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Lebratti T, Lim YS, Cofie A, Andhey P, Jiang X, Scott J, Fabbrizi MR, Ozantürk AN, Pham C, Clemens R, Artyomov M, Dinauer M, Shin H. A sustained type I IFN-neutrophil-IL-18 axis drives pathology during mucosal viral infection. eLife 2021; 10:e65762. [PMID: 34047696 PMCID: PMC8163503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil responses against pathogens must be balanced between protection and immunopathology. Factors that determine these outcomes are not well-understood. In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, which results in severe genital inflammation, antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion reduced disease. Comparative single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of vaginal cells against a model of genital HSV-1 infection, which results in mild inflammation, demonstrated sustained expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) only after HSV-2 infection primarily within the neutrophil population. Both therapeutic blockade of IFNα/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and genetic deletion of IFNAR1 in neutrophils concomitantly decreased HSV-2 genital disease severity and vaginal IL-18 levels. Therapeutic neutralization of IL-18 also diminished genital inflammation, indicating an important role for this cytokine in promoting neutrophil-dependent immunopathology. Our study reveals that sustained type I interferon (IFN) signaling is a driver of pathogenic neutrophil responses and identifies IL-18 as a novel component of disease during genital HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/metabolism
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/innervation
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Neutrophil Activation/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/virology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Vero Cells
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lebratti
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ying Shiang Lim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Prabhakar Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ayşe Naz Ozantürk
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Regina Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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Kitcharoensakkul M, Song Z, Bednarski JJ, Dinauer M. A Novel CYBB Variant Causing X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease in a Patient with Empyema. J Clin Immunol 2020; 41:266-269. [PMID: 33090293 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maleewan Kitcharoensakkul
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus box 8116, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Zhimin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus box 8116, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus box 8116, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus box 8116, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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3
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Gao H, Hawkins T, Jasti A, Chen YH, Mockaitis K, Dinauer M, Cornetta K. Development and Evaluation of Quality Metrics for Bioinformatics Analysis of Viral Insertion Site Data Generated Using High Throughput Sequencing. Biomedicines 2014; 2:195-210. [PMID: 28548067 PMCID: PMC5423470 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral vectors into a host genome is associated with insertional mutagenesis and subjects in clinical gene therapy trials must be monitored for this adverse event. Several PCR based methods such as ligase-mediated (LM) PCR, linear-amplification-mediated (LAM) PCR and non-restrictive (nr) LAM PCR were developed to identify sites of vector integration. Coupling the power of next-generation sequencing technologies with various PCR approaches will provide a comprehensive and genome-wide profiling of insertion sites and increase throughput. In this bioinformatics study, we aimed to develop and apply quality metrics to viral insertion data obtained using next-generation sequencing. We developed five simple metrics for assessing next-generation sequencing data from different PCR products and showed how the metrics can be used to objectively compare runs performed with the same methodology as well as data generated using different PCR techniques. The results will help researchers troubleshoot complex methodologies, understand the quality of sequencing data, and provide a starting point for developing standardization of vector insertion site data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Troy Hawkins
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Aparna Jasti
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA.
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Kenneth Cornetta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IB 130, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Departments of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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4
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Zeng M, Pham D, Brutkiewicz R, Kaplan M, Dinauer M. Efferocytosis induces macrophages to produce IL-4 and activate invariant NKT cells to suppress inflammation (117.17). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.117.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages is fundamental to the resolution of inflammation. In this study we demonstrate using a mouse sterile peritonitis model, a circuit requiring the activation of NKT cells by efferocytosing macrophages to resolve inflammation. Following ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils, macrophages produced IL-4 and IL-13, which in an autocrine manner, resulted in cells with an M2 phenotype. Efferocytosing macrophages displayed increased cell surface expression of CD1d and activated invariant NKT (iNKT) cells that produced IL-4 during the later phase of inflammation. Peritoneal inflammation was exaggerated in mice lacking IL-4 or NKT cells, suggesting both are required to suppress inflammation. Furthermore, sterile peritoneal inflammation was also enhanced and prolonged in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD). We found that X-CGD exudate macrophages expressed reduced surface CD1d and were impaired in activating iNKT cells, which contributed to the persistent inflammation in these mice. Therefore, efferocytosis-induced IL-4 production and activation of iNKT cells by macrophages are immunomodulatory events in an innate immune circuit required to resolve sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Zeng
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Universtiy School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Duy Pham
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Universtiy School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Randy Brutkiewicz
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Universtiy School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mark Kaplan
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Universtiy School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mary Dinauer
- 2Pediatrics, Washington University Sch. of Med., St. Louis, MO
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5
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Zeng M, Dinauer M. Role for NADPH oxidase in macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells (54.2). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.54.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages (efferocytosis) is important for both neutrophil (PMN) homeostasis and resolution of tissue inflammation following infection or injury. In this study, we demonstrated that apoptotic PMN triggered activation of the NADPH oxidase in engulfing mouse macrophages, leading to oxidant production in phagosomes containing PMNs (also called efferosomes). Consistently, immunofluorescent staining revealed accumulation of gp91phox, a membrane-associated subunit of the oxidase, on the efferosome membrane. Examination of MyD88-/- macrophages illustrated a partial requirement for MyD88 in apoptotic PMN-mediated activation of the oxidase. To delineate the role of the NADPH oxidase in degradation of PMNs by macrophages, we observed that in macrophages from gp91 phox -/- mice, which do not generate oxidants during efferocytosis, lysosome-efferosome fusion occurred at a slower rate, thus implicating the importance of oxidants in efferosome maturation. Degradation of ingested PMNs within macrophages was further monitored by staining PMN myeloperoxidase (MPO), which was much more prominent in gp91phox-/- macrophages 6 hours after efferocytosis compared to WT macrophages, suggesting slower degradation in the absence of oxidants. Taken together, our data support that, in addition to its well-characterized anti-microbial function, macrophage NADPH oxidase may be an integral player in PMN clearance to facilitate the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Zeng
- 1Indiana University Sch. of Med., Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mary Dinauer
- 2Washington University Sch. of Med., St. Louis, MO
- 1Indiana University Sch. of Med., Indianapolis, IN
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6
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Retroviral integration has been implicated in several biomedical applications, including identification of cancer-associated genes and malignant transformation in gene therapy clinical trials. We introduce an efficient and scalable method for fast identification of viral vector integration sites from long read high-throughput sequencing. Individual sequence reads are masked to remove non-genomic sequence, aligned to the host genome and assembled into contiguous fragments used to pinpoint the position of integration. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The method is implemented in a publicly accessible web server platform, SeqMap 2.0, containing analysis tools and both private and shared lab workspaces that facilitate collaboration among researchers. Available at http://seqmap.compbio.iupui.edu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy B Hawkins
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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7
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Broxmeyer HE, Mejia JAH, Hangoc G, Barese C, Dinauer M, Cooper S. SDF-1/CXCL12 enhances in vitro replating capacity of murine and human multipotential and macrophage progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:589-96. [PMID: 17784832 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) manifest a limited self-renewal capacity, as determined by a surrogate assay involving replating capacity of single colonies in vitro with generation of secondary colonies. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), has been implicated in regulation of hematopoiesis through its modulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and HPC migration, homing, mobilization, and survival. We used bone marrow cells from SDF-1/CXCL12 transgenic and littermate control mice, and culture of normal mouse bone marrow and human cord blood cells plated in the presence or absence of recombinant SDF-1/CXCL12 to evaluate a role for SDF-1/CXCL12 in the replating capability in vitro of multipotential [colony-forming units (CFU)-GEMM] and macrophage (CFU-M) progenitor cells. Competitive repopulating capacity of mouse HSCs was assessed in lethally irradiated mice. Transgenic or exogenous SDF-1/CXCL12 significantly enhanced numbers of secondary colonies formed from primary CFU-GEMM or CFU-M colonies. In the limited setting of our in vivo studies, the SDF-1/CXCL12 transgene did not influence HSC competitive repopulation. However, the results suggest that SDF-1/CXCL12 enhances in vitro replating/self-renewal of HPCs, which may contribute to myelopoiesis in vivo. This information may be of value to ex vivo expansion of HPCs/HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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8
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Potter SM, Mitchell AJ, Cowden WB, Sanni LA, Dinauer M, de Haan JB, Hunt NH. Phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species do not influence the progression of murine blood-stage malaria infections. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4941-7. [PMID: 16041008 PMCID: PMC1201219 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4941-4947.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the clearance of malaria infections. We investigated the progression of five different strains of murine malaria in gp91(phox-/-) mice, which lack a functional NADPH oxidase and thus the ability to produce phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species. We found that the absence of functional NADPH oxidase in the gene knockout mice had no effect on the parasitemia or total parasite burden in mice infected with either resolving (Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi K562) or fatal (Plasmodium berghei ANKA, Plasmodium berghei K173 and Plasmodium vinckei vinckei) strains of malaria. This lack of effect was apparent in both primary and secondary infections with P. yoelii and P. chabaudi. There was also no difference in the presentation of clinical or pathological signs between the gp91(phox-/-) or wild-type strains of mice infected with malaria. Progression of P. berghei ANKA and P. berghei K173 infections was unchanged in glutathione peroxidase-1 gene knockout mice compared to their wild-type counterparts. The rates of parasitemia progression in gp91(phox-/-) mice and wild-type mice were not significantly different when they were treated with l-N(G)-methylarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species are not crucial for the clearance of malaria parasites, at least in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Potter
- Medical Foundation Building (K25), Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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9
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Glogauer M, Marchal CC, Zhu F, Worku A, Clausen BE, Foerster I, Marks P, Downey GP, Dinauer M, Kwiatkowski DJ. Rac1 deletion in mouse neutrophils has selective effects on neutrophil functions. J Immunol 2003; 170:5652-7. [PMID: 12759446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defects in myeloid cell function in Rac2 knockout mice underline the importance of this isoform in activation of NADPH oxidase and cell motility. However, the specific role of Rac1 in neutrophil function has been difficult to assess since deletion of Rac1 results in embryonic lethality in mice. To elucidate the specific role of Rac1 in neutrophils, we generated mice with a conditional Rac1 deficiency restricted to cells of the granulocyte/monocyte lineage. As observed in Rac2-deficient neutrophils, Rac1-deficient neutrophils demonstrated profound defects in inflammatory recruitment in vivo, migration to chemotactic stimuli, and chemoattractant-mediated actin assembly. In contrast, superoxide production is normal in Rac1-deficient neutrophils but markedly diminished in Rac2 null cells. These data demonstrate that although Rac1 and Rac2 are both required for actin-mediated functions, Rac2 is specifically required for activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase.
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Bonini C, Grez M, Traversari C, Ciceri F, Marktel S, Ferrari G, Dinauer M, Sadat M, Aiuti A, Deola S, Radrizzani M, Hagenbeek A, Apperley J, Ebeling S, Martens A, Kolb HJ, Weber M, Lotti F, Grande A, Weissinger E, Bueren JA, Lamana M, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM, Austin T, Kornblau S, Marini F, Benati C, Magnani Z, Cazzaniga S, Toma S, Gallo-Stampino C, Introna M, Slavin S, Greenberg PD, Bregni M, Mavilio F, Bordignon C. Safety of retroviral gene marking with a truncated NGF receptor. Nat Med 2003; 9:367-9. [PMID: 12669036 DOI: 10.1038/nm0403-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hiran T, Dinauer M, Johnson C, Clay K, Travers J. Evidence for the involvement of the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex in the optimal accumulation of Platelet-activating factor in the human cell line PLB-985. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2001; 66:305-15. [PMID: 11785782 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(01)00163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an early product of the inflammatory environment, influencing development and resolution of inflammation. Its production is greater in neutrophils and macrophages, which predominantly synthesize 1-alkyl sn-2 acetyl glycerophosphocholine (GPC) than in nongranulocytes (B cells and endothelial cells), which lack a respiratory burst and synthesize 1-acyl sn-2 acetyl GPC as their major PAF species. This study investigated whether the respiratory burst was responsible for the quantitative and qualitative differences in sn-2 acetyl GPC species generation by neutrophils and macrophages versus those cells lacking the NADPH oxidase complex. The myeloid cell line PLB-985 (capable of differentiation into neutrophils) was used to test this hypothesis, since these cells had previously been generated with a non-functional respiratory burst (X-CGD PLB-985). Differentiated PLB-985 cells underwent a large respiratory burst in response to PMA (phorbol ester), and smaller respiratory bursts in response to A23187 (calcium ionophore), and the bacterial polypeptide fMLP (receptor mediated activation). Concurrently, treated cells were assessed for production of 1-hexadecyl and 1-palmitoyl sn-2 acetyl GPC species by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Neither cell type generated these lipid species in response to PMA, but both cell types generated equal levels of sn-2 acetyl GPC in response to A23187, with five times more 1-hexadecyl than 1-palmitoyl species. Upon fMLP activation, X-CGD PLB-985 cells produced significantly less 1-hexadecyl and 1-palmitoyl sn-2 acetyl GPC in comparison to the wild-type PLB-985 cells. These findings suggest phagocytic oxidant production by NADPH oxidase is not essential for sn-2 acetyl GPC generation, but appears important for optimal production of PAF in response to some stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hiran
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used agents that have a high incidence of gastrointestinal side effects resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Leukocytes have been implicated in NSAID-induced injury, but the mechanisms are unclear. We established a murine model of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage to assess the roles of candidate gene products in the pathogenesis of this injury. METHODS Indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal injury was assessed in wild-type and several mutant murine lines. Leukocyte involvement was assessed by neutrophil depletion, impairment of recruitment (resulting from targeted disruption of fucosyltransferase VII [FTVII]), and the absence of mature T and B cells with the use of Rag 2(-/-) mice. Activation and oxygen free radicals were assessed using gp91(phox-/-) mice that exhibit normal leukocyte recruitment but are deficient in myeloid cell activation and oxygen free radical generation. RESULTS Impairment of leukocyte recruitment (FTVII(/-)) and neutrophil depletion resulted in more than a 50% reduction in NSAID-induced injury. However, mice deficient in mature T and B cells had NSAID-induced damage comparable to control mice. Leukocyte activation was required for NSAID-induced damage because the gp91(phox-/-) mice were less susceptible to NSAID injury than wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS In this murine model system, FTVII-dependent leukocyte recruitment, leukocyte activation via gp91(phox), and neutrophils are required for NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury, whereas T and B cells are not essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Beck
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Shiloh MU, MacMicking JD, Nicholson S, Brause JE, Potter S, Marino M, Fang F, Dinauer M, Nathan C. Phenotype of mice and macrophages deficient in both phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunity 1999; 10:29-38. [PMID: 10023768 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The two genetically established antimicrobial mechanisms of macrophages are production of reactive oxygen intermediates by phagocyte oxidase (phox) and reactive nitrogen intermediates by inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). Mice doubly deficient in both enzymes (gp91(phox-/-)/NOS2(-/-)) formed massive abscesses containing commensal organisms, mostly enteric bacteria, even when reared under specific pathogen-free conditions with antibiotics. Neither parental strain showed such infections. Thus, phox and NOS2 appear to compensate for each other's deficiency in providing resistance to indigenous bacteria, and no other pathway does so fully. Macrophages from gp91(phox-/-)/NOS2(-/-) mice could not kill virulent Listeria. Their killing of S. typhimurium, E. coli, and attenuated Listeria was markedly diminished but demonstrable, establishing the existence of a mechanism of macrophage antibacterial activity independent of phox and NOS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Shiloh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York 10021, USA
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14
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Al-Mehdi AB, Zhao G, Dodia C, Tozawa K, Costa K, Muzykantov V, Ross C, Blecha F, Dinauer M, Fisher AB. Endothelial NADPH oxidase as the source of oxidants in lungs exposed to ischemia or high K+. Circ Res 1998; 83:730-7. [PMID: 9758643 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.83.7.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) and in isolated perfused rat lungs exposed to high K+ and during global lung ischemia. The present study evaluates the NADPH oxidase pathway as a source of ROS in these models. ROS production, detected by oxidation of the fluorophore, dichlorodihydrofluorescein, increased 2.5-fold in BPAECs and 6-fold in rat or mouse lungs exposed to high (24 mmol/L) K+. ROS generation was markedly inhibited by diphenyliodonium, a flavoprotein inhibitor, and by the synthetic peptide PR-39, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase assembly, whereas allopurinol had no effect. With ischemia (1 hour), ROS generation by rat and mouse lungs increased 7-fold; PR-39 showed concentration-dependent inhibition of ROS production, with 50% inhibition at 3 micromol/L PR-39. ROS production in lungs exposed to high K+ or ischemia was essentially abolished in mice with a "knockout" of gp91(phox), a membrane-localized cytochrome component of NADPH oxidase; increased ROS production by these lungs after anoxia/reoxygenation was similar to control. PR-39 also inhibited ischemia and the high K+-mediated increase in lung thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. Western blotting of BPAECs and immunocytochemistry of BPAECs and rat and mouse lungs showed the presence of p47phox, a cytoplasmic component of NADPH oxidase and the putative target for PR-39 inhibition. In situ fluorescence imaging in the intact lung demonstrated that the increased dichlorofluorescein fluorescence in these models of ROS generation was localized primarily to the pulmonary endothelium. These studies demonstrate that ROS production in lungs exposed to ischemia or high K+ results from assembly and activation of a membrane-associated NAPDH oxidase of the pulmonary endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Al-Mehdi
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068, USA
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