for FMAU and no incorporation into DNA for FEAU was detected. CsCl density gradient analyses of isolated DNA showed that viral DNA synthesis was inhibited 98% by 10 microM FEAU, 92% by 10 microM F2FMAU, 90% by 2 microM FMAU and 80% by 50 microM EdU, whereas cellular DNA synthesis was inhibited by 53, 44, 61, 66 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that: (a) FEAU incorporation into host-cell DNA was not detectable but FEAU was selectively incorporated into HSV-infected cells; (b) FMAU and FEAU were metabolically stable; however, F2FMAU was extensively metabolized; (c) FEAU and F2FMAU were among the most selective inhibitors of HSV-1 DNA synthesis while allowing cellular DNA synthesis to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Kong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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42
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Matulic-Adamic J, Takahashi K, Chou TC, Gadler H, Price RW, Reddy AR, Kalman TI, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. 150. Synthesis and some biological properties of 5-monofluoromethyl, 5-difluoromethyl, and 5-trifluoromethyl derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil. J Med Chem 1988; 31:1642-7. [PMID: 2840503 DOI: 10.1021/jm00403a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new synthesis of 5-(monofluoromethyl)- and 5-(difluoromethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (F-FMAU and F2-FMAU) is reported. 3',5'-Di-O-(tert-butyldiphenyl)silylated thymidine or FMAU was photochemically brominated with NBS to the corresponding alpha-monobromide, which was hydrolyzed to the 5-hydroxymethyl derivative. Further oxidation of the latter with MnO2 afforded the 5-formyluracil nucleoside. Treatment of these nucleosides with DAST in CH2Cl2 gave the protected alpha-fluorinated nucleosides. Desiylation with TBAF afforded the desired free nucleosides. Also, 5-(trifluoromethyl)-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (F3-FMAU) was synthesized by copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of 5-iodo-2'-fluoro-ara-U (FIAU). These new nucleosides were studied in comparison with the corresponding 2'-deoxy-erythro-pentofuranosyl derivatives, for their inhibitory activity against cellular thymidylate synthase (TS) and [3H]TdR incorporation into DNA, cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells, and antiviral activity against herpes simplex types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2). F2-TDR and F3-TDR strongly inhibited TS and were also quite cytotoxic and antiherpetic, whereas FTDR was only active in the antiviral assay. In the 2'-fluoroarabino series, fluorine substitution at the alpha-methyl function did not alter significantly the antiherpetic activity. Although FMAU and F-FMAU did not inhibit TS to any significant extent, F2-FMAU and F3-FMAU were weakly inhibitory. The latter nucleosides did not inhibit [3H]TDR incorporation into DNA, while all the other alpha-fluorinated thymine nucleosides inhibited the incorporation of radioactivity of [3H]TDR into DNA to various extents. F2-FMAU and F3-FMAU were about 2 orders of magnitude less cytotoxic against HL-60 cells than were F2-TDR and F3-TDR. The results strongly suggest that in both the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino and the 2'-deoxy-erythro-pentofurano series the cytotoxic action of the alpha,alpha-difluoro and alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro derivatives may involve the inhibition of TS. The synthesis of [2-14C]F2-FMAU, as an experimental imaging agent, is also described. Unfortunately, the highly selective uptake of the labeled compound within infected brain regions previously noted with [2-14C]FMAU was not detected with the derivative [2-14C]F2-FMAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matulic-Adamic
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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Su TL, Huang JT, Chou TC, Otter GM, Sirotnak FM, Watanabe KA. Chemical synthesis and biological activities of 5-deazaaminopterin analogues bearing substituent(s) at the 5- and/or 7-position(s). J Med Chem 1988; 31:1209-15. [PMID: 3373490 DOI: 10.1021/jm00401a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Condensation of cyanothioacetamide (4) with ethyl alpha-(ethoxymethylene)acetoacetate (5b), ethyl 4-ethoxy-2-(ethoxymethylene)-3-oxobutanoate (5c), ethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)-3-oxo-4-phenylpropanoate (5d) afforded exclusively the corresponding 6-substituted pyridines (6b-d). Cyclization of 4 with 3-carbethoxybutane-2,4-dione (5e) gave 3-cyano-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (6e), whereas reaction of 4 with 3-carbethoxy-1-phenylpropane-1,3-dione (5f) yielded two products, 3-cyano-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridine-2(1H)-thione (6f) and the 6-methyl-4-phenyl isomer 6g. The structural assignments for 6f and 6g are made on the basis of 1H and 13C NMR spectral analyses of the 2-(methylthio)nicotinates (7f,g) prepared from 6f and 6g by treatment with MeI/K2CO3. Nicotinates 7b,d-g were converted into their corresponding 2,4-diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines 12b,d-g in five steps, via reduction, protection, oxidation, condensation with guanidine, and deprotection. The 7-mono- and 5,7-disubstituted-5-deazaaminopterins (1b,d-g) were prepared from the respective pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines 12b,d-g. Preliminary biological studies showed that 7-methyl and 5,7-dimethyl analogues (1b and 1e) were less active than methotrexate against human leukemic HL-60 and murine L-1210 cells in tissue culture. Compound 1e produced an ILS of 71% at 100 mg/kg per day X 5 (ip) in BDF mice inoculated ip with 10(6) L-1210 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Su
- Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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Matulic-Adamic J, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. CXLIX. Novel and practical synthesis of alpha-monofluoro- and alpha,alpha-difluorothymidine (F-TDR and F2-TDR). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:1554-7. [PMID: 3138033 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
From a series of gossypol derivatives studied, we conclude that the carbonyl groups of gossypol are needed for inhibition of erythrocyte anion transport and the hydroxy groups affect but are not essential to that inhibition. In an in vitro mouse erythroleukemia cytocidal assay, the most active compounds were gossypol and apogossypol. The latter was not active in the inhibition of erythrocyte anion transport or in a spermicidal assay. Of the more simple structures related to gossypol, those that were active in the cytocidal and spermicidal assays were bi-aromatic, linked by a 1- and not a 4-carbon chain and had free phenolic hydroxyl groups. These results are included in a discussion of the specificity and mechanism of action of gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sonenberg
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Koyama M, Kelly TR, Watanabe KA. Novel type of potential anticancer agents derived from chrysophanol and emodin. Some structure-activity relationship studies. J Med Chem 1988; 31:283-4. [PMID: 3339601 DOI: 10.1021/jm00397a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Koyama
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Division of Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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Kabat MM, Pankiewicz KW, Sochacka E, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. CXLVIII. Synthesis of 6-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)picolinamide. A novel C-nucleoside from D-ribonolactone. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1988; 36:634-40. [PMID: 3136937 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.36.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Pankiewicz KW, Nawrot B, Gadler H, Price RW, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. 146. 1-Methyl-5-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil, the C-nucleoside isostere of the potent antiviral agent 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (FMAU). Studies directed toward the synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-substituted arabino nucleosides. 6. J Med Chem 1987; 30:2314-6. [PMID: 2824777 DOI: 10.1021/jm00395a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 5-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-1-methyluracil (1, C-FMAU), an isostere of the potent antiviral and antitumor nucleoside 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)thymine (2'-fluoro-5-methyl-ara-U or FMAU), was achieved. Pseudouridine (2) was converted into 4,5'-anhydro-3'-O-acetyl-2'-O-triflylpseudouridine (4), which was treated with tris(dimethylamino)sulfur (1+) difluorotrimethylsilicate (TASF) to give 4,5'-anhydro-5-(3-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-1- methyluracil (5b) in 40% yield. Acid hydrolysis of the 4,5'-anhydro linkage of 5b with Dowex 50 (H+) afforded C-FMAU. The inhibitory activity of C-FMAU against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was about 10-fold less than that of FMAU in tissue culture. This compound, however, did not show significant activity in mice inoculated with HSV-1 or HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Pankiewicz
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
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Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. CXLIV. Some reactions of 2'-O-triflyl-2,3'-anhydroxylosyluracil with nucleophilic reagents. Synthesis of 2'-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyuridinene. Studies directed toward the synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-substituted arabino nucleosides. (5). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35:4498-502. [PMID: 3442884 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pankiewicz KW, Watanabe KA. Nucleosides. CXLIII. Synthesis of 5'-deoxy-5'-substituted-2,2'-anhydro-1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) uracils. A new 2,5'- to 2,2'-anhydro-nucleoside transformation. Studies directed toward the synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-substituted arabino nucleosides. (4). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987; 35:4494-7. [PMID: 3442883 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.35.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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