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Hauser BM, Miller WC, Tweya H, Speight C, Mtande T, Phiri S, Ball LM, Hosseinipour MC, Hoffman IF, Rosenberg NE. Assessing Option B+ retention and infant follow-up in Lilongwe, Malawi. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:185-194. [PMID: 28750577 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417721658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malawi launched Option B+, a program for all pregnant or breastfeeding HIV-positive women to begin lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), in July 2011. This study characterises a portion of the continuum of care within an antenatal setting in Lilongwe. Women testing HIV-positive and having a cART initiation record at Bwaila Antenatal Clinic from July 2013 to January 2014 were included. Using logistic regression models, we analysed relationships between maternal characteristics and return for infant testing. Among 490 HIV-positive women with a cART initiation record, 360 (73%) were retained at three months. Of these, 203 (56%) were adherent. Records of infant testing were located for 204 women (42%). Women who were not retained were less likely to have an early infant diagnosis record (aOR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.41). Among the women retained, there was a non-significant association between maternal adherence and infant testing (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.89, 2.06). Women lost at earlier continuum stages, who are at higher risk for mother-to-child-transmission, were less likely to bring infants for testing. Even with a test-and-treat program, many women did not remain in care or bring their infant for testing. Facilitating strategies to improve these measures remains an important unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Hauser
- 1 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William C Miller
- 2 Department of Medicine, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,3 Department of Epidemiology, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannock Tweya
- 4 Lighthouse Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi.,5 The International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | | | - Tiwonge Mtande
- 6 156288 University of North Carolina Project , Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Sam Phiri
- 2 Department of Medicine, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,4 Lighthouse Trust, Lilongwe, Malawi.,7 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - L M Ball
- 1 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mina C Hosseinipour
- 2 Department of Medicine, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 156288 University of North Carolina Project , Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Irving F Hoffman
- 2 Department of Medicine, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 156288 University of North Carolina Project , Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Nora E Rosenberg
- 2 Department of Medicine, 2331 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 156288 University of North Carolina Project , Lilongwe, Malawi
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2
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Bresters D, Wanders DCM, Louwerens M, Ball LM, Fiocco M, van Doorn R. Permanent diffuse alopecia after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:984-988. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Bindels de Heus GCB, Ball LM, Michiels EMC, Moll HA, Niks EH, van Walraven SM. [Paediatric palliative care: multidisciplinary and pro-active]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2017; 161:D857. [PMID: 28294926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Every child with a life-limiting or threatening illness, and his or her family, has a right to palliative care. Palliative care is not limited to end-of-life care, but starts from the moment of diagnosis and is independent of whether there are curative options. To optimise quality of life of both the child and the family, the emphasis of care should be on both somatic and psychosocial and spiritual aspects from the very start, and goals should be set together with the child and the family. A multidisciplinary and pro-active approach is essential if this is to be achieved. It is, therefore, strongly recommended that at least every academic hospital should have a multidisciplinary paediatric palliative care team.
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4
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Lannon CL, Hinchliffe SA, Pope JD, Ball LM, Van Velzen D. Ulceration of the Small and Large Bowel Mucosain Resection Specimens of Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Fibrosing Colonopathy. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158198226765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosing colonopathy (FC), observed in cystic fibrosis patients taking high-strength pancreatic enzyme preparations, is characterized by progressive obstruction of the ascending colon, with long-segment fusiform stenosis due to the deposition of submucosal fibrous tissue. The pathogenesis is uncertain, although direct toxic damage to the colonic mucosa by a constituent of such preparations has been proposed as an explanation. Mucosal defects and rectal bleeding have been observed by colonoscopy in cystic fibrosis patients at risk for and with evident FC. In a quantitative, observational study, mucosal defects were studied in six ileo-cecal resection specimens with FC confirmed by three independent pathologists' review. Representative areas (2.5-cm-long segments) were taken of terminal ileum, cecal colon, and ascending colon both at the site of most severe stenosis and at the most distal ascending colon site available; after processing with paraffin, the areas were serially sectioned at 500-μm intervals for the preparation of 5-μm sections for microscopical assessment. Marking in each section the area affected by (repairing) ulceration, and using three-dimensional reconstructions of the bowel lining, individual mucosal lesions were reconstructed. Using the reconstructed bowels, point scoring analysis of the area fraction affected by ulceration as well as the area of individual lesions was carried out. Lesions of variable age were found in the terminal
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Lannon
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - S. A. Hinchliffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - J. D. Pope
- MRC Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. M. Ball
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - D. Van Velzen
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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5
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Calkoen FGJ, Vervat C, van Pel M, de Haas V, Vijfhuizen LS, Eising E, Kroes WGM, 't Hoen PAC, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Egeler RM, van Tol MJD, Ball LM. Despite differential gene expression profiles pediatric MDS derived mesenchymal stromal cells display functionality in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:198-210. [PMID: 25679997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous disease covering a spectrum ranging from aplasia (RCC) to myeloproliferation (RAEB(t)). In adult-type MDS there is increasing evidence for abnormal function of the bone-marrow microenvironment. Here, we extensively studied the mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from children with MDS. MSCs were expanded from the bone-marrow of 17 MDS patients (RCC: n=10 and advanced MDS: n=7) and pediatric controls (n=10). No differences were observed with respect to phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunomodulatory capacity or hematopoietic support. mRNA expression analysis by Deep-SAGE revealed increased IL-6 expression in RCC- and RAEB(t)-MDS. RCC-MDS MSC expressed increased levels of DKK3, a protein associated with decreased apoptosis. RAEB(t)-MDS revealed increased CRLF1 and decreased DAPK1 expressions. This pattern has been associated with transformation in hematopoietic malignancies. Genes reported to be differentially expressed in adult MDS-MSC did not differ between MSC of pediatric MDS and controls. An altered mRNA expression profile, associated with cell survival and malignant transformation, of MSC derived from children with MDS strengthens the hypothesis that the micro-environment is of importance in this disease. Our data support the understanding that pediatric and adult MDS are two different diseases. Further evaluation of the pathways involved might reveal additional therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G J Calkoen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Immunology, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - C Vervat
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Immunology, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M van Pel
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V de Haas
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - L S Vijfhuizen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Eising
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W G M Kroes
- Laboratory for Diagnostic Genome Analysis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P A C 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG), The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M Egeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Immunology, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M J D van Tol
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Immunology, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L M Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Immunology, Hematology/Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Loeffen EAH, Mulder RL, Kremer LCM, Michiels EMC, Abbink FCH, Ball LM, Segers H, Mavinkurve-Groothuis AMC, Smit FJ, Vonk IJM, vd Wetering MD, Tissing WJE. Development of clinical practice guidelines for supportive care in childhood cancer—prioritization of topics using a Delphi approach. Support Care Cancer 2014; 23:1987-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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van Walraven SM, Straathof LM, Switzer GE, Lankester A, Korthof ET, Brand A, Ball LM. Immediate and long-term somatic effects, and health-related quality of life of BM donation during early childhood. A single-center report in 210 pediatric donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:40-5. [PMID: 22705802 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since 1968, when Leiden undertook the first successful European pediatric BM transplantation with a 7-year-old sibling donor, more than 300 young children have donated BM in our unit. We first retrospectively studied a cohort of 210 donors, younger than 13 years at donation, to survey procedures of donor eligibility and study immediate effects of BM donation. We then performed a long-term follow-up (FU) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) study. Despite documentation of previous medical conditions, no child was declared unfit to donate. We found that iron deficiency anemia or low-iron stores in BM did not result in treatment or extended FU. Harvest volumes exceeded 15 mL/kg in 65% of donors, with more than half requiring allogeneic blood transfusions. Donors had no structured FU after their first post-donation control. In this study, 25% of donors reported at least one somatic complaint at long-term FU. Finally long-term HRQoL revealed high scores in most subdomains (representing a higher QoL), compared to norm groups. These results indicate the need for development of (inter)national guidelines for pediatric stem cell donor care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Walraven
- Department of Pediatric SCT, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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8
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van Walraven SM, Ball LM, Koopman HM, Switzer GE, Ropes-de Jong CMH, de Jong A, Bredius RGM, Egeler RM. Managing a dual role-experiences and coping strategies of parents donating haploidentical G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells to their children. Psychooncology 2010; 21:168-75. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Bernardo ME, Ball LM, Cometa AM, Roelofs H, Zecca M, Avanzini MA, Bertaina A, Vinti L, Lankester A, Maccario R, Ringden O, Le Blanc K, Egeler RM, Fibbe WE, Locatelli F. Co-infusion of ex vivo-expanded, parental MSCs prevents life-threatening acute GVHD, but does not reduce the risk of graft failure in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic umbilical cord blood transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:200-7. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Vrielink H, Meijer B, van't Ende E, Ball LM, Brand A, Zwaginga JJ. Granulocyte transfusions for pediatric patients and the establishment of national treatment guidelines and donor registry. Transfus Apher Sci 2009; 41:73-6. [PMID: 19525147 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G-CSF/dexamethasone stimulated donor derived granulocyte transfusion (GTX) has been shown in non-randomized studies to be a useful co-therapy in immune-compromised patients unresponsive to conventional antimicrobial treatments. Reports of GTX are however usually single institution adult experiences. Substantiated pediatric data, other than in neonates, is less common.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vrielink
- Sanquin Blood Bank North West, Plesmalaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Ball LM, Siddal S, van Saenen H. Teicoplanin in home therapy of the terminally ill child. Eur J Haematol Suppl 2009; 54:14-7. [PMID: 8365460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1993.tb01900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Children discharged in the terminal phase of illness were offered the possibility of having central venous line infections treated with teicoplanin at home by their parents after suitable instruction. The decision to begin antibiotic treatment was subjective, based on a history of rigors and/or raised temperature in an otherwise "well" child. No difficulties were encountered in instructing the chosen parents. In all, five treatment periods of 7 days were required in the five children selected. The review time was 31 weeks (mean duration, 6.2 weeks/patient; range, 4-12 weeks), ended in all cases by death. Infection occurred a mean of 3.2 weeks after discharge (range, 1-8 weeks), and all episodes were successfully treated at home without hospital admission or ward-based support. No deaths occurred as a result of antibiotic therapy failure, and there were no clinically relevant side-effects. Autopsy confirmed the absence of central venous line infection in one patient, but blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus in another. This study shows that home treatment of line infections with teicoplanin is effective and well tolerated, and offers advantages in terms of quality of life and parent-child relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, UK
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12
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Helming AM, Brand A, Wolterbeek R, van Tol MJD, Egeler RM, Ball LM. ABO incompatible stem cell transplantation in children does not influence outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 49:313-7. [PMID: 16960869 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although delayed red cell engraftment and/or hemolysis have been thoroughly documented in association with ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), there are no studies defining the general, long term clinical outcome in a large group of pediatric patients. METHODS We undertook a retrospective single center analysis of children undergoing pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation to determine the influence of ABO donor/recipient incompatibility. Outcome was analyzed according to donor type and included survival, graft versus host disease (GvHD), relapse, days of infection, antibiotic use, transfusion requirement and duration of hospital stay. RESULTS Two hundred and sixteen children (136 males; 80 females, aged 0-19) transplanted between January 1992 and December 2003 were included in the study. Indications for transplantation were hematological malignancies (n=179) and aplastic conditions (n=37). ABO compatibility was documented in 121 donor/recipient pairs. ABO incompatibility was documented in 95 donor/recipient pairs with 40 major, 40 minor and 15 bi-directional incompatible pairs. ABO incompatibility did not influence survival rate (P=0.3762), the incidence of GvHD (P=0.253) or rate of relapse (P=0.930). Recovery of leucocytes was influenced by ABO incompatibility (P=0.0493), but the rate of infection, transfusion requirements and duration of hospital stay are not. CONCLUSION In the pediatric setting, ABO major and/or minor mismatch between donor and recipient did not significantly influence the outcome of HSCT. The choice of donor should be determined by the degree of HLA match and CMV status in preference to ABO blood group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Helming
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Korthof ET, Snijder PP, de Graaff AA, Lankester AC, Bredius RGM, Ball LM, Lie JLWT, Vossen JM, Egeler RM. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: a single center experience of 23 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:455-61. [PMID: 15654356 PMCID: PMC7091614 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a childhood leukemia for which allogeneic BMT is the only curative therapy. At our pediatric stem cell transplantation unit, we performed 26 BMTs in 23 children (age 0.5–12.7 years). Conditioning was CY/TBI based (1980–1996, n=14) or BU/CY/melphalan based (1996–2001, n=9). Donors were HLA-identical siblings (n=11), unrelated volunteers (n=9) or mismatched family members (n=3). A total of 10 patients survive in CR (median follow-up 6.8 years, range 3.1–22.2 years). Relapse or persistent disease was observed in eight and two patients, respectively. Nine of these patients died, one achieved a second remission following acute nonlymphatic leukemia chemotherapy (duration to date 5.3 years). Transplant-related mortality occurred in four patients. Overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 43.5%. Using T-cell-depleted, one-antigen mismatched unrelated donors was the only significant adverse factor associated with relapse in multivariate analysis (P=0.039, hazard ratio 4.9). Together with a trend towards less relapse in patients with graft-versus-host-disease and in patients transplanted with matched unrelated donors, this suggests a graft-versus-leukemia effect of allogeneic BMT in JMML.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Korthof
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Zwaveling J, Bredius RGM, Cremers SCLM, Ball LM, Lankester AC, Teepe-Twiss IM, Egeler RM, den Hartigh J, Vossen JM. Intravenous busulfan in children prior to stem cell transplantation: study of pharmacokinetics in association with early clinical outcome and toxicity. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:17-23. [PMID: 15502853 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied the pharmacokinetics of intravenous busulfan (Bu) in children in order to further optimize intravenous Bu dosing in relation to toxicity and survival. A total of 31 children undergoing Bu-based conditioning for allogeneic SCT were enrolled in a study. The starting dose was 1.0 mg/kg (age < 4 years) and 0.8 mg/kg (age > or =4 years), four doses per day during 4 days. Dose adjustment was allowed up to a maximum dose of 1.0 mg/kg per dose if the target area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) was not reached. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed after the first dose. Donor engraftment was established in 28 out of 31 patients. The average AUC after the first dose was the same in children < 4 years as in children > or =4 years. Mean clearance was higher in children < 4 years than in children > or =4 years. In 35% of all patients, total AUC was within the target AUC. The other children's AUCs were below the target range. No relationships were found between systemic exposure to Bu and toxicity or clinical outcome. We concluded that, in accordance with previous data, within the observed AUCs no clear relationship was observed between Bu AUC and outcome with respect to toxicity, engraftment and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zwaveling
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Ball LM, Lankester AC, Bredius RGM, Fibbe WE, van Tol MJD, Egeler RM. Graft dysfunction and delayed immune reconstitution following haploidentical peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35 Suppl 1:S35-8. [PMID: 15812528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For many children with life-threatening hematological diseases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative option. In children lacking a matched related or unrelated donor and with the certainty that, left untreated, death will ensue alternative donors must be sought. Haplo-identical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) from a healthy parent is a feasible alternative. To reduce the risk of fatal graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) as a complication of transplant across major histocompatibility antigens, intense T-cell depletion is required. Large numbers of purified, cytokine mobilized peripheral stem cells (the so-called mega-dose concept) are required to compensate for the significantly increased risk of either graft failure or early rejection. In our unit, despite this approach, graft dysfunction has, in a significant group of children, proved problematic and, despite salvage attempts at re-transplantation, usually fatal. In children with hematological malignant disease, our overall relapse-free survival is 41%. However, successful transplant outcome has been associated with considerable delays in immune reconstitution that can be implicated in subsequent viral reactivation. We are investigating new strategies to improve the outcome of haplo-identical PBSCT, which may allow us to offer this form of treatment to more children requiring urgent HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Ball LM, Bes MA, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Egeler RM, Kuijper EJ. Significance of amplified fragment length polymorphism in identification and epidemiological examination of Candida species colonization in children undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1673-9. [PMID: 15071024 PMCID: PMC387556 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1673-1679.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and non-C. albicans Candida species are increasingly being isolated from patients in high-risk categories, most notably, those who have undergone stem cell transplantation (SCT). Identification of the presence of non-C. albicans Candida species early in the course of the transplant procedure is important, as these species exhibit different sensitivities to the available antifungal treatments and cause mortality at rates that vary from those for C. albicans. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has been shown to be a reliable method of reproducibly identifying medically important Candida species. We investigated the use of serial AFLP analysis of 54 routine surveillance cultures for the identification and epidemiological examination of Candida sp. colonization in five consecutive children undergoing allogeneic SCT. One child became colonized with a C. albicans strain and remained colonized with this strain during the whole admission period. Another child had persistent colonization with a C. albicans strain with striking variations in its AFLP patterns over time, which was considered indicative of microevolution. Candida dubliniensis, Candida lusitaniae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were identified in the three remaining patients, with two children being simultaneously and transiently colonized with different species. These findings show that colonization with yeasts during transplantation is a complex and dynamic interaction between the host and the organism(s). In our study three strains from eight separate time points were incorrectly identified as C. albicans by a rapid enzyme test. AFLP analysis of surveillance cultures allowed more accurate and informative epidemiological evaluations of pathogenic yeasts in children during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Kraal KC, van Paassen N, Ball LM, Jansen PM, ten Cate R. [Three children with general malaise, fever, weight loss and cervical lymphadenopathy]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004; 148:453-7. [PMID: 15042888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of symptoms such as general malaise, fever, weight loss and cervical lymphadenopathy have extensive differential diagnoses. In three children, girls aged 11, 13 and 17 years who presented with these symptoms, three different diagnoses were obtained. The first had Hodgkin's disease, the second mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), and the third Hodgkin's disease in combination with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A systematic approach is necessary for the diagnosis of such conditions. Careful history taking can provide valuable information while a physical examination provides essential clues for the final diagnosis. In particular, nail-fold lesions, tendon nodules and signs of myopathy should be looked for in patients suspected of MCTD and/or SLE. In Hodgkin's disease, generalized or localised lymphadenopathy combined with a short history of extreme fatigue are the most important. Additional investigations should be individualized in order to minimise the diagnostic delay and make possible early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Kraal
- Afd. Immunologie, Hematologie, Oncologie, Beenmergtransplantatie en Auto-immuunziekten, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden
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18
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Ball LM, Lankester AC, Giordano PC, van Weel MH, Harteveld CL, Bredius RGM, Smiers FJ, Egeler RM, Vossen JMJJ. Paediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for homozygous beta-thalassaemia, the Dutch experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 31:1081-7. [PMID: 12796787 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the results of the Dutch paediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) program for children receiving HLA-identical BMT for beta-thalassaemia major over an 18-year period. In all, 19 patients underwent a total of 21 transplants in our treatment centre between July 1984 and February 2002. Eight females (age 0.3-12 years; median 5 years) and 11 males (age 0.8-18 years; median 6 years) were included. Information, prospectively collected, included molecular defects, donor genotype, beta/alpha-globin expression rates, serum ferritin levels, hepato-splenomegaly, chelation history, virology screening, liver pathology together with post-transplant outcome inclusive of leucocyte chimerism. In total, 11 patients received standard busulphan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) conditioning, with or without ATG. Stable engraftment was seen in 5/11 with late rejection occurring in six patients. Of these, two children underwent a second successful SCT. For this group, overall event-free survival (EFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 90 (10/11) and 64% (7/11), respectively. The probability of rejection was 55%. Subsequent addition of melphalan to the conditioning regimen resulted in long-term stable engraftment in all patients with an EFS/DFS for this group of 90% (9/10). Treatment-related mortality, irrespective of conditioning, was low at 5% (1/19 patients). Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) occurred in 19% (4/21 transplants) and acute GvHD in 19% (4/21 transplants). Post-BMT beta/alpha synthetic ratio measurement monitored donor erythroid engraftment and predicted rejection with a return to transfusion dependency. Maintained full donor chimerism is indicative of stable engraftment both for leucocyte and erythroid lineages, whereas mixed donor chimerism is not. Our results emphasise the importance of the conditioning regimen and post-transplant chimerism surveillance predictive of rejection or long-term stable engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- The Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Schulz MR, Hertz-Picciotto I, van Wijngaarden E, Hernandez JC, Ball LM. Dose-response relation between acrylamide and pancreatic cancer. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58:609. [PMID: 11529235 PMCID: PMC1740186 DOI: 10.1136/oem.58.9.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Schulz MR, Hertz-Picciotto I, Todd L, Ball LM. Reconciling animal and human data in a cancer risk assessment of acrylonitrile. Scand J Work Environ Health 2001; 27:14-20. [PMID: 11266142 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bioassays of rats exposed to acrylonitrile have consistently detected an elevated incidence of central nervous system (CNS) cancer. In contrast, epidemiologic studies have not found a statistically stable increase in CNS cancer mortality. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not CNS cancers predicted from the most appropriate inhalation bioassay in rats are consistent with CNS cancers observed in 3 recent, large epidemiologic studies. METHODS A linearized multistage model was fit to dose-response data from a rat inhalation bioassay to estimate carcinogenic potency. This potency was applied to epidemiologic studies of acrylonitrile-exposed workers. After adjustment for less than complete lifetime follow-up in the epidemiologic studies, consistency was examined between CNS cancers predicted by the model fit to the animal data for the exposure levels and sample sizes of the epidemiologicy studies and the CNS cancers observed in the epidemiologic studies. RESULTS The model predicted totals of 17.7, 3.6, and 7.6 CNS cancer deaths for the studies. These predictions were not far from the observed CNS cancer deaths (12, 6, and 6) and were well within their 95% confidence intervals of 6.9-22.3, 2.2-13.1, and 2.2-13.1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CNS cancer potency estimated from the best available inhalation bioassay was consistent with the observed deaths in the epidemiologic studies as long as continuous lifetime exposure was chosen as the exposure metric. The lack of observed excess in CNS cancer among the studied workers may have been due to low exposures, insufficient follow-up times, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Schulz
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7400, USA
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21
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DeMarini DM, Shelton ML, Kohan MJ, Hudgens EE, Kleindienst TE, Ball LM, Walsh D, de Boer JG, Lewis-Bevan L, Rabinowitz JR, Claxton LD, Lewtas J. Mutagenicity in lung of big Blue((R)) mice and induction of tandem-base substitutions in Salmonella by the air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): predicted formation of intrastrand cross-links. Mutat Res 2000; 457:41-55. [PMID: 11106797 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a ubiquitous air pollutant formed from NO(2) reacting with acetoxy radicals generated from ambient aldehydes in the presence of sunlight and ozone. It contributes to eye irritation associated with photochemical smog and is present in most urban air. PAN was generated in a chamber containing open petri dishes of Salmonella TA100 (gas-phase exposure). After subtraction of the background mutation spectrum, the spectrum of PAN-induced mutants selected at 3.1-fold above the background mutant yield was 59% GC-->TA, 29% GC-->AT, 2% GC-->CG, and 10% multiple mutations - primarily GG-->TT tandem-base substitutions. Using computational molecular modeling methods, a mechanism was developed for producing this unusual tandem-base substitution. The mechanism depends on the protonation of PAN near the polyanionic DNA to release NO(2)(+) resulting in intrastrand dimer formation. Insertion of AA opposite the dimerized GG would account for the tandem GG-->TT transversions. Nose-only exposure of Big Blue((R)) mice to PAN at 78ppm (near the MTD) was mutagenic at the lacI gene in the lung (mutant frequency +/-S.E. of 6.16+/-0.58/10(5) for controls versus 8.24+/-0.30/10(5) for PAN, P=0.016). No tandem-base mutations were detected among the 40 lacI mutants sequenced. Dosimetry with 3H-PAN showed that 24h after exposure, 3.9% of the radiolabel was in the nasal tissue, and only 0.3% was in the lung. However, based on the molecular modeling considerations, the labeled portion of the molecule would not have been expected to have been bound covalently to DNA. Our results indicate that PAN is weakly mutagenic in the lungs of mice and in Salmonella and that PAN produces a unique signature mutation (a tandem GG-->TT transversion) in Salmonella that is likely due to a GG intrastrand cross-link. Thus, PAN may pose a mutagenic and possible carcinogenic risk to humans, especially at the high concentrations at which it is present in some urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M DeMarini
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, 27711, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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22
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Jayaraj K, Gold A, Ball LM, White PS. N-porphyrinylamino and -amido compounds by addition of an amino or amido nitrogen to a porphyrin meso position. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:3652-64. [PMID: 11196829 DOI: 10.1021/ic000112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of octaethylporphyrin derivatives in which the porphyrin pi-network is connected to phenyl, 3-fluoranthenyl, or 1-pyrenyl aromatic systems through a meso amino or amido nitrogen. Metal-free bases and zinc(II) and iron(III) complexes have been obtained. These compounds represent the first examples of linkages between porphyrins and extended pi-networks through a nitrogen atom directly attached to a porphyrin meso position. 1H NMR studies of the metal-free bases and zinc complexes showed that in the amido-linked adducts, the plane containing the aryl substituent was oriented perpendicular to the plane of the porphyrin. Linkage through the secondary amino nitrogen, however, allowed the aryl plane to rotate toward coplanarity with the porphyrin plane, resulting in conjugation of the highest occupied aryl and porphyrin molecular orbitals through the nitrogen lone pair. In developing routes to the amino-linked compounds, the facile formation of fused azaaryl chlorins via an oxidative intramolecular cycloaddition was observed. An aryl carbon ortho to the meso linkage attacked the beta-carbon of an adjacent pyrrole ring, accompanied by 1,2-migration of a pyrrole beta-ethyl substituent and a two-electron oxidation of the initially formed macrocycle. The resulting structures are analogous to benzochlorins. The electronic spectra of the metal-free bases are characterized by intense, long-wavelength bands in the visible region. Molecular structures of the chloroferric complexes of the azabenzofluorantheno- and azabenzpyrenoporphyrin macrocycles (derived from fusion of the fluoranthenyl and pyrenyl substituents, respectively) were obtained by X-ray diffraction. The porphyrin moiety in the azabenzofluoranthenoporphyrin adopted a gable structure, with a 22 degrees fold along a diagonal including the pyrrole-ring C4 and C16 alpha-carbons. By contrast, the azabenzpyrenoporphyrin was virtually planar.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jayaraj
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of leukemia; benzene, an established leukemogen, is present in cigarette smoke. By combining epidemiologic data on the health effects of smoking with risk assessment techniques for low-dose extrapolation, we assessed the proportion of smoking-induced total leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) attributable to the benzene in cigarette smoke. We fit both linear and quadratic models to data from two benzene-exposed occupational cohorts to estimate the leukemogenic potency of benzene. Using multiple-decrement life tables, we calculated lifetime risks of total leukemia and AML deaths for never, light, and heavy smokers. We repeated these calculations, removing the effect of benzene in cigarettes based on the estimated potencies. From these life tables we determined smoking-attributable risks and benzene-attributable risks. The ratio of the latter to the former constitutes the proportion of smoking-induced cases attributable to benzene. Based on linear potency models, the benzene in cigarette smoke contributed from 8 to 48% of smoking-induced total leukemia deaths [95% upper confidence limit (UCL), 20-66%], and from 12 to 58% of smoking-induced AML deaths (95% UCL, 19-121%). The inclusion of a quadratic term yielded results that were comparable; however, potency models with only quadratic terms resulted in much lower attributable fractions--all < 1%. Thus, benzene is estimated to be responsible for approximately one-tenth to one-half of smoking-induced total leukemia mortality and up to three-fifths of smoking-related AML mortality. In contrast to theoretical arguments that linear models substantially overestimate low-dose risk, linear extrapolations from empirical data over a dose range of 10- to 100-fold resulted in plausible predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Korte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA
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Prusiewicz CM, Sangaiah R, Gold A, Ball LM. Synthesis of 3′-Phosphate Adducts of Cyclopenta[cd]Pyrene with Deoxyguanosine via 3′-H-Phosphonate Intermediates. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908020597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Yacopucci MA, Sangaiah R, Ball LM. Synthesis and Characterization of Di-and Trihydroxylated Metabolites of 3-Nitrofluoranthene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908019118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Sangaiah R, Prusiewicz CM, Hayward JJ, Gold A, Ball LM. Synthesis ofcisAdducts of Cyclopenta[cd]Pyrene with Deoxyguanosine and Deoxyadenosine. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Ball LM, Pyesmany AF, Yhap M, Lannon CL, Henry M, Laybolt K, Riddell DC, van Velzen D. Apoptosis corrected proliferation fraction in childhood ALL is related to karyotype. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:297-303. [PMID: 10500805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour doubling time, a parameter in drug sensitivity testing, reflects both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Variable apoptosis fractions may explain the poor correlation of S-fraction and drug response. DNA aneuploidy (reflecting intrinsic DNA instability) may, by increasing apoptosis, affect drug response. AIM To assess the relationship between apoptosis corrected proliferation fraction and DNA ploidy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS 1.3.1. Study Groups. Thirty two consecutive, unselected diagnostic cases of childhood ALL were included in the study. 1.3.2. Karyotype. A normal karyotype was found in 15 cases (7M, 8F, age 8 m-12 yrs); high hyperdiploid aneuploidy (DNA index > 1.5) was found in 7 patients (1M, 7F, age 3-12 yrs) whereas complex karyotypic anomalies, but with 2n or near 2n DNA were present in 10 patients (7M, 3F, age 1 y 7 m -16 yrs). 1.3.3. Proliferation Fraction Assessment. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-phase associated nuclear expression of the Ki-67 antigen (MM1, NovaCastra, UK). 1.3.4. Apoptosis Fraction Assessment. Binding of a horse radish peroxidase labelled DNA probe for the 3'-OH ends of apoptosis derived Klenow fragments (Frag-EL, CalBiochem, USA). 1.3.5. Quantitation. Computer assisted image analysis (Quantimet 570C), of 10 systematically random fields of a minimum of 20 nuclei each. A nuclear size bias correcting counting frame and rule were used to correct for cell proliferation associated nuclear volume increase and for the expected nuclear volume reduction resulting from apoptosis. RESULTS Corrected for apoptosis, proliferation fraction was highest (mean 57.5%, range 1-100) in poor prognosis, complex karyotype anomalies. Good prognosis, high hyper diploidy showed significantly lower proliferation rates (mean 24.7%, range 12-40) (p < 0.01, t-test). CONCLUSION Apoptosis corrected cell proliferation rate in childhood ALL is not independent of karyotype abnormality which may partly explain a relation to therapy response and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Pyesmany AF, Ball LM, Yhap M, Henry M, Laybolt K, Riddell DC, van Velzen D. Proliferation and apoptosis does not affect presenting white cell count in childhood ALL. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:305-12. [PMID: 10500806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment response/drug resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is related to presenting white cell count. This relationship might be explained by high proliferation fraction or by absence of significant apoptosis, but is presently unknown. AIMS To study the relationship between proliferation and apoptosis in childhood ALL. METHODS 1.3.1. Study Groups. Thirty consecutive, unselected cases of childhood ALL (15M,15F). White cell count varied from 1-200 at presentation. 1.3.2. Proliferation/Apoptosis Fraction. Immunocytochemical detection of Ki-67 (MM1, NovaCastra, UK) on 5 microns paraffin slides, Immunocytochemical detection of apoptosis specific DNA (Klenow) fragments by labelling of 3'-OH ends in 10 microns paraffin sections (Frag-EL, CalBiochem, USA). 1.3.3. Quantitation. Image analysis (Quantimet 570C) using nuclear size bias correcting counting frame and rule. Calculation of proliferation (%Ki-67) fraction and of apoptosis corrected proliferation fraction (%Ki-67/100-%apoptosis). RESULTS Using both linear, logarithmic regression as well as power analysis, no relationship between variables was detected. CONCLUSION Presenting white cell count is not related to apoptotic or cell proliferative activity or to net tumour growth defined by the balance between these two processes. The relationship to treatment resistance still requires explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Pyesmany
- Department of Clinical Haemato-Oncology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Lannon CL, Ball LM, Pyesmany AF, Yhap M, Langley GR, van Velzen D. Demonstration of differences in drug resistance by direct testing of DNA excision repair activity following standard and liposomal daunorubicin exposure in normal paediatric marrow using high resolution CLSM. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:509-16. [PMID: 10500828 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High resolution Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) may be applied to testing of drug resistance in vitro in clinical setting. Rapid analysis of DNA damage by precise quantitation of excised DNA in bone marrow samples exposed to potential treatment moieties directly after isolation but the relative sensitivity of the integrated method is as yet untested. AIMS To test the clinical applicability of SCGE/high resolution CLSM for differences in drug resistance in marrow cells. METHODS Cells from normal bone marrow samples were exposed for identical periods and at 4 concentrations to either 1 hour of standard Daunorubicin (.5, 1, 1.5, 2 micrograms/ml) or 8 hours DaunoXome (courtesy of NeXstar Inc, USA) (.05, .1, .15, .2 microgram/ml). After 2 and 6 hours recovery, cells were harvested for SCGE, randomization, analysis of tail length, total excised DNA and fragment size distribution using high resolution CLSM. RESULTS Tail length and fragment size distribution was not, but total excised DNA was significantly increased after 0.1 microgram/ml Liposomal Daunorubicin (DaunoXome) compared to 1.0 microgram/ml Daunorubicin. CONCLUSION SCGE/high resolution CLSM effectively demonstrated differences in Daunorubicin resistance of human marrow cells to alternative formulations. The method has potential for use in clinical testing of neoplastic cell drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lannon
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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30
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Ball LM, Lannon CL, Langley GR, Pyesmany AF, Yhap M, van Velzen D. Differential kinetics of drug resistance in human leukaemic cells measured by SCGE/CLSM. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:501-8. [PMID: 10500827 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New analogues of DNA directed chemotherapy moieties are available for comparative efficacy testing in human neoplastic disease. In addition to MTT testing direct assessment of DNA excision repair activity after direct exposure of marrow cells may provide information on relative DNA effects in vitro. AIMS To assess the ability of SCGE/high resolution CLSM to detect differences in drug resistance between human neoplastic cell lines in the DNA excision repair response to chemotherapy. METHODS Eight human leukaemia samples (4 childhood, 4 adult) were exposed to 1 hour of single concentrations of daunorubicin, DaunoXome (courtesy NeXstar Pharmaceuticals Inc, USA), cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC, courtesy Dr. M. Colvin, Duke University, USA), followed by SCGE/high resolution CLSM with quantitation of total excised DNA. Differences between cases/drug moieties/exposures were analysed. RESULTS Although generally equal effect dose levels for DaunoXome were lower than for standard daunorubicin, patients/individual neoplastic cells differed considerably in optimal dose levels. Conventional cyclophosphamide in comparison to 4-HC showed inconsistent results indicating considerable differences in the level of drug resistance to the conventional product. CONCLUSIONS Direct testing for drug resistance patterns in DNA directed drug moieties by SCGE/CLSM reveals individual variability of human malignant cell lines warranting comparison with results of MTT testing and in-vivo patient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Clinical Haemato-Oncology, Dalhousie University, JWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Pyesmany AF, Ball LM, Yhap M, Henry M, Laybolt K, Riddell DC, van Velzen D. Apoptotic fraction in childhood ALL assessed by DNA in situ labelling is ploidy independent. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:281-7. [PMID: 10500803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic cell fraction and presence or degree of aneuploidy may both affect treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), which is largely defined by drug resistance. Independence of the variables is at present not established. Until the development of in situ labelling of cells committed to the apoptotic pathway, the fraction of cells in apoptosis could not be determined objectively. AIM To determine the relationship between apoptotic cell fraction and karyotype in childhood ALL using in situ labelling. METHODS 1.3.1. Study Groups and Samples. Diagnostic, pretreatment bone marrow trephine and aspirate samples of 24 consecutive, unselected cases of childhood ALL were included in the study: Normal karyotype (n = 11, 5M,6F), high hyperdiploid aneuploidy (DNA index > 1.5, n = 7, 1M,6F), complex karyotypic anomalies (n = 6, 5M,1F). 1.3.2. Apoptotic Cell Labelling. In situ labelling of the 3'-OH ends of the apoptosis specific DNA (Klenow) fragment (Frag-EL, CalBiochem, USA). 1.3.3. Quantitation. Apoptotic cell fraction was established using 10 systematically random fields of > 20 nuclei. Results were tabled per group. After calculations of means, differences between groups were assessed using t-test. RESULTS Apoptotic cell fraction, ranging from < 1 to 95%, did not differ statistically significant between the three study groups. CONCLUSION Apoptotic cell fraction in childhood leukaemia is independent of ploidy status and euploid karyotypic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Pyesmany
- Department of Clinical Haemato-Oncology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Ball LM, Lannon CL, Yhap M, Pyesmany AF, Henry M, Laybolt K, Riddell DC, van Velzen D. PCNA bearing structures are retained in apoptotic phase of childhood ALL cell cycle. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:289-96. [PMID: 10500804 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance to DNA directed therapy may depend on proliferative as well as apoptotic cell fraction. PCNA/Ki67 ratio excess, possibly reflecting DNA excision repair, is of additional interest to drug resistance in MTT testing. The cell cycle phase/antigen expression pattern in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is not known. AIMS To study the relationship between nuclear expression of PCNA, Ki-67 and Frag-EL positivity in childhood ALL. METHODS 1.3.1. Study Groups. Diagnostic bone marrow trephine biopsies of 32 consecutive unselected cases of childhood ALL were included in the study. 1.3.2. Immunohistochemistry. Commercially available Moab PCNA (PC10, DAKO, USA), Ki-67 (MM1, NovaCastra, UK) were used to label cycling cells in routinely processed 5 microns paraffin sections. 1.3.3. In-Situ Labelling of Apoptotic Cells. The 3'-OH ends of apoptosis specific DNA fragments were labelled in-situ on subsequent 10 microns sections (Frag-EL, CalBiochem, USA). 1.3.4. Quantitation. After blinding and randomisation, 10 systematic random fields of > 20 nuclei and nuclear size bias correction was used to determine positive nuclei fraction. RESULTS While the sum of apoptotic and proliferative cell fraction (Ki-67 + Frag-EL%) equalled 100% in 5/32 cases, PCNA expression into at least the early phases of apoptosis ([%PCNA-%K-67] > [100-%Frag-EL] was found in 17/32 cases. CONCLUSIONS PCNA/Ki67 ratio excess may not reflect DNA excision repair activity but rather slow degradation of antigen bearing structures limiting relevance to drug resistance study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, N.S., Canada
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Lannon CL, Ball LM, Pyesmany AF, Yhap M, Langley R, van Velzen D. High resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of DNA excision repair capability in small volume marrow samples exposed to DNA directed treatment moieties. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:527-35. [PMID: 10500830 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of resistance to drug moieties in tissue culture is complicated by limited sample, clonal selection and alteration of cycling fraction and cycle duration in clonally mixed lesions. DNA damage assessment by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) of excised DNA is limited by non-linear analysis in fluorescent light microscopy. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) with high N.A. magnification allows for quantitation of total excised DNA fragment size distribution but is still limited by the large volume required for labour intensive SCGE, precluding multi-exposure clinical testing. AIMS To optimise sample requirement for SCGE and CLS. METHODS Standard slide mounted bed gels were punched with multiple coded 6 mm wells and filled with suspensions of cells subjected to drug/concentration variations. After SCGE, 30 microns frozen sections were prepared of each well and mounted in ethidium bromide solution on multi-well hydrophilic slides to allow for short working distance of high resolution CLSM in a Zeiss Axiovert L410 SM. Testing for feasibility, reproducibility and consistency used both cultured standard leukaemic cell lines, normal human control marrow and clinical samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Multiple well SCGE followed by frozen section, high resolution CLSM allows for rapid analysis of high numbers of multiple drug exposure permutations clinically required.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lannon
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Yhap M, Pyesmany AF, Ball LM, Riddle DC, Mu J, van Velzen D. Microsatellite instability assessment in prediction of drug resistance in childhood Burkitt's and large cell diffuse malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma (MNHL). Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 457:517-25. [PMID: 10500829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic instability may, especially with DNA directed treatment, be associated with increased therapeutic response; absence may be associated with drug resistance. In childhood MNHL, drug response is variable. At present the degree of presence of microsatellite variation, i.e., intrinsic DNA instability is not known. AIMS To determine presence and range of microsatellite variability in common childhood MNHL. METHODS 1.3.1. Study Populations. Consecutive, unselected (1976-96) cases of childhood Large Cell diffuse, N = 16; (9T,7B), age range 1y5m-16y8m; Burkitt's Lymphoma, n = 13, age range 4y2m-14y. Non-malignant/pre-treatment tissue of 20 cases, 13 LC, 7 Burkitt's MNHL. 1.3.2. Molecular Pathology. Routine DNA extraction, amplifications at loci D3S 1304 and D3S1537 (both closely distal to VHL, tumour suppressor gene); ELN gene D7S1870; IFNA D1S243 (1p36) which show microsatellite variation. Isotopic labelling in amplification, non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, autoradiography. RESULTS Microsatellite variability was found 3/16 LC and 2/13 Burkitt's MNHL. LC MNHL, 4 abnormal areas: n = 1, 3 abnormal areas: n = 1, 2 abnormal areas n = 1; Burkitt's MNHL, 3 abnormal areas: n = 1, 1 abnormal area n = 1. No variability was found in the normal (constitutional) DNA of any of the 20 patients studied. CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite variability occurred in 5/29 patients with common types of childhood MNHL, indicating a limited contribution to reduced drug resistance through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yhap
- Department of Clinical Haemato-Oncology, Dalhousie University, IWK Grace Health Centre
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Sangaiah R, Christova-Gueorguieva NI, Ranasinghe A, Tretyakova NY, Gold A, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. Synthesis of perdeuterated analogues of the epoxide metabolites of butadiene: 1,2-epoxybut-3-ene-d6 and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane-d6. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1344(199709)39:9<731::aid-jlcr20>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Epidemiology, CB 7400, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Jayaraj K, Gold A, Austin RN, Ball LM, Terner J, Mandon D, Weiss R, Fischer J, DeCian A, Bill E, Müther M, Schünemann V, Trautwein AX. Compound I and Compound II Analogues from Porpholactones. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:4555-4566. [PMID: 11670121 DOI: 10.1021/ic970597s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tetraaza macrocycles 2-oxa-3-oxotetramesitylporphine (|H(2) 1|) and 2-oxa-3-oxotetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphine (|H(2) 2|) and the corresponding iron complexes (|Fe(III)(X) 1| and |Fe(III)(X) 2|; X= Cl(-), OH(-), or SO(3)CF(3)(-)) have been synthesized. These macrocycles are derived from porphyrins by transformation of one pyrrole ring to an oxazolone ring. The resulting lactone functionality serves to restrict but not completely block pi-conjugation around the periphery. These complexes thus share properties with both porphyrins and chlorins. The ferric and high-valent iron complexes have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure of |Fe(III)(Cl) 2| has been obtained by X-ray crystallography and shows that the structural changes at the macrocycle periphery do not perturb the coordination sphere of iron relative to the corresponding porphyrin complexes. This is illustrated by the observation that Fe-O frequencies in the resonance Raman spectra of the porpholactone analogues of compounds I and II are not substantially different from those of porphyrins and by the axial appearance of the EPR signals of the high-spin ferric complexes. This is consistent with reports that the Fe=O unit of oxidized porphyrins and chlorins is relatively insensitive to alteration of macrocycle symmetry. Nevertheless, probes of properties of the porpholactone macrocycle ((1)H NMR, resonance Raman skeletal modes) show effects of the asymmetry induced by the oxazolone ring. On the basis of (1)H NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, and resonance Raman data, the singly occupied molecular orbital of oxoferryl porpholactone pi-cation radicals correlates with the a(1u) molecular orbital of porphyrins under D(4)(h)() symmetry. Moreover, the paramagnetic properties and the intramolecular exchange interaction of ferryl iron and the porpholactone pi-radical have been characterized by EPR and magnetic Mössbauer measurements and spin-Hamiltonian analyses. The values J(0) = 17 cm(-)(1) and J(0) = 11 cm(-)(1) obtained for the exchange coupling constants of the oxoferryl porpholactone pi-cation radical complexes |Fe(IV)=O 1|(+) and |Fe(IV)=O 2|(+), respectively, are among the lowest found for synthetic compound I analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Jayaraj
- Institut für Physik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Gold A, Sangaiah R, Inhof CJ, Zhang J, Ball LM. Metabolic Fate of the Environmental Mutagen 3-Nitrofluoranthene in the Rat. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639608034675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ball LM, Zhang J, Ramachandran P, Torchal MA, Sangaiah R. Further Activation of Oxidised Metabolites of 1-Nitropyrene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639608034676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rosser PF, Ramachandran P, Sangaiah R, Austin RN, Gold A, Ball LM. Role of O-acetyltransferase in activation of oxidised metabolites of the genotoxic environmental pollutant 1-nitropyrene. Mutat Res 1996; 369:209-20. [PMID: 8792839 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(96)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic environmental contaminant 1-nitropyrene is metabolised in mammalian systems by pathways more complex than the straightforward nitroreduction which accounts for most of its biological activity in bacteria. In order to evaluate the role of O-acetyltransferase (OAT) activity in generation of genotoxic intermediates from 1-nitropyrene, the mutagenicity of the major primary oxidised metabolites of 1-nitropyrene was characterised in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay with strain TA98, and with variants of TA98 deficient (TA98/1,8-DNP6) or enhanced (YG1024) in O-acetyltransferase. 1-Nitropyren-3-ol was more mutagenic in the absence than in the presence of S9, while 1-nitropyren-4-ol, 1-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol required S9 for maximum expression of mutagenicity. 1-Nitropyren-4-ol (176 rev/nmol without S9, 467 rev/nmol with S9 in TA98) and 1-nitropyren-6-ol (13 rev/nmol without S9, 266 rev/nmol with S9 in TA98) were overall the most potent nitropyrenol isomers assayed. 1-Acetamidopyren-8-ol and 1-acetamidopyrene 4,5-quinone were only minimally active. 1-Acetamidopyren-3-ol exhibited direct-acting mutagenicity. 1-Acetamidopyren-6-ol, previously shown to be a major contributor to mutagenicity in the urines of rats dosed with 1-nitropyrene (Ball et al., 1984b), was confirmed as a potent (359 rev/nmol) S9-dependent mutagen. Both the direct-acting and the S9-dependent mutagenicity of all the compounds studied was enhanced in the OAT-overproducing strain and much diminished (though not always entirely lost) in the OAT-deficient strain, showing that OAT amplifies expression of the genotoxicity of these compounds. 1-Acetamidopyren-6-ol required both S9 and OAT activity in order to exhibit any mutagenicity; this finding strongly implicates N-hydroxylation followed by O-esterification, as opposed to further S9-catalyzed ring oxidation, as a major route of activation for urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Rosser
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA
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van Velzen D, Ball LM, Dezfulian AR, Southgate A, Howard CV. Comparative and experimental pathology of fibrosing colonopathy. Postgrad Med J 1996; 72 Suppl 2:S39-48; discussion S49-51. [PMID: 8869182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the occurrence of fibrosing colonopathy is temporally associated with the introduction of high-strength pancreatic enzyme supplements, its pathogenesis remains uncertain. The UK case-control study showed fibrosing colonopathy to be associated with high doses of high-strength pancreatic enzyme supplements and with a group of brands which occupy only 30% of the market. Two alternative hypotheses were proposed to explain the aetiology of fibrosing colonopathy: exposure to high levels of enzymes or to as yet unidentified components of the formulation. Comparison of the anatomical pathology of fibrosing colonopathy with that of previously encountered forms of obstructive gastrointestinal pathology, such as stricturing lesions due to potassium chloride preparations and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, confirmed it to be a previously unencountered, long-segment lesion of the colon. Thus the use of the descriptive term 'stricture' is a misnomer leading to much clinical confusion when discussing obstructive bowel pathology in cystic fibrosis patients. Gavage studies in the rat with one of the two monomers (ethyl acrylate) forming the methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit L30D55) used for the enteric coating of the high-strength pancreatic enzyme supplements, have shown pathology comparable to fibrosing colonopathy. These findings prompted a series of exploratory studies in adolescent pigs. After seven days caecal gavage of Eudragit L30D55 at doses of 10, 50 or 500 mg/kg/day (comparable to human intake), extensive fibrosing colonopathy-like changes, inclusive of dense submucosal fibrosis, were noted at all dose levels in seven out of nine animals. Similar studies of the monomer components of the Eudragit L30D55 copolymer, at dose levels of 0.015 to 50 mg/kg/day, representing possible residues in Eudragit L30D55, did not produce comparable changes. The conclusion is that, although the precise mechanisms have not been elucidated, the role of enteric coatings containing Eudragit L30D55 in the pathogenesis of fibrosing colonopathy requires urgent further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Velzen
- Department of Fetal and Infant Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK
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Watanabe T, Kohan MJ, Walsh D, Ball LM, DeMarini DM, Lewtas J. Mutagenicity of nitrodibenzopyranones in the Salmonella plate-incorporation and microsuspension assays. Mutat Res 1995; 345:1-9. [PMID: 8524351 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Ball LM, Stocking LM, Kohan MJ, Warren SH, Lewtas J. Metabolic activation of the genotoxic environmental contaminants 2- and 3-nitrofluoranthene in variants of Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Mutagenesis 1995; 10:497-504. [PMID: 8596468 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/10.6.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutagenic environmental pollutants 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFA) and 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA), labelled with 3H and 14C respectively, were incubated with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, its nitroreductase-deficient variant TA98NR and its O-acetytransferase-deficient variant TA98/1,8-DNP6, to investigate the activity of these metabolic pathways under conditions approximating those of the Ames assay, hence their contribution to mutagenic potency. 2-Aminofluoranthene (2-AFA) was the major metabolite of 2-NFA (4 microM) in all three TA98 variants, isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and identified by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 2-AFA was formed more slowly in TA98NR (65 pmol/h/ml resting phase bacterial broth, 1 to 2 x 10(9) bacteria/ml) than in TA98 (295 pmol/h/ml) or TA98/1,8-DNP6 (82 pmol/h/ml). 2-Acetamidofluoranthene (2-AAFA) was also identified in incubations with TA98 (80 pmol/h/ml), TA98NR (21 pmol/h/ml), and TA98/1,8-DNP6 (8 pmol/h/ml). 3-Aminofluoranthene (3-AFA, confirmed by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) was formed by all three variants from 3-NFA (4 microM): TA98, 1.76 nmol/h/ml; TA98NR, 0.55 nmol/h/ml; TA98/1,8-DNP6, 2.93 nmol/h/ml. 3-Acetamidofluoranthene (3-AAFA) was not detected in any of the variants. 3-AFA and 3-AAFA were less mutagenic than 3-NFA, and required S9 for activation. Mutagenicity of 3-NFA relative to initial nitroreduction rate was similar in TA98 and in TA98NR, but almost 10-fold lower in TA98/1,8-DNP6; hence O-acetylation considerably enhances the mutagenicity of reduction products of 3-NFA. Mutagenicity of 2-NFA relative to initial nitroreduction rate was similar in TA98 and in TA98/1,8-DNP6; the bacterial genotoxicity of 2-NFA is therefore largely independent of O-acetyltransferase activity. Ratios of mutagenicity to nitroreduction rate were similar in TA98 for 2-NFA and 3-NFA; differences in the potency of these isomers arise primarily from their respective suitabilities as substrates for nitroreductase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA
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Vermeulen HL, Sangaiah R, Ball LM, Gold A. Synthesis of mixed halogenated trihalomethanes labelled with the stable isotopes 2H or 13C. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580360904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ball LM, Pope J, Howard CV, Eccles P, van Velzen D. PCNA Ki-67 dissociation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. An immunofluorescent laser confocal scanning microscopical study. Cell Biol Int 1994; 18:869-74. [PMID: 8000360 DOI: 10.1006/cbir.1994.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation rates of diagnostic marrow aspirate cells of 21 children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and 16 controls were compared using immunocytochemical labelling of PCNA and Ki-67 antigen as assessed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The results showed an unexpected, highly significant degree of dissociation between PCNA and Ki-67 expression in ALL blasts. The PCNA labelling indices of ALL patients were significantly increased (mean 44, range 24-77) compared with normal reactive marrow cells (mean 13.8, range 4-26) (p < 0.000001, Mann Whitney U two tailed test), suggesting an abnormal commitment to proliferation. Ki-67 expression was raised to a lesser extent in ALL cells (mean 14.8, range 1.2-35) when compared to non-malignant proliferations (mean 6.6, range 1.7-25) (p < 0.02). PCNA/Ki-67 LI ratios in ALL (mean 7, range 1.1-35) were higher than in controls (mean 2.7, range 1.04-6.5, p < 0.09). As cell proliferation rates actually achieved in the bone marrow do not differ as strongly as suggested by the extreme difference in PCNA labelling, a pathological dissociation of PCNA/Ki-67 expression exists, suggesting immortalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ball
- Dep. of Paediatric Clinical Haematology, RLCH Alder Hey, United Kingdom
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van Belkum A, Mol W, van Saene R, Ball LM, van Velzen D, Quint W. PCR-mediated genotyping of Candida albicans strains from bone marrow transplant patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 13:811-5. [PMID: 7920319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers aiming at eukaryotic or prokaryotic repetitive DNA motifs enables discrimination between individual Candida albicans isolates. This PCR-mediated DNA fingerprinting procedure was used to monitor yeast colonisation in immune-compromised leukaemia patients (n = 11) who were undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The leukaemia patients remained colonised by the same strain throughout a 5 month study period, irrespective of intermediate treatment with fungostatics or application of BMT-related therapies. All 11 strains could be identified separately by PCR fingerprinting. This implies that spreading of C. albicans from patient to patient does not seem to occur in this study group, despite the fact that medical employees frequently travel between wards which are in close proximity to other departments harbouring neutropenic patients. Several of the patients (n = 35) were also monitored for C. albicans colonisation and strain typing corroborated the lack of extensive cross-contamination during the study period. The application of PCR-mediated genotyping of fungi in epidemiological analyses and evaluation of hospital hygiene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van Belkum
- Diagnostic Centre SSDZ, Department of Molecular Biology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Nesnow S, Beck S, Ball LM, Sangaiah R, Gold A. Morphological transformation of C3H10T1/2CL8 cells by cyclopenta-fused derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene. Cancer Lett 1993; 74:25-30. [PMID: 8287368 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90039-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopenta-fused homologs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have proven to be more genotoxic and tumorigenic than their parent PAHs. In an effort to uncover their mechanisms of metabolic activation, the morphological transforming activities of dibenzo[k,mno]acephenanthrylene (CP(3,4)B[a]P), dibenzo[j,mno]acephenanthrylene (CP(1,12)B[a]P) and naphtho[1,2,3,4-mno]acephenanthrylene (CPB[e]P) were studied in C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo fibroblasts. CP(3,4)B[a]P, a PAH with a blocked K region and unblocked bay region, was highly active inducing an average of 1.1 Type II and III foci/dish at 5 micrograms/ml with an average of 67% of the dishes containing foci. This activity was similar to that of benzo[a]pyrene. CP(1,12)B[a]P and CPB[e]P were inactive. The relative positions of the cyclopenta-ring and bay region may play an essential role in the metabolic activation of these PAHs and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nesnow
- Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Abstract
Nitrated derivatives of the aza-arenes carbazole and 2-hydroxycarbazole were synthesized and tested for mutagenicity in the Ames plate-incorporation assay. 3,6-Dinitrocarbazole was the most mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 (> 100 revertants/micrograms, 25 revertants/nmol, with or without S9) followed by 2-hydroxy-1,3,6-trinitrocarbazole (24 revertants/micrograms, 7 revertants/nmol without S9) and 2-hydroxy-3-nitrocarbazole (27 revertants/micrograms, 6 revertants/nmol without S9). 2-Hydroxy-1,3-dinitrocarbazole, 1,6-dinitrocarbazole, 3-nitrocarbazole and 1-nitrocarbazole ranged from moderately to weakly active (7-1 revertants/micrograms, 2-0.3 revertants/nmol without S9). Carbazole and 2-hydroxycarbazole, and 2-hydroxy-1-nitrocarbazole, were quite inactive. Activity was generally decreased by the presence of S9, except for the dinitrocarbazoles, and was also lower in the variant TA98NR, indicating that mutagenicity was largely dependent on the presence of the 'classical' bacterial nitroreductase. The relative activities of these compounds are consistent with the hypothesis that structural features (orientation of the nitro group relative to the plane and to the long axis of the molecule, and ability to resonance-stabilize the positive charge on the arylnitrenium active electrophile intermediate) are major influences determining mutagenic potency of nitrated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Holloway
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400
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Newcomb KO, Sangaiah R, Gold A, Ball LM. Activation and metabolism of benz[j]aceanthrylene-9,10-dihydrodiol, the precursor to bay-region metabolism of the genotoxic cyclopenta-PAH benz[j]aceanthrylene. Mutat Res 1993; 287:181-90. [PMID: 7685478 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(93)90011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Benz[j]aceanthrylene, a cyclopentafused polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon produced in combustion emissions, possesses a bay region and an etheno bridge which may both contribute to the overall genotoxicity of the compound. In order to assess the role of activation at the bay region, the precursor epoxide benz[j]aceanthrylene 9,10-oxide, its dehydration product 10-hydroxybenz[j]aceanthrylene, the key dihydrodiol 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene and the bay-region diol-epoxide 7,8-epoxy-9,10-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene were evaluated in the bacterial histidine-reversion plate incorporation assay (Ames assay) with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The diol-epoxide alone showed direct-acting mutagenicity (10 revertants per nmole), which was decreased by addition of exogenous metabolic activation (Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9), whereas all the other compounds tested were activated by increasing concentrations of S9. The potency of the diol-epoxide was not sufficient to account for the activity of the parent compound. Identification by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry of the major products of further metabolism by Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9 of the bay region precursor dihydrodiol 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene indicated that oxidation occurred predominantly at the etheno bridge, to give 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene-2(1H)-one, arising by (non-enzymic) rearrangement of the etheno bridge epoxide and the tetrol 1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-1,2,9,10- tetrahydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene. The bay region tetrol 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenz[j] aceanthrylene was observed, implying further bay-region metabolism; re-aromatization of the benzo ring to benz[j]aceanthrylene-9,10-diol also occurred. Thus oxidation at the etheno bridge accounts for the majority of the activity of benz[j]aceanthrylene and its derivatives when Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9 is used for exogenous metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Newcomb
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7400
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Rhodes LE, van Saene HK, White S, Fairclough S, Ball LM, Martin J. Microbial carriage, sepsis, infection and acute GVHD in the first 25 BMT at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993; 11:261-9. [PMID: 8485474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first 25 BMTs at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital (Alder Hey) were performed between April 1987 and July 1991. The aim of this report is to evaluate selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) during the first post-BMT month in this series of 14 allografts and 11 autografts. SDD is a method used to abolish carriage of potentially pathogenic microorganisms including yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Chlorhexidine mouth wash was used to decontaminate the oropharynx, and neomycin, colistin (polymyxin E) and nystatin (NEOCON) were given to eradicate gut carriage. Oropharyngeal decontamination was successful in 48% of patients, gut carriage was abolished in 60%, and eradication of the carrier state at both sites was achieved in 33%. A septic response was seen in 76% of children and 36% developed septicaemia (indigenous Gram-positive cocci only). A low carriage index for the target microorganisms during the study manoeuvre of SDD was associated with negative blood cultures (p < 0.01). Acute GVHD occurred in 28% of allografts, but was seen in none of the successfully decontaminated children (p < 0.05). It is concluded that septicaemia from yeasts and GNB, but not the septic response, were successfully prevented by SDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rhodes
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, UK
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