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Zouboulis CC, Oeff MK, Hiroi N, Makrantonaki E, Bornstein SR. Involvement of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Direct Influence of Bacterial Components and Standard Antiacne Compounds on Human Sebaceous Gland Cells. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:19-29. [PMID: 33601383 DOI: 10.1159/000513259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pattern recognition receptors are involved in innate and adaptive immunity by detecting microbial components. Bacteria have been accused to play a role in inflammatory acne. We investigated the potential involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, TLR6, and CD14 in the direct influence of bacterial components and standard antiacne compounds on human sebocytes. METHODS mRNA and protein expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and CD14 in SZ95 sebocytes was evaluated by real-time qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid on TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 expression and of cytokine/chemokine secretion by 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, retinol, and hydrocortisone at the mRNA and protein levels were assessed by real-time qRT-PCR and ELISA and verified by cocultivation with neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS The constitutive expression of TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 in SZ95 sebocytes was augmented by exposure to LPS. Hydrocortisone induced TLR2, but markedly reduced TLR4 expression. 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid regulated IL-6 release. LPS enhanced and hydrocortisone reduced cytokine and chemokine release. Anti-TLR4 and anti-CD14 mAb blocked LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-6 release. CONCLUSIONS Microbial components use pattern recognition receptors to directly activate sebocytes to express a wide range of proinflammatory molecules and especially IL-8 and IL-6 in a TLR4- and CD14-specific manner. Retinoids, but mostly corticosteroids, also use this pathway to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany, .,Laboratory of Biogerontology, Dermato-Pharmacology and Dermato-Endocrinology, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany,
| | - Marina K Oeff
- Laboratory of Biogerontology, Dermato-Pharmacology and Dermato-Endocrinology, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Makrantonaki
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany.,Laboratory of Biogerontology, Dermato-Pharmacology and Dermato-Endocrinology, Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Yoshihara A, Luo Y, Ishido Y, Usukura K, Oda K, Sue M, Kawashima A, Hiroi N, Suzuki K. Inhibitory effects of methimazole and propylthiouracil on iodotyrosine deiodinase 1 in thyrocytes. Endocr J 2019; 66:349-357. [PMID: 30814441 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are commonly used for the treatment of Graves' disease. They share similar inhibitory effects on thyroid hormone biosynthesis by interfering with thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-mediated oxidation and organification of iodine. However, their potential effects on other thyroid functional molecules have not been explored in depth. To identify novel effects of MMI and PTU, DNA microarray analysis, real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed using FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. DNA microarray analysis indicated that both MMI and PTU suppress iodotyrosine deiodinase 1 (Iyd, Dehal1) mRNA levels. Further studies revealed that Dehal1 mRNA levels was stimulated by TSH, insulin and serum, while it was suppressed by iodine and a follicular concentration of thyroglobulin. MMI and PTU significantly suppressed Dehal1 expression induced by TSH, insulin and serum. On the other hand, although MMI suppressed Dehal1 expression in the absence of TSH, PTU only weakly suppressed Dehal1 without TSH. These results suggest that PTU and MMI may use different mechanisms to regulate Dehal1 expression, and TSH may play essential and differential roles in mediating PTU and MMI signals in thyrocytes. The drugs also inhibited re-distribution of Dehal1 protein into newly formed lysosomes following thyroglobulin endocytosis. These findings imply complex and multifaceted regulation of Dehal1 in the thyroid and suggest that MMI and PTU modulate Dehal1 expression and distribution of the protein in thyrocytes to exert their effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yoshihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Sumida, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kensei Usukura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Oda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Sumida, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Oda K, Luo Y, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Sekihata K, Usukura K, Sue M, Hiroi N, Hirose T, Suzuki K. Follicular thyroglobulin induces cathepsin H expression and activity in thyrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:541-546. [PMID: 27998776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) stored in thyroid follicles exerts a potent negative-feedback effect on each step of pre-hormone biosynthesis, including Tg gene transcription and iodine uptake and organification, by suppressing the expression of specific transcription factors that regulate these steps. Pre-hormones are stored in the follicular colloid before being reabsorbed. Following lysosomal proteolysis of its precursor, thyroid hormone (TH) is released from thyroid follicles. Although the suppressive effects of follicular Tg on each step of pre-hormone biosynthesis have been extensively characterized, whether follicular Tg accumulation also affects hormone reabsorption, proteolysis, and secretion is unclear. In this study we explored whether follicular Tg can regulate the expression and function of the lysosomal endopeptidases cathepsins. We found that in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 follicular Tg induced cathepsin H mRNA and protein expression, as well as cathepsin H enzyme activity. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that Tg endocytosis promoted cathepsin H translocalization into lysosomes where it co-localized with internalized Tg. These results suggest that cathepsin H is an active participant in lysosome-mediated pre-hormone degradation, and that follicular Tg stimulates mobilization of pre-hormones by activating cathepsin H-associated proteolysis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzaburo Oda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan.
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan; Department of Education Planning and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan.
| | - Kengo Sekihata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Kensei Usukura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Education Planning and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Takahisa Hirose
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omorinishi, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan.
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Luo Y, Akama T, Okayama A, Yoshihara A, Sue M, Oda K, Hayashi M, Ishido Y, Hirano H, Hiroi N, Katoh R, Suzuki K. A Novel Role for Flotillin-Containing Lipid Rafts in Negative-Feedback Regulation of Thyroid-Specific Gene Expression by Thyroglobulin. Thyroid 2016; 26:1630-1639. [PMID: 27676653 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroglobulin (Tg) stored in thyroid follicles regulates follicular function in thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis by suppressing thyroid-specific gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, Tg is an intrinsic negative-feedback regulator that can restrain the effect of thyrotropin (TSH) in the follicle. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Tg exerts its prominent autoregulatory effect following recognition by thyrocytes remains unclear. METHODS In order to identify potential proteins that recognize and interact with Tg, mass spectrometry was used to analyze immunoprecipitated Tg-bound proteins derived from Tg-treated rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. RESULTS Flotillin 1 and flotillin 2, two homologs that are integral membrane proteins in lipid rafts, were identified as novel Tg-binding proteins with high confidence. Further studies revealed that flotillins physically interact with endocytosed Tg, and together these proteins redistribute from the cell membrane to cytoplasmic vesicles. Treatment with the lipid raft disrupter methyl-β-cyclodextrin abolished both the endocytosis and the negative-feedback effect of Tg on thyroid-specific gene expression. Meanwhile, siRNA-mediated knockdown of flotillin 1 or flotillin 2 also significantly inhibited Tg effects on gene expression. CONCLUSION Together these results indicate that flotillin-containing lipid rafts are essential for follicular Tg to be recognized by thyrocytes and exert its negative-feedback effects in the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
- 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi , Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Okayama
- 4 Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
- 5 Department of Education Planning and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
- 6 Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Oda
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
- 6 Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moyuru Hayashi
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi , Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- 5 Department of Education Planning and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi , Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University , Tokyo, Japan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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Krystal JH, Abi-Dargham A, Akbarian S, Arnsten AFT, Barch DM, Bearden CE, Braff DL, Brown ES, Bullmore ET, Carlezon WA, Carter CS, Cook EH, Daskalakis ZJ, DiLeone RJ, Duman RS, Grace AA, Hariri AR, Harrison PJ, Hiroi N, Kenny PJ, Kleinman JE, Krystal AD, Lewis DA, Lipska BK, Marder SR, Mason GF, Mathalon DH, McClung CA, McDougle CJ, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Mirnics K, Monteggia LM, Narendran R, Nestler EJ, Neumeister A, O’Donovan MC, Öngür D, Pariante CM, Paulus MP, Pearlson G, Phillips ML, Pine DS, Pizzagalli DA, Pletnikov MV, Ragland JD, Rapoport JL, Ressler KJ, Russo SJ, Sanacora G, Sawa A, Schatzberg AF, Shaham Y, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Sklar P, State MW, Stein MB, Strakowski SM, Taylor SF, Turecki G, Turetsky BI, Weissman MM, Zachariou V, Zarate CA, Zubieta JK. Constance E. Lieber, Theodore R. Stanley, and the Enduring Impact of Philanthropy on Psychiatry Research. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:84-86. [PMID: 27346079 PMCID: PMC6150945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JH Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Behavioral Health Services, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - S Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - AFT Arnsten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - DM Barch
- Departments of Psychology and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - CE Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - DL Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - ES Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - ET Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - WA Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - CS Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Imaging Research Center, and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - EH Cook
- Institute of Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - ZJ Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Mood and Anxiety Division Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - RJ DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - RS Duman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - AA Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - AR Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - PJ Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Hiroi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - PJ Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - JE Kleinman
- Genetic Neuropathology Section, Lieber Institute for Brain Development, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - AD Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - DA Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - BK Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - SR Marder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - GF Mason
- Departments of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging and Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - DH Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - CA McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - CJ McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital and MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Lurie Center for Autism, Lexington, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - AM McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - FJ McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch and Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Section, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - LM Monteggia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - R Narendran
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - EJ Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - A Neumeister
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Development America, Inc., Jersey City, New Jersey
| | - MC O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D Öngür
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - CM Pariante
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Psychiatry and Immunology Lab & Perinatal Psychiatry, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - MP Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - G Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University and Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - ML Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - DS Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - DA Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - MV Pletnikov
- Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - JD Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - JL Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - KJ Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - SJ Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - G Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - AF Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Y Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, NIDA-IRP, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - SG Shamay-Tsoory
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - P Sklar
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - MW State
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - MB Stein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - SM Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - SF Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - G Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - BI Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MM Weissman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute & Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - V Zachariou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - CA Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - JK Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Luo Y, Yoshihara A, Oda K, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Suzuki K. Naked DNA in cells: An inducer of major histocompatibility complex molecules to evoke autoimmune responses? World J Transl Med 2016; 5:46-52. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v5.i1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the exclusive chaperone that presents intracellular antigens, either self or foreign to T cells. Interestingly, aberrant expression of MHC molecules has been reported in various autoimmune target tissues such as thyroid follicular cells in Grave’s disease. Herein, we review the discovery of an unexpected effect of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), despite its origins, to induce antigen processing and presenting genes, including MHC molecules, in non-immune cells. Moreover, we highlight several recent studies that suggest cell injury endows thyroid epithelial cells with a phenotype of mature antigen presenting cells by inducing multiple antigen processing and presenting genes via releasing genomic DNA fragments into the cytosol. We discuss the possibility that such cytosolic dsDNA, in naked form without binding to histone proteins, might be involved in the development of cell damage-triggered autoimmune responses. We also discuss the possible molecular mechanism by which cytosolic dsDNA can induce MHC molecules. It is reasonable to speculate that cytosolic dsDNA-induced MHC class I is partially due to an autocrine/paracrine effect of type I interferon (IFN). While the mechanism of cytosolic dsDNA-induced MHC class II expression appears, at least partially, distinct from that mediated by IFN-γ. Further in-depth are required to clarify this picture.
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Luo Y, Hara T, Ishido Y, Yoshihara A, Oda K, Makino M, Ishii N, Hiroi N, Suzuki K. Rapid preparation of high-purity nuclear proteins from a small number of cultured cells for use in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:586. [PMID: 25527077 PMCID: PMC4339431 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly purified nuclear protein is required when using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to study transcription factors, e.g. nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a major transcription factor that regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses following infection. Although many protocols have been developed for nuclear protein extraction, they are not necessarily optimized for use in EMSA, often require a large number of cells and long processing times, and do not always result in complete separation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. RESULTS We have developed a simple, rapid and cost-effective method to prepare highly purified nuclear proteins from a small number of both suspended and adherent cultured cells that yields nuclear proteins comparable to those prepared by a standard large-scale method. The efficiency of the method was demonstrated by using EMSA to show the successful detection, in multilple concurrent samples, of NF-κB activation upon tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This method requires only a small number of cells and no specialized equipment. The steps have been simplified, resulting in a short processing time, which allows researchers to process multiple samples simultaneously and quickly. This method is especially optimized for use in EMSA, and may be useful for other applications that include proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenzaburo Oda
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Makino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Department of Education Planning and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama-shi, 189-0002, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
A 55-year-old Japanese man with a 3-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital for upper abdominal pain. Control of diabetes mellitus was good with voglibose and metformin, with sitagliptin added to this regimen 8 months prior. His pancreatic enzyme levels were elevated, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse pancreatic swelling with fluid accumulation and ascites of CT grade 3. The patient was diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis. There were no obvious causes for pancreatitis except the recently administered sitagliptin. Since incretin-related drugs entered the market, the number of incretin-related drugs prescriptions rapidly increased and so did the incidence of pancreatitis. There are several reports suggesting the correlation between incretin-related drugs and pancreatitis, such as a report based on data obtained from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which revealed a significant correlation between the administration of exenatide or sitagliptin and pancreatitis. However, there also is a report that denied the evidence for such in a large cohort study. The relation between incretin based drugs and pancreatitis is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yoshihara A, Hara T, Kawashima A, Akama T, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Sue M, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Ishii N, Yoshino G, Suzuki K. Regulation of dual oxidase expression and H2O2 production by thyroglobulin. Thyroid 2012; 22:1054-62. [PMID: 22874065 PMCID: PMC3462396 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a macromolecular precursor in thyroid hormone synthesis to which iodine is stably bound. Tg, which is stored in the follicular space, is also a potent negative feedback regulator of follicular function, and this is achieved by suppressing mRNA levels of thyroid-specific genes such as the sodium/iodide symporter (Slc5a5), Tg, and thyroid peroxidase. Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) and DUOX2, originally identified in the thyroid, are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases that are necessary to produce the H2O2 required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Since follicular Tg regulates the expression of genes that are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis, we hypothesized that Tg might also regulate DUOX expression and H2O2 production. METHODS Rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells were treated with Tg, and the mRNA expression of Duox1 and Duox2 and their corresponding maturation factors Duoxa1 and Duoxa2 were evaluated by DNA microarray and real-time PCR. Duox2 promoter activity was examined by luciferase reporter gene assay. Protein levels of DUOX2 were also examined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular H2O2 generation was quantified by a fluorescent dye, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA). RESULTS mRNA levels of Duox2 and its activation factor Duoxa2 (but not Duox1 or Duoxa1) were significantly suppressed by Tg in a dose-dependent manner and a time-dependent fashion in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. DUOX2 promoter activity was significantly suppressed by Tg in a dose-dependent manner. Protein levels of DUOX2 and H2O2 generation in cells were also reduced by Tg treatment. CONCLUSIONS We show that physiological concentrations of Tg suppressed the expression and function of DUOX2 in thyroid cells. These results suggest that Tg is a strong suppressor of the expression and the activity of DUOX2/DUOXA2, thereby regulating iodide organification and hormone synthesis in the thyroid. The evidence supports a reported model in which accumulated Tg in thyroid follicles plays important roles in autoregulating the function of individual follicles, which produces the basis of follicular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Sue M, Akama T, Kawashima A, Nakamura H, Hara T, Tanigawa K, Wu H, Yoshihara A, Ishido Y, Hiroi N, Yoshino G, Kohn LD, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Propylthiouracil increases sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid cells in the absence of TSH. Thyroid 2012; 22:844-52. [PMID: 22853729 PMCID: PMC3407387 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI) are drugs that are widely used to treat Graves' disease. Although both exert an antithyroid effect primarily by blocking thyroid peroxidase activity, their molecular structure and other actions are different. We hypothesized that PTU and MMI may have differential effects on thyroid-specific gene expression and function. METHODS The effects of PTU and MMI on thyroid-specific gene expression and function were examined in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells using DNA microarray, reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and radioiodine uptake studies. RESULTS DNA microarray analysis showed a marked increase in sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene expression after PTU treatment, whereas MMI had no effect. RT-PCR and real-time PCR analysis revealed that PTU-induced NIS mRNA levels were comparable to those elicited by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). PTU increased 5'-1880-bp and 5'-1052-bp activity of the rat NIS promoter. While PTU treatment also increased NIS protein levels, the size of the induced protein was smaller than that induced by TSH, and the protein localized predominantly in the cytoplasm rather than the plasma membrane. Accumulation of (125)I in FRTL-5 cells was increased by PTU stimulation, but this effect was weaker than that produced by TSH. CONCLUSIONS We found that PTU induces NIS expression and iodide uptake in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells in the absence of TSH. Although PTU and MMI share similar antithyroid activity, their effects on other thyroid functions appear to be quite different, which could affect their therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hannah Nakamura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takeshi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huhehasi Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishido
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonard D. Kohn
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edison Biotechnology Institute, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Mycobacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Cell Regulation Section, Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Oka R, Hiroi N, Shigemitsu R, Sue M, Oshima Y, Yoshida-Hiroi M. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Pegylated Interferon-α Plus Ribavirin Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C: Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2011; 4:39-45. [PMID: 22879793 PMCID: PMC3411538 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s7815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)+ribavirin (RBV) therapy has been used as a primary treatment for chronic hepatitis C. However, IFN-induced autoimmune disease, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, has been highlighted as one of the problems with this therapy. Here we report the case of a patient who developed type 1 diabetes mellitus during combined PEG-IFN+RBV therapy for hepatitis C but who showed no exacerbation of diabetes despite continued use of IFN. A 63-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C and a nonresponder to previous IFNα treatments, was admitted to our hospital because of excessive thirst, polydipsia, and polyuria 24 weeks after the start of PEG-IFNα+RBV therapy. High levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin and low levels of C-peptide and immunoreactive insulin were observed. The serum antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibody titer was 27,700 U/mL. We diagnosed IFN-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus; however PEG-IFNα+RBV therapy was continued for 48 weeks. Serum HCV remains negative five years after this treatment. Intensive insulin therapy was started immediately after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Although the patient initially required 22 U/day of insulin, the dosage could be gradually reduced after completion of PEG-IFNα+RBV therapy and blood glucose remained well controlled. Prediction of onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the basis of baseline measurement of pancreas-associated autoantibodies is difficult. Therefore, it would be advisable to consider the possibility of onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in all patients receiving IFN+RBV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Social Insurance Hospital
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine Omori, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine Omori, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Shigemitsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Social Insurance Hospital
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine Omori, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine Omori, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Social Insurance Hospital
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Akishima-Fukasawa Y, Yoshihara A, Ishikawa Y, Watanabe N, Hiroi N, Akasaka Y, Sasano H, Ishii T, Yoshino G. Malignant adrenal rest tumor of the retroperitoneum producing adrenocortical steroids. Endocr Pathol 2011; 22:112-7. [PMID: 21374072 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-011-9152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of a malignant adrenal rest tumor arising from the retroperitoneum with Cushing's syndrome in a 31-year-old female. Her serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were elevated, while adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were low. Computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a retroperitoneal tumor with no visible lesions in the adrenal glands and ovaries. From those results and the histopathologic findings following biopsy of an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, the patient was diagnosed as a malignant adrenal rest tumor of the retroperitoneum. Despite chemotherapy, the patient died of rapid development of multiple metastases. Autopsy revealed a large tumor that extended around the abdominal aorta from the levels of the left kidney to the aortic bifurcation with generalized metastases. Tumor cells were characterized by clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm and atypical nuclei that exhibited frequent and atypical mitoses. Immunohistochemistry regarding steroidogenesis was performed and revealed that the tumor cells were immunopositive for adrenal 4 binding protein/steroidogenic factor-1, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, 17α-hydroxylase, and 21-hydroxylase. We thus elucidated the adrenocortical steroid production in the tumor cells causing Cushing's syndrome. This case report first demonstrates the steroidogenic capacity in a malignant adrenal rest tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Akishima-Fukasawa
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
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13
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Osada E, Hiroi N, Sue M, Masai N, Iga R, Shigemitsu R, Oka R, Miyagi M, Iso K, Kuboki K, Yoshino G. Thyroid storm associated with Graves' disease covered by diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report. Thyroid Res 2011; 4:8. [PMID: 21492449 PMCID: PMC3094317 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid storm is a condition in which multiple organ dysfunction results from failure of the compensatory mechanisms of the body owing to excessive thyroid hormone activity induced by some factors in patients with thyrotoxicosis. While diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an important trigger for thyroid storm, simultaneous development of DKA and thyroid storm is rare. CASE PRESENTATION A 59-year-old woman with no history of either diabetes mellitus or thyroid disease presented to our hospital because of developing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea for 2 days. Physical examination showed mild disturbance of consciousness, fever, and tachycardia. There were no other signs of thyrotoxicosis. Laboratory studies revealed elevation of random blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, strongly positive of urine acetone, and metabolic acidosis. Since DKA was diagnosed, we initiated the patient on treatment with administration of insulin and adequate fluid replacement. Although the hyperglycemia and acidosis were immediately relieved, the disturbance of consciousness and tachycardia remained persistent. Levels of FT3 and FT4 were extremely high and TSH was below the detectable limit. TRAb was positive. The thyroid storm score of Burch & Wartofsky was 75/140, and the thyroid storm diagnostic criteria of the Japan Thyroid Association were satisfied. Oral administration of thiamazole, potassium iodide and propranolol resulted in immediate relief of the tachycardia. DISCUSSION We encountered a case of thyroid storm associated with Graves' disease covered by DKA. Thyroid storm and DKA are both potentially fatal, and the prognosis varies depending on whether or not these conditions are detected and treated sufficiently early. The thyroid storm diagnostic criteria prepared in 2008 by the Japan Thyroid Association are very simple as compared to the Burch & Wartofsky scoring system for thyroid storm. The Japanese criteria may be useful in the diagnosis of this condition since they enable clinicians to identify a broad range of cases with thyroid storm. When dealing with cases of DKA or thyroid storm, it seems essential to bear in mind the possibility of the coexistence of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Osada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sugino I, Hiroi N, Yoshihara A, Sue M, Tojo Y, Iso K, Kuboki K, Tanioka D, Abe T, Yoshino G. Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary adenoma. Am J Case Rep 2011. [DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.881696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Sugino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tojo
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Iso
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kuboki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
A 70-year-old Japanese man with chronic kidney disease under treatment with oral prednisolone for organizing pneumonia developed pulmonary aspergilloma. The patient was started on micafungin (MCFG), with no addition of any other new drug. About 5 weeks later, aggravation of his normocytic anemia associated with a low reticulocyte count was observed. Bone marrow puncture and biopsy revealed intense hypoplasia of the erythroblasts. As there was no evidence of malignancy, human parvovirus B19 infection, autoimmune diseases or hemorrhage, the patient was diagnosed as having acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). The anemia improved along with an increase of the reticulocyte count to the normal level within 12 weeks of discontinuation of the MCFG therapy. The patient showed no evidence subsequently of any recurrence of the normocytic normochromic anemia or relapse of the PRCA. This is the first reported case of PRCA associated with MCFG.
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Hiroi N, Sue M, Yoshihara A, Ichijo T, Yoshida-Hiroi M, Higa M, Yoshino G. Prevalence of adrenal masses in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:71. [PMID: 21171971 PMCID: PMC3018421 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, there have been no reports on the prevalence of adrenal masses in type 2 diabetic patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in type 2 diabetic patients in Japan. SUBJECTS We retrospectively evaluated the presence of adrenal masses using abdominal CT scans in 304 type 2 diabetic patients. In those with adrenal masses, we examined the hormone production capacity of the adrenal mass. RESULTS Fourteen patients (4.6%) had an adrenal mass. Hormonal analysis identified one case as having subclinical Cushing's syndrome, two with primary aldosteronism. Eleven cases had non-functioning masses. DISCUSSION The reported prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in normal subjects is 0.6-4.0% in abdominal CT scan series. Our results show a relatively high prevalence of adrenal tumors in diabetic patients. On the other hand, the frequency of functional adenoma in diabetic patients is 21.4%, which is similar to that of normal subjects. CONCLUSION Although further studies are needed to evaluate the prevalence of adrenal tumors in diabetic patients, our data suggest that evaluation of the presence of adrenal masses may be needed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sue
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yoshihara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ichijo
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yoshida-Hiroi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Social Insurance Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Higa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
A 68 year-old Japanese man, who had been suffering from immobilization and disuse syndrome, was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of polyuria with polyposia, hyponatremia and low blood pressure. His plasma osmolality was greater than that of his urine. His endocrinological examination revealed low levels of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, and a normal response of ACTH to the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge. Plasma ACTH did not increase with insulin loading. A low plasma vasopressin (AVP) level and no response of AVP to a 5% saline administration were observed. We diagnosed central adrenal insufficiency with central diabetes insipidus. Six months after starting administration of hydrocortisone and 1-deamino-8D-arginine vasopressin, his psychological symptoms had improved, and 1.5 years after starting treatment, he was able to walk. In conclusion, it is not particularly rare for adrenal insufficiency to be misdiagnosed as depression. However, a correct early diagnosis is necessary, because, if adrenal insufficiency is not definitively diagnosed, the patient’s quality of life diminishes markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi-Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Sue M, Yoshihara A, Okubo Y, Ishikawa M, Ando Y, Hiroi N, Shibuya K, Yoshino G. A case of juvenile acromegaly that was initially diagnosed as severe congestive heart failure from acromegaly-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Intern Med 2010; 49:2117-21. [PMID: 20930439 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is characterized by chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) and is associated with increased mortality rate because of the potential complications such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, or malignancy, which are probably caused by the long-term exposure of tissues to excess GH, for at least 10 years, before diagnosis and treatment. A 22-year-old man with a 2-month history of fatigue was admitted to our hospital because of chest discomfort, dyspnea, and pitting edema of the lower limbs experienced over a 1-month period. On admission, his height and body weight were 186 cm and 138.5 kg, respectively, with a BMI of 39.8 kg/m(2). He showed acromegalic features and elevated serum GH and IGF-1 levels, which were 11.5 ng/mL and 960 ng/mL, respectively. There was no GH suppression in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed microadenoma. Chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly, and echocardiogram showed dilated left ventricular (LV) cavity and diffuse hypokinesis with extremely decreased ejection fraction (EF). He was diagnosed as having acromegaly with congestive heart failure from diastolic cardiomyopathy. After the successful transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary adenoma, the level of GH was normalized. However, the cardiac dysfunction did not show any improvement even after the administration of β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I), or diuretics. The patient was re-hospitalized, and he died of cardiac failure at the age of 25 years. Patients with acromegaly have been reported to have about 30% higher mortality rate, and cardiovascular disease accounts for 60% of the deaths. We report a case of a patient with juvenile acromegaly who was diagnosed with severe cardiac failure at the time of diagnosis and failed to recover cardiac function even after the successful resection of the pituitary adenoma. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are required for better control of acromegalic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine (Omori), Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo
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Abstract
The core nature of nicotine dependence is evident in wide variations in how individuals become and remain smokers. Individuals with pre-existing behavioral traits are more likely to develop nicotine dependence and experience difficulty when attempting to quit. Many molecular factors likely contribute to individual variations in the development of nicotine dependence and behavioral traits in complex manners. However, the identification of such molecules has been hampered by the phenotypic complexity of nicotine dependence and the complex ways molecules affect elements of nicotine dependence. We hypothesize that nicotine dependence is, in part, a result of interactions between nicotine and pre-existing behavioral traits. This perspective suggests that the identification of the molecular bases of such pre-existing behavioral traits will contribute to the development of effective methods for reducing smoking dependence and for helping smokers to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Psychobiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - D Scott
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Yoshihara A, Sue M, Hiroi N, Kawamura T, Aikawa A, Yoshino G. Urinary calculus after kidney transplantation with persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism. Intern Med 2009; 48:577-8. [PMID: 19336964 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yoshihara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Ishikawa Y, Miyagi M, Matsumoto T, Watanabe N, Tojo Y, Hiroi N, Kuboki K, Yoshino G, Tsubota T, Yoshihara K. [Beriberi heart failure caused by a retort pouch diet menu]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2008; 97:2552-2554. [PMID: 19051749 DOI: 10.2169/naika.97.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine(Omori), Toho University School of Medicine
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22
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Sue M, Yoshihara A, Otani T, Tsuchida Y, Higa M, Hiroi N. Characteristics of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Monit 2008; 14:CS97-CS101. [PMID: 18830199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fulminant type 1 diabetes is characterized by acute onset and rapid development of ketoacidosis. CASE REPORT We present three cases of fulminant type 1 diabetes we experienced at our hospital. All three patients showed extremely high levels of plasma glucose, low HbA1c levels, positivity for urinary ketone bodies, ketoacidosis, and low C-peptide excretion. Flu-like symptoms were noted a few days before hospitalization, and increases in the WBC and CRP levels were observed. Interestingly, case 1 was negative for anti-GAD antibody at the time of hospitalization but became positive 22 days later. Moreover, this patient reverted to being negative for anti-GAD antibody 93 days later. Cases 1 and 3 were positive for HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR9, and Case 2 was positive for HLA-DR4. All three individuals had flu-like symptoms and showed inflammatory markers in the blood. CONCLUSIONS Although autoimmune abnormalities are not usually linked with fulminant type 1 diabetes, the conclusion drawn from the present study is that patients with this disease should be monitored on several different occasions for autoimmune antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Kanagawa-ken Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Kaneko Y, Hiroi N, Kuboki K, Ueshiba H, Watanabe N, Matsumoto T, Sue M, Yoshihara A, Tojo Y, Miyagi K, Sugino I, Yoshino G. EFFECT OF MIGLITOL ON POSTPRANDIAL GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
A 50-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of severe diarrhea, irritableness, and severe pitting edema of the legs. The patient had been well until 5 years before admission, when a tremor and tachycardia developed and a diagnosis of Graves' disease was made. Treatment with methimazole was effective in reducing her tremor and tachycardia; however, she was often nonadherent with her antithyroid medication because of improvement of her symptoms. On admission, a thyroid swelling, exophthalmos, a pleural effusion, and ascites were observed. The results of thyroid function tests (free triiodothyronine: 21.5 pg/mL; free thyroxine: 7.17 ng/dL; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): <0.01 microIU/mL; TSH receptor antibodies: 95.9%) were consistent with Graves' disease. Biochemical analysis of pleural and ascitic fluid was consistent with chylothorax and chylous ascites, respectively. Serum calcium, total protein, and albumin were very low. Her symptoms and signs except severe diarrhea, edema, pleural effusion, and ascites disappeared after receiving intravenous drip infusion of fluid replacement, and methimazole and iodine. Because of malnutrition, she was given a high-calorie intravenous infusion. Three months after admission, her pleural effusion and ascites began to improve, as did her diarrhea and hypoalbuminemia. An appropriate treatment of Graves' disease is crucial to avoid serious sequelae of longstanding, poorly controlled hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Isobe K, Muraoka S, Sugino K, Yamazaki Y, Kikuchi N, Hamanaka N, Takai Y, Shimizu K, Kimura K, Hiroi N, Shibuya K, Homma S. [Case of pulmonary aspergillosis associated with inappropriate antidiuretic hormone syndrome caused by voriconazole therapy]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 45:489-93. [PMID: 17644946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A 75-year-old man presented with hemoptysis. Consolidation was identified in the left lower lobe around multiple bullae. He was found to have chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis based on a high titer of aspergillus antigen and positive antibody. He was treated with 400 mg/day voriconazole. However, liver dysfunction and hyponatremia developed at 21 days after beginning administration of voriconazole. Serum sodium levels were 122 mEq/l. but urinary sodium showed a high level of 135 mEq/l. The serum sodium level improved 10 days after voriconazole was discontinued. Serum levels of voriconazole on day 15 were high at 18 microg/ml (safe effective serum level: 1.5 to 4.5 microg/ml). An analysis of genetic polymorphism showed a mutation of cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19*2 G681A). We report the first case of a voriconazole-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone caused by a polymorphism mutation of cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Isobe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine. Toho University Omori Medical Center
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26
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Oeff MK, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, Nastos A, Makrantonaki E, Bornstein SR, Zouboulis CC. Differential regulation of Toll-like receptor and CD14 pathways by retinoids and corticosteroids in human sebocytes. Dermatology 2007; 213:266. [PMID: 17033190 DOI: 10.1159/000095056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Oeff
- Department of Dermatology, Charité Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Hiroi N, Yanagisawa R, Yoshida-Hiroi M, Endo T, Kawase T, Tsuchida Y, Toyama K, Shibuya K, Nakata K, Yoshino G. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to bilateral adrenal metastases from lung adenocarcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29:551-4. [PMID: 16840834 DOI: 10.1007/bf03344146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 56-yr-old man was admitted to our university hospital for severe back pain one month after a resection for lung adenocarcinoma (stage IIIA) without evidence of the adrenal mass. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed bilateral bleeding of adrenal tumors. Endocrinological laboratory studies showed high plasma ACTH and normal serum cortisol levels with the loss of circadian rhythm. Although plasma ACTH levels increased, there was no cortisol response to administration of human corticotropichormone (hCRH). Core-needle biopsy was performed on the right adrenal tumor and revealed adenocarcinoma cells mimicking a primary lung tumor previously examined. We diagnosed retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to bilateral adrenal gland metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma with adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal metastases most commonly originate from a primary lung tumor, followed by stomach, esophagus and liver/bile ducts. Bilateral adrenal metastases were noted in approximately half of all adrenal metastases patients. Clinically significant adrenal hemorrhage by metastasis is exceedingly rare and non-specific symptoms, such as abdominal, chest or back pain, nausea and vomiting, confusion, weakness, hypotension, shock and high fever, are often observed in these patients. We present a case of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage and adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal gland metastasis from adenocarcinoma of lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Yamamoto N, Imai J, Watanabe M, Hiroi N, Sugano S, Yoshino G. Restoration of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor reduces tumorigenicity in the human adrenocortical carcinoma SW-13 cell line. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38:159-66. [PMID: 16673206 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-925185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent growth suppressor. Acquisition of TGF-beta resistance has been reported in many tumors, and has been associated with reduced TGF-beta receptor expression. In this study, we examined TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaRI) and TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) expression in SW-13 adrenocortical carcinoma cells by Northern and Western blot analysis. SW-13 cells did not express TbetaRII mRNA or protein. We have investigated the role of TbetaRII in modulating tumorigenic potential using stably transfected SW-13 cells with TbetaRII expression plasmid. TbetaRII-positive SW-13 cell growth was inhibited by exogenous human TGF-beta1 (hTGF-beta1) in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, SW-13 cells and control clones transfected with empty vector remained hTGF-beta1-insensitive. Xenograft examination in athymic nude mice demonstrated that TbetaRII-positive SW-13 cells reduced tumor-forming activity. Reconstructing the TbetaRII can lead to reversion of the malignant phenotype of TbetaRII-negative human adrenocortical carcinoma, which contains SW-13 cells. Reduced TbetaRII expression may play a critical role in determining the malignant phenotype of human adrenocortical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Omorinishi, Tokyo, Japan.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sugisawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Kanagawa-Ken Hospital, Yokohama
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- Department of Medicine, Saiseikai Kanagawa-Ken Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Hiroi N, Funahashi A, Kitano H. Comparative studies of suppression of malignant cancer cell phenotype by antisense oligo DNA and small interfering RNA. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 13:7-12. [PMID: 16082382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the distinguishing features of malignant tumor cells is the ability to proliferate in an anchorage-independent manner; methods that effectively suppress this phenotype may be applicable to the therapeutic inhibition of the malignancy of cancers. Interfering RNA is a potentially powerful tool for cancer therapy because of its specificity of target selection and remarkably high efficiency in target mRNA suppression. We studied the use of two knockdown strategies, antisense oligo DNA (AS-ODN) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), and showed how the anchorage-independent proliferation of malignant cells could be blocked efficiently. Anchorage-independent proliferation of rat fibroblasts transformed with v-src was suppressed with only a single 1-microM dose of AS-ODN; similar suppression using siRNA required treatment with 1 nM siRNA every 12 h. With our experimental system, the molecular stability of AS-ODN allowed the use of a simple treatment regimen to control the amount of the target molecule, providing that the treatment dose was sufficiently high. In comparison, siRNA treatment was effective at lower doses, but more frequent treatment was necessary to achieve the same suppression of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- ERATO-SORST, Kitano Symbiotic Systems Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo.
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32
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Abstract
Previously, we reported that intranasal (IN) ACTH(1-24) administration stimulates adrenocortical steroid secretion in normal subjects. To determine the efficiency of transmucosal absorption of ACTH into the adrenal medulla, we measured serum cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels after IN vs. intravenous (IV) administration of 250 microg ACTH(1-24) in 7 healthy adult men (mean age 21.7 +/- 1.2 yr; range, 21 - 24 yr). Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after administration of ACTH(1-24), and the levels of adrenocortical steroids and catecholamines were measured by specific RIA and HPLC methods, respectively. There were no side effects associated with IN or IV ACTH administration. Consistent with the previous study, serum cortisol and aldosterone increased after IN administration of ACTH(1-24), peaking 30 min after administration. Sixty minutes after IN and IV administration of ACTH, epinephrine levels increased by 41.9 +/- 13.1 % and 63.3 +/- 11.8 %, respectively, and remained elevated throughout the sampling period. Thirty minutes after IN or IV administration of ACTH(1-24), plasma norepinephrine levels increased by 55.9 +/- 13.4 % and 73.7 +/- 15.0 %, respectively, peaking 30 min after ACTH(1-24) administration, and decreasing to basal levels within 60 min. Plasma dopamine levels did not change after IN administration of ACTH(1-24). Adrenocortical steroid and catecholamine levels did not increase after IN administration of saline. These results demonstrate that IN administration of ACTH(1-24) not only stimulates adrenocortical steroids, but also epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida-Hiroi
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
Despite what is often believed, the majority of those who experiment with substances with a dependence potential do not develop dependence. However, there is a subpopulation of users that easily becomes dependent on substances, and these individuals exhibit pre-existing comorbid traits, including novelty seeking and antisocial behavior. There appears to be a genetic basis for the susceptibility to dependence and these comorbid traits. Animal studies have identified specific genes that can alter susceptibility to dependence and response to novelty. The mechanisms underlying the genetic susceptibility to dependence and response to novelty are complex, but genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in the transition from substance use to dependence and from chronic use to addiction. We discuss two models to explain how genetic variations alter dependence susceptibility. Identification of the specific genes involved in these processes would help to identify individuals that are vulnerable to dependence/addiction and to devise novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Low levels of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity, such as those observed in smokers, are also associated with behavioral traits such as a heightened responsiveness to novelty. However, the exact mechanism by which low MAO-B activity influences smoking and heightened responsiveness to novelty is still poorly understood. We used MAO-B knockout (KO) mice to test the hypothesis that MAO-B concomitantly affects locomotor responses in a novel inescapable open field and nicotine intake. Male wild-type (WT) and MAO-B KO mice were placed in an inescapable open field and their horizontal locomotor activity was measured for 30 min per day for 5 days. MAO-B KO mice exhibited impaired within-session habituation of locomotor activity, as compared to WT mice. Separate groups of male WT and MAO-B KO mice were individually housed in their home cages with two water bottles. One of the bottles contained tap water and the other contained nicotine (0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 micro g/ml). The total amount of water and nicotine solution consumed was measured every three days for 16 days. MAO-B KO mice and WT mice consumed equal amounts of nicotine and exhibited comparable concentration-dependent nicotine preference and aversion over a period of 16 days. The data suggest that the absence of MAO-B impairs the ability of mice to habituate in the inescapable environment, but does not alter their nicotine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Hiroi N, Ichijo T, Tsuchida Y, Miyachi Y. A trial of intranasal ACTH(1-24) administration to a patient with isolated ACTH deficiency. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10:CS9-13. [PMID: 14737049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency is a rare cause of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. Normally it could be used therapeutically as an alternative to glucocorticoid treatment in these patients. We investigated the possibility of therapeutic approach as intranasal ACTH replacement therapy in patients with ACTH deficiency. CASE REPORT A 32-year-old woman with general fatigue, weakness of legs and loss of consciousness due to severe hyponatremia was admitted to our hospital. Endocrinological studies showed low levels of plasma ACTH and serum cortisol with the loss of circadian rhythm. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels failed to respond after intravenous injection of human corticotropin releasing hormone (hCRH), however, serum cortisol showed a blunted response to ACTH(1-24) stimulation test. She was diagnosed isolated ACTH deficiency. We performed continuous intranasal administration of ACTH(1-24) to the patient. There were no cortisol, aldosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) responses to a single intranasal ACTH(1-24) administration while these levels increased 6 days after intranasal treatment of ACTH(1-24). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that adrenocortical steroids production are stimulated by intranasal administration of ACTH(1-24) in this patient with isolated ACTH deficiency. We suggest that intranasal administration of ACTH offers a therapeutic approach as ACTH replacement therapy in patients with ACTH deficiency. The latter may be more physiologic than glucocorticoid replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omorinshi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-0015, Japan.
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Abstract
The relationship between the cell cycle and Fas-mediated apoptosis was investigated using Jurkat cells. Analysis of the inducibility of apoptosis by anti-Fas antibody during the cell cycle synchronized by the thymidine double-block method, showed that apoptosis was induced in only 50% of the G2/M phase cells, while most of cells in the other phases underwent apoptosis. These observations indicate that G2/M phase cells are more resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis than cells in other phases. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of G2/M phase found that only 20-30% of the cells underwent apoptosis 12 h after the removal of the second thymidine block (pre-G2/M phase). This suggests that Fas-mediated apoptosis is potently suppressed during the pre-G2/M phase. A possible explanation for the observation that cells in the pre-G2/M phase are less sensitive to anti-Fas antibody is lower expression level of Fas. To test this possibility, Fas expression levels on the cell surface during the cell cycle were examined. The content of Fas on the cell surface, however, did not change appreciably during the cell cycle. Thus, the suppression of apoptosis in the pre-G2/M phase is determined downstream after the receipt of the apoptotic signal through Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan
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37
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Vrezas I, Willenberg HS, Mansmann G, Hiroi N, Fritzen R, Bornstein SR. Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the adrenal gland: basic and clinical aspects. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 61:308-14. [PMID: 12768546 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is integrated in the human stress system and controls the metabolism of many cell systems in the body. Therefore, hypofunction or hyperfunction of the HPA axis potentially threatens the life of the whole organism. Noncontrolled overproduction of its key regulators, CRH and ACTH, causes dysfunction of the stress system. Ectopic secretion of these compounds may be part of extraadrenal paraneoplastic syndromes caused by various benign or malignant tumors. However, ectopic ACTH and CRH may originate from the adrenal itself. A local CRH/ACTH system exists in the normal human adrenal medulla. Overproduction of CRH and ACTH has been documented in pheochromocytomas causing Cushing's syndrome. Finally, ectopic production of ACTH causing Cushing's syndrome has also been demonstrated in adrenocortical cells. This suggests a marked plasticity within the HPA axis and the neuroendocrine cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Vrezas
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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38
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Yoshida-Hiroi M, Bradbury MJ, Eisenhofer G, Hiroi N, Vale WW, Novotny GE, Hartwig HG, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR. Chromaffin cell function and structure is impaired in corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1-null mice. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:967-74. [PMID: 12399950 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2001] [Revised: 02/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is both a main regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the autonomic nervous system. CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1)-deficient mice demonstrate alterations in behavior, impaired stress responses with adrenocortical insufficiency and aberrant neuroendocrine development, but the adrenal medulla has not been analyzed in these animals. Therefore we studied the production of adrenal catecholamines, expression of the enzyme responsible for catecholamine biosynthesis neuropeptides and the ultrastructure of chromaffin cells in CRHR1 null mice. In addition we examined whether treatment of CRHR1 null mice with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) could restore function of the adrenal medulla. CRHR1 null mice received saline or ACTH, and wild-type or heterozygous mice injected with saline served as controls. Adrenal epinephrine levels in saline-treated CRHR1 null mice were 44% those of controls (P<0.001), and the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA levels in CRHR1 null mice were only 25% of controls (P <0.001). ACTH treatment increased epinephrine and PNMT mRNA level in CRHR1 null mice but failed to restore them to normal levels. Proenkephalin mRNA in both saline- and ACTH-treated CRHR1 null mice were higher than in control animals (215.8% P <0.05, 268.9% P <0.01) whereas expression of neuropeptide Y and chromogranin B did not differ. On the ultrastructural level, chromaffin cells in saline-treated CRHR1 null mice exhibited a marked depletion in epinephrine-storing secretory granules that was not completely normalized by ACTH-treatment. In conclusion, CRHR1 is required for a normal chromaffin cell structure and function and deletion of this gene is associated with a significant impairment of epinephrine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshida-Hiroi
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hiroi N, Kino T, Bassett M, Rainey WE, Phung M, Abu-Asab M, Fojo T, Briata P, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR. Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35:273-8. [PMID: 12915995 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary homeobox 1 (Ptx1/Pitx1) is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor present throughout pituitary development. Ptx1/Pitx1 interacts with steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) in the regulation of pituitary gene expression. SF-1 also plays a critical role in the transcription of enzymes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis. Therefore, we analyzed the presence and role of Ptx1/Pitx1 in human adrenal cortex. Both Ptx1/Pitx1 and SF-1 mRNA were expressed in the human adrenal gland, and immuno-electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of Ptx1/Pitx1 protein in the nucleus of adrenocortical cells. Computer analysis revealed the presence of Ptx1/Pitx1 signal sequences within the promoter region of human 11beta hydroxylase ( hCYP11B1). To examine the role of Ptx1/Pitx1 in the regulation of the genes, we prepared reporter constructs using the 5'-flanking DNA of the hCYP11B1 gene and transfected them into Y-1 mouse adrenocortical cells, HeLa and CV-1 cells. Ptx1/Pitx1 stimulation of hCYP11B1 reporter activity (3-fold over basal) in Y-1 cells was equal to that observed with SF-1. The hCYP11B1 promoter activity in Y-1 cells was not synergistically increased by co-transfection with both Ptx1/Pitx1 and SF-1. Both basal and ACTH-stimulated hCYP11B1 reporter activities in Y-1 cells were increased by co-transfection with either Ptx1/Pitx1 or SF-1 expression vectors. In contrast, co-transfection with both Ptx1/Pitx1 and SF-1 synergistically increased hCYP11B1 promoter activity in HeLa and CV-1 cells (5-fold and 20-fold over basal, respectively). In conclusion, this study represents the first demonstration for a role of Ptx1/Pitx1 in the regulation of transcription of enzymes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiroi
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Friedberg M, Zoumakis E, Hiroi N, Bader T, Chrousos GP, Hochberg Z. Modulation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in mature human subcutaneous adipocytes by hypothalamic messengers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:385-93. [PMID: 12519881 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are regulated at the prereceptor level by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD), which interconverts inactive cortisone and active cortisol. In a previous study, we noted that patients with hypothalamic obesity had an increased ratio of cortisol/cortisone metabolites, suggesting enhanced 11 beta-HSD-1 activity. In this in vitro study, we tested the hypothesis that adipose 11 beta-HSD-1 is regulated by the hypothalamus via circulating hormones, sympathetic nervous system innervation, and/or cytokines. Preadipocytes were retrieved from sc fat from healthy nonobese individuals and differentiated in vitro to mature adipocytes. Cells were incubated with several potential effectors, and the activity of 11 beta-HSD-1 was assayed by measuring conversion of added 500 nM cortisone to cortisol. Expression of 11 beta-HSD-1 mRNA was determined by real-time PCR, whereas lipolytic effects were determined by measuring glycerol concentration in the culture medium. CRH down-regulated 11 beta-HSD-1 activity with maximal effect at 10(-9)M (65 +/- 10% of control; P < 0.001) and caused a reduction in lipolysis. Likewise, ACTH down-regulated 11 beta-HSD-1 activity with maximal effect at 10(-9) M (65 +/- 20%; P < 0.05) and reduced medium glycerol. Neither CRH nor ACTH affected 11 beta-HSD-1 mRNA expression. TNF alpha up-regulated 11 beta-HSD-1 activity maximally at 0.6 x 10(-9) M (140 +/- 20%; P < 0.001); the same cytokine increased 11 beta-HSD-1 mRNA levels to 3-fold of control (P < 0.05) and increased medium glycerol levels to 165 +/- 14% of control (P < 0.01). IL-1 beta also up-regulated 11 beta-HSD-1 activity maximally at 0.6 x 10(-9) M (160 +/- 33%; P < 0.001) and caused an increase in glycerol levels (159 +/- 11% of control; P < 0.001). Of the adrenergic agonists, salbutamol up-regulated 11 beta-HSD-1 activity maximally at 10(-7) M (162 +/- 46%; P < 0.02), and clonidine down-regulated it at 10(-7) M (82 +/- 15%; P < 0.005). We conclude that possible distinct hypothalamic mediators regulating adipose tissue 11 beta-HSD-1 might include down-regulation of 11 beta-HSD-1 activity by CRH, ACTH, and alpha 2 sympathetic stimulation, and up-regulation of the enzyme by beta 2 sympathetic stimulation and by the cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1 beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Friedberg
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mirani M, Elenkov I, Volpi S, Hiroi N, Chrousos GP, Kino T. HIV-1 protein Vpr suppresses IL-12 production from human monocytes by enhancing glucocorticoid action: potential implications of Vpr coactivator activity for the innate and cellular immunity deficits observed in HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2002; 169:6361-8. [PMID: 12444143 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 protein Vpr has glucocorticoid receptor coactivator activity, potently increasing the sensitivity of glucocorticoid target tissues to cortisol. Patients with AIDS and normal cortisol secretion have manifestations compatible with glucocorticoid hypersensitivity of the immune system, such as suppression of innate and cellular immunities. The latter can be explained by glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of cytokine networks regulating innate and Th1-driven cellular immunity. We demonstrated that extracellularly administered Vpr protein dose-dependently potentiated glucocorticoid-induced suppression of both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-12 subunit p35 and IL-12 holo-protein, but not IL-12 subunit p40 or IL-10, by human monocytes/macrophages stimulated with LPS or heat-killed, formalin-fixed Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan strain 1). This effect was inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486. Also, Vpr changed the expression of an additional five glucocorticoid-responsive genes in the same direction as dexamethasone and was active in potentiating the trans-activation, but not the trans-repression, properties of the glucocorticoid receptor on nuclear factor kappaB- or activating protein 1-regulated simple promoters. Thus, extracellular Vpr enhances the suppressive actions of the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor on IL-12 secretion by human monocytes/macrophages. Through this effect, Vpr may contribute to the suppression of innate and cellular immunities of HIV-1-infected individuals and AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mirani
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bader T, Zoumakis E, Friedberg M, Hiroi N, Chrousos GP, Hochberg Z. Human adipose tissue under in vitro inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: differentiation and metabolism changes. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34:752-7. [PMID: 12660894 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-38255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans, oxoreducing 11beta-HSD-1 activity appears to be related to body fat distribution in male-type central obesity, but not in female-type peripheral obesity. We postulated that inhibition of 11beta-HSD-1 might have clinical therapeutic significance in oxoreducing mostly visceral fat and its metabolic activity. Our current study investigated the consequence at the cellular level of such inhibition. As an inhibitor of 11beta-HSD-1 activity, we used the licorice derivative carbenoxolone. Carbenoxolone has an inhibitory effect on the activity of both oxidizing 11beta-HSD-2, which converts cortisol to cortisone, and oxoreducing 11beta-HSD-1; yet, preadipocytes and adipocytes only express the latter. Preadipocytes were retrieved from omental and subcutaneous fat from healthy non-obese individuals and differentiated in vitro to mature adipocytes. Activity of 11beta-HSD-1 was assayed by measuring conversion of added 500 nM cortisone to cortisol. Expression of 11beta-HSD-1 mRNA was determined by real-time PCR, while lipolytic effects were determined by measuring glycerol and triglyceride concentration in the culture medium. Carbenoxolone decreased 11beta-HSD-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC-50 of 5X10 -6 M, but did not affect the expression of 11beta-HSD-1 mRNA. Cortisone stimulated subcutaneous, but not omental preadipocytes proliferation, an effect that was not abolished by carbenoxolone. Dexamethasone had a stimulatory effect on the maturation of both omental and subcutaneous preadipocytes. Carbenoxolone per se, either with or without cortisone, had a negative effect on preadipocyte maturation. Inhibiting 11beta-HSD-1 activity by carbenoxolone had no impact on leptin secretion. Thus, carbenoxolone has no effect on preadipocyte proliferation, but a dramatic inhibitory effect on preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes. The mechanism is only partly related to its inhibitory effect on 11beta-HSD-1 activity. The present observations lend support to the presence of an intracrine loop of a hormone that is both produced from a precursor and active within the preadipocyte and adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bader
- Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tabeta I, Ueshiba H, Ichijo T, Hiroi N, Yakushiji F, Simojo M, Tsuboi K, Miyachi Y. Comment: the corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in white coat hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:3672-5. [PMID: 12161494 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.8.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to clarify the status of the ACTH and cortisol responses to CRH in patients with white coat hypertension. White coat hypertension was defined as a difference between clinic blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and/or 10 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure. CRH stimulation tests were performed between 1400 and 1700 h in 11 patients with white coat hypertension (4 males and 7 females) and 11 normal subjects (4 males and 7 females). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured 15 min before, at time zero, and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after initiation of the CRH stimulation tests. In white coat hypertension, both the mean systolic blood pressure (162 +/- 15 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (97 +/- 10 mm Hg) were higher than in controls (P < 0.01) on 3 occasions. The mean ambulatory blood pressure for the 24-h period of the test did not differ between patients with white coat hypertension and normal subjects. Basal levels of ACTH and cortisol did not differ between patients with white coat hypertension and control subjects. However, challenge with CRH elevated ACTH (30 min) and cortisol (30, 60, and 120 min) to levels higher than those in controls, with the net increase in both ACTH and cortisol being higher than that in controls over the study period (P < 0.01). These significant responses suggest that white coat hypertension is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hypersensitivity to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Tabeta
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-0015, Japan
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Wolkersdörfer GW, Bornstein SR, Higginbotham JN, Hiroi N, Vaquero JJ, Green MV, Blaese RM, Aguilera G, Chrousos GP, Ramsey WJ. A novel approach using transcomplementing adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of adrenocortical cancer. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34:279-87. [PMID: 12173067 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-33255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for adrenocortical carcinomas do not improve the life expectancy of patients. In this study, we tested whether a gene-transfer therapy based upon a suicide gene/prodrug system would be effective in an animal model of the disease. We employed E4- and E1A/B-depleted, herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase-expressing adenoviral mutants that transcomplement each other within tumor cells, hereby improving transgene delivery and efficacy by viral replication in situ. Transcomplementation of vectors increased the fraction of transduced of tumor cells. This increase was accompanied by greater tumor volume reduction compared to non-transcomplementing approaches. Survival time improved with non-replicating vectors plus GCV compared to controls. However, transcomplementation/replication of vectors led to a further significant increment in anti-tumor activity and survival time (p < 0.02). In treated animals, we observed a high number of apoptotic nuclei both adjacent to and distant from injection sites and sites of viral oncolysis. Ultrastructural analyses exhibited nuclear inclusion bodies characteristic of virus production in situ, and provided further evidence that this therapy induced apoptotic cell death within tumor cells. We conclude that the efficacy of suicide gene therapy is significantly amplified by viral replication and, in combination with GCV, significantly reduces tumor burden and increases survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Wolkersdörfer
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland USA
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Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, Chen W, Young M, Oeff M, Scherbaum WA, Orfanos CE, McCann SM, Bornstein SR. Corticotropin-releasing hormone: an autocrine hormone that promotes lipogenesis in human sebocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7148-53. [PMID: 12011471 PMCID: PMC124543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.102180999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sebaceous glands may be involved in a pathway conceptually similar to that of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Such a pathway has been described and may occur in human skin and lately in the sebaceous glands because they express neuropeptide receptors. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the most proximal element of the HPA axis, and it acts as central coordinator for neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. To further examine the probability of an HPA equivalent pathway, we investigated the expression of CRH, CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP), and CRH receptors (CRH-R) in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro and their regulation by CRH and several other hormones. CRH, CRH-BP, CRH-R1, and CRH-R2 were detectable in SZ95 sebocytes at the mRNA and protein levels: CRH-R1 was the predominant type (CRH-R1/CRH-R2 = 2). CRH was biologically active on human sebocytes: it induced biphasic increase in synthesis of sebaceous lipids with a maximum stimulation at 10(-7) M and up-regulated mRNA levels of 3 beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5-4) isomerase, although it did not affect cell viability, cell proliferation, or IL-1 beta-induced IL-8 release. CRH, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol did not modulate CRH-R expression, whereas testosterone at 10(-7) M down-regulated CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 mRNA expression at 6 to 24 h, and growth hormone (GH) switched CRH-R1 mRNA expression to CRH-R2 at 24 h. Based on these findings, CRH may be an autocrine hormone for human sebocytes that exerts homeostatic lipogenic activity, whereas testosterone and growth hormone induce CRH negative feedback. The findings implicate CRH in the clinical development of acne, seborrhea, androgenetic alopecia, skin aging, xerosis, and other skin disorders associated with alterations in lipid formation of sebaceous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, The Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
To determine the efficiency of transmucosal absorption of ACTH, we measured serum cortisol, aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) levels after intranasal (in) vs. iv administration of ACTH-(1-24) (250 microg) in 12 healthy adult men (mean age, 24.3 +/- 3.2 yr; range, 21-31 yr), who had received no prior medication and had no symptoms of rhinitis. Blood was collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after administration of ACTH-(1-24), and the levels of adrenocortical steroids were measured by specific RIAs. There were no side-effects associated with in or iv ACTH administration. After in administration, serum cortisol and aldosterone increased rapidly by 224.7 +/- 39.2% and 147.2 +/- 50.5%, respectively, peaking 30 min after ACTH-(1-24) administration, and decreasing to basal levels within 120 min. These increases in serum cortisol and aldosterone were lower than those obtained after iv administration. Thirty minutes after in or iv administration of ACTH-(1-24), DHEA increased by 49.1 +/- 27.2% and 81.6 +/- 17.1%, respectively, and remained elevated for 180 min. Serum DHEA-S levels did not change after in administration of ACTH-(1-24) and increased only slightly after iv injection. Adrenocortical steroid levels did not increase after in administration of saline. These data demonstrate that adrenocortical steroids are stimulated by in administration of ACTH-(1-24). We suggest that intranasal administration of ACTH offers both a diagnostic approach as an adrenal function test and a therapeutic approach as ACTH replacement therapy in patients with ACTH deficiency. The latter may be more physiological than glucocorticoid replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hiroi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-0015, Japan.
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Ueshiba H, Shimizu Y, Hiroi N, Yakushiji F, Shimojo M, Tsuboi K, Miyachi Y. Decreased steroidogenic enzyme 17,20-lyase and increased 17-hydroxylase activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146:375-80. [PMID: 11888844 DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1460375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze activities of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in type 2 diabetes mellitus, serum levels of 11 steroid hormones were measured simultaneously. SUBJECTS We studied 130 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (74 men and 56 women between the ages of 40 and 69 years), whose blood glucose control had been poor (more than 10% in HbA(1c)). Age-matched normal subjects served as the control group. METHODS Serum levels of steroid hormones (pregnenolone (Preg), progesterone (Prog), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OH-Preg), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycortisol (S), cortisol (F), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Delta4-androstenedione (Delta4A)) were measured by HPLC/RIA methods. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA(1c), ACTH, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) were also measured. We analyzed product/precursor ratios to assess relative activities of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes. RESULTS Serum levels of ACTH and F were high and DHEA and DHEA-S were low in both male and female patients under poor blood glucose control. Following 6-months treatment with diet only or with sulfonylurea, FPG and HbA(1c) improved, and blood concentrations of ACTH and F decreased while DHEA and DHEA-S levels increased to within the normal range. DHEA/17-OH-Preg and Delta4A/17-OHP ratios, reflecting 17,20-lyase activity, were low before treatment and recovered to the normal range after treatment, and 17-OH-Preg/Preg and 17-OHP/Prog ratios, reflecting 17-hydroxylase activity, were high before treatment, and fell within the normal range after treatment. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxylase activities remained within the normal range both before and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the decrease in DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations together with the high F levels that occur in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with low 17,20-lyase and high 17-hydroxylase activity in the adrenal steroidogenic enzymes. High insulin concentrations may further lower DHEA and DHEA-S levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ueshiba
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-0015, Japan.
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Galon J, Franchimont D, Hiroi N, Frey G, Boettner A, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, O'Shea JJ, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR. Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells. FASEB J 2002; 16:61-71. [PMID: 11772937 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0245com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids continue to be the major immunomodulatory agents used in clinical medicine today. However, their actions as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs are both beneficial and deleterious. We analyzed the effect of glucocorticoids on the gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. DNA microarray analysis combined with quantitative TaqMan PCR and flow cytometry revealed that glucocorticoids induced the expression of chemokine, cytokine, and complement family members as well as of newly discovered innate immune-related genes, including scavenger and Toll-like receptors. In contrast, glucocorticoids repressed the expression of adaptive immune-related genes. Simultaneous inhibitory and stimulatory effects of glucocorticoids were found on inflammatory T helper subsets and apoptosis-related gene clusters. In cells activated by T cell receptor cross-linking, glucocorticoids down-regulated the expression of specific genes that were previously up-regulated in resting cells, suggesting a potential new mechanism by which they exert positive and negative effects. Considering the broad and continuously renewed interest in glucocorticoid therapy, the profiles we describe here will be useful in designing more specific and efficient treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Galon
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Maurer M, Trajanoski Z, Frey G, Hiroi N, Galon J, Willenberg HS, Gold PW, Chrousos GP, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR. Differential gene expression profile of glucocorticoids, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone in human cells. Horm Metab Res 2001; 33:691-5. [PMID: 11753752 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-19142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are the major immunomodulating hormones in the human body. Recently, increasing interest in androgens as immunomodulators has emerged. In particular, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been suggested as beneficial in the treatment of some autoimmune disorders. However, the action and role of testicular and adrenal androgens on human immune cells remains unclear. This is the first study to provide large-scale gene expression data on the action of different steroids (DHEA, glucocorticoids, and testosterone) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using the recently developed genomic-scale technology of microarrays. Novel computational tools and techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used for analysis, clustering and visualization. We have demonstrated that each steroid has its distinct gene expression profile, although DHEA and testosterone co-regulated most genes in a similar direction while glucocorticoids frequently regulated the same genes in an opposite direction. Our data suggest an important and a complex regulatory role for androgens on human immune cells that should be considered in androgen replacement or treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maurer
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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Ishikawa M, Hiroi N, Kamioka T, Tanaka T, Tachibana T, Ishikawa H, Miyachi Y. Metabolic effects of 20 kDa and 22 kDa human growth hormones on adult male spontaneous dwarf rats. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 145:791-7. [PMID: 11720906 DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1450791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two molecular forms of human GH (hGH) have been shown to be biologically active. The 20 kDa form has been reported to have weaker diabetogenic and lipolytic actions than the 22 kDa form. OBJECTIVE To analyze the carbohydrate metabolism of 20 kDa and 22 kDa hGH, using the adult male spontaneous dwarf rat (SDR), which is GH deficient. DESIGN SDRs were given 20 kDa or 22 kDa hGH in doses of 125 microg/rat or 500 microg/rat, or saline, for 10 days, and their weight, serum IGF-I, glucose, insulin, leptin and body composition were measured. RESULTS Weight and serum IGF-I increased both in the 20 kDa and 22 kDa groups, but IGF-I concentrations were significantly lower in the 20 kDa group than in the 22 kDa group. Serum glucose was not increased by either 20 kDa or 22 kDa hGH, whereas insulin was significantly increased after the higher dose of the 22 kDa hGH. Although blood concentrations of leptin were decreased by both 20 kDa and 22 kDa hGH, values were lower in the high-dose 20 kDa group than in the group given the same dose of 22 kDa hGH. Both forms of GH increased the percentage body water and body protein content, and decreased the percentage of body fat by the same degree. The observation that the higher dose of the 22 kDa hGH increased insulin concentrations without changing blood glucose demonstrates that this concentration of the hormone induces insulin resistance, whereas the same dose of 20 kDa hGH does not. CONCLUSIONS The results can be interpreted to indicate that the higher dose of the 22 kDa hGH has diabetogenic activity, as reported previously, whereas the 20 kDa hGH has lower diabetogenic activity. The 20 kDa form of hGH may therefore be more useful in treating adult GH deficiency, especially those with severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University of School Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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