1
|
Pieters T, T’Sas S, Vanhee S, Almeida A, Driege Y, Roels J, Van Loocke W, Daneels W, Baens M, Marchand A, Van Trimpont M, Matthijssens F, Morscio J, Lemeire K, Lintermans B, Reunes L, Chaltin P, Offner F, Van Dorpe J, Hochepied T, Berx G, Beyaert R, Staal J, Van Vlierberghe P, Goossens S. Cyclin D2 overexpression drives B1a-derived MCL-like lymphoma in mice. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202280. [PMID: 34406363 PMCID: PMC8377631 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell lymphoma with poor long-term overall survival. Currently, MCL research and development of potential cures is hampered by the lack of good in vivo models. MCL is characterized by recurrent translocations of CCND1 or CCND2, resulting in overexpression of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 or D2, respectively. Here, we show, for the first time, that hematopoiesis-specific activation of cyclin D2 is sufficient to drive murine MCL-like lymphoma development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cyclin D2 overexpression can synergize with loss of p53 to form aggressive and transplantable MCL-like lymphomas. Strikingly, cyclin D2-driven lymphomas display transcriptional, immunophenotypic, and functional similarities with B1a B cells. These MCL-like lymphomas have B1a-specific B cell receptors (BCRs), show elevated BCR and NF-κB pathway activation, and display increased MALT1 protease activity. Finally, we provide preclinical evidence that inhibition of MALT1 protease activity, which is essential for the development of early life-derived B1a cells, can be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat MCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Allografts
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cyclin D2/genetics
- Cyclin D2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sara T’Sas
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vanhee
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - André Almeida
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willem Daneels
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Van Trimpont
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Matthijssens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Morscio
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Lemeire
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Béatrice Lintermans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lindy Reunes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Drug Design and Discovery, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng J, Klei LR, Hubel NE, Zhang M, Schairer R, Maurer LM, Klei HB, Kang H, Concel VJ, Delekta PC, Dang EV, Mintz MA, Baens M, Cyster JG, Parameswaran N, Thome M, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. GRK2 suppresses lymphomagenesis by inhibiting the MALT1 proto-oncoprotein. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1036-1051. [PMID: 31961340 DOI: 10.1172/jci97040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor-dependent (AgR-dependent) stimulation of the NF-κB transcription factor in lymphocytes is a required event during adaptive immune response, but dysregulated activation of this signaling pathway can lead to lymphoma. AgR stimulation promotes assembly of the CARMA1-BCL10-MALT1 complex, wherein MALT1 acts as (a) a scaffold to recruit components of the canonical NF-κB machinery and (b) a protease to cleave and inactivate specific substrates, including negative regulators of NF-κB. In multiple lymphoma subtypes, malignant B cells hijack AgR signaling pathways to promote their own growth and survival, and inhibiting MALT1 reduces the viability and growth of these tumors. As such, MALT1 has emerged as a potential pharmaceutical target. Here, we identified G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a new MALT1-interacting protein. We demonstrated that GRK2 binds the death domain of MALT1 and inhibits MALT1 scaffolding and proteolytic activities. We found that lower GRK2 levels in activated B cell-type diffuse large B cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) are associated with reduced survival, and that GRK2 knockdown enhances ABC-DLBCL tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings suggest that GRK2 can function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting MALT1 and provide a roadmap for developing new strategies to inhibit MALT1-dependent lymphomagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathaniel E Hubel
- Department of Pediatrics and.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Schairer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Heejae Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Phillip C Delekta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric V Dang
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle A Mintz
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, and.,Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Immunity and Infection, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Demeyer A, Skordos I, Driege Y, Kreike M, Hochepied T, Baens M, Staal J, Beyaert R. MALT1 Proteolytic Activity Suppresses Autoimmunity in a T Cell Intrinsic Manner. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1898. [PMID: 31474984 PMCID: PMC6702287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
MALT1 is a central signaling component in innate and adaptive immunity by regulating NF-κB and other key signaling pathways in different cell types. Activities of MALT1 are mediated by its scaffold and protease functions. Because of its role in lymphocyte activation and proliferation, inhibition of MALT1 proteolytic activity is of high interest for therapeutic targeting in autoimmunity and certain lymphomas. However, recent studies showing that Malt1 protease-dead knock-in (Malt1-PD) mice suffer from autoimmune disease have somewhat tempered the initial enthusiasm. Although it has been proposed that an imbalance between immune suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and activated effector CD4+ T cells plays a key role in the autoimmune phenotype of Malt1-PD mice, the specific contribution of MALT1 proteolytic activity in T cells remains unclear. Using T cell-conditional Malt1 protease-dead knock-in (Malt1-PDT) mice, we here demonstrate that MALT1 has a T cell-intrinsic role in regulating the homeostasis and function of thymic and peripheral T cells. T cell-specific ablation of MALT1 proteolytic activity phenocopies mice in which MALT1 proteolytic activity has been genetically inactivated in all cell types. The Malt1-PDT mice have a reduced number of Tregs in the thymus and periphery, although the effect in the periphery is less pronounced compared to full-body Malt1-PD mice, indicating that also other cell types may promote Treg induction in a MALT1 protease-dependent manner. Despite the difference in peripheral Treg number, both T cell-specific and full-body Malt1-PD mice develop ataxia and multi-organ inflammation to a similar extent. Furthermore, reconstitution of the full-body Malt1-PD mice with T cell-specific expression of wild-type human MALT1 eliminated all signs of autoimmunity. Together, these findings establish an important T cell-intrinsic role of MALT1 proteolytic activity in the suppression of autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Demeyer
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Skordos
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marja Kreike
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Center for Innovation and Stimulation of Drug Discovery (CISTIM), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baens M, Stirparo R, Lampi Y, Verbeke D, Vandepoel R, Cools J, Marynen P, de Bock CE, Bornschein S. Malt1 self-cleavage is critical for regulatory T cell homeostasis and anti-tumor immunity in mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1728-1738. [PMID: 30025160 PMCID: PMC6220888 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (Malt1) regulates immune cell function by mediating the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling through both its adaptor and proteolytic function. Malt1 is also a target of its own protease activity and this self-cleavage further contributes to NF-κB activity. Until now, the functional distinction between Malt1 self-cleavage and its general protease function in regulating NF-κB signaling and immune activation remained unclear. Here we demonstrate, using a new mouse model, the importance of Malt1 self-cleavage in regulating expression of NF-κB target genes and subsequent T cell activation. Significantly, we further establish that Treg homeostasis is critically linked to Malt1 function via a Treg intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism. TCR-mediated Malt1 proteolytic activity and self-cleavage was found to drive Il2 expression in conventional CD4+ T cells, thereby regulating Il2 availability for Treg homeostasis. Remarkably, the loss of Malt1-mediated self-cleavage alone was sufficient to cause a significant Treg deficit resulting in increased anti-tumor immune reactivity without associated autoimmunity complications. These results establish for the first time that inhibition of MALT1 proteolytic activity could be a viable therapeutic strategy to augment anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Cistim Leuven vzwLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rocco Stirparo
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Youlia Lampi
- Switch LaboratoryVIBLeuvenBelgium
- KU Leuven Department for Cellular and MolecularLeuvenBelgium
| | - Delphine Verbeke
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Roel Vandepoel
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan Cools
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Charles E. de Bock
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Bornschein
- KU Leuven Department of Human GeneticsLeuvenBelgium
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyLeuvenBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baens M, Bonsignore L, Somers R, Vanderheydt C, Weeks SD, Gunnarsson J, Nilsson E, Roth RG, Thome M, Marynen P. MALT1 auto-proteolysis is essential for NF-κB-dependent gene transcription in activated lymphocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103774. [PMID: 25105596 PMCID: PMC4126661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) controls antigen receptor–mediated signalling to nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) through both its adaptor and protease function. Upon antigen stimulation, MALT1 forms a complex with BCL10 and CARMA1, which is essential for initial IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Parallel induction of MALT1 protease activity serves to inactivate negative regulators of NF-κB signalling, such as A20 and RELB. Here we demonstrate a key role for auto-proteolytic MALT1 cleavage in B- and T-cell receptor signalling. MALT1 cleavage occurred after Arginine 149, between the N-terminal death domain and the first immunoglobulin-like region, and did not affect its proteolytic activity. Jurkat T cells expressing an un-cleavable MALT1-R149A mutant showed unaltered initial IκBα phosphorylation and normal nuclear accumulation of NF-κB subunits. Nevertheless, MALT1 cleavage was required for optimal activation of NF-κB reporter genes and expression of the NF-κB targets IL-2 and CSF2. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that MALT1 cleavage after R149 was required to induce NF-κB transcriptional activity in Jurkat T cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that auto-proteolytic MALT1 cleavage controls antigen receptor-induced expression of NF-κB target genes downstream of nuclear NF-κB accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Luca Bonsignore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Riet Somers
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Vanderheydt
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen D. Weeks
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Gunnarsson
- Reagent and Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ewa Nilsson
- Reagent and Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Robert G. Roth
- Reagent and Assay Development, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Peter Marynen
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosebeck S, Rehman AO, Apel IJ, Kohrt D, Appert A, O’Donnell MA, Ting AT, Du MQ, Baens M, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. The API2-MALT1 fusion exploits TNFR pathway-associated RIP1 ubiquitination to promote oncogenic NF-κB signaling. Oncogene 2014; 33:2520-30. [PMID: 23770847 PMCID: PMC4237018 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein is created by the recurrent t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosomal translocation in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. We identified receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1) as a novel API2-MALT1-associated protein, and demonstrate that RIP1 is required for API2-MALT1 to stimulate canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). API2-MALT1 promotes ubiquitination of RIP1 at lysine (K) 377, which is necessary for full NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we found that TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) recruitment is required for API2-MALT1 to induce RIP1 ubiquitination, NF-κB activation and cellular transformation. Although both TRAF2 and RIP1 interact with the API2 moiety of API2-MALT1, this moiety alone is insufficient to induce RIP1 ubiquitination or activate NF-κB, indicating that API2-MALT1-dependent RIP1 ubiquitination represents a gain of function requiring the concerted actions of both the API2 and MALT1 moieties of the fusion. Intriguingly, constitutive RIP1 ubiquitination was recently demonstrated in several solid tumors, and now our study implicates RIP1 ubiquitination as a critical component of API2-MALT1-dependent lymphomagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aasia O. Rehman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid J. Apel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dawn Kohrt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex Appert
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Laboratory Block, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adrian T. Ting
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Laboratory Block, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Linda M. McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Urbankova H, Baens M, Michaux L, Tousseyn T, Rack K, Katrincsakova B, Ferreiro JF, van Loo P, de Kelver W, Dierickx D, Demuynck H, Delannoy A, Verschuere J, Jarošová M, de Wolf-Peeters C, Vandenberghe P, Wlodarska I. Recurrent breakpoints in 14q32.13/TCL1Aregion in mature B-cell neoplasms with villous lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:2449-55. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.690098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
8
|
Baens M, Finalet Ferreiro J, Tousseyn T, Urbankova H, Michaux L, de Leval L, Dierickx D, Wolter P, Sagaert X, Vandenberghe P, De Wolf-Peeters C, Wlodarska I. t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) is recurrent in marginal zone lymphoma and up-regulates GPR34. Haematologica 2011; 97:184-8. [PMID: 22058210 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.052639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic events underlying pathogenesis of nodal and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma are not completely understood. We report here a novel t(X;14)(p11.4;q32.33) identified in 4 lymphoma cases: 2 with a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, one with a nodal marginal zone lymphoma and one with gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In all cases, lymphoma evolved from a previous auto-immune disorder. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular studies showed that t(X;14), which is mediated by immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, targets the GPR34 gene at Xp11.4. Upregulation of GPR34 mRNA and aberrant expression of GPR34 protein has been demonstrated in 3 presented cases by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. GPR34 belongs to the largest family of cell surface molecules involved in signal transmission that play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. Although functional consequences of t(X;14) have not been identified, our studies suggest that up-regulated GPR34 activate neither nuclear factor-κB nor ELK-related tyrosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The identification of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) as a gene that is perturbed in the B-cell neoplasm MALT lymphoma, already more than a decade ago, was the starting point for an intense area of research. The fascination with MALT1 was fueled further by the observation that it contains a domain homologous to the catalytic domain of caspases and thus, potentially, could function as a protease. Discoveries since then initially revealed that MALT1 is a key adaptor molecule in antigen receptor signaling to the transcription factor NF-κB, which is crucial for lymphocyte function. However, recent discoveries show that this function of MALT1 is not restricted to lymphocytes, witnessed by the ever-increasing list of receptors from cells within and outside of the immune system that require MALT1 for NF-κB activation. Yet, a role for MALT1 protease activity was shown only recently in immune signaling, and its importance was then further strengthened by the dependency of NF-κB-addicted B-cell lymphomas on this proteolytic activity. Therapeutic targeting of MALT1 protease activity might, therefore, become a useful approach for the treatment of these lymphomas and, additionally, an effective strategy for treating other neoplastic and inflammatory disorders associated with deregulated NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sagaert X, Maes B, Vanhentenrijk V, Baens M, Van Cutsem E, Hertogh GD, Geboes K, Tousseyn T. T(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas are heterogeneous with respect to the V H gene mutation status. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2011; 3:24-32. [PMID: 21364843 PMCID: PMC3046183 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v3.i2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate how t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas relate to other marginal zone lymphomas with respect to the somatic mutation pattern of the VH genes and the expression of the marker CD27.
METHODS: The VH gene of 7 t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas was amplified by PCR using family specific VH primers and a consensus JH primer. PCR products were sequenced and mutation analysis of the CDR and the FR regions was performed. All cases were immunostained for CD27.
RESULTS: One case showed unmutated VH genes while the others showed mutated VH genes with mutation frequencies ranging from 1.3 to 14.7% and with evidence of antigen selection in 2 cases. These data suggest that the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) can target either B-cells at different stages of differentiation or naive B-cells that retain the capacity to differentiate upon antigen stimulation. All cases but one displayed weak to strong CD27 expression which did not correlate with the VH gene mutation status.
CONCLUSION: t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastrointestinal MALT lymphomas are heterogeneous with respect to the VH mutation status and CD27 is not a marker of somatically mutated B-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Xavier Sagaert, Vera Vanhentenrijk, Gert De Hertogh, Karel Geboes, Thomas Tousseyn, Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosebeck S, Madden L, Jin X, Gu S, Apel IJ, Appert A, Hamoudi RA, Noels H, Sagaert X, Van Loo P, Baens M, Du MQ, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. Cleavage of NIK by the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein leads to noncanonical NF-kappaB activation. Science 2011; 331:468-72. [PMID: 21273489 PMCID: PMC3124150 DOI: 10.1126/science.1198946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity is required for normal lymphocyte function, and deregulated NF-κB signaling can facilitate lymphomagenesis. We demonstrate that the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein created by the recurrent t(11;18)(q21;q21) in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma induces proteolytic cleavage of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) at arginine 325. NIK cleavage requires the concerted actions of both fusion partners and generates a C-terminal NIK fragment that retains kinase activity and is resistant to proteasomal degradation. The resulting deregulated NIK activity is associated with constitutive noncanonical NF-κB signaling, enhanced B cell adhesion, and apoptosis resistance. Our study reveals the gain-of-function proteolytic activity of a fusion oncoprotein and highlights the importance of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in B lymphoproliferative disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Madden
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shufang Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid J. Apel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alex Appert
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rifat A. Hamoudi
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Heidi Noels
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Lab Block Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Linda M. McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee S, Syed N, Taylor J, Smith P, Griffin B, Baens M, Bai M, Bourantas K, Stebbing J, Naresh K, Nelson M, Tuthill M, Bower M, Hatzimichael E, Crook T. DUSP16 is an epigenetically regulated determinant of JNK signalling in Burkitt's lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:265-74. [PMID: 20551953 PMCID: PMC2906728 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases or dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are a family of proteins that catalyse the inactivation of MAPK in eukaryotic cells. Little is known of the expression, regulation or function of the DUSPs in human neoplasia. Methods: We used RT–PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to examine the expression of DUSP16 mRNA. The methylation in the DUSP16 CpG island was analysed using bisulphite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR. The activation of MAPK was determined using western blotting with phospho-specific antibodies for extra-cellular signal-related kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The proliferation of cell lines was assessed using the CellTiter 96 Aqueous One assay. Results: The expression of DUSP16, which inactivates MAPK, is subject to methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing in Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) cell lines and in primary BL. The silencing is associated with aberrant methylation in the CpG island in the 5′ regulatory sequences of the gene blocking its constitutive expression. In contrast to BL, the CpG island of DUSP16 is unmethylated in other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) and epithelial malignancies. In BL cell lines, neither constitutive nor inducible ERK or p38 activity varied significantly with DUSP16 status. However, activation of JNK was increased in lines with DUSP16 methylation. Furthermore, methylation in the DUSP16 CpG island blocked transcriptional induction of DUSP16, thereby abrogating a normal physiological negative feedback loop that limits JNK activity, and conferred increased cellular sensitivity to agents, such as sorbitol and anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents that activate JNK. Conclusion: DUSP16 is a new epigenetically regulated determinant of JNK activation in BL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Breakthrough Breast Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sagaert X, Tousseyn T, Vanhentenrijk V, Van Loo P, Baens M, Marynen P, De Hertogh G, Geboes K, De Wolf-Peeters C. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative gastric MALT lymphomas reveal both unique and overlapping gene programs. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:458-69. [PMID: 20081812 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the genetic abnormalities reported to occur in MALT lymphomas, the translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) is of particular interest because it is exclusively documented in MALT lymphomas, mainly with gastrointestinal location. It results in the creation of a fusion protein API2-MALT1 that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through enhanced IKK gamma polyubiquitination. Here, we apply the recently developed molecular technique termed comparative expressed sequence hybridization to identify differentially expressed chromosomal regions related to the pathogenesis of gastric MALT lymphomas. By comparing t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive gastric MALT lymphomas to their t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative counterparts, we found that the location of the MALT1 break point determines a difference in expression pattern within the t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive group. Moreover, we could define a gastric MALT lymphoma signature, which most likely comprises the regions and genes with significance in the development of MALT lymphomas, by comparing both t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive and -negative MALT lymphomas to normal lymphoid tissue. Finally, a significant imprint of the marginal zone signature, established by comparing microdissected, splenic B follicles with and without marginal zone, was evident in the expression profile of MALT lymphoma, further supporting a marginal zone origin for this type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Düwel M, Welteke V, Oeckinghaus A, Baens M, Kloo B, Ferch U, Darnay BG, Ruland J, Marynen P, Krappmann D. A20 negatively regulates T cell receptor signaling to NF-kappaB by cleaving Malt1 ubiquitin chains. J Immunol 2009; 182:7718-28. [PMID: 19494296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Carma1-Bcl10-Malt1 signaling module bridges TCR signaling to the canonical IkappaB kinase (IKK)/NF-kappaB pathway. Covalent attachment of regulatory ubiquitin chains to Malt1 paracaspase directs TCR signaling to IKK activation. Further, the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 was recently suggested to suppress T cell activation, but molecular targets for A20 remain elusive. In this paper, we show that A20 regulates the strength and duration of the IKK/NF-kappaB response upon TCR/CD28 costimulation. By catalyzing the removal of K63-linked ubiquitin chains from Malt1, A20 prevents sustained interaction between ubiquitinated Malt1 and the IKK complex and thus serves as a negative regulator of inducible IKK activity. Upon T cell stimulation, A20 is rapidly removed and paracaspase activity of Malt1 has been suggested to cleave A20. Using antagonistic peptides or reconstitution of Malt1(-/-) T cells, we show that Malt1 paracaspase activity is required for A20 cleavage and optimal IL-2 production, but dispensable for initial IKK/NF-kappaB signaling in CD4(+) T cells. However, proteasomal inhibition impairs A20 degradation and impedes TCR/CD28-induced IKK activation. Taken together, A20 functions as a Malt1 deubiquitinating enzyme and proteasomal degradation and de novo synthesis of A20 contributes to balance TCR/CD28-induced IKK/NF-kappaB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Düwel
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Toxicology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pospisilova H, Baens M, Michaux L, Stul M, Van Hummelen P, Van Loo P, Vermeesch J, Jarosova M, Zemanova Z, Michalova K, Van den Berghe I, Alexander HD, Hagemeijer A, Vandenberghe P, Cools J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Wlodarska I. Interstitial del(14)(q) involving IGH: a novel recurrent aberration in B-NHL. Leukemia 2007; 21:2079-83. [PMID: 17525729 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
16
|
La Starza R, Rosati R, Roti G, Gorello P, Bardi A, Crescenzi B, Pierini V, Calabrese O, Baens M, Folens C, Cools J, Marynen P, Martelli MF, Mecucci C, Cuneo A. A new NDE1/PDGFRB fusion transcript underlying chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia in Noonan Syndrome. Leukemia 2007; 21:830-3. [PMID: 17301821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Female
- Gene Fusion
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Noonan Syndrome/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
|
17
|
Noels H, van Loo G, Hagens S, Broeckx V, Beyaert R, Marynen P, Baens M. A Novel TRAF6 binding site in MALT1 defines distinct mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by API2middle dotMALT1 fusions. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10180-9. [PMID: 17287209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma results in the expression of an API2.MALT1 fusion protein that constitutively activates NF-kappaB. The first baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain of API2 and the C terminus of MALT1, which contains its caspase-like domain, are present in all reported fusion variants and interact with TRAF2 and TRAF6, respectively, suggesting their contribution to NF-kappaB signaling by API2.MALT1. Also, the involvement of BCL10 has been suggested via binding to BIR1 of API2 and via its interaction with the immunoglobulin domains of MALT1, present in half of the fusion variants. However, conflicting reports exist concerning their roles in API2.MALT1-induced NF-kappaB signaling. In this report, streptavidin pulldowns of biotinylated API2.MALT1 fusion variants showed that none of the fusion variants interacted with endogenous BCL10; its role in NF-kappaB signaling by API2.MALT1 was further questioned by RNA interference experiments. In contrast, TRAF6 was essential for NF-kappaB activation by all fusion variants, and we identified a novel TRAF6 binding site in the second immunoglobulin domain of MALT1, which enhanced NF-kappaB activation when present in the fusion protein. Furthermore, inclusion of both immunoglobulin domains in API2.MALT1 further enhanced NF-kappaB signaling via intramolecular TRAF6 activation. Finally, binding of TRAF2 to BIR1 contributed to NF-kappaB activation by API2.MALT1, although additional mechanisms involving BIR1-mediated raft association are also important. Taken together, these data reveal distinct mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by the different API2.MALT1 fusion variants with an essential role for TRAF6.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- B-Cell CLL-Lymphoma 10 Protein
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/genetics
- G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/genetics
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/genetics
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Noels
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a heterogeneous form of a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with extranodal location. The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of disease, but involvement of multiple other organ systems has been documented. Four translocations, t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(3;14)(p13;q32), are specifically associated with MALT lymphoma. Remarkably, the genes targeted by at least three of these translocations are involved in one and the same pathway, leading to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). This review presents MALT lymphoma as a model of how sustained inflammation increases the risk of genotoxic insults and how these genetic events initiate oncogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/physiology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/ultrastructure
- Chronic Disease
- Gastritis/complications
- Gastritis/drug therapy
- Gastritis/immunology
- Gastritis/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/etiology
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Inflammation/complications
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Sagaert
- Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baens M, Noels H, Broeckx V, Hagens S, Fevery S, Billiau AD, Vankelecom H, Marynen P. The dark side of EGFP: defective polyubiquitination. PLoS One 2006; 1:e54. [PMID: 17183684 PMCID: PMC1762387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) is the most commonly used live cell reporter despite a number of conflicting reports that it can affect cell physiology. Thus far, the precise mechanism of GFP-associated defects remained unclear. Here we demonstrate that EGFP and EGFP fusion proteins inhibit polyubiquitination, a posttranslational modification that controls a wide variety of cellular processes, like activation of kinase signalling or protein degradation by the proteasome. As a consequence, the NF-kappaB and JNK signalling pathways are less responsive to activation, and the stability of the p53 tumour suppressor is enhanced in cell lines and in vivo. In view of the emerging role of polyubiquitination in the regulation of numerous cellular processes, the use of EGFP as a live cell reporter should be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- Applied Human Genomics, Center for Human Genetics, Molecular Genetics-Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sagaert X, Theys T, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Baens M. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma-like features in API2-MALT1 transgenic mice that are exposed to antigenic stimulation. Haematologica 2006; 91:1693-6. [PMID: 17145608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a transgenic mouse model to analyze the effect of the API2-MALT1 fusion-protein in vivo. Our results showed that the expression of API2-MALT1 is not sufficient to induce the development of lymphoma masses. Here, we demonstrate that immunization with Freund's complete adjuvant led to the loss of compartmentalization of the splenic white pulp in API2-MALT1 transgenic mice, resulting in a splenic marginal zone lymphoma-like lymphoid hyperplasia of a peculiar B-cell subset that disappeared as soon as the antigenic stimulation faded away. These data indicate an effect of API2-MALT1 expression on the normal immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sagaert
- Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baens M, Fevery S, Sagaert X, Noels H, Hagens S, Broeckx V, Billiau AD, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P. Selective expansion of marginal zone B cells in Emicro-API2-MALT1 mice is linked to enhanced IkappaB kinase gamma polyubiquitination. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5270-7. [PMID: 16707452 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) that generates an API2-MALT1 fusion protein is the most common structural abnormality among the genetic defects reported in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphomas, and its presence correlates with the apparent lack of further genetic instability or chromosomal imbalances. Hence, constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation induced by the API2-MALT1 fusion protein is considered essential for B-cell transformation. To examine its role in B-cell development and lymphomagenesis, Emu-API2-MALT1 transgenic mice were produced. Our data show that expression of the API2-MALT1 fusion protein alone is not sufficient for the development of lymphoma masses within 50 weeks. Nevertheless, API2-MALT1 expression affected B-cell maturation in the bone marrow and triggered the specific expansion of splenic marginal zone B cells. Polyubiquitination of IkappaB kinase gamma (IKKgamma), indicative for enhanced NF-kappaB activation, was increased in splenic lymphocytes and promoted the survival of B cells ex vivo. In addition, we show that the API2-MALT1 fusion resided in the cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains, termed lipid rafts. We provide evidence that association of the MALT1 COOH terminal with the lipid rafts, which is mediated by the API2 portion, is sufficient to trigger NF-kappaB activation via enhanced polyubiquitination of IKKgamma. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that the API2-MALT1 fusion protein can contribute to MALT lymphoma formation via increased NF-kappaB activation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Ubiquitins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baens
- Center for Human Genetics, Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hu S, Du MQ, Park SM, Alcivar A, Qu L, Gupta S, Tang J, Baens M, Ye H, Lee TH, Marynen P, Riley JL, Yang X. cIAP2 is a ubiquitin protein ligase for BCL10 and is dysregulated in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:174-81. [PMID: 16395405 PMCID: PMC1323253 DOI: 10.1172/jci25641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas is associated with independent chromosomal translocations that lead to the upregulation of either BCL10 or MALT1 or the generation of a fusion protein, cIAP2-MALT1. While both BCL10 and MALT1 are critically involved in antigen receptor-mediated NF-kappaB activation, the role of cIAP2 is not clear. Here we show that cIAP2 is a ubiquitin ligase (E3) of BCL10 and targets it for degradation, inhibiting antigen receptor-mediated cytokine production. cIAP2-MALT1 lacks E3 activity, and concomitantly, the BCL10 protein is stabilized in MALT lymphomas harboring this fusion. Furthermore, BCL10 and cIAP2-MALT1 synergistically activate NF-kappaB. These results reveal cIAP2 as an inhibitor of antigenic signaling and implicate its dysfunction in MALT lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Hu
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hoornaert I, Marynen P, Goris J, Sciot R, Baens M. MAPK phosphatase DUSP16/MKP-7, a candidate tumor suppressor for chromosome region 12p12–13, reduces BCR-ABL-induced transformation. Oncogene 2003; 22:7728-36. [PMID: 14586399 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosome 12p deletions are associated with distinct tumor types and suggest the presence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Previously, we mapped an EST with similarity to a protein tyrosine phosphatase to the minimally deleted region for all these neoplasms. The corresponding gene, DUSP16/MKP-7, was recently shown to code for a mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, suggestive for a function as tumor suppressor. Overexpression of DUSP16 in BCR-ABL-transformed Rat-1 fibroblasts reduces their transforming capacity in vitro and in vivo via downregulation of BCR-ABL-induced JNK activation. A role for DUSP16 as a regulator of JNK signaling was further demonstrated via overexpression in Ba/F3 cells, which increased their antiapoptosis. However, no inactivating mutations could be detected in leukemia patients hemizygous for DUSP16, and the effect of hemizygosity on DUSP16 expression level could not be assessed due to the variability of DUSP16 transcript levels observed in leukaemia cell lines and in patients. Taken together, the functional data point to a context-dependent role for DUSP16 on cell transformation and apoptosis, reflecting the dual role of JNK, and therefore suggest that DUSP16 might be haploinsufficient for tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Hoornaert
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Paepe P, Baens M, van Krieken H, Verhasselt B, Stul M, Simons A, Poppe B, Laureys G, Brons P, Vandenberghe P, Speleman F, Praet M, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Wlodarska I. ALK activation by the CLTC-ALK fusion is a recurrent event in large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2003; 102:2638-41. [PMID: 12750159 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-04-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present 3 cases of large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) with a granular cytoplasmic staining for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). All of the cases showed striking similarities in morphology and immunohistochemical profile characterized by a massive monomorphic proliferation of CD20-/CD138+ plasmablast-like cells. In one of the cases, initially diagnosed as a null-type anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), the B-cell phenotype became evident only at recurrence. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies led to the detection of a CLTC-ALK rearrangement in all 3 cases, without any evidence of full-length ALK receptor expression. The associated t(2;17)(p23;q23) was demonstrated in the karyotype of 2 cases. Although a similar CLTC-ALK aberration was previously identified in ALK-positive T-/null cell ALCL and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, its association with ALK-positive LBCL seems to be specific and intriguing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale De Paepe
- Department of Pathology, Center of Medical Genetics and Pediatric Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dierlamm J, Murga Penas EM, Daibata M, Tagushi H, Hinz K, Baens M, Cools J, Schilling G, Michaux L, Marynen P, Miyoshi I, Hossfeld DK. The novel t(11;12;18)(q21;q13;q21) represents a variant translocation of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with MALT-type lymphoma. Leukemia 2002; 16:1863-4. [PMID: 12200705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2002] [Accepted: 06/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Demunter A, Ahmadian MR, Libbrecht L, Stas M, Baens M, Scheffzek K, Degreef H, De Wolf-Peeters C, van Den Oord JJ. A novel N-ras mutation in malignant melanoma is associated with excellent prognosis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4916-22. [PMID: 11406571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the ras gene are key events in the process of carcinogenesis; in particular, point mutations in codon 61 of exon 2 of the N-ras gene occur frequently in malignant melanoma (MM). We searched for point mutations in the N-ras gene in a large series of primary and metastatic MM from 81 different retrospectively selected patients using the very sensitive denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique, followed by sequencing. The classical codon 12 and codon 61 mutations were found in 21 and 17% of the cases, respectively. No codon 13 mutation was found. A novel mutation at codon 18 of exon 1, consisting of a substitution of alanine (GCA) by threonine (ACA), was found in 15% of the primary MMs but in none of the metastatic MMs. All of the other cases were free of mutations. Using microdissected cells from distinctive MM growth phases as source of DNA for mutation analysis, this particular N-ras exon 1 mutation at codon 18 was already present in the radial growth phase and preserved throughout the successive growth phases; it was also found in a dysplastic nevi in continuity with a MM, indicating a clonal relationship between both lesions. Our findings also illustrate the clonal relationship between the distinctive growth phases in MM and suggest the codon 18 mutation to occur early in MM development. The MM in patients with this mutation were significantly thinner than those without a codon 18 mutation (P = 0.0257). Statistical analysis, comparing the group of codon 18 patients with the group of patients with the classical mutations and without mutations, revealed a highly significant difference in overall outcome. The cumulative probability of developing metastasis was significantly lower for the group patients with a codon 18 mutation (P = 0.0130). We can thus conclude that this codon 18 mutation identifies a group of patients with better prognosis than patients with melanoma that harbor wild-type sequence or classical activating point mutations in codon 12 or 61. Preliminary nucleotide binding measurements could not detect a difference between wild-type Ras protein and the mutant Ras(A18T) protein. However, for a precise elucidation of the role of the N-Ras(A18T) mutant in melanoma, additional studies aimed to measure the affinity to guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Demunter
- Laboratory of Morphology, Department of Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baens M, Steyls A, Dierlamm J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P. Structure of the MLT gene and molecular characterization of the genomic breakpoint junctions in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT type. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29:281-91. [PMID: 11066071 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1036>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(11;18)(q21;q21) between the inhibitor of apoptosis API2 and the MLT gene is a distinct feature of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT-type. Hitherto the chimeric API2-MLT transcripts are all "in-frame" and predominantly fuse exon 7 of API2 to different MLT exons. Recurrent chromosomal translocations are common in lymphoid neoplasms and might represent by-products of the rearrangement processes generating antigen receptor diversity. The genomic structure of the MLT gene was determined to facilitate amplification of the genomic breakpoint junctions from 5 MALT-type lymphomas with t(11;18). Their sequence analysis showed scattering of the chromosome 11 breakpoints in intron 7 of API2 whereas rearrangements in MLT occurred in intron 2, 4, 7, or 8, respectively. Sequences around the junctions did not display recognition signal sequences mediating lymphocytic V(D)J recombination or other sequence motifs associated with recombination. The breakpoints occurred in a copy of an AluSx repeat in three cases, but interchromosomal Alu-mediated homologous recombination could be ruled out as the repeat resided only on one of the participating chromosomes. The t(11;18) was associated with a deletion in 4 out of 5 cases, ranging in size from 53 bp up to more than 200 kb. These deletions were observed on one or sometimes both derivative chromosomes that might indicate the susceptibility of these regions for breakage. Our data suggest that the API2-MLT fusion might result from a non-homologous end joining event after multiple double-strand breaks. The clustering of breaks in intron 7 of API2 and the consistent "in frame" API2-MLT fusions could therefore reflect certain functional constraints crucial for clonal outgrowth.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Caspases
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stomach Neoplasms/chemistry
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics-Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baens M, Steyls A, Dierlamm J, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P. Structure of the MLT gene and molecular characterization of the genomic breakpoint junctions in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT type. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000. [PMID: 11066071 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1036>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(11;18)(q21;q21) between the inhibitor of apoptosis API2 and the MLT gene is a distinct feature of marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of MALT-type. Hitherto the chimeric API2-MLT transcripts are all "in-frame" and predominantly fuse exon 7 of API2 to different MLT exons. Recurrent chromosomal translocations are common in lymphoid neoplasms and might represent by-products of the rearrangement processes generating antigen receptor diversity. The genomic structure of the MLT gene was determined to facilitate amplification of the genomic breakpoint junctions from 5 MALT-type lymphomas with t(11;18). Their sequence analysis showed scattering of the chromosome 11 breakpoints in intron 7 of API2 whereas rearrangements in MLT occurred in intron 2, 4, 7, or 8, respectively. Sequences around the junctions did not display recognition signal sequences mediating lymphocytic V(D)J recombination or other sequence motifs associated with recombination. The breakpoints occurred in a copy of an AluSx repeat in three cases, but interchromosomal Alu-mediated homologous recombination could be ruled out as the repeat resided only on one of the participating chromosomes. The t(11;18) was associated with a deletion in 4 out of 5 cases, ranging in size from 53 bp up to more than 200 kb. These deletions were observed on one or sometimes both derivative chromosomes that might indicate the susceptibility of these regions for breakage. Our data suggest that the API2-MLT fusion might result from a non-homologous end joining event after multiple double-strand breaks. The clustering of breaks in intron 7 of API2 and the consistent "in frame" API2-MLT fusions could therefore reflect certain functional constraints crucial for clonal outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics-Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dierlamm J, Baens M, Stefanova-Ouzounova M, Hinz K, Wlodarska I, Maes B, Steyls A, Driessen A, Verhoef G, Gaulard P, Hagemeijer A, Hossfeld DK, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P. Detection of t(11;18)(q21;q21) by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using API2 and MLT specific probes. Blood 2000; 96:2215-8. [PMID: 10979968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The translocation of chromosome 11, long arm, region 2, band 1, to chromosome 18, long arm, region 2, band 1 (t(11;18)(q21;q21)) represents a recurrent chromosomal abnormality in extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type and leads to a fusion of the apoptosis inhibitor-2 (API2) gene on chromosome 11 and the MALT lymphoma-associated translocation (MLT) gene on chromosome 18. A 2-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, which can be used for the detection of t(11;18) in interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes on fresh and archival tumor tissue, was developed. The P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) clone located immediately telomeric to the MLT gene and the PAC clone spanning the API2 gene were differentially labeled and used to visualize the derivative chromosome 11 resulting from t(11;18), as evident by the overlapping or juxtaposed red and green fluorescent signals. The assay was applied to interphase nuclei of 20 cases with nonmalignant conditions and 122 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). The latter group comprised 20 cases of nodal follicle center cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell NHL, 10 cases of gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 10 cases of hairy cell leukemia, and 82 cases of MZBCL (41 extranodal from various locations, 19 nodal, and 22 splenic MZBCL) including 35 cases with an abnormal karyotype, 2 of which revealed t(11;18). By interphase FISH, t(11;18) was detected in 8 gastrointestinal low-grade MALT-type lymphomas including the 2 cytogenetically t(11;18)(+) cases. In the 8 t(11;18)(+) cases, the FISH results were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using API2 and MLT specific primers. Our results indicate that t(11;18)(q21;q21) specifically characterizes a subgroup of low-grade MZBCL of the MALT-type and that the FISH assay described here is a highly specific and rapid test for the detection of this translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dierlamm
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maes B, Baens M, Marynen P, De Wolf-Peeters C. The product of the t(11;18), an API2-MLT fusion, is an almost exclusive finding in marginal zone cell lymphoma of extranodal MALT-type. Ann Oncol 2000; 11:521-6. [PMID: 10907943 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008357314157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extranodal marginal zone cell lymphoma (MZCL) of MALT-type share similar features with nodal and splenic MZCL regarding morphology and immunophenotype. At the genetic level, recent cytogenetic studies have shown that t(11;18) is a recurring abnormality in extranodal MALT-type MZCL but has hitherto never been reported in nodal or splenic MZCL. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of t(11;18) in a large series of nodal, splenic and extranodal MALT-type MZCL, using a sensitive real-time RT-PCR method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-three MZCL cases were divided on clinical grounds into 61 extranodal MALT-type, 19 splenic and 12 nodal MZCL. One case that presented with a massive splenomegaly but for which also gastro-intestinal localisations were found, was left unclassified. A real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of the API2-MLT fusion resulting from t(11;18) was performed on RNA extracted from frozen tissue sections. RESULTS The API2-MLT fusion was detected in 12 cases, which were all extranodal MALT-type lymphomas of the stomach, except for one case. The remaining positive case was the unclassified case, for which the translocation was detected in the spleen and in hilar lymph node tissue. CONCLUSIONS While similarities between MZCL from different anatomic sites have lend us to propose that all MZCL have a common normal counterpart, the almost exclusive detection of t(11;18) in gastric MALT-type lymphoma favours its recognition as a separate lymphoma entity. The absence of the translocation in nodal and splenic MZCL challenges the idea of these lymphomas being secondary to MALT-type lymphomas of the gut. The unclassified case illustrates the inadequate approaches available at present to identify and define the various MZCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Maes
- Department of Pathology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Baens M, Maes B, Steyls A, Geboes K, Marynen P, De Wolf-Peeters C. The product of the t(11;18), an API2-MLT fusion, marks nearly half of gastric MALT type lymphomas without large cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:1433-9. [PMID: 10751367 PMCID: PMC1876870 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated that the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphomas of MALT type results in the expression of a chimeric transcript fusing 5' API2 on chromosome 11 to 3' MLT on chromosome 18. Here we report the development of an RT-PCR approach for the detection of the API2-MLT fusion transcript and its application for the analysis of 58 cases of gastric lymphoma. Initially nested PCR amplification was combined with Southern analysis using internal API2 and MLT probes. A genuine API2-MLT fusion transcript of variable length was demonstrated in 11 out of 58 cases. Sequence analysis revealed that in all cases the breakpoint on chromosome 11 occurred between exons 7 and 8 of the API2 gene. In contrast, the breakpoints on chromosome 18 appeared to be heterogeneous as fusions to bp 814, 1123, and 1150, respectively, of MLT were observed. These observations allowed us to work out a highly sensitive diagnostic test for the API2-MLT fusion on an ABI Prism 7700 sequence detector that confirmed the results of our initial approach. The API2-MLT fusion was found in 48% of gastric marginal zone cell lymphomas of MALT type that did not contain a large cell component and it was lacking in all other lymphomas of the stomach.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Caspases
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- Multigene Family
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Conway EM, Pollefeyt S, Cornelissen J, DeBaere I, Steiner-Mosonyi M, Ong K, Baens M, Collen D, Schuh AC. Three differentially expressed survivin cDNA variants encode proteins with distinct antiapoptotic functions. Blood 2000; 95:1435-42. [PMID: 10666222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that is believed to play a role in oncogenesis. To elucidate further its physiologic role(s), we have characterized the murine survivin gene and complementary DNA (cDNA). The structural organization of the survivin gene, located on chromosome 11E2, is similar to that of its human counterpart, both containing 4 exons. Surprisingly, 3 full-length murine survivin cDNA clones were isolated, predicting the existence of 3 distinct survivin proteins. The longest open reading frame, derived from all 4 exons, predicts a 140-amino acid residue protein, survivin(140), similar to human survivin, which contains a single IAP repeat and a COOH-terminal coiled-coil domain that links its function to the cell cycle. A second cDNA, which retains intron 3, predicts the existence of a 121-amino acid protein, survivin(121) that lacks the coiled-coil domain. Removal of exon 2-derived sequences by alternative pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing results in a third 40-amino acid residue protein, survivin(40), lacking the IAP repeat and coiled-coil structure. Predictably, only recombinant survivin(140) and survivin(121) inhibited caspase-3 activity. All 3 mRNA species were variably expressed during development from 7.5 days postcoitum. Of the adult tissues surveyed, thymus and testis accumulated high levels of survivin(140) mRNA, whereas survivin(121)-specific transcripts were detected in all tissues, while those representing survivin(40) were absent. Human counterparts to the 3 survivin mRNA transcripts were identified in a study of human cells and tissues. The presence of distinct isoforms of survivin that are expressed differentially suggests that survivin plays a complex role in regulating apoptosis. (Blood. 2000;95:1435-1442)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Conway
- Departments of Medicine and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hetet G, Dastot H, Baens M, Brizard A, Sigaux F, Grandchamp B, Stern MH. Recurrent molecular deletion of the 12p13 region, centromeric to ETV6/TEL, in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Hematol J 2000; 1:42-7. [PMID: 11920168 DOI: 10.1038/sj.thj.6200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/1999] [Accepted: 09/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is a rare form of mature leukemia which occurs in adults and in younger patients suffering ataxia telangiectasia. Among others, complex chromosome aberrations of chromosome 12 have been described in this disease. We searched for deletions of the 12p13 region as the result of these chromosome rearrangements. MATERIAL AND METHODS Paired leukemic and non-leukemic cells were obtained from a series of 21 patients suffering T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Loss of heterozygosity was searched for by microsatellite typing using a fluorescent automated laser DNA sequencer to analyze the amplification products. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Southern blot analysis of one patient was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Loss of heterozygosity of the 12p13 region, including the ETV6 and CDKN1B genes, was detected in nine of these 21 cases (43%). Western and Southern blot analyses of one case demonstrated a biallelic deletion which did not include ETV6. Taken together, our results defined a minimal region of deletion of less than one Mb flanked by the markers b312C2T7 and D12S320, excluding ETV6 as a candidate gene. Deletion of the 12p13 region is thus a highly recurrent genetic event in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Hetet
- Unité INSERM U409 and Centre de recherche Claude Bernard, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dierlamm J, Wlodarska L, Baens M, Stefanova M, Hinz K, Stul M, Michaux L, Verhoef G, Thomas J, Hossfeld D, Hagemeijer A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Marynen P, Van den Berghe H. The genetic profile of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)80879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I, Stefanova-Ouzounova M, Hernandez JM, Hossfeld DK, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hagemeijer A, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P. The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood 1999; 93:3601-9. [PMID: 10339464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are the most common subtype of lymphoma arising at extranodal sites. The t(11;18)(q21;q21) appears to be the key genetic lesion and is found in approximately 50% of cytogenetically abnormal low-grade MALT lymphomas. We show that the API2 gene, encoding an inhibitor of apoptosis also known as c-IAP2, HIAP1, and MIHC, and a novel gene on 18q21 characterized by several Ig-like C2-type domains, named MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18). In both MALT lymphomas analyzed, the breakpoint in API2 occurred in the intron separating the exons coding respectively for the baculovirus IAP repeat domains and the caspase recruitment domain. The breakpoints within MLT differed but the open reading frame was conserved in both cases. In one case, the translocation was accompanied by a cryptic deletion involving the 3' part of API2. As a result, the reciprocal transcript was not present, strongly suggesting that the API2-MLT fusion is involved in the oncogenesis of MALT lymphoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Caspases
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Translocation 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dierlamm
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Baens M, Wlodarska I, Corveleyn A, Hoornaert I, Hagemeijer A, Marynen P. A physical, transcript, and deletion map of chromosome region 12p12.3 flanked by ETV6 and CDKN1B: hypermethylation of the LRP6 CpG island in two leukemia patients with hemizygous del(12p). Genomics 1999; 56:40-50. [PMID: 10036184 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
FISH analyses and loss of heterozygosity studies have delineated a commonly deleted region in hematological malignancies flanked by ETV6 and CDKN1B on chromosome 12p12.3. The same chromosomal region is also a target for deletions in certain solid tumors. As an initial step toward the cloning of a potential tumor suppressor gene at 12p12.3, we mapped the ETV6-CDKN1B region physically using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and P1-derived clone (PAC) contigs. The 1.2-Mb high-resolution, contiguous map extends from D12S1095 to D12S929 and consists of 19 PACs and 20 BACs. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis experiments confirmed the integrity of the clone-based map and identified six CpG islands in the region. A transcript map was generated by performing hybridization selection experiments with the genomic clones, by evaluating known 12p ESTs for their presence in the contig, and by sequence analysis of CpG islands in the region. Altogether evidence was gathered for the presence of the recently published LRP6 gene and at least seven other new genes in this chromosomal region. The CLAPS3 gene, mapped between D12S391 and D12S358, was reassigned to chromosome 5 since genomic sequencing demonstrated the chromosome 12p sequence to be a pseudogene. Polymorphic CA repeats were identified approximately every 100 kb, which will support future analysis of loss of heterozygosity in tumors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of leukemia patients with del(12p) further refined the commonly deleted segment to 600 kb between ETV6 and D12S358, which apparently excludes CDKN1B. Methylation changes of the CpG islands in the ETV6-CDKN1B interval were assessed by Southern analysis for leukemia patients with hemizygous 12p deletions. A "de novo" methylation was detected only at the LRP6 CpG island in 2 of 22 leukemia patients tested and was confirmed by methylation-sensitive PCR and sequencing. The genomic structure of LRP6 was elucidated to allow screening for inactivating mutations, but only intragenic polymorphisms were identified. Hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with gene promoters is reported as a common mechanism for gene silencing and tumor suppressor inactivation. Therefore the consequences of the LRP6 CpG island methylation and its role in the observed phenotype need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics-Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
La Starza R, Wlodarska I, Matteucci C, Falzetti D, Baens M, Martelli MF, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P, Mecucci C. Rearrangement between theMYH11 gene at 16p13 and D12S158 at 12p13 in a case of acute myeloid leukemia M1 (AML-M1). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199809)23:1<10::aid-gcc2>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
38
|
La Starza R, Wlodarska I, Matteucci C, Falzetti D, Baens M, Martelli MF, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P, Mecucci C. Rearrangement between the MYH11 gene at 16p13 and D12S158 at 12p13 in a case of acute myeloid leukemia M1 (AML-M1). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998; 23:10-5. [PMID: 9713991 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199809)23:1<10::aid-gcc2>3.3.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M1 with bone marrow eosinophilia was characterized by cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A complex karyotype including a der(12)t(12;17)(p12-13;q11) and a der(16)t(16;20)(p13;p11) was found at diagnosis. FISH studies with probes for chromosome 16 and for the short arm of chromosome 12 showed even more complex rearrangements. Analysis with a panel of probes for 12p showed that D12S158 spanned the breakpoint on the der(12). Unexpectedly, FISH signals were found on the der(12) and on the der(6) at band p13, the site of juxtaposition between the short arm of chromosome 16 and chromosome 20. Moreover, both YAC 854E2, containing the MYH11 gene, and cosmid ZIT133, encompassing the MYH11 breakpoint in inv(16) and t(16;16) of AML-M4 with eosinophilia, demonstrated fluorescent signals on the normal 16, on the der(16), and on the der(12). These data clearly support a reciprocal exchange between D12S158 at 12p13.3 and the MYH11 gene at 16p13. In addition, experiments with two PAC clones for the CBFB gene at 16q22 excluded the presence of a masked inv(16). An interstitial deletion, independent from the translocation and flanked by VWF and KRAS2, was also detected on the der(12).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R La Starza
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- I Hoornaert
- Center for Human Genetics-Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wlodarska I, La Starza R, Baens M, Dierlamm J, Uyttebroeck A, Selleslag D, Francine A, Mecucci C, Hagemeijer A, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P. Fluorescence in situ hybridization characterization of new translocations involving TEL (ETV6) in a wide spectrum of hematologic malignancies. Blood 1998; 91:1399-406. [PMID: 9454771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETV6 (also known as TEL) gene on chromosome 12p13 is the target of a number of translocations associated with various hematologic malignancies. The contribution of ETV6 to leukemogenesis occurs through different mechanisms that involve either its helix-loop-helix dimerization domain or its E26 transformation-specific (ETS) DNA-binding domain. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization we characterized seven new ETV6 rearrangements in chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These aberrations, not always discernible at the cytogenetic level, include a t(5;12)(q31;p13), t(6;12;17)(p21;p13;q25), t(7;12)(p15;p13), t(7;12)(p12;p13), t(7;12)(q36;p13), t(12;13)(p13;q12), and a not completely defined t(12;?)(p13;?). Loss or disruption of the second ETV6 allele by a del(12)(p12p13) or by an intragenic ETV6 deletion was detected in two cases. In six cases the 12p13 breakpoint occurred in the 5' end of ETV6, upstream to exons encoding the HLH domain, whereas the remaining case had a breakpoint between the exons coding for the HLH domain and the exons coding for the ETS domain of ETV6. These observations provide further evidence for the multiple contributions of ETV6 in the pathogenesis of a wide range of hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Wlodarska
- Center for Human Genetics and Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
We previously isolated a cDNA fragment homologous to the Drosophila Bicaudal-D gene (Bic-D) using a hybridization selection procedure with cosmids derived from the short arm of human chromosome 12. A PCR-mediated cDNA cloning strategy was applied to obtain the coding sequence of the human homologue (BICD1) and to generate a partial mouse (Bicdh1) cDNA. The Drosophila Bicaudal-D gene encodes a coiled coil protein, characterized by five alpha-helix domains and a leucine zipper motif, that forms part of the cytoskeleton and mediates the correct sorting of mRNAs for oocyte- and axis-determining factors during oogenesis. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the BICD1 cDNA clones indicates that the sequence similarity is essentially limited to the amphipatic helices and the leucine zipper, but the conserved order of these domains suggests a similar function of the protein in mammalians. A database search further indicates the existence of a second human homologue on chromosome arm 9q and a Caenorhabditis elegans homologue. Northern blot analysis indicates that both the human and the murine homologues produce an mRNA species of congruent with9.5 kb expressed in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle and during mouse embryonic development. The conserved structural characteristics of the BICD1 protein and its expression in muscle and especially brain suggest that BICD1 is a component of a cytoskeleton-based mRNA sorting mechanism conserved during evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Peeters P, Raynaud SD, Cools J, Wlodarska I, Grosgeorge J, Philip P, Monpoux F, Van Rompaey L, Baens M, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P. Fusion of TEL, the ETS-variant gene 6 (ETV6), to the receptor-associated kinase JAK2 as a result of t(9;12) in a lymphoid and t(9;15;12) in a myeloid leukemia. Blood 1997; 90:2535-40. [PMID: 9326218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocations in hematologic disease of myeloid or lymphoid origin with breakpoints at chromosome band 12p13 frequently result in rearrangements of the Ets variant gene 6 (ETV6). As a consequence either the ETS DNA-binding domain or the Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH) oligomerization domain of ETV6 is fused to different partner genes. We show here that a t(9;12)(p24;p13) in a case of early pre-B acute lymphoid leukemia and a t(9;15;12)(p24;q15;p13) in atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia in transformation involve the ETV6 gene at 12p13 and the JAK2 gene at 9p24. In each case different fusion mRNAs were found, with only one resulting in an open reading frame for a chimeric protein consisting of the HLH oligomerization domain of ETV6 and the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) domain of JAK2. The cloning of the complete human JAK2 coding and genomic sequences and of the genomic junction fragments of the translocations allowed a characterization of the different splice events leading to the various mRNAs. JAK2 plays a central role in non-protein tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways, which could explain its involvement in malignancies of different hematologic lineages. Besides hop in Drosophila no member of the JAK family has yet been implicated in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogenes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Peeters P, Wlodarska I, Baens M, Criel A, Selleslag D, Hagemeijer A, Van den Berghe H, Marynen P. Fusion of ETV6 to MDS1/EVI1 as a result of t(3;12)(q26;p13) in myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer Res 1997; 57:564-9. [PMID: 9044825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We identified a fusion between ETV6 on 12p13 and MDS1/EVI1 on 3q26 in a t(3;12)(q26;p13) found in two cases of myeloproliferative disorder. The resulting chimeric transcript consists of the first two exons of ETV6 fused to MDS1 sequences, which in turn is fused to the second exon of the EVI1 gene. It has recently been reported that MDS1 can be expressed in normal tissues both as a single gene and fused to EVI1. ETV6 does not contribute any known functional domain to the predicted fusion protein. Association with blast crisis and myelodysplastic syndrome-derived leukemia, bad prognosis, and relative complex karyotype are in agreement with observations made in other cases of t(3;12)(q26;p13). Furthermore, a comparison can be made with the formation of an AML1/MDS1/EVI1 fusion gene in translocations (3;21)(q26;q22).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/genetics
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Repressor Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Peeters
- Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities involving the short arm of chromosome 12 have been frequently observed in a broad spectrum of hematological malignancies. Recently, a gene located in this chromosomal region and implicated in leukemogenesis was identified. The gene, called ETV6 (previously known as TEL) is a new member of the ETS family, a group of genes thought to act as transcriptional activators. The gene spans 240 kb and consists of eight exons coding for a helix-loop-helix (HLH) and a DNA-binding domain. ETV6 was originally identified in a t(5;12)(q33;p13) occurring in a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Recent reports, however, show its involvement in a growing number of translocations associated with myeloid as well as lymphoid leukemias. At the molecular level fusions of ETV6 with PDGFRB (5q33), ABL (9q34), MNI(22q11) and AML1(21q22) have already been identified. Analysis of these chimeric proteins indicates that distinct domains of ETV6 can be involved in different fusion products, thus ETV6 can provide transcriptional and dimerization properties for partner genes, or the gene itself can act as an altered transcriptional factor. At least two clinico-pathological entities associated with ETV6 rearrangements have emerged as distinct disorders. The first one is a chronic myeloid malignancy characterized by t(5;12)(q33;p13), monocytosis and/or eosinophilia. The second entity is a type of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) hallmarked by t(12;21)(p13;q22), and is shown to be the most frequent but cytogenetically largely undetectable chromosomal anomaly in childhood ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Wlodarska
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Raynaud SD, Baens M, Grosgeorge J, Rodgers K, Reid CD, Dainton M, Dyer M, Fuzibet JG, Gratecos N, Taillan B, Ayraud N, Marynen P. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of t(3; 12)(q26; p13): a recurring chromosomal abnormality involving the TEL gene (ETV6) in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 1996; 88:682-9. [PMID: 8695816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a new recurrent reciprocal translocation between chromosome 3 and 12 with breakpoints at bands 3q26 and 12p13, t(3;12)(q26;p13) in the malignant cells from five patients with acute transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome or blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. t(3;12)(q26;p13) appears as a rare but nonrandom event present in various myeloid leukemia subtypes, which is frequently associated with dysplasia of megakaryocytes, multilineage involvement, short duration of any blastic phase, and a very poor prognosis. Here, we report the molecular cytogenetic analysis of the t(3;12). Fluorescence in situ hybridization results indicate that the 3q26 breakpoints are quite heterogeneous and occur 5' of MDS1, 3' of EVI1, or between MDS1 and EVI1. Our results are very similar to those observed in other 3q26 rearrangements in which breakpoints were shown to occur over considerable distances 5' and 3' of EVI1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization investigations proved that, in three myelodysplastic syndrome cases with t(3;12)(q26;p13), the 12p 13 breakpoint occurred within the TEL gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/ultrastructure
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Fanconi Anemia/complications
- Fanconi Anemia/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Repressor Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Raynaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique, URA CNRS 1462, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wlodarska I, Baens M, Peeters P, Aerssens J, Mecucci C, Brock P, Marynen P, Van den Berghe H. Biallelic alterations of both ETV6 and CDKN1B genes in a t(12;21) childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia case. Cancer Res 1996; 56:2655-61. [PMID: 8653712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new recurrent t(12;21)(pl3;q22) has been identified in a B-cell lineage childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The translocation results in a fusion of two known genes, ETV6/TEL (12p13) and AML1 (21q22), previously shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of myeloid disorders. We report results of cytogenetic fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular studies of a B-cell childhood common ALL with a cryptic 12;21 translocation. Aberrations identified in this case involve both chromosomes 12 and include not only the ETV6-AML1 gene fusion and two different microdeletions of ETV6 but also the hemizygous loss of CDKN1B, D12S119, and KRAS2 loci and a putative rearrangement of the second CDKN1B allele as a result of an inv(12)(p13q24). Moreover, it was shown that the AML1-ETV6 reciprocal chimeric transcript was not present in the malignant cells, and hence may not play a major role in leukemogenesis. In addition, the putative loss of wild-type function of CDKN1B and ETV6 could indicate a synergistic effect of both genes in the pathogenesis of this leukemia case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Wlodarska
- Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
We have constructed a detailed map of the genomic region containing the ETS-variant gene 6 (ETV6), involved in translocations and deletions associated with hematologic malignancies. Thirty-eight cosmids were characterized belonging to two contigs spanning 340 kb, and an EcoRl restriction map was developed. The gap between the two contigs, 2 kb in size, was closed by PCR. The contigs contain the complete coding sequence and the 5' and 3' UTRs of ETV6. Eight exons accounting for the ETV6 cDNA sequence were identified. The helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif is coded by exons 3 and 4, whereas exons 6-8 code for the ETS DNA-binding domain. All introns show consensus 5' donor and 3' acceptor splice sites. Introns 1 and 2 span 100 and 82 kb, respectively, and introns 3-7 range from 15 to 1.3 kb. An alternative exon 1 (exon 1B) is localized in intron 2. The 5' end of the ETV6 gene is associated with a CpG island characterized by the presence of four Notl, four Sacll, and three BssHll recognition sites and several SP1- and AP2-binding motifs. Alternative polyadenylation at the 3' end of the ETV6 gene generates the three transcripts of 6200, 4300, and 2400 nucleotides, respectively. The ETV6 gene spans 240 kb and is flanked at its 5' and 3' end by D12S1697 and D12S98, respectively. The markers D12S1095 and D12S89 are located in the first intron. Two new DNA polymorphisms were identified in the ETV6 gene, which will be useful for the analysis of loss of heterozygosity reported for the ETV6 gene in leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Laboratory, Flanders Interuniversity Instite for Biotechnology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Raynaud S, Cave H, Baens M, Bastard C, Cacheux V, Grosgeorge J, Guidal-Giroux C, Guo C, Vilmer E, Marynen P, Grandchamp B. The 12;21 translocation involving TEL and deletion of the other TEL allele: two frequently associated alterations found in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1996; 87:2891-9. [PMID: 8639909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recurrent t(12;21)(p13;q22) has recently been described in human acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). This translocation fuses TEL and AML1, two genes previously cloned from translocation breakpoints in myeloid leukemias. In addition, allelic loss of the TEL gene can be detected in 15% to 22% of childhood ALLs. In the present study, we have sought allelic deletions of TEL and the presence of the t(12;21) in 50 children with B-lineage ALL, using a combination of microsatellite typing, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and analysis of the fusion transcripts resulting from the TEL-AML1 gene fusion. Our results indicate that the association between the t(12;21) and the deletion of the nontranslocated allele of TEL is among the most frequent abnormalities observed in B-lineage ALLs. FISH analysis using several cosmid probes showed that, in one patient with a t(12;21) translocation involving TEL, the second allele had an intragenic deletion. This observation points to TEL as the actual target of 12p12-13 deletions in patients that associate a t(12;21) with a deletion. The TEL-AML1 fusion RNA was found in all patients with the t(12;21) whereas the reciprocal AML1-TEL transcript was only found in a subset of patients, suggesting that only the protein product encoded by TEL-AML1 is likely to play a role in leukemogenesis. The observation that, in two patients with the t(12;21), a deletion of TEL was only present in a subclone indicates that this deletion was a secondary event that occurred after the translocation. The frequent occurrence of TEL deletions in patients with t(12;21) suggests that the deletion of the normal TEL allele subsequent to the t(12;21) provides a further proliferative advantage to leukemic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Raynaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Cancers Humains, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
We have characterized 117 cDNAs isolated by direct cDNA selection using pools of human chromosome 12p cosmids. Sequencing revealed that 41 clones did overlap with other cDNAs. Of the remaining 76 cDNA sequences, 11 matched previously identified human chromosome 12p genes and 3 matched previously determined cDNA sequences, including the retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBBP2), the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KIP1, and an expressed sequence tag. For each of the 76 cDNAs specific selection by a genomic cosmid clone was confirmed. STSs were developed for all cosmids, among them 3 polymorphic simple sequence repeats associated with, respectively, the TNFR related protein, CD27, and SCNN1. Regional assignment of the STSs by PCR analysis with somatic cell hybrids and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the majority of the loci map to chromosome 12p13, similar to the distribution of the known 12p genes. Evidence was found for the duplication on 12p of a region containing a polymorphic simple sequence repeat and sequences of two different cDNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Baens
- Human Genome Analysis Laboratory, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Aerssens J, Guo C, Vermeesch J, Baens M, Browne D, Litt M, Van Den Berghe H, Marynen P. A physical map of the region spanning the chromosome 12 translocation breakpoint in a mesothelioma with a t(X;12)(q22;p13). Cytogenet Cell Genet 1995; 71:268-75. [PMID: 7587392 DOI: 10.1159/000134125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a physical map of a 4.6-cM region of human chromosome band 12p13.3 that contains a translocation breakpoint from a mesothelioma with a t(X;12)(q22;p13). The map contains a contig of 22 yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), onto which we have placed 18 sequence tagged site (STS) markers, including seven genes: D12S370, FGF6, KCAN1, KCNA5, KCNA6, NTF3, and VWF. A second YAC contig, comprised of 22 YAC clones, was located distal to the mesothelioma breakpoint and contained 12 STS markers, including four genes (CACNL1A1, D12S380E, D12S381E, and D12S382E). Based on STS content and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments, two stable, nonchimeric YAC clones were found that span the mesothelioma breakpoint. A long-range restriction map of an 800-kb region was constructed and used to refine the mesothelioma breakpoint to a region of approximately 100 kb, flanked by the potassium channel genes KCNA1 and KCNA5. The latter was confirmed by direct visual hybridization (DIRVISH) experiments, using cosmids isolated for markers flanking the breakpoint as probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Aerssens
- Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease Research Unit, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|