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Sarneel JM, Hefting MM, Sandén T, van den Hoogen J, Routh D, Adhikari BS, Alatalo JM, Aleksanyan A, Althuizen IHJ, Alsafran MHSA, Atkins JW, Augusto L, Aurela M, Azarov AV, Barrio IC, Beier C, Bejarano MD, Benham SE, Berg B, Bezler NV, Björnsdóttir K, Bolinder MA, Carbognani M, Cazzolla Gatti R, Chelli S, Chistotin MV, Christiansen CT, Courtois P, Crowther TW, Dechoum MS, Djukic I, Duddigan S, Egerton-Warburton LM, Fanin N, Fantappiè M, Fares S, Fernandes GW, Filippova NV, Fliessbach A, Fuentes D, Godoy R, Grünwald T, Guzmán G, Hawes JE, He Y, Hero JM, Hess LL, Hogendoorn K, Høye TT, Jans WWP, Jónsdóttir IS, Keller S, Kepfer-Rojas S, Kuz'menko NN, Larsen KS, Laudon H, Lembrechts JJ, Li J, Limousin JM, Lukin SM, Marques R, Marín C, McDaniel MD, Meek Q, Merzlaya GE, Michelsen A, Montagnani L, Mueller P, Murugan R, Myers-Smith IH, Nolte S, Ochoa-Hueso R, Okafor BN, Okorkov VV, Onipchenko VG, Orozco MC, Parkhurst T, Peres CA, Petit Bon M, Petraglia A, Pingel M, Rebmann C, Scheffers BR, Schmidt I, Scholes MC, Sheffer E, Shevtsova LK, Smith SW, Sofo A, Stevenson PR, Strouhalová B, Sundsdal A, Sühs RB, Tamene G, Thomas HJD, Tolunay D, Tomaselli M, Tresch S, Tucker DL, Ulyshen MD, Valdecantos A, Vandvik V, Vanguelova EI, Verheyen K, Wang X, Yahdjian L, Yumashev XS, Keuskamp JA. Reading tea leaves worldwide: Decoupled drivers of initial litter decomposition mass-loss rate and stabilization. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14415. [PMID: 38712683 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The breakdown of plant material fuels soil functioning and biodiversity. Currently, process understanding of global decomposition patterns and the drivers of such patterns are hampered by the lack of coherent large-scale datasets. We buried 36,000 individual litterbags (tea bags) worldwide and found an overall negative correlation between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization factors of plant-derived carbon, using the Tea Bag Index (TBI). The stabilization factor quantifies the degree to which easy-to-degrade components accumulate during early-stage decomposition (e.g. by environmental limitations). However, agriculture and an interaction between moisture and temperature led to a decoupling between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization, notably in colder locations. Using TBI improved mass-loss estimates of natural litter compared to models that ignored stabilization. Ignoring the transformation of dead plant material to more recalcitrant substances during early-stage decomposition, and the environmental control of this transformation, could overestimate carbon losses during early decomposition in carbon cycle models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Sweden
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariet M Hefting
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Taru Sandén
- Department for Soil Health and Plant Nutrition, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Devin Routh
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Science IT, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Juha M Alatalo
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alla Aleksanyan
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Botany aft. A.L. Takhtajyan NAS of RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Inge H J Althuizen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jeff W Atkins
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, New Ellenton, South Carolina, USA
| | - Laurent Augusto
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Isabel C Barrio
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Claus Beier
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - María D Bejarano
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Björn Berg
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadezhda V Bezler
- All-Russian Institute of Sugar and Sygar Beet Named after D. Mazlumov, Ramon, Russia
| | - Katrín Björnsdóttir
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A Bolinder
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Chelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Maxim V Chistotin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry Named after D. Pryanishnikov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Casper T Christiansen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Pascal Courtois
- UMR Silva, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele S Dechoum
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ika Djukic
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Duddigan
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Maria Fantappiè
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Naples, Italy
| | - Geraldo W Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia & Evolução, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Knowledge Center for Biodiversity, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Godoy
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Gema Guzmán
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Camino de Purchil, Granada, Spain
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture-CSIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Joseph E Hawes
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK
| | - Yue He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jean-Marc Hero
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura L Hess
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Katja Hogendoorn
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toke T Høye
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wilma W P Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sabina Keller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Klaus S Larsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas J Lembrechts
- Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Junhui Li
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Sergey M Lukin
- Upper Volga Federal Agrarain Scientific Center, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Renato Marques
- Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - César Marín
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Universidad Santo Tomás, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Qi Meek
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Genrietta E Merzlaya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry Named after D. Pryanishnikov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Libera Universita di Bolzano, Facoltà di Scienze e Tecnologie, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Mueller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajasekaran Murugan
- Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
- Valli Sustainability Research and Education, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Isla H Myers-Smith
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stefanie Nolte
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK
| | - Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Vladimir G Onipchenko
- Department of Ecology and Plant Geography, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - María C Orozco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tina Parkhurst
- School of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Matteo Petit Bon
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Wildland Resources, Quinney College of Natural Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martin Pingel
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Inger Schmidt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary C Scholes
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Efrat Sheffer
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lyudmila K Shevtsova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry Named after D. Pryanishnikov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart W Smith
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Ecological Science Department, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | | | - Barbora Strouhalová
- Departement of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Sundsdal
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern, Notodden, Norway
| | - Rafael B Sühs
- Programa de pós-graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gebretsadik Tamene
- Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haydn J D Thomas
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Duygu Tolunay
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcello Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simon Tresch
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Tucker
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael D Ulyshen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alejandro Valdecantos
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies, Ramon Margalef, IMEM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kris Verheyen
- Department of Environment, Forest and Nature Lab, Gent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xuhui Wang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Cátedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Joost A Keuskamp
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Biont Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Gomarasca U, Migliavacca M, Kattge J, Nelson JA, Niinemets Ü, Wirth C, Cescatti A, Bahn M, Nair R, Acosta ATR, Arain MA, Beloiu M, Black TA, Bruun HH, Bucher SF, Buchmann N, Byun C, Carrara A, Conte A, da Silva AC, Duveiller G, Fares S, Ibrom A, Knohl A, Komac B, Limousin JM, Lusk CH, Mahecha MD, Martini D, Minden V, Montagnani L, Mori AS, Onoda Y, Peñuelas J, Perez-Priego O, Poschlod P, Powell TL, Reich PB, Šigut L, van Bodegom PM, Walther S, Wohlfahrt G, Wright IJ, Reichstein M. Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3948. [PMID: 37402725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories - the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis - are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulisse Gomarasca
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob A Nelson
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Plant and Crop Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Wirth
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bahn
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Nair
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Discipline of Botany, School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alicia T R Acosta
- Dipartimento di Scienze - Università Roma TRE - V.le Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Earth, Environment & Society and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mirela Beloiu
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Paterna, Spain
| | - Adriano Conte
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Metaponto, 75012, Italy
| | - Ana C da Silva
- Santa Catarina State University, Agroveterinary Center, Forestry Department, Av Luiz de Camões, 2090, Conta Dinheiro, 88.520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Gregory Duveiller
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Environmental Engineering and Resource Management, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Komac
- Andorra Research + Innovation; Avinguda Rocafort 21-23, Edifici Molí, 3r pis, AD600, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra
| | | | - Christopher H Lusk
- Environmenal Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag, 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Miguel D Mahecha
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Martini
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oscar Perez-Priego
- Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Córdoba, Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Campus de Rabanales s/n, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences - Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine - University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas L Powell
- The Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia Walther
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ian J Wright
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Haesen S, Lembrechts JJ, De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean I, Nijs I, Niittynen P, van den Hoogen J, Arriga N, Brůna J, Buchmann N, Čiliak M, Collalti A, De Lombaerde E, Descombes P, Gharun M, Goded I, Govaert S, Greiser C, Grelle A, Gruening C, Hederová L, Hylander K, Kreyling J, Kruijt B, Macek M, Máliš F, Man M, Manca G, Matula R, Meeussen C, Merinero S, Minerbi S, Montagnani L, Muffler L, Ogaya R, Penuelas J, Plichta R, Portillo-Estrada M, Schmeddes J, Shekhar A, Spicher F, Ujházyová M, Vangansbeke P, Weigel R, Wild J, Zellweger F, Van Meerbeek K. ForestClim-Bioclimatic variables for microclimate temperatures of European forests. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2886-2892. [PMID: 37128754 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microclimate research gained renewed interest over the last decade and its importance for many ecological processes is increasingly being recognized. Consequently, the call for high-resolution microclimatic temperature grids across broad spatial extents is becoming more pressing to improve ecological models. Here, we provide a new set of open-access bioclimatic variables for microclimate temperatures of European forests at 25 × 25 m2 resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Haesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas J Lembrechts
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Juha Aalto
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael B Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilya Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pekka Niittynen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Arriga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Čiliak
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 01, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Emiel De Lombaerde
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Musée et Jardins Botaniques Cantonaux, 1007, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ignacio Goded
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, 351 95, Sweden
| | | | - Lucia Hederová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Macek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - František Máliš
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 01, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Matěj Man
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Radim Matula
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Camille Meeussen
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Sonia Merinero
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Stefano Minerbi
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lena Muffler
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jonas Schmeddes
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Spicher
- UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Mariana Ujházyová
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 01, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pieter Vangansbeke
- Forest and Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Robert Weigel
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Zellweger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lembrechts JJ, van den Hoogen J, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, De Frenne P, Kemppinen J, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean IMD, Crowther TW, Bailey JJ, Haesen S, Klinges DH, Niittynen P, Scheffers BR, Van Meerbeek K, Aartsma P, Abdalaze O, Abedi M, Aerts R, Ahmadian N, Ahrends A, Alatalo JM, Alexander JM, Allonsius CN, Altman J, Ammann C, Andres C, Andrews C, Ardö J, Arriga N, Arzac A, Aschero V, Assis RL, Assmann JJ, Bader MY, Bahalkeh K, Barančok P, Barrio IC, Barros A, Barthel M, Basham EW, Bauters M, Bazzichetto M, Marchesini LB, Bell MC, Benavides JC, Benito Alonso JL, Berauer BJ, Bjerke JW, Björk RG, Björkman MP, Björnsdóttir K, Blonder B, Boeckx P, Boike J, Bokhorst S, Brum BNS, Brůna J, Buchmann N, Buysse P, Camargo JL, Campoe OC, Candan O, Canessa R, Cannone N, Carbognani M, Carnicer J, Casanova‐Katny A, Cesarz S, Chojnicki B, Choler P, Chown SL, Cifuentes EF, Čiliak M, Contador T, Convey P, Cooper EJ, Cremonese E, Curasi SR, Curtis R, Cutini M, Dahlberg CJ, Daskalova GN, de Pablo MA, Della Chiesa S, Dengler J, Deronde B, Descombes P, Di Cecco V, Di Musciano M, Dick J, Dimarco RD, Dolezal J, Dorrepaal E, Dušek J, Eisenhauer N, Eklundh L, Erickson TE, Erschbamer B, Eugster W, Ewers RM, Exton DA, Fanin N, Fazlioglu F, Feigenwinter I, Fenu G, Ferlian O, Fernández Calzado MR, Fernández‐Pascual E, Finckh M, Higgens RF, Forte TGW, Freeman EC, Frei ER, Fuentes‐Lillo E, García RA, García MB, Géron C, Gharun M, Ghosn D, Gigauri K, Gobin A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Gottschall F, Goulding K, Govaert S, Graae BJ, Greenwood S, Greiser C, Grelle A, Guénard B, Guglielmin M, Guillemot J, Haase P, Haider S, Halbritter AH, Hamid M, Hammerle A, Hampe A, Haugum SV, Hederová L, Heinesch B, Helfter C, Hepenstrick D, Herberich M, Herbst M, Hermanutz L, Hik DS, Hoffrén R, Homeier J, Hörtnagl L, Høye TT, Hrbacek F, Hylander K, Iwata H, Jackowicz‐Korczynski MA, Jactel H, Järveoja J, Jastrzębowski S, Jentsch A, Jiménez JJ, Jónsdóttir IS, Jucker T, Jump AS, Juszczak R, Kanka R, Kašpar V, Kazakis G, Kelly J, Khuroo AA, Klemedtsson L, Klisz M, Kljun N, Knohl A, Kobler J, Kollár J, Kotowska MM, Kovács B, Kreyling J, Lamprecht A, Lang SI, Larson C, Larson K, Laska K, le Maire G, Leihy RI, Lens L, Liljebladh B, Lohila A, Lorite J, Loubet B, Lynn J, Macek M, Mackenzie R, Magliulo E, Maier R, Malfasi F, Máliš F, Man M, Manca G, Manco A, Manise T, Manolaki P, Marciniak F, Matula R, Mazzolari AC, Medinets S, Medinets V, Meeussen C, Merinero S, Mesquita RDCG, Meusburger K, Meysman FJR, Michaletz ST, Milbau A, Moiseev D, Moiseev P, Mondoni A, Monfries R, Montagnani L, Moriana‐Armendariz M, Morra di Cella U, Mörsdorf M, Mosedale JR, Muffler L, Muñoz‐Rojas M, Myers JA, Myers‐Smith IH, Nagy L, Nardino M, Naujokaitis‐Lewis I, Newling E, Nicklas L, Niedrist G, Niessner A, Nilsson MB, Normand S, Nosetto MD, Nouvellon Y, Nuñez MA, Ogaya R, Ogée J, Okello J, Olejnik J, Olesen JE, Opedal ØH, Orsenigo S, Palaj A, Pampuch T, Panov AV, Pärtel M, Pastor A, Pauchard A, Pauli H, Pavelka M, Pearse WD, Peichl M, Pellissier L, Penczykowski RM, Penuelas J, Petit Bon M, Petraglia A, Phartyal SS, Phoenix GK, Pio C, Pitacco A, Pitteloud C, Plichta R, Porro F, Portillo‐Estrada M, Poulenard J, Poyatos R, Prokushkin AS, Puchalka R, Pușcaș M, Radujković D, Randall K, Ratier Backes A, Remmele S, Remmers W, Renault D, Risch AC, Rixen C, Robinson SA, Robroek BJM, Rocha AV, Rossi C, Rossi G, Roupsard O, Rubtsov AV, Saccone P, Sagot C, Sallo Bravo J, Santos CC, Sarneel JM, Scharnweber T, Schmeddes J, Schmidt M, Scholten T, Schuchardt M, Schwartz N, Scott T, Seeber J, Segalin de Andrade AC, Seipel T, Semenchuk P, Senior RA, Serra‐Diaz JM, Sewerniak P, Shekhar A, Sidenko NV, Siebicke L, Siegwart Collier L, Simpson E, Siqueira DP, Sitková Z, Six J, Smiljanic M, Smith SW, Smith‐Tripp S, Somers B, Sørensen MV, Souza JJLL, Souza BI, Souza Dias A, Spasojevic MJ, Speed JDM, Spicher F, Stanisci A, Steinbauer K, Steinbrecher R, Steinwandter M, Stemkovski M, Stephan JG, Stiegler C, Stoll S, Svátek M, Svoboda M, Tagesson T, Tanentzap AJ, Tanneberger F, Theurillat J, Thomas HJD, Thomas AD, Tielbörger K, Tomaselli M, Treier UA, Trouillier M, Turtureanu PD, Tutton R, Tyystjärvi VA, Ueyama M, Ujházy K, Ujházyová M, Uogintas D, Urban AV, Urban J, Urbaniak M, Ursu T, Vaccari FP, Van de Vondel S, van den Brink L, Van Geel M, Vandvik V, Vangansbeke P, Varlagin A, Veen GF, Veenendaal E, Venn SE, Verbeeck H, Verbrugggen E, Verheijen FGA, Villar L, Vitale L, Vittoz P, Vives‐Ingla M, von Oppen J, Walz J, Wang R, Wang Y, Way RG, Wedegärtner REM, Weigel R, Wild J, Wilkinson M, Wilmking M, Wingate L, Winkler M, Wipf S, Wohlfahrt G, Xenakis G, Yang Y, Yu Z, Yu K, Zellweger F, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhao P, Ziemblińska K, Zimmermann R, Zong S, Zyryanov VI, Nijs I, Lenoir J. Global maps of soil temperature. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3110-3144. [PMID: 34967074 PMCID: PMC9303923 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Lembrechts
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Juha Aalto
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Michael B. Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian MuseumSydneyAustralia
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityMelle‐GontrodeBelgium
| | | | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilya M. D. Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusPenrynUK
| | - Thomas W. Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Stef Haesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - David H. Klinges
- School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Pekka Niittynen
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Brett R. Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Peter Aartsma
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental HealthUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayBøNorway
| | - Otar Abdalaze
- Alpine Ecosystems Research ProgramInstitute of EcologyIlia State UniversityTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | - Rien Aerts
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Negar Ahmadian
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | | | | | - Jake M. Alexander
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceInstitute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and EnvironmentAgroscope Research InstituteZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Andres
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Nicola Arriga
- European CommissionJoint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | | | - Valeria Aschero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de CuyoMendozaArgentina
- Instituto Argentino de NivologiáGlaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA)CONICETCCT‐MendozaMendozaArgentina
| | | | - Jakob Johann Assmann
- Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global ChangeDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing WorldDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Maaike Y. Bader
- Ecological Plant GeographyFaculty of GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Khadijeh Bahalkeh
- Department of Range ManagementFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityNoorIran
| | - Peter Barančok
- Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Isabel C. Barrio
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest SciencesAgricultural University of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Agustina Barros
- Instituto Argentino de NivologiáGlaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA)CONICETCCT‐MendozaMendozaArgentina
| | - Matti Barthel
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Edmund W. Basham
- School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Manuele Bazzichetto
- Université de RennesCNRSEcoBio (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553RennesFrance
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’AdigeItaly
| | | | | | | | - Bernd J. Berauer
- Institute of Landscape and Plant EcologyDepartment of Plant EcologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
- Disturbance EcologyBayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Jarle W. Bjerke
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchFRAM ‐ High North Research Centre for Climate and the EnvironmentTromsøNorway
| | - Robert G. Björk
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden
| | - Mats P. Björkman
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden
| | - Katrin Björnsdóttir
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine ResearchTelegrafenberg A45PotsdamGermany
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinGermany
| | - Stef Bokhorst
- Department of Ecological ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bárbara N. S. Brum
- Pós‐Graduação em Ciências de Florestas TropicaisInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrasil
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pauline Buysse
- UMR ECOSYS INRAEUinversité Paris SaclayAgroParisTechFrance
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments ProjectBDFFPInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
| | - Otávio C. Campoe
- Department of Forest SciencesFederal University of LavrasLavrasBrazil
| | - Onur Candan
- Faculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Molecular Biology and GeneticsOrdu UniversityOrduTurkey
| | - Rafaella Canessa
- Ecological Plant GeographyFaculty of GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Plant Ecology GroupDepartment of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nicoletta Cannone
- Department of Science and High TechnologyInsubria UniversityComoItaly
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Jofre Carnicer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental SciencesBiodiversity Research Institute (IRBio)University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- CREAFE08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
| | - Angélica Casanova‐Katny
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Cambio ClimáticoLaboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Cambio ClimáticoDepartamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud PúblicaUniversidad Católica de TemucoCampus Luis Rivas del Canto and Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales (NEA)Facultad de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Católica de TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Bogdan Chojnicki
- Laboratory of BioclimatologyDepartment of Ecology and Environmental ProtectionPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Philippe Choler
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesUniv. Savoie Mont BlancCNRSLECAGrenobleFrance
- Univ. Grenoble AlpesUniv. Savoie Mont BlancCNRSLTSER Zone Atelier AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental FutureSchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edgar F. Cifuentes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marek Čiliak
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental SciencesTechnical University in ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | - Tamara Contador
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE)University Austral of ChileValdiviaChile
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC)Puerto WilliamsChile
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic SurveyNERC, High CrossCambridgeUK
| | - Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences Fisheries and EconomicsUiT‐The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change UnitEnvironmental Protection Agency of Aosta ValleyItaly
| | - Salvatore R. Curasi
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Robin Curtis
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusPenrynUK
| | | | - C. Johan Dahlberg
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- The County Administrative Board of Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Dengler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Vegetation EcologyInstitute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR)ZHAW Zurich University of Applied SciencesWädenswilSwitzerland
- Plant EcologyBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | | | | | - Valter Di Cecco
- Majella Seed BankMajella National ParkColle MadonnaLama dei PeligniItaly
| | - Michele Di Musciano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Jan Dick
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyPenicuikUK
| | - Romina D. Dimarco
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de InsectosIFAB (INTA ‐ CONICET)BarilocheArgentina
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BotanyUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Ellen Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research CentreDepartment of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityAbiskoSweden
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Global Change Research InstituteAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicCzech Republic
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Lars Eklundh
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkAustralia
| | - Brigitta Erschbamer
- Department of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPAVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Fatih Fazlioglu
- Faculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Molecular Biology and GeneticsOrdu UniversityOrduTurkey
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | | | | | - Manfred Finckh
- Institute for Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - T'ai G. W. Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Erika C. Freeman
- Ecosystems and Global Change GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Esther R. Frei
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavos DorfSwitzerland
- Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERCDavos DorfSwitzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Eduardo Fuentes‐Lillo
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB)Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- School of Education and Social SciencesAdventist University of ChileChile
| | - Rafael A. García
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB)Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | | | - Charly Géron
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Biodiversity and LandscapeTERRA Research CentreGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Dany Ghosn
- Department of Geo‐information in Environmental ManagementMediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChaniaGreece
| | - Khatuna Gigauri
- Department of Environmental Management and PolicyGeorgian Institute of Public AffairsTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Anne Gobin
- Flemish Institute for Technological ResearchMolBelgium
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceFaculty of BioScience EngineeringKULeuvenBelgium
| | - Ignacio Goded
- European CommissionJoint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | - Mathias Goeckede
- Department of Biogeochemical SignalsMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryJenaGermany
| | - Felix Gottschall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityMelle‐GontrodeBelgium
| | - Bente Jessen Graae
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biodiversity, Wildlife and Ecosystem HealthBiomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Benoit Guénard
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Mauro Guglielmin
- Department of Theoretical and Applied SciencesInsubria UniversityVareseItaly
| | - Joannès Guillemot
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellierFrance
- Eco&SolsUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEIRDMontpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtGelnhausenGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Aud H. Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Maroof Hamid
- Centre for Biodiversity and TaxonomyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of KashmirSrinagarIndia
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Siri V. Haugum
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- The Heathland CentreAlverNorway
| | - Lucia Hederová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research CenterFaculty of Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegeGemblouxBelgium
| | | | - Daniel Hepenstrick
- Vegetation EcologyInstitute of Natural Resource SciencesZHAW Zurich University of Applied SciencesGrüentalSwitzerland
| | - Maximiliane Herberich
- Institute for BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Mathias Herbst
- Centre for Agrometeorological Research (ZAMF)German Meteorological Service (DWD)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Luise Hermanutz
- Dept of BiologyMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundlandCanada
| | - David S. Hik
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Raúl Hoffrén
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Faculty of Resource ManagementHAWK University of Applied Sciences and ArtsGöttingenGermany
- Plant EcologyAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGeorg‐August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityRøndeDenmark
| | - Filip Hrbacek
- Department of GeographyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Environmental ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
| | - Marcin Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | | | - Järvi Järveoja
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Szymon Jastrzębowski
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree GeneticsForest Research InstituteRaszynPoland
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance EcologyBayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental ResearchBayreuthGermany
| | - Juan J. Jiménez
- ARAID/IPE‐CSICPyrenean Institute of EcologyAvda. Llano de la VictoriaSpain
| | | | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Alistair S. Jump
- Biological and Environmental SciencesFaculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of StirlingScotland
| | - Radoslaw Juszczak
- Laboratory of BioclimatologyDepartment of Ecology and Environmental ProtectionPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Róbert Kanka
- Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Vít Kašpar
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - George Kazakis
- Department of Geo‐information in Environmental ManagementMediterranean Agronomic Institute of ChaniaChaniaGreece
| | - Julia Kelly
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Anzar A. Khuroo
- Centre for Biodiversity and TaxonomyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of KashmirSrinagarIndia
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree GeneticsForest Research InstituteRaszynPoland
| | - Natascha Kljun
- Centre for Environmental and Climate ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | | | - Jozef Kollár
- Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Martyna M. Kotowska
- Plant EcologyAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGeorg‐August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Bence Kovács
- Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyVácrátótHungary
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant EcologyInstitute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Andrea Lamprecht
- GLORIA CoordinationInstitute for Interdisciplinary Mountain ResearchAustrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Simone I. Lang
- Department of Arctic BiologyThe University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)Longyearbyen, SvalbardNorway
| | - Christian Larson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Keith Larson
- Climate Impacts Research CentreDepartment of Ecology and Environmental SciencesUmeå UniversityAbiskoSweden
| | - Kamil Laska
- Department of GeographyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Centre for Polar EcologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Guerric le Maire
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellierFrance
- Eco&SolsUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEIRDMontpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Rachel I. Leihy
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology UnitDepartment of BiologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Bengt Liljebladh
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteClimate System ResearchHelsinkiFinland
- INAR Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/PhysicsFaculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juan Lorite
- Department of BotanyUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Interuniversity Institute for Earth System ResearchUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | | | - Joshua Lynn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Martin Macek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Roy Mackenzie
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE)University Austral of ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Enzo Magliulo
- CNR Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Francesco Malfasi
- Department of Science and High TechnologyInsubria UniversityComoItaly
| | - František Máliš
- Faculty of ForestryTechnical University in ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | - Matěj Man
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European CommissionJoint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | - Antonio Manco
- CNR Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Tanguy Manise
- TERRA Teaching and Research CenterFaculty of Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Paraskevi Manolaki
- School of Pure & Applied SciencesEnvironmental Conservation and Management ProgrammeOpen University of CyprusLatsiaCyprus
- Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced StudiesAIAS Høegh‐Guldbergs Gade 6BAarhusDenmark
| | - Felipe Marciniak
- Pós‐Graduação em Ciências de Florestas TropicaisInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrasil
| | - Radim Matula
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ana Clara Mazzolari
- Instituto Argentino de NivologiáGlaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA)CONICETCCT‐MendozaMendozaArgentina
| | - Sergiy Medinets
- Regional Centre for Integrated Environmental MonitoringOdesa National I.I. Mechnikov UniversityOdesaUkraine
- Department of AgroecologyAarhus UniversityTjeleDenmark
- NGO New EnergyKharkivUkraine
| | - Volodymyr Medinets
- Regional Centre for Integrated Environmental MonitoringOdesa National I.I. Mechnikov UniversityOdesaUkraine
| | - Camille Meeussen
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityMelle‐GontrodeBelgium
| | - Sonia Merinero
- Department of EcologyEnvironment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Rita de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments ProjectCoordenação de Dinâmica AmbientalInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ann Milbau
- Department of EnvironmentProvince of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
| | - Dmitry Moiseev
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Division of Russian Academy of ScienceEkaterinburgRussia
| | - Pavel Moiseev
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Division of Russian Academy of ScienceEkaterinburgRussia
| | - Andrea Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | | | - Mikel Moriana‐Armendariz
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences Fisheries and EconomicsUiT‐The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Umberto Morra di Cella
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta ValleySaint‐ChristopheItaly
| | | | - Jonathan R. Mosedale
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusCornwallUK
| | - Lena Muffler
- Plant EcologyAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGeorg‐August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Miriam Muñoz‐Rojas
- Centre for Ecosystem ScienceSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of SevilleSevilleSpain
| | - Jonathan A. Myers
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Animal BiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinasBrazil
| | | | - Ilona Naujokaitis‐Lewis
- National Wildlife Research CentreEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Emily Newling
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lena Nicklas
- Department of BotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Niedrist
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | - Armin Niessner
- Institute of BiologyDepartment of Molecular BotanyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Mats B. Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Signe Normand
- Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global ChangeDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing WorldDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Marcelo D. Nosetto
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San LuisIMASL, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de San LuisSan LuisArgentina
- Cátedra de Climatología Agrícola (FCA‐UNER)Entre RíosArgentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellierFrance
- Eco&SolsUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEIRDMontpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Martin A. Nuñez
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
- Grupo de Ecología de InvasionesINIBIOMACONICET/ Universidad Nacional del ComahueBarilocheArgentina
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐ CSIC‐UABBellaterraSpain
- CREAFSpain
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPAVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Joseph Okello
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Mountains of the Moon UniversityFort PortalUganda
- National Agricultural Research OrganisationMbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development InstituteMbararaUganda
| | - Janusz Olejnik
- Laboratory of MeteorologyDepartment of Construction and GeoengineeringFaculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical EngineeringPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | | | | | - Simone Orsenigo
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Andrej Palaj
- Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Timo Pampuch
- Institute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Ada Pastor
- Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB)Facultad de Ciencias ForestalesUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepciónChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Harald Pauli
- GLORIA CoordinationInstitute for Interdisciplinary Mountain ResearchAustrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Marian Pavelka
- Global Change Research InstituteAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicCzech Republic
| | - William D. Pearse
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeAscot, BerkshireUK
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Josep Penuelas
- CSICGlobal Ecology Unit CREAF‐ CSIC‐UABBellaterraSpain
- CREAFSpain
| | - Matteo Petit Bon
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences Fisheries and EconomicsUiT‐The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Department of Arctic BiologyThe University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)Longyearbyen, SvalbardNorway
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Shyam S. Phartyal
- School of Ecology and Environment StudiesNalanda UniversityRajgirIndia
| | | | - Casimiro Pio
- CESAM & Department of EnvironmentUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resourcesAnimals and Environment ‐ University of PaduaLegnaroItaly
| | - Camille Pitteloud
- Landscape EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial EcosystemsDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Francesco Porro
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | | | - Jérôme Poulenard
- Univ. Savoie Mont BlancCNRSUniv. Grenoble AlpesEDYTEMChambéryFrance
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAFE08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anatoly S. Prokushkin
- Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarskRussia
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RASKrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Radoslaw Puchalka
- Department of Ecology and BiogeographyFaculty of Biological and Veterinary SciencesNicolaus Copernicus UniversityToruńPoland
- Centre for Climate Change ResearchNicolaus Copernicus UniversityToruńPoland
| | - Mihai Pușcaș
- A. Borza Botanic GardenBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Faculty of Biology and GeologyDepartment of Taxonomy and EcologyBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- E. G. Racoviță InstituteBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Dajana Radujković
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Krystal Randall
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Amanda Ratier Backes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Sabine Remmele
- Institute of BiologyDepartment of Molecular BotanyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Wolfram Remmers
- University of Applied Sciences TrierEnvironmental Campus BirkenfeldBirkenfeldGermany
| | - David Renault
- Université de RennesCNRSEcoBio (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553RennesFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Anita C. Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavos DorfSwitzerland
- Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERCDavos DorfSwitzerland
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bjorn J. M. Robroek
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Environmental and Biological SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Adrian V. Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Christian Rossi
- Swiss National ParkChastè Planta‐WildenbergZernezSwitzerland
- Remote Sensing LaboratoriesDepartment of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Graziano Rossi
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- CIRADUMR Eco&SolsDakarSenegal
- Eco&SolsUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAE, IRDInstitut AgroMontpellierFrance
- LMI IESOLCentre IRD‐ISRA de Bel AirDakarSenegal
| | | | - Patrick Saccone
- GLORIA CoordinationInstitute for Interdisciplinary Mountain ResearchAustrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | | | - Jhonatan Sallo Bravo
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del CuscoCuscoPerú
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Wilhelm L. JohannsenCuscoPerú
| | - Cinthya C. Santos
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFFInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
| | - Judith M. Sarneel
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Jonas Schmeddes
- Experimental Plant EcologyInstitute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐3): AgrosphereForschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Chair of Soil Science and GeomorphologyDepartment of GeosciencesUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Max Schuchardt
- Disturbance EcologyBayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Naomi Schwartz
- Department of GeographyThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tony Scott
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Julia Seeber
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | | | - Tim Seipel
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | | | - Rebecca A. Senior
- Princeton School of Public and International AffairsPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Piotr Sewerniak
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape ManagementFaculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial ManagementNicolaus Copernicus UniversityToruńPoland
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Laura Siegwart Collier
- Dept of BiologyMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundlandCanada
- Terra Nova National ParkParks Canada AgencyGlovertownNewfoundlandCanada
| | - Elizabeth Simpson
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - David P. Siqueira
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy RibeiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Zuzana Sitková
- National Forest CentreForest Research Institute ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | - Johan Six
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marko Smiljanic
- Institute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Stuart W. Smith
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Physical GeographyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sarah Smith‐Tripp
- Department of GeographyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ben Somers
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mia Vedel Sørensen
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Bartolomeu Israel Souza
- Departamento de Geociências. Cidade UniversitáriaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão Pessoa ‐ PBBrasil
| | - Arildo Souza Dias
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFFInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
- Department of Physical GeographyGoethe‐Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Marko J. Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California RiversideRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - James D. M. Speed
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University MuseumNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Fabien Spicher
- UMR 7058 CNRS ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN)Univ. de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
| | - Angela Stanisci
- EnvixLabDipartimento di Bioscienze e TerritorioUniversità degli Studi del MoliseTermoliItaly
| | - Klaus Steinbauer
- GLORIA CoordinationInstitute for Interdisciplinary Mountain ResearchAustrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK)Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IFU)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Garmisch‐PartenkirchenGermany
| | | | - Michael Stemkovski
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Jörg G. Stephan
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesSLU Swedish Species Information CentreUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Stefan Stoll
- University of Applied Sciences TrierEnvironmental Campus BirkenfeldBirkenfeldGermany
- Faculty for BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Andrew J. Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change GroupDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Franziska Tanneberger
- Experimental Plant EcologyInstitute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire CentreGreifswaldGermany
| | - Jean‐Paul Theurillat
- Foundation J.‐M. AubertChampex‐LacSwitzerland
- Département de Botanique et Biologie végétaleUniversité de GenèveChambésySwitzerland
| | | | - Andrew D. Thomas
- Department of Geography and Earth SciencesAberystwyth UniversityWalesUK
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology GroupDepartment of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Marcello Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Urs Albert Treier
- Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global ChangeDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing WorldDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Mario Trouillier
- Institute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Pavel Dan Turtureanu
- A. Borza Botanic GardenBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- E. G. Racoviță InstituteBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
- Center for Systematic Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources ‐ 3BBabeș‐Bolyai UniversityCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Rosamond Tutton
- Northern Environmental Geoscience LaboratoryDepartment of Geography and PlanningQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Vilna A. Tyystjärvi
- Department of Geosciences and GeographyUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Meteorological InstHelsinkiFinland
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesOsaka Prefecture UniversityJapan
| | - Karol Ujházy
- Faculty of ForestryTechnical University in ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | - Mariana Ujházyová
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental SciencesTechnical University in ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | | | - Anastasiya V. Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RASKrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Josef Urban
- Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarskRussia
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and GeobiocoenologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Marek Urbaniak
- Laboratory of MeteorologyDepartment of Construction and GeoengineeringFaculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical EngineeringPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Tudor‐Mihai Ursu
- Institute of Biological Research Cluj‐NapocaNational Institute of Research and Development for Biological SciencesBucharestRomania
| | | | - Stijn Van de Vondel
- The Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE)University of AntwerpWilrijk (Antwerpen)Belgium
| | - Liesbeth van den Brink
- Plant Ecology GroupDepartment of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population BiologyDepartment of BiologyKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Pieter Vangansbeke
- Forest & Nature LabDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityMelle‐GontrodeBelgium
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - G. F. Veen
- Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Elmar Veenendaal
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Susanna E. Venn
- Centre for Integrative EcologySchool of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab ‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation EcologyDepartment of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Erik Verbrugggen
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Frank G. A. Verheijen
- Earth Surface Processes TeamCentre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM)Department of Environment and PlanningUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Luis Villar
- Instituto Pirenaico de EcologíaIPE‐CSIC. Av. Llano de la VictoriaJaca (Huesca)Spain
| | - Luca Vitale
- CNR ‐ Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the MediterraneanPorticiItaly
| | - Pascal Vittoz
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsFaculty of Geosciences and EnvironmentUniversity of LausanneGéopolisSwitzerland
| | | | - Jonathan von Oppen
- Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global ChangeDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing WorldDepartment of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Josefine Walz
- Climate Impacts Research CentreDepartment of Ecology and Environmental SciencesUmeå UniversityAbiskoSweden
| | - Runxi Wang
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Northern Environmental Geoscience LaboratoryDepartment of Geography and PlanningQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Robert G. Way
- Northern Environmental Geoscience LaboratoryDepartment of Geography and PlanningQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Robert Weigel
- Plant EcologyAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGeorg‐August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 6 ‐ SuchdolCzech Republic
| | | | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape EcologyUniversity GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Lisa Wingate
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPAVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Manuela Winkler
- GLORIA CoordinationInstitute for Interdisciplinary Mountain ResearchAustrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Sonja Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavos DorfSwitzerland
- Swiss National ParkChastè Planta‐WildenbergZernezSwitzerland
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengduP.R. China
| | - Zicheng Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai MountainsSchool of Geographical SciencesNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental InstitutePrinceton UniversityNew JerseyUSA
| | - Florian Zellweger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationSchool of Ecological and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhaochen Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationSchool of Ecological and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Klaudia Ziemblińska
- Laboratory of MeteorologyDepartment of Construction and GeoengineeringFaculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical EngineeringPoznan University of Life SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Reiner Zimmermann
- Institute of BiologyDepartment of Molecular BotanyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
- Ecological‐Botanical GardensUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Shengwei Zong
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai MountainsMinistry of EducationSchool of Geographical SciencesNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunChina
| | | | - Ivan Nijs
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems)University of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR 7058 CNRS ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN)Univ. de Picardie Jules VerneAmiensFrance
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5
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Haesen S, Lembrechts JJ, De Frenne P, Lenoir J, Aalto J, Ashcroft MB, Kopecký M, Luoto M, Maclean I, Nijs I, Niittynen P, van den Hoogen J, Arriga N, Brůna J, Buchmann N, Čiliak M, Collalti A, De Lombaerde E, Descombes P, Gharun M, Goded I, Govaert S, Greiser C, Grelle A, Gruening C, Hederová L, Hylander K, Kreyling J, Kruijt B, Macek M, Máliš F, Man M, Manca G, Matula R, Meeussen C, Merinero S, Minerbi S, Montagnani L, Muffler L, Ogaya R, Penuelas J, Plichta R, Portillo-Estrada M, Schmeddes J, Shekhar A, Spicher F, Ujházyová M, Vangansbeke P, Weigel R, Wild J, Zellweger F, Van Meerbeek K. ForestTemp - Sub-canopy microclimate temperatures of European forests. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6307-6319. [PMID: 34605132 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecological research heavily relies on coarse-gridded climate data based on standardized temperature measurements recorded at 2 m height in open landscapes. However, many organisms experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those captured by these macroclimatic (i.e. free air) temperature grids. In forests, the tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions, thereby affecting biological and ecological processes. To improve the assessment of climatic conditions and climate-change-related impacts on forest-floor biodiversity and functioning, high-resolution temperature grids reflecting forest microclimates are thus urgently needed. Combining more than 1200 time series of in situ near-surface forest temperature with topographical, biological and macroclimatic variables in a machine learning model, we predicted the mean monthly offset between sub-canopy temperature at 15 cm above the surface and free-air temperature over the period 2000-2020 at a spatial resolution of 25 m across Europe. This offset was used to evaluate the difference between microclimate and macroclimate across space and seasons and finally enabled us to calculate mean annual and monthly temperatures for European forest understories. We found that sub-canopy air temperatures differ substantially from free-air temperatures, being on average 2.1°C (standard deviation ± 1.6°C) lower in summer and 2.0°C higher (±0.7°C) in winter across Europe. Additionally, our high-resolution maps expose considerable microclimatic variation within landscapes, not captured by the gridded macroclimatic products. The provided forest sub-canopy temperature maps will enable future research to model below-canopy biological processes and patterns, as well as species distributions more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Haesen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas J Lembrechts
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Juha Aalto
- Finnish Meteorological Inst., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael B Ashcroft
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Martin Kopecký
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilya Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicola Arriga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Josef Brůna
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Čiliak
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Emiel De Lombaerde
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Musée et Jardins botaniques Cantonaux, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Goded
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sanne Govaert
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Caroline Greiser
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achim Grelle
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lucia Hederová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Macek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - František Máliš
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Matěj Man
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Radim Matula
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Camille Meeussen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Sonia Merinero
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Services, Bolzano, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Lena Muffler
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jonas Schmeddes
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ankit Shekhar
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Spicher
- UMR CNRS 7058 'Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés' (EDYSAN), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Mariana Ujházyová
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Pieter Vangansbeke
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Robert Weigel
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Zellweger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Speak AF, Montagnani L, Solly H, Wellstein C, Zerbe S. The impact of different tree planting strategies on ecosystem services and disservices in the piazzas of a northern Italian city. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAchieving urban sustainability goals, and improving the quality of life in cities, are aided by the careful selection of tree species for public green spaces. Numerous trade-offs and synergies are necessary to consider when selecting tree species for successful public green spaces and there is little data on effective species mixes. In this transdisciplinary research we consider the relative impacts of nine different tree planting scenarios, as modelled with i-Tree, in three piazzas of Bolzano, North Italy. The scenarios consider the opinions of the general public gathered from focused workshops and data collected via a purposefully created smartphone application in addition to data from local urban tree inventories. Shade provision and aesthetics were the primary factors that influenced citizen tree preferences. Scenarios which included larger tree species generally performed the best due to the greater provision of ecosystem services that arises with larger tree dimensions. Ecosystem disservices also increase with larger trees but can be minimised by careful species selection. Public participation in the planning of urban green spaces can be a beneficial activity which ensures new planning outputs will be well-received whilst providing opportunities for education of citizens about the multiple ecosystem services and disservices in urban contexts. Model outputs revealed that different tree species choices can have greatly different impacts in terms of ecosystem service and disservice provision.
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7
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Badraghi A, Ventura M, Polo A, Borruso L, Giammarchi F, Montagnani L. Soil respiration variation along an altitudinal gradient in the Italian Alps: Disentangling forest structure and temperature effects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247893. [PMID: 34403412 PMCID: PMC8370607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On the mountains, along an elevation gradient, we generally observe an ample variation in temperature, with the associated difference in vegetation structure and composition and soil properties. With the aim of quantifying the relative importance of temperature, vegetation and edaphic properties on soil respiration (SR), we investigated changes in SR along an elevation gradient (404 to 2101 m a.s.l) in the southern slopes of the Alps in Northern Italy. We also analysed soil physicochemical properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) stocks, fine root C and N, litter C and N, soil bulk densities and soil pH at five forest sites, and also stand structural properties, including vegetation height, age and basal area. Our results indicated that SR rates increased with temperature in all sites, and 55–76% of SR variability was explained by temperature. Annual cumulative SR, ranging between 0.65–1.40 kg C m-2 yr-1, decreased along the elevation gradient, while temperature sensitivity (Q10) of SR increased with elevation. However, a high SR rate (1.27 kg C m-2 yr-1) and low Q10 were recorded in the mature conifer forest stand at 1731 m a.s.l., characterized by an uneven-aged structure and high dominant tree height, resulting in a nonlinear relationship between elevation and temperature. Reference SR at 10°C (SRref) was unrelated to elevation, but was related to tree height. A significant negative linear relationship was found between bulk density and elevation. Conversely, SOC, root C and N stock, pH, and litter mass were best fitted by nonlinear relationships with elevation. However, these parameters were not significantly correlated with SR when the effect of temperature was removed (SRref). These results demonstrate that the main factor affecting SR in forest ecosystems along this Alpine elevation gradient is temperature, but its regulating role can be strongly influenced by site biological characteristics, particularly vegetation type and structure, affecting litter quality and microclimate. This study also confirms that high elevation sites are rich in SOC and more sensitive to climate change, being prone to high C losses as CO2. Furthermore, our data indicate a positive relationship between Q10 and dominant tree height, suggesting that mature forest ecosystems characterized by an uneven-age structure, high SRref and moderate Q10, may be more resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Badraghi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ventura
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Polo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Giammarchi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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8
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, De Cinti B, de Grandcourt A, De Ligne A, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, di Tommasi P, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, de Dios VR, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2021; 8:72. [PMID: 33633116 PMCID: PMC7907353 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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9
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Migliavacca M, Musavi T, Mahecha MD, Nelson JA, Knauer J, Baldocchi DD, Perez-Priego O, Christiansen R, Peters J, Anderson K, Bahn M, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bonal D, Buchmann N, Caldararu S, Carrara A, Carvalhais N, Cescatti A, Chen J, Cleverly J, Cremonese E, Desai AR, El-Madany TS, Farella MM, Fernández-Martínez M, Filippa G, Forkel M, Galvagno M, Gomarasca U, Gough CM, Göckede M, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Janssens IA, Jung M, Kattge J, Keenan TF, Knohl A, Kobayashi H, Kraemer G, Law BE, Liddell MJ, Ma X, Mammarella I, Martini D, Macfarlane C, Matteucci G, Montagnani L, Pabon-Moreno DE, Panigada C, Papale D, Pendall E, Penuelas J, Phillips RP, Reich PB, Rossini M, Rotenberg E, Scott RL, Stahl C, Weber U, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Wright IJ, Yakir D, Zaehle S, Reichstein M. The three major axes of terrestrial ecosystem function. Nature 2021; 598:468-472. [PMID: 34552242 PMCID: PMC8528706 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum1,2 and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions3 revealed fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies that are shaped by the evolutionary development of plant species2. Ecosystem functions depend on environmental conditions and the traits of species that comprise the ecological communities4. However, the axes of variation of ecosystem functions are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond as a whole to anthropogenic drivers, climate and environmental variability4,5. Here we derive a set of ecosystem functions6 from a dataset of surface gas exchange measurements across major terrestrial biomes. We find that most of the variability within ecosystem functions (71.8%) is captured by three key axes. The first axis reflects maximum ecosystem productivity and is mostly explained by vegetation structure. The second axis reflects ecosystem water-use strategies and is jointly explained by variation in vegetation height and climate. The third axis, which represents ecosystem carbon-use efficiency, features a gradient related to aridity, and is explained primarily by variation in vegetation structure. We show that two state-of-the-art land surface models reproduce the first and most important axis of ecosystem functions. However, the models tend to simulate more strongly correlated functions than those observed, which limits their ability to accurately predict the full range of responses to environmental changes in carbon, water and energy cycling in terrestrial ecosystems7,8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Migliavacca
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany ,grid.434554.70000 0004 1758 4137Present Address: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Talie Musavi
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel D. Mahecha
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Remote Sensing Center for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacob A. Nelson
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Present Address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales Australia
| | - Dennis D. Baldocchi
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Oscar Perez-Priego
- grid.411901.c0000 0001 2183 9102Department of Forest Engineering, ERSAF Research Group, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rune Christiansen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Peters
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Anderson
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Michael Bahn
- grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter D. Blanken
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- grid.29172.3f0000 0001 2194 6418Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Nina Buchmann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Caldararu
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Arnaud Carrara
- grid.17095.3a0000 0000 8717 7992Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Paterna, Spain
| | - Nuno Carvalhais
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.10772.330000000121511713Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- grid.434554.70000 0004 1758 4137European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Jiquan Chen
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Science (LEES) Lab, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, and Department of Geography, Environmental and Spatial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jamie Cleverly
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland Australia
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Aosta, Italy
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Tarek S. El-Madany
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Martha M. Farella
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XO’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Research Group Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Aosta, Italy
| | - Matthias Forkel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Aosta, Italy
| | - Ulisse Gomarasca
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Gough
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Mathias Göckede
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Research Group Plant and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Jung
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Earth and Environmental Science Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Alexander Knohl
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- grid.410588.00000 0001 2191 0132Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Guido Kraemer
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Remote Sensing Center for Earth System Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XImage Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Beverly E. Law
- grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Michael J. Liddell
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Centre for Tropical, Environmental, and Sustainability Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland Australia
| | - Xuanlong Ma
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Martini
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Craig Macfarlane
- grid.469914.70000 0004 0385 5215CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia Australia
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la BioEconomia (CNR – IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- grid.34988.3e0000 0001 1482 2038Facoltà di Scienze e Tecnologie, Libera Universita’ di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy ,Forest Services of the Autonomous Province of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Panigada
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Papale
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elise Pendall
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales Australia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.452388.00000 0001 0722 403XCREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard P. Phillips
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Peter B. Reich
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales Australia ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Micol Rossini
- grid.7563.70000 0001 2174 1754Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Russell L. Scott
- grid.463419.d0000 0001 0946 3608Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Ulrich Weber
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- grid.5771.40000 0001 2151 8122Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian J. Wright
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Dan Yakir
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Reichstein
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-driven and Simulation Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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10
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Nelson JA, Pérez-Priego O, Zhou S, Poyatos R, Zhang Y, Blanken PD, Gimeno TE, Wohlfahrt G, Desai AR, Gioli B, Limousin JM, Bonal D, Paul-Limoges E, Scott RL, Varlagin A, Fuchs K, Montagnani L, Wolf S, Delpierre N, Berveiller D, Gharun M, Belelli Marchesini L, Gianelle D, Šigut L, Mammarella I, Siebicke L, Andrew Black T, Knohl A, Hörtnagl L, Magliulo V, Besnard S, Weber U, Carvalhais N, Migliavacca M, Reichstein M, Jung M. Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6916-6930. [PMID: 33022860 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We apply and compare three widely applicable methods for estimating ecosystem transpiration (T) from eddy covariance (EC) data across 251 FLUXNET sites globally. All three methods are based on the coupled water and carbon relationship, but they differ in assumptions and parameterizations. Intercomparison of the three daily T estimates shows high correlation among methods (R between .89 and .94), but a spread in magnitudes of T/ET (evapotranspiration) from 45% to 77%. When compared at six sites with concurrent EC and sap flow measurements, all three EC-based T estimates show higher correlation to sap flow-based T than EC-based ET. The partitioning methods show expected tendencies of T/ET increasing with dryness (vapor pressure deficit and days since rain) and with leaf area index (LAI). Analysis of 140 sites with high-quality estimates for at least two continuous years shows that T/ET variability was 1.6 times higher across sites than across years. Spatial variability of T/ET was primarily driven by vegetation and soil characteristics (e.g., crop or grass designation, minimum annual LAI, soil coarse fragment volume) rather than climatic variables such as mean/standard deviation of temperature or precipitation. Overall, T and T/ET patterns are plausible and qualitatively consistent among the different water flux partitioning methods implying a significant advance made for estimating and understanding T globally, while the magnitudes remain uncertain. Our results represent the first extensive EC data-based estimates of ecosystem T permitting a data-driven perspective on the role of plants' water use for global water and carbon cycling in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Nelson
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Oscar Pérez-Priego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sha Zhou
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Yao Zhang
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- Basque Centre for Climate Change, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Firenze, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | | | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kathrin Fuchs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research INAR/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFoM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Ercolano, Italy
| | - Simon Besnard
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Weber
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Nuno Carvalhais
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel-Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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11
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, Cinti BD, Grandcourt AD, Ligne AD, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, Tommasi PD, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, Dios VRD, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2020; 7:225. [PMID: 32647314 PMCID: PMC7347557 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible. Measurement(s) | net ecosystem exchange • carbon dioxide • water • energy | Technology Type(s) | eddy covariance • measurement device | Sample Characteristic - Environment | terrestrial biome • atmosphere | Sample Characteristic - Location | Earth (planet) |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12295910
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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12
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Eller CB, Rowland L, Mencuccini M, Rosas T, Williams K, Harper A, Medlyn BE, Wagner Y, Klein T, Teodoro GS, Oliveira RS, Matos IS, Rosado BHP, Fuchs K, Wohlfahrt G, Montagnani L, Meir P, Sitch S, Cox PM. Stomatal optimization based on xylem hydraulics (SOX) improves land surface model simulation of vegetation responses to climate. New Phytol 2020; 226:1622-1637. [PMID: 31916258 PMCID: PMC7318565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Land surface models (LSMs) typically use empirical functions to represent vegetation responses to soil drought. These functions largely neglect recent advances in plant ecophysiology that link xylem hydraulic functioning with stomatal responses to climate. We developed an analytical stomatal optimization model based on xylem hydraulics (SOX) to predict plant responses to drought. Coupling SOX to the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) LSM, we conducted a global evaluation of SOX against leaf- and ecosystem-level observations. SOX simulates leaf stomatal conductance responses to climate for woody plants more accurately and parsimoniously than the existing JULES stomatal conductance model. An ecosystem-level evaluation at 70 eddy flux sites shows that SOX decreases the sensitivity of gross primary productivity (GPP) to soil moisture, which improves the model agreement with observations and increases the predicted annual GPP by 30% in relation to JULES. SOX decreases JULES root-mean-square error in GPP by up to 45% in evergreen tropical forests, and can simulate realistic patterns of canopy water potential and soil water dynamics at the studied sites. SOX provides a parsimonious way to incorporate recent advances in plant hydraulics and optimality theory into LSMs, and an alternative to empirical stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton B. Eller
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinas13083‐862Brazil
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAFBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAFBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Anna Harper
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science76100RehovotIsrael
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science76100RehovotIsrael
| | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinas13083‐862Brazil
| | - Ilaine S. Matos
- Department of Ecology – IBRAGRio de Janeiro State University (UERJ)Rio de Janeiro20550‐013Brazil
| | - Bruno H. P. Rosado
- Department of Ecology – IBRAGRio de Janeiro State University (UERJ)Rio de Janeiro20550‐013Brazil
| | - Kathrin Fuchs
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 28092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruck6020Austria
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest ServicesAutonomous Province of BolzanoVia Brennero 639100BolzanoItaly
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Peter M. Cox
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
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13
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Montagnani L, Badraghi A, Speak AF, Wellstein C, Borruso L, Zerbe S, Zanotelli D. Evidence for a non-linear carbon accumulation pattern along an Alpine glacier retreat chronosequence in Northern Italy. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7703. [PMID: 31616581 PMCID: PMC6790226 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glaciers in the Alps, as in other high mountain ranges and boreal zones, are generally retreating and leaving a wide surface of bare ground free from ice cover. This early stage soil is then colonized by microbes and vegetation in a process of primary succession. It is rarely experimentally examined whether this colonization process is linear or not at the ecosystem scale. Thus, to improve our understanding of the variables involved in the carbon accumulation in the different stages of primary succession, we conducted this research in three transects on the Matsch glacier forefield (Alps, N Italy) at an altitude between 2,350 and 2,800 m a.s.l. Methods In three field campaigns (July, August and September 2014) a closed transparent chamber was used to quantify the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) between the natural vegetation and the atmosphere. On the five plots established in each of the three transects, shading nets were used to determine ecosystem response function to variable light conditions. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) was partitioned from NEE. Following the final flux measurements, biometric sampling was conducted to establish soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content and the biomass components for each transect. Results A clear difference was found between the earlier and the later successional stage. The older successional stages in the lower altitudes acted as a stronger C sink, where NEE, GEE and Reco were significantly higher than in the earlier successional stage. Of the two lower transects, the sink capacity of intermediate-succession plots exceeded that of the plots of older formation, in spite of the more developed soil. Total biomass (above- and belowground) approached its maximum value in the intermediate ecosystem, whilst the later stage of succession predominated in the corresponding belowground organic mass (biomass, N and C). Outlook We found that the process of carbon accumulation along a glacier retreat chronosequence is not linear, and after a quite rapid increase in carbon accumulation capacity in the first 150 years, in average 9 g C m−2 year−1, it slows down, taking place mainly in the belowground biomass components. Concurrently, the photosynthetic capacity peaks in the intermediate stage of ecosystem development. If confirmed by further studies on a larger scale, this study would provide evidence for a predominant effect of plant physiology over soil physical characteristics in the green-up phase after glacier retreat, which has to be taken into account in the creation of scenarios related to climate change and future land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Aysan Badraghi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrew Francis Speak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefan Zerbe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Damiano Zanotelli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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14
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Montagnani L, Zanotelli D, Tagliavini M, Tomelleri E. Timescale effects on the environmental control of carbon and water fluxes of an apple orchard. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:416-434. [PMID: 29321882 PMCID: PMC5756873 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Model parameterization and validation of earth–atmosphere interactions are generally performed using a single timescale (e.g., nearly instantaneous, daily, and annual), although both delayed responses and hysteretic effects have been widely recognized. The lack of consideration of these effects hampers our capability to represent them in empirical‐ or process‐based models. Here we explore, using an apple orchard ecosystem in the North of Italy as a simplified case study, how the considered timescale impacts the relative importance of the single environmental variables in explaining observed net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET). Using 6 years of eddy covariance and meteorological information as input data, we found a decay of the relative importance of the modeling capability of photosynthetically active radiation in explaining both NEE and ET moving from half‐hourly to seasonal timescale and an increase in the relative importance of air temperature (T) and VPD. Satellite NDVI, used as proxy of leaf development, added little improvement to overall modeling capability. Increasing the timescale, the number of variables needed for parameterization decreased (from 5 to 1), while the proportion of variance explained by the model increased (r2 from 0.56–0.78 to 0.85–0.90 for NEE and ET respectively). The wavelet coherence and the phase analyses showed that the two variables that increased their relative importance when the scale increased (T, VPD) were not in phase at the correlation peak of both ET and NEE. This phase shift in the time domain corresponds to a hysteretic response in the meteorological variables domain. This work confirms that the model parameterization should be performed using parameters calculated at the appropriate scale. It suggests that in managed ecosystems, where the interannual variability is minimized by the agronomic practices, the use of timescales large enough to include hysteretic and delayed responses reduces the number of required input variables and improves their explanatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy.,Forest Services Autonomous Province of Bolzano Bolzano Italy
| | - Damiano Zanotelli
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy
| | - Massimo Tagliavini
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy
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15
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Lin H, Chen Y, Song Q, Fu P, Cleverly J, Magliulo V, Law BE, Gough CM, Hörtnagl L, Di Gennaro F, Matteucci G, Montagnani L, Duce P, Shao C, Kato T, Bonal D, Paul-Limoges E, Beringer J, Grace J, Fan Z. Quantifying deforestation and forest degradation with thermal response. Sci Total Environ 2017; 607-608:1286-1292. [PMID: 28732406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Deforestation and forest degradation cause the deterioration of resources and ecosystem services. However, there are still no operational indicators to measure forest status, especially for forest degradation. In the present study, we analysed the thermal response number (TRN, calculated by daily total net radiation divided by daily temperature range) of 163 sites including mature forest, disturbed forest, planted forest, shrubland, grassland, savanna vegetation and cropland. TRN generally increased with latitude, however the regression of TRN against latitude differed among vegetation types. Mature forests are superior as thermal buffers, and had significantly higher TRN than disturbed and planted forests. There was a clear boundary between TRN of forest and non-forest vegetation (i.e. grassland and savanna) with the exception of shrubland, whose TRN overlapped with that of forest vegetation. We propose to use the TRN of local mature forest as the optimal TRN (TRNopt). A forest with lower than 75% of TRNopt was identified as subjected to significant disturbance, and forests with 66% of TRNopt was the threshold for deforestation within the absolute latitude from 30° to 55°. Our results emphasized the irreplaceable thermal buffer capacity of mature forest. TRN can be used for early warning of deforestation and degradation risk. It is therefore a valuable tool in the effort to protect forests and prevent deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Peili Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - James Cleverly
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Beverly E Law
- Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Christopher M Gough
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Biology, 1000 W. Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2012, USA
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy; Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Changliang Shao
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations (CGCEO), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | | | | | - Jason Beringer
- School of Earth and Environment (SEE), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - John Grace
- School of Geosciences, the University of Edingburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, The United Kingdom
| | - Zexin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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16
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Fernández-Martínez M, Vicca S, Janssens IA, Ciais P, Obersteiner M, Bartrons M, Sardans J, Verger A, Canadell JG, Chevallier F, Wang X, Bernhofer C, Curtis PS, Gianelle D, Grünwald T, Heinesch B, Ibrom A, Knohl A, Laurila T, Law BE, Limousin JM, Longdoz B, Loustau D, Mammarella I, Matteucci G, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moors EJ, Munger JW, Papale D, Piao SL, Peñuelas J. Atmospheric deposition, CO 2, and change in the land carbon sink. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9632. [PMID: 28851977 PMCID: PMC5574890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have continued to increase whereas atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen has declined in Europe and the USA during recent decades. Using time series of flux observations from 23 forests distributed throughout Europe and the USA, and generalised mixed models, we found that forest-level net ecosystem production and gross primary production have increased by 1% annually from 1995 to 2011. Statistical models indicated that increasing atmospheric CO2 was the most important factor driving the increasing strength of carbon sinks in these forests. We also found that the reduction of sulphur deposition in Europe and the USA lead to higher recovery in ecosystem respiration than in gross primary production, thus limiting the increase of carbon sequestration. By contrast, trends in climate and nitrogen deposition did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period. Our findings support the hypothesis of a general CO2-fertilization effect on vegetation growth and suggest that, so far unknown, sulphur deposition plays a significant role in the carbon balance of forests in industrialized regions. Our results show the need to include the effects of changing atmospheric composition, beyond CO2, to assess future dynamics of carbon-climate feedbacks not currently considered in earth system/climate modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Martínez
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - S Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - I A Janssens
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - M Bartrons
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Verger
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - F Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - X Wang
- Sino-French Institute of Earth System Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - C Bernhofer
- TU Dresden, Institut für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, LS Meteorologie, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - P S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - D Gianelle
- Foxlab Joint CNR-FEM Initiative, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 S, Michele all' Adige Trento, Italy
| | - T Grünwald
- TU Dresden, Institut für Hydrologie und Meteorologie, LS Meteorologie, Pienner Str. 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - B Heinesch
- Department of Biosystem Engineering (BioSE), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - A Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B E Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - J M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valery Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier 5, France
| | - B Longdoz
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, UMR1137, Inra-Université de Lorraine, Champenoux (F-54280)-Vandoeuvre Les Nancy (F-54500), France
| | - D Loustau
- INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Centre de Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - I Mammarella
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 48, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G Matteucci
- IBAF - National Research Council of Italy, I-00015, Monterotondo (RM), Italy.,ISAFOM - National Research Council of Italy, I-87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - R K Monson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - L Montagnani
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Via Brennero 6, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - E J Moors
- Alterra Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.,VU University Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J W Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - D Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S L Piao
- Sino-French Institute of Earth System Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - J Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Varolo E, Zanotelli D, Montagnani L, Tagliavini M, Zerbe S. Colonization of a Deglaciated Moraine: Contrasting Patterns of Carbon Uptake and Release from C3 and CAM Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168741. [PMID: 28033605 PMCID: PMC5199236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current glacier retreat makes vast mountain ranges available for vegetation establishment and growth. As a result, carbon (C) is accumulated in the soil, in a negative feedback to climate change. Little is known about the effective C budget of these new ecosystems and how the presence of different vegetation communities influences CO2 fluxes. METHODS On the Matsch glacier forefield (Alps, Italy) we measured over two growing seasons the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of a typical grassland, dominated by the C3 Festuca halleri All., and a community dominated by the CAM rosettes Sempervivum montanum L. Using transparent and opaque chambers, with air temperature as the driver, we partitioned NEE to calculate Ecosystem Respiration (Reco) and Gross Ecosystem Exchange (GEE). In addition, soil and vegetation samples were collected from the same sites to estimate the Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (NECB). RESULTS The two communities showed contrasting GEE but similar Reco patterns, and as a result they were significantly different in NEE during the period measured. The grassland acted as a C sink, with a total cumulated value of -46.4±35.5 g C m-2 NEE, while the plots dominated by the CAM rosettes acted as a source, with 31.9±22.4 g C m-2. In spite of the different NEE, soil analysis did not reveal significant differences in carbon accumulation of the two plant communities (1770±130 for F. halleri and 2080±230 g C m-2 for S. montanum), suggesting that processes often neglected, like lateral flows and winter respiration, can have a similar relevance as NEE in the determination of the Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Varolo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Damiano Zanotelli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Tagliavini
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefan Zerbe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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18
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Musavi T, Migliavacca M, van de Weg MJ, Kattge J, Wohlfahrt G, van Bodegom PM, Reichstein M, Bahn M, Carrara A, Domingues TF, Gavazzi M, Gianelle D, Gimeno C, Granier A, Gruening C, Havránková K, Herbst M, Hrynkiw C, Kalhori A, Kaminski T, Klumpp K, Kolari P, Longdoz B, Minerbi S, Montagnani L, Moors E, Oechel WC, Reich PB, Rohatyn S, Rossi A, Rotenberg E, Varlagin A, Wilkinson M, Wirth C, Mahecha MD. Potential and limitations of inferring ecosystem photosynthetic capacity from leaf functional traits. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7352-7366. [PMID: 28725403 PMCID: PMC5513259 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the potential and limitations of using plant functional trait observations from global databases versus in situ data to improve our understanding of vegetation impacts on ecosystem functional properties (EFPs). Using ecosystem photosynthetic capacity as an example, we first provide an objective approach to derive robust EFP estimates from gross primary productivity (GPP) obtained from eddy covariance flux measurements. Second, we investigate the impact of synchronizing EFPs and plant functional traits in time and space to evaluate their relationships, and the extent to which we can benefit from global plant trait databases to explain the variability of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity. Finally, we identify a set of plant functional traits controlling ecosystem photosynthetic capacity at selected sites. Suitable estimates of the ecosystem photosynthetic capacity can be derived from light response curve of GPP responding to radiation (photosynthetically active radiation or absorbed photosynthetically active radiation). Although the effect of climate is minimized in these calculations, the estimates indicate substantial interannual variation of the photosynthetic capacity, even after removing site-years with confounding factors like disturbance such as fire events. The relationships between foliar nitrogen concentration and ecosystem photosynthetic capacity are tighter when both of the measurements are synchronized in space and time. When using multiple plant traits simultaneously as predictors for ecosystem photosynthetic capacity variation, the combination of leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio with leaf phosphorus content explains the variance of ecosystem photosynthetic capacity best (adjusted R2 = 0.55). Overall, this study provides an objective approach to identify links between leaf level traits and canopy level processes and highlights the relevance of the dynamic nature of ecosystems. Synchronizing measurements of eddy covariance fluxes and plant traits in time and space is shown to be highly relevant to better understand the importance of intra- and interspecific trait variation on ecosystem functioning.
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19
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Desai A, Wohlfahrt G, Zeeman M, Katata G, Eugster W, Montagnani L, Gianelle D, Mauder M, Schmid HP. Montane ecosystem productivity responds more to global circulation patterns than climatic trends. Environ Res Lett 2016; 11:024013. [PMID: 28458719 PMCID: PMC5405868 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Regional ecosystem productivity is highly sensitive to inter-annual climate variability, both within and outside the primary carbon uptake period. However, Earth system models lack sufficient spatial scales and ecosystem processes to resolve how these processes may change in a warming climate. Here, we show, how for the European Alps, mid-latitude Atlantic ocean winter circulation anomalies drive high-altitude summer forest and grassland productivity, through feedbacks among orographic wind circulation patterns, snowfall, winter and spring temperatures, and vegetation activity. Therefore, to understand future global climate change influence to regional ecosystem productivity, Earth systems models need to focus on improvements towards topographic downscaling of changes in regional atmospheric circulation patterns and to lagged responses in vegetation dynamics to non-growing season climate anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Desai
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic
Sciences, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT
Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
GERMANY
| | - G. Wohlfahrt
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology,
Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
- European Academy of Bolzano, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bolzano,
ITALY
| | - M.J. Zeeman
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT
Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
GERMANY
| | - G. Katata
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT
Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
GERMANY
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1195,
JAPAN
| | - W. Eugster
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, SWITZERLAND
| | - L. Montagnani
- Forest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Via Brennero 6,
39100 Bolzano, ITALY
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano,
Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, ITALY
| | - D. Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research
and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 S. Michele all’ Adige
Trento, ITALY
- Foxlab Joint CNR-FEM Initiative, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele
all'Adige, ITALY
| | - M. Mauder
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT
Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
GERMANY
| | - H.-P. Schmid
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institute of
Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), KIT
Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen,
GERMANY
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Bagnara M, Sottocornola M, Cescatti A, Minerbi S, Montagnani L, Gianelle D, Magnani F. Bayesian optimization of a light use efficiency model for the estimation of daily gross primary productivity in a range of Italian forest ecosystems. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Parazoo NC, Bowman K, Fisher JB, Frankenberg C, Jones DBA, Cescatti A, Pérez-Priego O, Wohlfahrt G, Montagnani L. Terrestrial gross primary production inferred from satellite fluorescence and vegetation models. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:3103-3121. [PMID: 24909755 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Determining the spatial and temporal distribution of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is a critical step in closing the Earth's carbon budget. Dynamical global vegetation models (DGVMs) provide mechanistic insight into GPP variability but diverge in predicting the response to climate in poorly investigated regions. Recent advances in the remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) opens up a new possibility to provide direct global observational constraints for GPP. Here, we apply an optimal estimation approach to infer the global distribution of GPP from an ensemble of eight DGVMs constrained by global measurements of SIF from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). These estimates are compared to flux tower data in N. America, Europe, and tropical S. America, with careful consideration of scale differences between models, GOSAT, and flux towers. Assimilation of GOSAT SIF with DGVMs causes a redistribution of global productivity from northern latitudes to the tropics of 7-8 Pg C yr(-1) from 2010 to 2012, with reduced GPP in northern forests (~3.6 Pg C yr(-1) ) and enhanced GPP in tropical forests (~3.7 Pg C yr(-1) ). This leads to improvements in the structure of the seasonal cycle, including earlier dry season GPP loss and enhanced peak-to-trough GPP in tropical forests within the Amazon Basin and reduced growing season length in northern croplands and deciduous forests. Uncertainty in predicted GPP (estimated from the spread of DGVMs) is reduced by 40-70% during peak productivity suggesting the assimilation of GOSAT SIF with models is well-suited for benchmarking. We conclude that satellite fluorescence augurs a new opportunity to quantify the GPP response to climate drivers and the potential to constrain predictions of carbon cycle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Parazoo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA; Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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22
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Wang T, Brender P, Ciais P, Piao S, Mahecha MD, Chevallier F, Reichstein M, Ottlé C, Maignan F, Arain A, Bohrer G, Cescatti A, Kiely G, Law BE, Lutz M, Montagnani L, Moors E, Osborne B, Panferov O, Papale D, Vaccari FP. State-dependent errors in a land surface model across biomes inferred from eddy covariance observations on multiple timescales. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Niu S, Luo Y, Fei S, Yuan W, Schimel D, Law BE, Ammann C, Altaf Arain M, Arneth A, Aubinet M, Barr A, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Andrew Black T, Buchmann N, Cescatti A, Chen J, Davis KJ, Dellwik E, Desai AR, Etzold S, Francois L, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Goldstein A, Groenendijk M, Gu L, Hanan N, Helfter C, Hirano T, Hollinger DY, Jones MB, Kiely G, Kolb TE, Kutsch WL, Lafleur P, Lawrence DM, Li L, Lindroth A, Litvak M, Loustau D, Lund M, Marek M, Martin TA, Matteucci G, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Moors E, William Munger J, Noormets A, Oechel W, Olejnik J, U KTP, Pilegaard K, Rambal S, Raschi A, Scott RL, Seufert G, Spano D, Stoy P, Sutton MA, Varlagin A, Vesala T, Weng E, Wohlfahrt G, Yang B, Zhang Z, Zhou X. Thermal optimality of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and underlying mechanisms. New Phytol 2012; 194:775-783. [PMID: 22404566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
• It is well established that individual organisms can acclimate and adapt to temperature to optimize their functioning. However, thermal optimization of ecosystems, as an assemblage of organisms, has not been examined at broad spatial and temporal scales. • Here, we compiled data from 169 globally distributed sites of eddy covariance and quantified the temperature response functions of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), an ecosystem-level property, to determine whether NEE shows thermal optimality and to explore the underlying mechanisms. • We found that the temperature response of NEE followed a peak curve, with the optimum temperature (corresponding to the maximum magnitude of NEE) being positively correlated with annual mean temperature over years and across sites. Shifts of the optimum temperature of NEE were mostly a result of temperature acclimation of gross primary productivity (upward shift of optimum temperature) rather than changes in the temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration. • Ecosystem-level thermal optimality is a newly revealed ecosystem property, presumably reflecting associated evolutionary adaptation of organisms within ecosystems, and has the potential to significantly regulate ecosystem-climate change feedbacks. The thermal optimality of NEE has implications for understanding fundamental properties of ecosystems in changing environments and benchmarking global models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Niu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Institute of Global Environmental Change Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenfeng Fei
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Wenping Yuan
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - David Schimel
- NEON, Inc., 5340 Airport Blvd, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Beverly E Law
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2209, USA
| | - Christof Ammann
- Federal Research Station Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Almut Arneth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - Marc Aubinet
- Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Unitéde Physique des Biosystémes, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Alan Barr
- Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Chair of Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Andrew Black
- Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Nina Buchmann
- ETH, Zurich, Institute of Plant Science, Universitaetsstrasse 2, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences (DES), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ebba Dellwik
- Wind Energy Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, P.O. 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WC, 53706, USA
| | - Sophia Etzold
- ETH, Zurich, Institute of Plant Science, Universitaetsstrasse 2, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Louis Francois
- Unité de Modélisation du Climat et des Cycles Biogéochimiques (UMCCB) Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, (TN), Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Allen Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Margriet Groenendijk
- Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Niall Hanan
- Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, 1021 Medary Ave., Wecota Hall 506B, Brookings, SD 57007-3510, USA
| | - Carole Helfter
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Hokkaido University N9, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - David Y Hollinger
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Mike B Jones
- Botany Department, Trinity College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Kiely
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute (vTI), Institute for Climate Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Lafleur
- Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - David M Lawrence
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Linghao Li
- State Key laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Changes, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Anders Lindroth
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-001, USA
| | - Denis Loustau
- INRA, UR1263 EPHYSE, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magnus Lund
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michal Marek
- Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Poříčí3b, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council, Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Servizi Forestali, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eddy Moors
- ESS-CC, Alterra, Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands NL
| | - J William Munger
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Asko Noormets
- North Carolina State University/USDA Forest Service, Southern Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Janusz Olejnik
- Meteorology Department, Poznan University of Life Sciences (PULS), 60-667 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kyaw Tha Paw U
- Atmospheric Science Group, LAWR, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, P.O. 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Serge Rambal
- DREAM, CEFE, CNRS, UMR5175, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Antonio Raschi
- CNR - Instituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Russell L Scott
- USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Günther Seufert
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Department of Economics and Woody Plant Ecosystems, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paul Stoy
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark A Sutton
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenisky pr., 33 Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Timo Vesala
- Department of Physics, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ensheng Weng
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology Sternwartestr 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Bai Yang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Zhongda Zhang
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Institute of Global Environmental Change Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Peltoniemi M, Pulkkinen M, Kolari P, Duursma RA, Montagnani L, Wharton S, Lagergren F, Takagi K, Verbeeck H, Christensen T, Vesala T, Falk M, Loustau D, Mäkelä A. Does canopy mean nitrogen concentration explain variation in canopy light use efficiency across 14 contrasting forest sites? Tree Physiol 2012; 32:200-218. [PMID: 22323526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The maximum light use efficiency (LUE = gross primary production (GPP)/absorbed photosynthetic photon flux density (aPPFD)) of plant canopies has been reported to vary spatially and some of this variation has previously been attributed to plant species differences. The canopy nitrogen concentration [N] can potentially explain some of this spatial variation. However, the current paradigm of the N-effect on photosynthesis is largely based on the relationship between photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) and [N], i.e., the effects of [N] on photosynthesis rates appear under high PPFD. A maximum LUE-[N] relationship, if it existed, would influence photosynthesis in the whole range of PPFD. We estimated maximum LUE for 14 eddy-covariance forest sites, examined its [N] dependency and investigated how the [N]-maximum LUE dependency could be incorporated into a GPP model. In the model, maximum LUE corresponds to LUE under optimal environmental conditions before light saturation takes place (the slope of GPP vs. PPFD under low PPFD). Maximum LUE was higher in deciduous/mixed than in coniferous sites, and correlated significantly with canopy mean [N]. Correlations between maximum LUE and canopy [N] existed regardless of daily PPFD, although we expected the correlation to disappear under low PPFD when LUE was also highest. Despite these correlations, including [N] in the model of GPP only marginally decreased the root mean squared error. Our results suggest that maximum LUE correlates linearly with canopy [N], but that a larger body of data is required before we can include this relationship into a GPP model. Gross primary production will therefore positively correlate with [N] already at low PPFD, and not only at high PPFD as is suggested by the prevailing paradigm of leaf-level A(max)-[N] relationships. This finding has consequences for modelling GPP driven by temporal changes or spatial variation in canopy [N].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Peltoniemi
- Department of Forest Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Groenendijk M, Dolman AJ, Ammann C, Arneth A, Cescatti A, Dragoni D, Gash JHC, Gianelle D, Gioli B, Kiely G, Knohl A, Law BE, Lund M, Marcolla B, van der Molen MK, Montagnani L, Moors E, Richardson AD, Roupsard O, Verbeeck H, Wohlfahrt G. Seasonal variation of photosynthetic model parameters and leaf area index from global Fluxnet eddy covariance data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Jung M, Reichstein M, Margolis HA, Cescatti A, Richardson AD, Arain MA, Arneth A, Bernhofer C, Bonal D, Chen J, Gianelle D, Gobron N, Kiely G, Kutsch W, Lasslop G, Law BE, Lindroth A, Merbold L, Montagnani L, Moors EJ, Papale D, Sottocornola M, Vaccari F, Williams C. Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mahecha MD, Reichstein M, Carvalhais N, Lasslop G, Lange H, Seneviratne SI, Vargas R, Ammann C, Arain MA, Cescatti A, Janssens IA, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Richardson AD. Response to Comment on “Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level”. Science 2011. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1197033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D. Mahecha
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nuno Carvalhais
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gitta Lasslop
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Lange
- Norsk Institutt for Skog og Landskap, N–1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Sonia I. Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada–Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Christof Ammann
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon, Federal Research Station, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH–8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano–Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Servizi Forestali, Agenzia per l’Ambiente, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Free University of Bozen–Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrew D. Richardson
- Harvard University Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Richardson AD, Black TA, Ciais P, Delbart N, Friedl MA, Gobron N, Hollinger DY, Kutsch WL, Longdoz B, Luyssaert S, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Munger JW, Moors E, Piao S, Rebmann C, Reichstein M, Saigusa N, Tomelleri E, Vargas R, Varlagin A. Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:3227-46. [PMID: 20819815 PMCID: PMC2981939 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We use eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 21 FLUXNET sites (153 site-years of data) to investigate relationships between phenology and productivity (in terms of both NEP and gross ecosystem photosynthesis, GEP) in temperate and boreal forests. Results are used to evaluate the plausibility of four different conceptual models. Phenological indicators were derived from the eddy covariance time series, and from remote sensing and models. We examine spatial patterns (across sites) and temporal patterns (across years); an important conclusion is that it is likely that neither of these accurately represents how productivity will respond to future phenological shifts resulting from ongoing climate change. In spring and autumn, increased GEP resulting from an 'extra' day tends to be offset by concurrent, but smaller, increases in ecosystem respiration, and thus the effect on NEP is still positive. Spring productivity anomalies appear to have carry-over effects that translate to productivity anomalies in the following autumn, but it is not clear that these result directly from phenological anomalies. Finally, the productivity of evergreen needleleaf forests is less sensitive to phenology than is productivity of deciduous broadleaf forests. This has implications for how climate change may drive shifts in competition within mixed-species stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Richardson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Mahecha MD, Reichstein M, Carvalhais N, Lasslop G, Lange H, Seneviratne SI, Vargas R, Ammann C, Arain MA, Cescatti A, Janssens IA, Migliavacca M, Montagnani L, Richardson AD. Global convergence in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at ecosystem level. Science 2010; 329:838-40. [PMID: 20603495 DOI: 10.1126/science.1189587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory release of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from the land surface is a major flux in the global carbon cycle, antipodal to photosynthetic CO(2) uptake. Understanding the sensitivity of respiratory processes to temperature is central for quantifying the climate-carbon cycle feedback. We approximated the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem respiration to air temperature (Q(10)) across 60 FLUXNET sites with the use of a methodology that circumvents confounding effects. Contrary to previous findings, our results suggest that Q(10) is independent of mean annual temperature, does not differ among biomes, and is confined to values around 1.4 +/- 0.1. The strong relation between photosynthesis and respiration, by contrast, is highly variable among sites. The results may partly explain a less pronounced climate-carbon cycle feedback than suggested by current carbon cycle climate models.
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Vargas R, Baldocchi DD, Querejeta JI, Curtis PS, Hasselquist NJ, Janssens IA, Allen MF, Montagnani L. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal dominated vegetation types are differentially influenced by precipitation and temperature. New Phytol 2010; 185:226-236. [PMID: 19825017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we explore how interannual variations in environmental factors (i.e. temperature, precipitation and light) influence CO(2) fluxes (gross primary production and ecosystem respiration) in terrestrial ecosystems classified by vegetation type and the mycorrhizal type of dominant plants (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM)). We combined 236 site-year measurements of terrestrial ecosystem CO(2) fluxes and environmental factors from 50 eddy-covariance flux tower sites with information about climate, vegetation type and dominant plant species. Across large geographical distances, interannual variations in ecosystem CO(2) fluxes for EM-dominated sites were primarily controlled by interannual variations in mean annual temperature. By contrast, interannual variations in ecosystem CO(2) fluxes at AM-dominated sites were primarily controlled by interannual variations in precipitation. This study represents the first large-scale assessment of terrestrial CO(2) fluxes in multiple vegetation types classified according to dominant mycorrhizal association. Our results support and complement the hypothesis that bioclimatic conditions influence the distribution of AM and EM systems across large geographical distances, which leads to important differences in the major climatic factors controlling ecosystem CO(2) fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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31
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Montagnani L, Manca G, Canepa E, Georgieva E, Acosta M, Feigenwinter C, Janous D, Kerschbaumer G, Lindroth A, Minach L, Minerbi S, Mölder M, Pavelka M, Seufert G, Zeri M, Ziegler W. A new mass conservation approach to the study of CO2advection in an alpine forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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De Bellis P, Gerbi G, Bacigalupo P, Buscaglia G, Massobrio B, Montagnani L, Servidei L. [Experience with remifentanil in the ICU]. Minerva Anestesiol 2002; 68:765-73. [PMID: 12496723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analgesia and sedation are indispensable in patients admitted to intensive care for the following, principal reasons: to control their state of anxiety, induce amnesia, improve their adaptation to mechanical ventilation, make invasive manoeuvres tolerable. The purpose of the present retrospective analysis is to assess the effectiveness of remifentanil in a total of 1085 patients admitted to our Resuscitation and Intensive Care Department in 1997-2001. METHODS A sample of 60 adults was taken from these patients. The group was homogeneous in terms of age (67.3+/-10.2 kg), weight (66.7+/-10.2 kg), duration of sedation (6.8+/-1.6 days) and index of gravity (SAPS 30.1+/-4.4). The patients were suffering from chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy, subjected to mechanical ventilation and sedated with remifentanil. The sample was then compared with another 2 groups (homogeneous with the first) of 20 patients each, treated with propofol and midazolam as the only drug. Following an initial bolus of 2 mg/kg (+/-0.04) for propofol and 0.15 mg/kg (+/-0.03) for midazolam (no bolus for remifentanil), the doses of subsequent continuous infusion (initial doses in the case of remifentanil) were: 0.05 mcg/kg/m (+/-0.01) for remifentanil; 1 mg/kg/h (+/-0.04) for propofol; 0.03 mg/kg/h (+/-0.006) for midazolam. In order to assess the level and quality of sedation, 2 subjective evaluation scales (Ramsey score and the Sedation-Agitation Score: SAS) and one system of objective evaluation (Bispectral Index; BIS) were employed. The BIS is a direct measure of the effects of anaesthetics on the brain. It is represented by a single digit (between 100, state of arousal, and zero, EEG flat), derived statistically and empirically from the EEG. RESULTS No significant differences were encountered as regards quality of sedation among the 3 groups but there was a significant difference in negative cardiovascular activity in patients treated with propofol (12% reduction in Cl, 13.8% reduction in SVR). A significant accumulation of the drug was observed in cases treated with midazolam, whereas there was no accumulation for remifentanil and propofol in relation to the duration of the infusion. CONCLUSIONS Of the various sedation modalities employed, we prefer the one which uses remifentanil as the sole drug because a good level of sedation is obtained, there is no accumulation, little interference with cardiovascular parameters and lower costs in comparison with the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Bellis
- Servizio Anestesia e Rianimazione, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa
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