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Cook ME, Shchukina I, Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Webber AM, Zaitsev K, Artyomov MN, Edelson BT. BHLHE40 Mediates Cross-Talk between Pathogenic TH17 Cells and Myeloid Cells during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:737-746. [PMID: 37934060 PMCID: PMC10695412 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We previously reported that the transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (BHLHE40) marks cytokine-producing pathogenic TH cells during EAE, and that its expression in T cells is required for clinical disease. In this study, using dual reporter mice, we show BHLHE40 expression within TH1/17 and ex-TH17 cells following EAE induction. Il17a-Cre-mediated deletion of BHLHE40 in TH cells led to less severe EAE with reduced TH cell cytokine production. Characterization of the leukocytes in the CNS during EAE by single-cell RNA sequencing identified differences in the infiltrating myeloid cells when BHLHE40 was present or absent in TH17 cells. Our studies highlight the importance of BHLHE40 in promoting TH17 cell encephalitogenicity and instructing myeloid cell responses during active EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Irina Shchukina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tara R. Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ashlee M. Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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2
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Jarjour NN, Jameson SC. APLs and Oranges: Induction of T Cell Anergy by Altered Peptide Ligands. J Immunol 2023; 211:709-710. [PMID: 37603860 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
This Pillars of Immunology article is a commentary on “Induction of T-cell anergy by altered T-cell-receptor ligand on live antigen-presenting cells,” a pivotal article written by J. Sloan-Lancaster, B. D. Evavold, and P. M. Allen, and published in Nature, in 1993. https://www.nature.com/articles/363156a0
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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3
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Lai CW, Bagadia P, Barisas DAG, Jarjour NN, Wong R, Ohara T, Muegge BD, Lu Q, Xiong S, Edelson BT, Murphy KM, Stappenbeck TS. Mesothelium-Derived Factors Shape GATA6-Positive Large Cavity Macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 2022; 209:742-750. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The local microenvironment shapes macrophage differentiation in each tissue. We hypothesized that in the peritoneum, local factors in addition to retinoic acid can support GATA6-driven differentiation and function of peritoneal large cavity macrophages (LCMs). We found that soluble proteins produced by mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal cavity maintained GATA6 expression in cultured LCMs. Analysis of global gene expression of isolated mesothelial cells highlighted mesothelin (Msln) and its binding partner mucin 16 (Muc16) as candidate secreted ligands that potentially regulate GATA6 expression in peritoneal LCMs. Mice deficient for either of these molecules showed diminished GATA6 expression in peritoneal and pleural LCMs that was most prominent in aged mice. The more robust phenotype in older mice suggested that monocyte-derived macrophages were the target of Msln and Muc16. Cell transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments supported this hypothesis. We found that lethally irradiated Msln−/− and Muc16−/− mice reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow had lower levels of GATA6 expression in peritoneal and pleural LCMs. Similarly, during the resolution of zymosan-induced inflammation, repopulated peritoneal LCMs lacking expression of Msln or Muc16 expressed diminished GATA6. These data support a role for mesothelial cell–produced Msln and Muc16 in local macrophage differentiation within large cavity spaces such as the peritoneum. The effect appears to be most prominent on monocyte-derived macrophages that enter into this location as the host ages and also in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Derek A. G. Barisas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Takahiro Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian D. Muegge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
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4
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Zhao M, Ren K, Xiong X, Xin Y, Zou Y, Maynard JC, Kim A, Battist AP, Koneripalli N, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xin R, Yang C, Huang R, Yu J, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang D, Xiao Y, Salgado OC, Jarjour NN, Hogquist KA, Revelo XS, Burlingame AL, Gao X, von Moltke J, Lin Z, Ruan HB. Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C. Immunity 2022; 55:1327. [PMID: 35830826 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Salmon AJ, Shavkunov AS, Miao Q, Jarjour NN, Keshari S, Esaulova E, Williams CD, Ward JP, Highsmith AM, Pineda JE, Taneja R, Chen K, Edelson BT, Gubin MM. BHLHE40 Regulates the T-Cell Effector Function Required for Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling and Immune Checkpoint Therapy Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:597-611. [PMID: 35181783 PMCID: PMC9164498 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) using antibody blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) can provoke T cell-dependent antitumor activity that generates durable clinical responses in some patients. The epigenetic and transcriptional features that T cells require for efficacious ICT remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, we report that anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT induce upregulation of the transcription factor BHLHE40 in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and that T cells require BHLHE40 for effective ICT in mice bearing immune-edited tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing of intratumoral immune cells in BHLHE40-deficient mice revealed differential ICT-induced immune cell remodeling. The BHLHE40-dependent gene expression changes indicated dysregulated metabolism, NF-κB signaling, and IFNγ response within certain subpopulations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BHLHE40-deficient mice exhibited higher expression of the inhibitory receptor gene Tigit and displayed alterations in expression of genes encoding chemokines/chemokine receptors and granzyme family members. Mice lacking BHLHE40 had reduced ICT-driven IFNγ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and defects in ICT-induced remodeling of macrophages from a CX3CR1+CD206+ subpopulation to an iNOS+ subpopulation that is typically observed during effective ICT. Although both anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICT in BHLHE40-deficient mice led to the same outcome-tumor outgrowth-several BHLHE40-dependent alterations were specific to the ICT that was used. Our results reveal a crucial role for BHLHE40 in effective ICT and suggest that BHLHE40 may be a predictive or prognostic biomarker for ICT efficacy and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery J Salmon
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexander S Shavkunov
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qi Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sunita Keshari
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charmelle D Williams
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey P Ward
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anna M Highsmith
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Josué E Pineda
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew M Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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6
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Jarjour NN, Wanhainen KM, Peng CM, da Silva HB, Martinez RJ, Dalzell TS, Huggins MA, Urban JF, Hamilton Hart SE, Jameson SC. Common gamma chain-dependent cytokines drive antigen-independent proliferation of circulating and resident memory CD8+ T cells. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.45.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells are found throughout the body and can locally control reinfection at barrier sites. Vaccines often fail to elicit durable tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells, likely contributing to unsuccessful efforts to vaccinate against several important pathogens. TRMs locally self-renew by poorly understood mechanisms; a better understanding of this process could help to enhance TRM immunity. We propose that proliferating TRMs flexibly use available members of the common gamma chain-(γC)-dependent cytokine family to persist and as bystanders during other immune responses. We have found that γC-dependent cytokines can mediate cell-intrinsic signaling to drive proliferation of both circulating and resident memory CD8+ T cells, in contrast to naïve T cells. Using adoptive transfer as well as tetramer staining of endogenous populations, we have confirmed that cytokine-stimulated proliferation of memory T cells of known antigen specificities elicited by different pathogens can occur without cognate antigen. Via bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq of resting and in vivo cytokine-stimulated memory CD8+ T cells, we are elucidating the downstream signature of cytokine-driven TRM proliferation. We have also found that memory CD8+ T cells proliferate comparably in response to exogenous cytokines or unrelated pathogens, consistent with pathogen-elicited γC-dependent cytokine signals driving memory CD8+ T cell proliferation. These data support a conserved ability of TRM and circulating memory T cells to use infection-elicited γC-dependent cytokines for enhanced proliferation, likely to promote maintenance, and that treatment with γC-dependent cytokines can drive rapid proliferation without a need to identify antigens.
N. N. J. Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Fellow DRG-2427-21 K. M. W. NCI F30 H. B. d. S. CRI/Paul Shiverick Fellow; NIAID K99/R00 AI139381 S. C. J. NIAID R01 AI038903
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changwei M Peng
- 1Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota Med. Sch
| | | | - Ryan J Martinez
- 1Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota Med. Sch
| | - Talia S Dalzell
- 1Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Univ. of Minnesota Med. Sch
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7
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Zhao M, Ren K, Xiong X, Xin Y, Zou Y, Maynard JC, Kim A, Battist AP, Koneripalli N, Wang Y, Chen Q, Xin R, Yang C, Huang R, Yu J, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang D, Xiao Y, Salgado OC, Jarjour NN, Hogquist KA, Revelo XS, Burlingame AL, Gao X, von Moltke J, Lin Z, Ruan HB. Epithelial STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation drives a concerted anti-helminth alarmin response dependent on tuft cell hyperplasia and Gasdermin C. Immunity 2022; 55:623-638.e5. [PMID: 35385697 PMCID: PMC9109499 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is an integral component of mucosal barrier and host immunity. Following helminth infection, the intestinal epithelial cells secrete "alarmin" cytokines, such as interleukin-25 (IL-25) and IL-33, to initiate the type 2 immune responses for helminth expulsion and tolerance. However, it is unknown how helminth infection and the resulting cytokine milieu drive epithelial remodeling and orchestrate alarmin secretion. Here, we report that epithelial O-linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification was induced upon helminth infections. By modifying and activating the transcription factor STAT6, O-GlcNAc transferase promoted the transcription of lineage-defining Pou2f3 in tuft cell differentiation and IL-25 production. Meanwhile, STAT6 O-GlcNAcylation activated the expression of Gsdmc family genes. The membrane pore formed by GSDMC facilitated the unconventional secretion of IL-33. GSDMC-mediated IL-33 secretion was indispensable for effective anti-helminth immunity and contributed to induced intestinal inflammation. Protein O-GlcNAcylation can be harnessed for future treatment of type 2 inflammation-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaiqun Ren
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yue Xin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yujie Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angela Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander P Battist
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Navya Koneripalli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yusu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianyue Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyue Xin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yihui Xiao
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Oscar C Salgado
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xavier S Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of China, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Peng C, Huggins MA, Wanhainen KM, Knutson TP, Lu H, Georgiev H, Mittelsteadt KL, Jarjour NN, Wang H, Hogquist KA, Campbell DJ, Borges da Silva H, Jameson SC. Engagement of the costimulatory molecule ICOS in tissues promotes establishment of CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells. Immunity 2022; 55:98-114.e5. [PMID: 34932944 PMCID: PMC8755622 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated gene expression of the costimulatory receptor Icos is a hallmark of CD8+ tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells. Here, we examined the contribution of ICOS in Trm cell differentiation. Upon transfer into WT mice, Icos-/- CD8+ T cells exhibited defective Trm generation but produced recirculating memory populations normally. ICOS deficiency or ICOS-L blockade compromised establishment of CD8+ Trm cells but not their maintenance. ICOS ligation during CD8+ T cell priming did not determine Trm induction; rather, effector CD8+ T cells showed reduced Trm differentiation after seeding into Icosl-/- mice. IcosYF/YF CD8+ T cells were compromised in Trm generation, indicating a critical role for PI3K signaling. Modest transcriptional changes in the few Icos-/- Trm cells suggest that ICOS-PI3K signaling primarily enhances the efficiency of CD8+ T cell tissue residency. Thus, local ICOS signaling promotes production of Trm cells, providing insight into the contribution of costimulatory signals in the generation of tissue-resident populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matthew A. Huggins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Wanhainen
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Todd P. Knutson
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hanbin Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hristo Georgiev
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Current address: Institute of immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Kristen L. Mittelsteadt
- Benaroya Research Institute and Department of Immunology University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute and Department of Immunology University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Current address: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Stephen C. Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding author and lead contact:
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9
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Jarjour NN, Wanhainen KM, Silva HBD, Peng C, Martinez RJ, Huggins MA, Urban JF, Hamilton SE, Jameson SC. Rapid cell cycling of both circulating and resident memory CD8+ T cells driven by common gamma chain-dependent cytokines. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.98.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Diverse populations of resident leukocytes live and self-renew within the tissues of the body, but the mechanisms controlling their proliferation are poorly understood. Among these populations are many memory CD8+ T cells, which are found throughout the body and can locally control reinfection. A poor ability of vaccines to elicit stable and appropriate tissue-resident CD8+ T cell populations has likely contributed to long-standing challenges in vaccinating against several important pathogens. The factors required to support TRM proliferation in homeostasis are not well understood. We propose that proliferating TRMs flexibly use the available members of the common gamma chain-(γC)-dependent cytokine family to persist as bystanders during other immune responses. We have found that many γC-dependent cytokines can mediate cell-intrinsic signaling to drive proliferation of both circulating and resident memory CD8+ T cells of known antigen specificities without cognate antigen. Via transcriptional analysis of resting and in vivo cytokine-stimulated TRMs, we are elucidating downstream signaling and the gene expression signature of cytokine-driven TRM proliferation. We have also found that memory CD8+ T cells proliferate similarly in response to exogenous cytokines or unrelated pathogens, consistent with pathogen-elicited γC-dependent cytokine signals driving memory CD8+ T cell proliferation. These data support the concept that TRMs use γC-dependent cytokines produced during infections to support enhanced proliferation, likely to promote their maintenance. Our findings may lead to novel methods to therapeutically enhance TRM immunity.
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10
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Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has progressed, increasing attention has focused on establishing natural and vaccine-induced immunity against this coronavirus and the disease, COVID-19, that it causes. In this Primer, we explain the fundamental features of T cell memory and their potential relevance for effective immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jarjour
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Cook ME, Jarjour NN, Lin CC, Edelson BT. Transcription Factor Bhlhe40 in Immunity and Autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:1023-1036. [PMID: 33039338 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (TF) Bhlhe40 is emerging as a key regulator of immunity during infection, autoimmunity, and inflammatory conditions. We describe the roles of Bhlhe40 in the circulating and tissue-resident arms of the immune system, with emphasis on recent work on the regulation of cytokine production and proliferation. We explore the mechanisms behind these functions in mouse models and human cells, including interactions with other TFs, and propose that Bhlhe40 is a central mediator of both inflammation and pathogen control, as well as a crucial regulator of a growing number of tissue-resident leukocyte populations. Finally, we suggest areas for further study that may advance our understanding of immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Santeford A, Kim J, Webber A, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Lin CC, Stumpo DJ, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. Zfp36 family members redundantly protect against T cell-mediated autoinflammation and premature mortality. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.143.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytokine production must be tightly regulated in order to prevent auto-inflammatory diseases. The zinc finger 36 (Zfp36) family of RNA-binding proteins, including Zfp36, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2, are known to negatively regulate mRNA stability or translation of many transcripts, including cytokines. Polymorphisms in ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 have been identified in GWAS studies of a variety of human autoimmune diseases, necessitating understanding the functions of these genes. While there are reports of all three family members controlling cytokine production from T cells, delineating the exact functions of these genes has been challenging due to spontaneous phenotypes or mortality upon global deletion of single genes and potential redundancy in their functions. To overcome this, we generated Cd4-Cre+ Zfp36fl/fl Zfp36l1fl/fl Zfp36l2fl/fl mice. Only upon triple deletion, but not individual or various paired deletions, do mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory disease characterized by early mortality and immune cell infiltration into various organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, and liver. These mice have drastically elevated levels of many cytokines in their sera. Our findings demonstrate a novel redundancy of the Zfp36 family members in regulating T cell homeostasis and suppressing cytokine-driven inflammation. We are currently investigating the specific mechanisms and mRNA targets that contribute to this phenotype and whether disease is primarily driven by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Understanding the individual and redundant functions of the Zfp36 family members may lead to opportunities to target them for suppression of T cell-driven autoimmunity or for activating anti-tumor or anti-pathogen T cell responses.
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Jarjour NN, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Cook ME, Lai CW, Huang SCC, Taneja R, Stappenbeck TS, Van Dyken SJ, Urban JF, Edelson BT. BHLHE40 Promotes T H2 Cell-Mediated Antihelminth Immunity and Reveals Cooperative CSF2RB Family Cytokines. J Immunol 2020; 204:923-932. [PMID: 31900338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor BHLHE40 is an emerging regulator of the immune system. Recent studies suggest that BHLHE40 regulates type 2 immunity, but this has not been demonstrated in vivo. We found that BHLHE40 is required in T cells for a protective TH2 cell response in mice infected with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri H. polygyrus elicited changes in gene and cytokine expression by lamina propria CD4+ T cells, many of which were BHLHE40 dependent, including production of the common β (CSF2RB) chain family cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5. In contrast to deficiency in GM-CSF or IL-5 alone, loss of both GM-CSF and IL-5 signaling impaired protection against H. polygyrus Overall, we show that BHLHE40 regulates the TH2 cell transcriptional program during helminth infection to support normal expression of Csf2, Il5, and other genes required for protection and reveal unexpected redundancy of common β chain-dependent cytokines previously thought to possess substantially divergent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Melissa E Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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14
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Zhang N, Czepielewski RS, Jarjour NN, Erlich EC, Esaulova E, Saunders BT, Grover SP, Cleuren AC, Broze GJ, Edelson BT, Mackman N, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ. Expression of factor V by resident macrophages boosts host defense in the peritoneal cavity. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1291-1300. [PMID: 31048328 PMCID: PMC6547866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages resident in different organs express distinct genes, but understanding how this diversity fits into tissue-specific features is limited. Here, we show that selective expression of coagulation factor V (FV) by resident peritoneal macrophages in mice promotes bacterial clearance in the peritoneal cavity and serves to facilitate the well-known but poorly understood "macrophage disappearance reaction." Intravital imaging revealed that resident macrophages were nonadherent in peritoneal fluid during homeostasis. Bacterial entry into the peritoneum acutely induced macrophage adherence and associated bacterial phagocytosis. However, optimal control of bacterial expansion in the peritoneum also required expression of FV by the macrophages to form local clots that effectively brought macrophages and bacteria in proximity and out of the fluid phase. Thus, acute cellular adhesion and resident macrophage-induced coagulation operate independently and cooperatively to meet the challenges of a unique, open tissue environment. These events collectively account for the macrophage disappearance reaction in the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emma C Erlich
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven P Grover
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - George J Broze
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Huynh JP, Lin CC, Kimmey JM, Jarjour NN, Schwarzkopf EA, Bradstreet TR, Shchukina I, Shpynov O, Weaver CT, Taneja R, Artyomov MN, Edelson BT, Stallings CL. Bhlhe40 is an essential repressor of IL-10 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1823-1838. [PMID: 29773644 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine IL-10 antagonizes pathways that control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Nevertheless, the impact of IL-10 during Mtb infection has been difficult to decipher because loss-of-function studies in animal models have yielded only mild phenotypes. We have discovered that the transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) is required to repress Il10 expression during Mtb infection. Loss of Bhlhe40 in mice results in higher Il10 expression, higher bacterial burden, and early susceptibility similar to that observed in mice lacking IFN-γ. Deletion of Il10 in Bhlhe40-/- mice reverses these phenotypes. Bhlhe40 deletion in T cells or CD11c+ cells is sufficient to cause susceptibility to Mtb Bhlhe40 represents the first transcription factor found to be essential during Mtb infection to specifically regulate Il10 expression, revealing the importance of strict control of IL-10 production by innate and adaptive immune cells during infection. Our findings uncover a previously elusive but significant role for IL-10 in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Huynh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jacqueline M Kimmey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth A Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Irina Shchukina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Oleg Shpynov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,JetBrains Research, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Jarjour NN, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Lin CC, Cook ME, Huang SCC, Taneja R, Randolph GJ, Urban JF, Edelson BT. The transcription factor Bhlhe40 is a novel regulator of large peritoneal macrophages and type 2 immunity. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.52.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages occupy key roles in immunity and physiology within organ microenvironments. Many tissue macrophages derive from embryonic progenitors and self-maintain locally as unique tissue-specific populations. Resident macrophages can also expand in response to type 2 stimuli including parasites and contribute to control of infection via the alternative activation program. However, the transcriptional basis for this capacity to proliferate in situ is poorly understood. We have observed that the transcription factor basic helix-loop-helix, member e40 (Bhlhe40) is highly expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cell types, including large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs). Based on this data, we hypothesized that Bhlhe40 is a key part of the LPM transcriptional network. We have found that peritoneal macrophages are selectively reduced in Bhlhe40−/− mice, in contrast to other resident macrophages. Mixed bone marrow chimeras, conditional knockout mice, and other approaches demonstrated a specific, intrinsic defect in mature, Bhlhe40-deficient LPMs. Bhlhe40−/− LPMs exhibited an alternative activation-like profile and impaired self-renewal. These functional perturbations were correlated with altered expression of gene sets pertaining to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and protein homeostasis, as well as ER morphology changes in Bhlhe40−/− LPMs. Using models of peritoneal type 2 immunity, we observed near-total loss of expansion of Bhlhe40-deficient LPMs, correlated with impaired control of an intestinal helminth. Our findings demonstrate critical roles for Bhlhe40 as a tissue-specific regulator of resident macrophage self-renewal and expansion during type 2 immunity.
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Gounder AP, Yokoyama CC, Jarjour NN, Bricker TL, Edelson BT, Boon ACM. Interferon induced protein 35 exacerbates H5N1 influenza disease through the expression of IL-12p40 homodimer. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007001. [PMID: 29698474 PMCID: PMC5940246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokinemia is a hallmark of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus (IAV) disease yet little is known about the role of host proteins in modulating a pathogenic innate immune response. The host Interferon Induced Protein 35 (Ifi35) has been implicated in increased susceptibility to H5N1-IAV infection. Here, we show that Ifi35 deficiency leads to reduced morbidity in mouse models of highly pathogenic H5N1- and pandemic H1N1-IAV infection. Reduced weight loss in Ifi35-/- mice following H5N1-IAV challenge was associated with reduced cellular infiltration and decreased production of specific cytokines and chemokines including IL-12p40. Expression of Ifi35 by the hematopoietic cell compartment in bone-marrow chimeric mice contributed to increased immune cell recruitment and IL-12p40 production. In addition, Ifi35 deficient primary macrophages produce less IL-12p40 following TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-7 stimulation in vitro. Decreased levels of IL-12p40 and its homodimer, IL-12p80, were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of H5N1-IAV infected Ifi35 deficient mice. Specific antibody blockade of IL-12p80 ameliorated weight loss and reduced cellular infiltration following H5N1-IAV infection in wild-type mice; suggesting that increased levels of IL-12p80 alters the immune response to promote inflammation and IAV disease. These data establish a role for Ifi35 in modulating cytokine production and exacerbating inflammation during IAV infection. Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) are an important human pathogen that cause high mortality and can acquire the ability to cause pandemics. Following highly pathogenic H5N1-IAV infection, exaggerated inflammatory responses are detrimental to the host and lead to more disease; tipping the balance between protection and pathology. Understanding the role of host genes that enhance inflammation will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets and treatments to help lessen severe disease. Here, we report that the deletion of an interferon induced gene, Ifi35 (interferon induced protein 35), in mice protects the host from severe morbidity following H5N1 infection. Ifi35 enhances inflammation following H5N1 infection by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production; notably, the cytokine IL-12p40 and its homodimer, IL-12p80. Blocking IL-12p80 in mice led to reduced weight loss following H5N1 infection. Thus, our results provide insights into the development of therapeutic agents against host factors, Ifi35 and IL-12p80, to help control inflammation and inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu P. Gounder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jarjour NN, Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Huang SCC, Kim KW, Taneja R, Randolph GJ, Edelson BT. The transcription factor basic helix loop helix, member e40 is required for establishment of proper peritoneal macrophage identity. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.62.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages occupy key roles in immunity and physiology, both as sensors of and first responders to homeostatic perturbations. The majority of resident macrophages derive from embryonic progenitors and self-maintain locally as unique tissue-specific populations. The transcriptional basis for tissue-resident macrophage identity is poorly understood. We have observed that the transcription factor basic helix loop helix, member e40 (Bhlhe40) is highly expressed in a subset of hematopoietic cell types, including peritoneal macrophages. Based on these data, we hypothesized that Bhlhe40 is a key part of the peritoneal macrophage transcriptional network and adapts nascent macrophages to the functional demands of the peritoneal niche. We have found that peritoneal macrophages are selectively reduced in Bhlhe40−/− mice, in contrast to other resident macrophages. Furthermore, in the absence of Bhlhe40 the remaining large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs) are replaced by monocyte-derived cells to a greater extent than in wildtype mice. Bhlhe40-deficient peritoneal macrophages exhibit altered polarization and self-renewal. Mixed bone marrow chimeras and other approaches demonstrated a specific, intrinsic defect in mature Bhlhe40−/− LPMs. Using models of peritoneal immunity, we observed impaired responses of Bhlhe40-deficient peritoneal macrophages. Our preliminary findings demonstrate a role for Bhlhe40 in peritoneal macrophage biology and lead us to propose that Bhlhe40 transcriptionally controls a tissue-specific program in macrophages tailored to the peritoneal environment.
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19
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Esnault S, Johansson MW, Kelly EA, Koenderman L, Mosher DF, Jarjour NN. IL-3 up-regulates and activates human eosinophil CD32 and αMβ2 integrin causing degranulation. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:488-498. [PMID: 28000949 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including asthma. Treatment with antibodies targeting IL-5 or IL-5 receptor α reduces the frequency of asthma exacerbations. Eosinophil receptors for IL-5 share a common ß-chain with IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors. We recently reported that IL-3 is more potent than IL-5 or GM-CSF in maintaining the ERK/p90S6K/RPS6 ribosome-directed signaling pathway, leading to increased protein translation. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine disease-relevant consequences of prolonged eosinophil stimulation with IL-3. RESULTS Human blood eosinophils were used to establish the impact of activation with IL-3 on IgG-driven eosinophil degranulation. When compared to IL-5, continuing exposure to IL-3 further induced degranulation of eosinophils on aggregated IgG via increased production and activation of both CD32 (low affinity IgG receptor) and αMß2 integrin. In addition, unlike IL-5 or GM-CSF, IL-3 induced expression of CD32B/C (FCGRIIB/C) subtype proteins, without changing CD32A (FCGRIIA) protein and CD32B/C mRNA expression levels. Importantly, these in vitro IL-3-induced modifications were recapitulated in vivo on airway eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We observed for the first time upregulation of CD32B/C on eosinophils, and identified IL-3 as a potent inducer of CD32- and αMß2-mediated eosinophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esnault
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M W Johansson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E A Kelly
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D F Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N N Jarjour
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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20
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Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Chou CJ, Archambault AS, Sim J, Zinselmeyer BH, Carrero J, Wu GF, Taneja R, Artyomov M, Russell JH, Edelson BT. IL-1-induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic TH cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.186.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The features that define autoreactive TH cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that TH cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40-EGFP reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction. Bhlhe40-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and GM-CSF, while exhibiting reduced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the regulatory T cell transcription factor Foxp3. In adoptive transfer EAE models Bhlhe40-deficient TH1 and TH17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical coadjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in TH cells. Furthermore, PTX coadjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized TH17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by TH cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic TH cells and define a PTX-IL-1-Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Sim
- 1Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. in St. Louis
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21
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Lin CC, Bradstreet TR, Schwarzkopf EA, Jarjour NN, Chou C, Archambault AS, Sim J, Zinselmeyer BH, Carrero JA, Wu GF, Taneja R, Artyomov MN, Russell JH, Edelson BT. IL-1-induced Bhlhe40 identifies pathogenic T helper cells in a model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:251-71. [PMID: 26834156 PMCID: PMC4749922 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lin et al. show that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic CD4+ T helper cells and define a pertussis toxin–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. The features that define autoreactive T helper (Th) cell pathogenicity remain obscure. We have previously shown that Th cells require the transcription factor Bhlhe40 to mediate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here, using Bhlhe40 reporter mice and analyzing both polyclonal and TCR transgenic Th cells, we found that Bhlhe40 expression was heterogeneous after EAE induction, with Bhlhe40-expressing cells displaying marked production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In adoptive transfer EAE models, Bhlhe40-deficient Th1 and Th17 cells were both nonencephalitogenic. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a classical co-adjuvant for actively induced EAE, promoted IL-1β production by myeloid cells in the draining lymph node and served as a strong stimulus for Bhlhe40 expression in Th cells. Furthermore, PTX co-adjuvanticity was Bhlhe40 dependent. IL-1β induced Bhlhe40 expression in polarized Th17 cells, and Bhlhe40-expressing cells exhibited an encephalitogenic transcriptional signature. In vivo, IL-1R signaling was required for full Bhlhe40 expression by Th cells after immunization. Overall, we demonstrate that Bhlhe40 expression identifies encephalitogenic Th cells and defines a PTX–IL-1–Bhlhe40 pathway active in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tara R Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicholas N Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela S Archambault
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julia Sim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - John H Russell
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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22
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Schwantes EA, Manthei DM, Denlinger LC, Evans MD, Gern JE, Jarjour NN, Mathur SK. Interferon gene expression in sputum cells correlates with the Asthma Index Score during virus-induced exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:813-21. [PMID: 24450586 PMCID: PMC4037351 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The majority of asthma exacerbations are related to viral respiratory infections. Some, but not all, previous studies have reported that low interferon responses in patients with asthma increase the risk for virus‐induced exacerbations. Objective We sought to determine the relationship between lower airway inflammatory biomarkers, specifically interferon gene expression, and the severity or presence of an exacerbation in asthmatics experiencing a naturally occurring viral infection. Methods Sputum samples were analysed from subjects in an asthma exacerbation study who experienced a confirmed viral infection. Subjects were monitored for daily symptoms, medication use and peak expiratory flow rate until baseline. Sputum samples were assessed for cell counts and gene expression. Results Interferon gamma expression was significantly greater in patients with asthma exacerbations compared to non‐exacerbating patients (P = 0.002). IFN‐α1, IFN‐β1 and IFN‐γ mRNA levels correlated with the peak Asthma Index (r = 0.58, P < 0.001; r = 0.57, P = 0.001; and r = 0.51, P = 0.004, respectively). Additionally, IL‐13, IL‐10 and eosinophil major basic protein mRNA levels were greater in patients with asthma exacerbations compared to non‐exacerbating patients (P = 0.03, P = 0.06 and P = 0.02, respectively), and IL‐13 mRNA correlated with the peak Asthma Index (P = 0.006). Conclusions Our findings indicate that asthma exacerbations are associated with increased rather than decreased expression of interferons early in the course of infection. These findings raise the possibility that excessive virus‐induced interferon production during acute infections can contribute to airway inflammation and exacerbations of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Schwantes
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Manthei DM, Schwantes EA, Mathur SK, Guadarrama AG, Kelly EA, Gern JE, Jarjour NN, Denlinger LC. Nasal lavage VEGF and TNF-α levels during a natural cold predict asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:1484-93. [PMID: 25109477 PMCID: PMC4247169 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations contribute to significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilization. Furthermore, viral infections are associated with asthma exacerbations by mechanisms that are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this analysis was to determine whether cytokine patterns in patients with colds could identify risks for subsequent asthma exacerbations. METHODS We analysed cytokine levels in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) in 59 subjects (46 with asthma) with acute upper respiratory symptoms and after symptomatic resolution. Analyte choice was based on potential relevance to asthma exacerbations: antiviral (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IP-10, TRAIL), cell recruiting (G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-1, MCP-3, TNF-α), polarizing (CXCL13, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, TSLP), and injury remodelling (fibronectin, IL-33, MMP-9, VEGF). RESULTS The overall cytokine response induced during viral infections was not different between asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals for a wide array of cytokines. However, mean levels of VEGF, TNF-α and IL-1β were 1.7-, 5.1- and 4.7-fold higher in samples from asthma subjects who exacerbated in the first 3 weeks of the cold compared with those who did not exacerbate (P = 0.006, 0.01, 0.048, respectively). Using receiver operating characteristic curve-defined thresholds, high VEGF and TNF-α levels predicted a shorter time-to-exacerbation after NLF sampling (25% exacerbation rate: 3 vs. 45 days, and 3 vs. 26 days; P = 0.03, 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although they produce similar cytokine responses to viral infection as non-asthmatics, asthmatics with higher levels of VEGF and TNF-α in NLF obtained during acute cold phases predicted subsequent asthma exacerbations in this cohort of patients with mild-to-moderate disease. In the future, stratifying the risk of an asthma exacerbation by cytokine profile may aid the targeting of personalized treatment and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Manthei
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Scheerens H, Arron JR, Zheng Y, Putnam WS, Erickson RW, Choy DF, Harris JM, Lee J, Jarjour NN, Matthews JG. The effects of lebrikizumab in patients with mild asthma following whole lung allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:38-46. [PMID: 24131304 PMCID: PMC4204278 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin 13 (IL13) is a T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine associated with inflammation and pathology in allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. We have shown that treatment with lebrikizumab, an anti-IL13 monoclonal antibody, significantly improves prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in a subset of subjects with uncontrolled asthma. Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in subjects with mild asthma who underwent bronchial allergen challenge. Methods Twenty-nine subjects were randomized 1: 1–5 mg/kg lebrikizumab (n = 13) or placebo (n = 16) administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks over 12 weeks, a total of four doses. Primary efficacy outcome was late asthmatic response (LAR) at Week 13, defined as area under the curve of FEV1 measured 2–8 h following inhaled allergen challenge. Serum biomarkers were measured to verify IL13 pathway inhibition and identify patients with an increased response to lebrikizumab. Results At Week 13, the LAR in lebrikizumab subjects was reduced by 48% compared with placebo subjects, although this was not statistically significant (95% confidence interval, −19%, 90%). Exploratory analysis indicated that lebrikizumab-treated subjects with elevated baseline levels of peripheral blood eosinophils, serum IgE, or periostin exhibited a greater reduction in LAR compared with subjects with lower baseline levels of these biomarkers. Lebrikizumab exerted systemic effects on markers of Th2 inflammation, reducing serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), chemokine ligands 13 and 17 by approximately 25% (P < 0.01). Lebrikizumab was well tolerated. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Lebrikizumab reduced the LAR in subjects with mild asthma. Clinical trial number NCT00781443.
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Wilson SJ, Rigden HM, Ward JA, Laviolette M, Jarjour NN, Djukanović R. The relationship between eosinophilia and airway remodelling in mild asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1342-50. [PMID: 24261944 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilia is a marker of corticosteroid responsiveness and risk of exacerbation in asthma; although it has been linked to submucosal matrix deposition, its relationship with other features of airway remodelling is less clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between airway eosinophilia and airway remodelling. METHODS Bronchial biopsies from subjects (n = 20 in each group) with mild steroid-naïve asthma, with either low (0-0.45 mm(-2)) ) or high submucosal eosinophil (23.43-46.28 mm(-2) ) counts and healthy controls were assessed for in vivo epithelial damage (using epidermal growth factor receptor staining), mucin expression, airway smooth muscle (ASM) hypertrophy and inflammatory cells within ASM. RESULTS The proportion of in vivo damaged epithelium was significantly greater (P = 0.02) in the high-eosinophil (27.37%) than the low-eosinophil (4.14%) group. Mucin expression and goblet cell numbers were similar in the two eosinophil groups; however, MUC-2 expression was increased (P = 0.002) in the high-eosinophil group compared with controls. The proportion of submucosa occupied by ASM was higher in both asthma groups (P = 0.021 and P = 0.046) compared with controls. In the ASM, eosinophil and T-lymphocyte numbers were higher (P < 0.05) in the high-eosinophil group than both the low-eosinophil group and the controls, whereas the numbers of mast cells were increased in the high-eosinophil group (P = 0.01) compared with controls. CONCLUSION Submucosal eosinophilia is a marker (and possibly a cause) of epithelial damage and is related to infiltration of ASM with eosinophils and T lymphocytes, but is unrelated to mucus metaplasia or smooth muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Johansson MW, Gunderson KA, Kelly EAB, Denlinger LC, Jarjour NN, Mosher DF. Anti-IL-5 attenuates activation and surface density of β(2) -integrins on circulating eosinophils after segmental antigen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:292-303. [PMID: 23414537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-5 activates α(M) β(2) integrin on blood eosinophils in vitro. Eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following segmental antigen challenge have activated β(2) -integrins. OBJECTIVE To identify roles for IL-5 in regulating human eosinophil integrins in vivo. METHODS Blood and BAL eosinophils were analysed by flow cytometry in ten subjects with allergic asthma who underwent a segmental antigen challenge protocol before and after anti-IL-5 administration. RESULTS Blood eosinophil reactivity with monoclonal antibody (mAb) KIM-127, which recognizes partially activated β(2) -integrins, was decreased after anti-IL-5. Before anti-IL-5, surface densities of blood eosinophil β(2) , α(M) and α(L) integrin subunits increased modestly post challenge. After anti-IL-5, such increases did not occur. Before or after anti-IL-5, surface densities of β(2) , α(M) , α(L) and α(D) and reactivity with KIM-127 and mAb CBRM1/5, which recognizes high-activity α(M) β(2) , were similarly high on BAL eosinophils 48 h post-challenge. Density and activation state of β(1) -integrins on blood and BAL eosinophils were not impacted by anti-IL-5, even though anti-IL-5 ablated a modest post-challenge increase on blood or BAL eosinophils of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a receptor for P-selectin that causes activation of β(1) -integrins. Forward scatter of blood eosinophils post-challenge was less heterogeneous and on the average decreased after anti-IL-5; however, anti-IL-5 had no effect on the decreased forward scatter of eosinophils in post-challenge BAL compared with eosinophils in blood. Blood eosinophil KIM-127 reactivity at the time of challenge correlated with the percentage of eosinophils in BAL post-challenge. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IL-5 supports a heterogeneous population of circulating eosinophils with partially activated β(2) -integrins and is responsible for up-regulation of β(2) -integrins and PSGL-1 on circulating eosinophils following segmental antigen challenge but has minimal effects on properties of eosinophils in BAL. Dampening of β(2) -integrin function of eosinophils in transit to inflamed airway may contribute to the decrease in lung inflammation caused by anti-IL-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Johansson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Esnault S, Kelly EAB, Nettenstrom LM, Cook EB, Seroogy CM, Jarjour NN. Human eosinophils release IL-1ß and increase expression of IL-17A in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2013. [PMID: 23181791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation and activation of CD4(+) T cells is controlled by various cytokines produced by innate immune cells. We have shown that eosinophils (EOS) have the potential to influence Th1 and Th2 cytokine generation by CD4(+) cells, but their influence on IL-17A (IL-17) has not been established. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of EOS on IL-17 production by lymphocytes. METHODS Pre-activated CD4(+) T cells were cultured in the presence of either autologous EOS or EOS culture supernatants. Expression of IL-17 was determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) after 5 h and protein level was measured after 48 h. To determine the effect of allergen-induced airway EOS on IL-17, subjects with mild allergic asthma underwent bronchoscopic segmental bronchoprovocation with allergen (SBP-Ag) after a treatment with an anti-IL-5 neutralizing antibody (mepolizumab) to reduce airway eosinophilia. IL-17 mRNA was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells by qPCR. RESULTS In vitro, EOS significantly increased IL-17 production by CD4(+) T cells. Addition of exogenous IL-1ß increased expression of IL-17 mRNA by CD4(+) T cells. EOS expressed and released IL-1ß. Furthermore, levels of IL-1ß in EOS supernatants highly correlated with their ability to increase IL-17 expression by CD4(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibody to IL-1ß reduced expression of IL-17 mRNA. In vivo, reduction of EOS in the airway using mepolizumab was associated with diminished IL-17 expression after SBP-Ag. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data demonstrate that EOS can promote IL-17 production through the release of IL-1ß. Enhanced IL-17 cytokine production is another mechanism by which EOS may participate in pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esnault
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Bochkov YA, Hanson KM, Keles S, Brockman-Schneider RA, Jarjour NN, Gern JE. Rhinovirus-induced modulation of gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:69-80. [PMID: 19710636 PMCID: PMC2884103 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections trigger asthma exacerbations. Genome-wide expression analysis of RV1A-infected primary bronchial epithelial cells from normal and asthmatic donors was performed to determine whether asthma is associated with a unique pattern of RV-induced gene expression. Virus replication rates were similar in cells from normal and asthmatic donors. Overall, RV downregulated 975 and upregulated 69 genes. Comparisons of transcriptional profiles generated from microarrays and confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and cluster analysis showed some up- and downregulated genes in asthma cells involved in immune responses (IL1B, IL1F9, IL24, and IFI44) and airway remodeling (LOXL2, MMP10, FN1). Notably, most of the asthma-related differences in RV-infected cells were also present in the cells before infection. These findings suggest that differences in RV-induced gene expression profiles of cells from normal and mild asthmatic subjects could affect the acute inflammatory response to RV, and subsequent airway repair and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - KM Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - S Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - NN Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - JE Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Walter MJ, Castro M, Kunselman SJ, Chinchilli VM, Reno M, Ramkumar TP, Avila PC, Boushey HA, Ameredes BT, Bleecker ER, Calhoun WJ, Cherniack RM, Craig TJ, Denlinger LC, Israel E, Fahy JV, Jarjour NN, Kraft M, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF, Martin RJ, Peters SP, Ramsdell JW, Sorkness CA, Sutherland ER, Szefler SJ, Wasserman SI, Wechsler ME. Predicting worsening asthma control following the common cold. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:1548-54. [PMID: 18768579 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00026808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The asthmatic response to the common cold is highly variable, and early characteristics that predict worsening of asthma control following a cold have not been identified. In this prospective multicentric cohort study of 413 adult subjects with asthma, the mini-Asthma Control Questionnaire (mini-ACQ) was used to quantify changes in asthma control and the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 (WURSS-21) to measure cold severity. Univariate and multivariable models were used to examine demographic, physiological, serological and cold-related characteristics for their relationship to changes in asthma control following a cold. Clinically significant worsening of asthma control was observed following a cold (mean+/-SD increase in mini-ACQ score of 0.69+/-0.93). Univariate analysis demonstrated that season, centre location, cold duration and cold severity measurements were all associated with a change in asthma control. Multivariable analysis of the covariates available within the first 2 days of cold onset revealed that the day 2 and cumulative sum of day 1 and 2 WURSS-21 scores were significant predictors of the subsequent changes in asthma control. In asthmatic subjects, cold severity within the first 2 days can be used to predict subsequent changes in asthma control. This information may help clinicians prevent deterioration in asthma control following a cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Walter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Campus Box 8052, 660 South Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The effector function of eosinophils involves their release of toxic granule proteins, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and lipid mediators. Murine studies have demonstrated that eosinophils can also enhance T cell function. Whether human eosinophils, in particular, airway eosinophils, have similar immunoregulatory activity has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether human blood and airway eosinophils can contribute to Th1 and Th2 cytokine generation from CD4+ T cells stimulated with superantigen. METHODS Eosinophils were obtained from blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 48 h after segmental allergen bronchoprovocation. Purified eosinophils were co-cultured with autologous CD4+ blood T cells in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cytokine levels in the supernatant fluid were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eosinophil expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and co-stimulatory molecules was assessed by flow cytometry before culture, 24 h after granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation, and 24 h after co-culture with CD4+ T cells and SEB. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon (IFN)-gamma generation increased when CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with either blood or airway eosinophils in the presence of SEB. The ability of eosinophils to enhance cytokine generation was independent of their source (blood vs airway), activation by GM-CSF, or detectable expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD80, or CD86. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that SEB-induced generation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines is increased in the presence of human blood and airway eosinophils. Thus, eosinophils can have an immunoregulatory function in pathogen-associated allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic sinusitis, and asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-Y Liu
- Section of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Kelly EAB, Houtman JJ, Jarjour NN. Inflammatory changes associated with circadian variation in pulmonary function in subjects with mild asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:227-33. [PMID: 14987302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocturnal enhancement of airway inflammation has been demonstrated in patients with asthma who have a significant drop in pulmonary function at night. OBJECTIVE To investigate the circadian changes in airway inflammation and their relationship with variations in pulmonary function in subjects with mild atopic asthma. METHODS Twelve asthma subjects were admitted to the hospital for two separate 24-h visits. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 04:00 hours during one visit, and at 16:00 hours during another visit. BAL cells were analysed for lymphocyte phenotype and the capacity to secrete cytokines following ex vivo stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). RESULTS The numbers of BAL lymphocytes and the percentage of CD4+ T cells were higher at 04:00 hours compared with 16:00 hours. At 04:00 hours, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was inversely correlated with BAL lymphocytes and CD4+ cells. PHA-induced generation of IL-5 by BAL cells correlated with BAL eosinophils and CD4+ cells. Moreover, there was a linear relationship between the relative change (16:00-04:00 hours) in IL-5 and circadian variation in FEV1. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the circadian variation in lung function in asthma is associated with increased airway CD4+ lymphocyte numbers and their capacity to generate IL-5. Furthermore, in mild asthma, these circadian changes appear to fall into a continuous range, suggesting that day/night variations in airway inflammation and lung function occur on a continuum, rather than as an all-or-none phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A B Kelly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Abstract
Bronchial biopsy provides valuable information about the inflammatory processes in lung tissue, but optimal results are only achieved if the design of intervention studies is sufficiently rigorous. The parallel-group design has merit, but the cross-over design is statistically superior, providing the wash-out period is effective. Heterogeneity of contributing pathologies in asthma patients results in large inter-patient variability which must be controlled for, for example by using strict inclusion criteria, which should ideally relate to the specific inflammatory marker being studied. The inclusion of a placebo group helps to quantify sample variability. The study must have sufficient statistical power to detect inter-group differences for each variable; appropriate adjustments should be made when multiple tests are used. Studies with larger patient numbers are best performed using a multi-centre design, with one centre analysing all tissue samples to reduce variability. Study duration depends on the type of investigation, but should ideally be short. Longer studies are necessary to evaluate chronic changes such as tissue remodelling. Changes in clinical status and cellular events may follow different time courses after intervention. Biopsy measurements are less reproducible than physiological tests, and diurnal variation in the number and function of inflammatory cells can further complicate measurement. The timing of clinical trial assessments needs to allow for these idiosyncrasies. Finally, a balance must be maintained between the risk, albeit small, and the benefit of performing bronchial biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Poulter
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
To define the mechanisms by which inhaled glucocorticosteroid regulates allergen-induced airway inflammation, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with inhaled budesonide was conducted in 14 subjects with allergic asthma. After baseline bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), subjects were randomized to budesonide (400 microgram, twice daily) or placebo treatment for 4 wk. At the end of each treatment phase, whole-lung allergen inhalation challenge was performed, followed by BAL 48 h later. Budesonide treatment improved the FEV(1), attenuated both the immediate- and late-phase response to allergen, and prevented the increase in bronchial hyperresponsiveness after allergen challenge. Budesonide treatment also decreased allergen-induced airway eosinophilia. To determine the effects of budesonide on airway cell function, BAL cells were stimulated ex vivo with the T cell mitogen PHA, and cytokine generation was measured by ELISA. Budesonide decreased ex vivo generation of IL-5 and IFN-gamma by BAL cells. Ex vivo IL-5 production was significantly correlated with the number of airway eosinophils (r(s) = 0.61), and levels of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) (r(s) = 0.57) and IL-5 (r(s) = 0.52) in BAL fluid. Moreover, PHA-induced IL-5 generation correlated with FEV(1) fall during the late-phase response to allergen (r(s) = 0.60). Budesonide decreased circulating eosinophils and serum levels of IL-5, but did not reduce IL-5 generation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The reduction in circulating eosinophils correlated with the decrease in levels of EDN (r(s) = 0.61) in BAL fluid and late response to inhaled allergen (r(s) = 0.51). These findings suggest that long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide reduces airway cell generation of cytokines, specifically IL-5, which then decreases circulating eosinophils and their availability for recruitment to the airway after allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section and Allergy and Immunology Section of the Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Abstract
Persistent asthma is associated with airway inflammation, tissue damage, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which may be mediated, in part, through release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). To investigate the role of allergen in the induction of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, bronchoscopy and segmental bronchoprovocation (SBP) with saline (SAL) and antigen (AG) were performed in 17 allergic subjects. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done 5 min and 48 h after challenge and concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in BAL fluid (BALF) were measured by ELISA. Forty-eight hours after AG challenge, concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were increased in the airway, but not in serum. Zymography demonstrated that MMP-9 was the predominant metalloproteinase and was present in a latent proform. MMP-9 immunoreactivity was associated primarily with neutrophils, and concentrations of MMP-9 in BALF correlated with airway neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, with alveolar macrophages. These data suggest that AG challenge leads to generation of factors, including MMP-9, that may be associated with the initiation of bronchial injury, which may then lead to remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care and Allergy and Immunology Sections, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although preferential expression of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, has been described in atopic asthma, the role of IFN-gamma and IL-10 are less clear. OBJECTIVE To determine the cytokine pattern of T cell mitogen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from atopic asthmatic (AA) subjects. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from AA (n = 24), allergic rhinitis (AR) (n = 9), and normals (NL) (n = 9) were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the generation of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and GM-CSF was quantified using ELISA. RESULTS Compared with NL subjects, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the atopic groups had increased generation of both IL-5 (AA, P = .001 and AR, P = .024) and IFN-gamma (AA, P = .037 and AR, P = .048) and decreased generation of IL-10 (AA, P = .038 and AR, P = .036). The absolute levels of cytokines did not differ between the two atopic groups; however, the ratio of IL-5/IL-10 was significantly higher in AA (P < .05), but not in AR when compared with NL subjects. CONCLUSION The concomitant increase in the generation of IL-5 and IFN-gamma, with a decrease in IL-10 in the atopic groups suggests that in, at least a subset of these patients, there is potential expression of both Th2- and Th1-type cytokines. Furthermore, the increased IL-5 to IL-10 ratio could represent a key feature that distinguishes atopic asthmatic from non-asthmatic atopic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kenyon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Jarjour NN, Gern JE, Kelly EA, Swenson CA, Dick CR, Busse WW. The effect of an experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on bronchial lavage neutrophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:1169-77. [PMID: 10856152 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory tract infections are the most frequent cause of asthma exacerbations. Of the respiratory viruses associated with these exacerbations, rhinovirus (RV) is the most common. It is proposed that these RV infections may enhance airway inflammation and thus provoke asthma. OBJECTIVE It is our hypothesis that RV infections generate nasal proinflammatory mediators that are associated with an initial increase in circulating leukocytes and may contribute to later development of neutrophilic airway inflammation. METHODS To evaluate this hypothesis, subjects with a history of allergic asthma were experimentally inoculated with strain 16 RV (RV16). The effect of this experimental infection was evaluated on circulating leukocytes, nasal-derived mediators, and markers of bronchial inflammation that were obtained by bronchoscopy and lavage. RESULTS RV16 inoculation was associated with an initial increase in circulating neutrophils. Paralleling these acute changes in circulating neutrophils was an increase in nasal concentrations of IL-8 and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The RV16-associated changes in circulating and nasal G-CSF correlated with increases in peripheral blood neutrophils (r(s) = 0.874, P <. 001 and r(s) = 0.898, P <.001, respectively). Bronchial lavage samples showed no increase in neutrophils 48 hours after RV16 inoculation; however, 96 hours after RV inoculation there was a significant increase in bronchial neutrophils compared with preinoculation values. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the production of nasal mediators associated with the RV infection, particularly G-CSF, may be important to the eventual development of neutrophilic bronchial inflammation and thus contribute to asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison 53792-3244, USA
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Abstract
In a majority of patients, exacerbations of asthma occur more frequently during the night than day. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain such variation in asthma. The airways of asthmatic persons are characterized by an abnormal degree of inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to both nonspecific and specific challenges. Studies of both children and adults with asthma document marked circadian rhythmicity in the response of airways to bronchial challenges with histamine, methacholine, acetylcholine, saline, and house dust mite. Taken together, the findings of these investigations indicate that the hyperreactivity of airways to these agents is more profound and prolonged following evening and overnight tests compared to tests conducted in the midday and afternoon. The temporal pattern in bronchial response to the hyperventilation of cold dry air is different. The hyperresponsiveness of airways to this challenge is greatest in the afternoon. The amplitude of the circadian rhythm in airway hyperreactivity seems to be correlated to the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of pulmonary function; the greater the day-night difference in bronchial reactivity is, the greater is the day-night difference in flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA
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Abstract
If pulmonary surfactant develops a dysfunction, its ability to maintain patency of narrow conducting airways diminishes, which is likely to cause an increased airway resistance. We hypothesized that antigen challenge will cause inflammation in the conducting airways and that this will cause a surfactant dysfunction. Twenty atopic patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 5 min and 48 h after challenge with antigen in one segment and with saline solution in another. BAL fluid (BALF) cell count, differential, and proteins were determined. Surfactant function was studied with a capillary surfactometer (CS), an instrument specifically designed to evaluate surfactant's ability to maintain patency. Eosinophils increased 80-fold 48 h after antigen challenge and total protein increased from 84 to 241 micrograms/ml (median values). BALF surfactant lost part of its ability to maintain openness of the capillary, from 68.8% to 14.0% (p < 0.05). Protein concentration negatively correlated with percent openness (r = -0.62, p = 0.005). We conclude that the antigen challenge resulted in an inflammatory reaction that caused pulmonary surfactant to lose some of its ability to maintain airway patency and speculate that surfactant dysfunction is probably an important factor contributing to increased airway obstruction in allergen-induced exacerbation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Perinatal Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Meerschaert J, Kelly EA, Mosher DF, Busse WW, Jarjour NN. Segmental antigen challenge increases fibronectin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:619-25. [PMID: 9927382 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9806053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin may contribute to asthma pathogenesis by recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, and by promotion of subepithelial fibrosis. Fibronectin is produced by several types of airway cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and alveolar macrophages. To test the hypothesis that antigen-induced airway inflammation is associated with increased local generation of fibronectin, segmental bronchoprovocation (SBP) with antigen and saline was performed in 17 atopic patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at 5 min and 48 h after segmental challenge with saline or antigen. Fibronectin concentrations in BAL fluid, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), increased more than 5-fold 48 h after antigen challenge (65 [47 to 110] versus 407 [240 to 697] ng/ml, median and 25 to 75% interquartiles, p < 0.05). Fibronectin concentrations 48 h after antigen challenge correlated with histamine concentrations 5 min after antigen challenge and numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and total cells in BAL fluid 48 h after antigen challenge. BAL was more enriched in fibronectin 48 h after challenge than would be predicted solely from increased permeability of plasma proteins. Western blot analysis showed that fibronectin in BAL fluid was largely intact and contained the extra domain-A (ED-A) splice variant of cellular fibronectin, indicative of local production. We conclude that antigen challenge in atopic subjects causes increased production of fibronectin by airway cells and speculate that this response may contribute to airway remodeling in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meerschaert
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
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Jarjour NN, Lacouture PG, Busse WW. Theophylline inhibits the late asthmatic response to nighttime antigen challenge in patients with mild atopic asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81:231-6. [PMID: 9759799 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled antigen at night causes a more pronounced late asthmatic response (LAR) when compared with daytime challenges. Chronopharmacology with controlled-release theophylline given in the evening leads to a peak serum theophylline concentration (STC) in early morning which coincides with LAR that follows an evening challenge. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of controlled-release theophylline given with the evening meal on the immediate asthmatic response (IAR) and LAR following nighttime antigen challenge in patients with mild atopic asthma. METHODS To qualify, subjects underwent antigen bronchoprovocation by graded nebulization until the IAR (fall in FEV1 of > or =20%) occurred; spirometry was then measured hourly for 8 hours to establish the presence of LAR (fall in FEV1 > or =15%). After 2 weeks of randomized, double-blind crossover treatment with either theophylline (target STC of 10 to 15 mg/L, (56 to 83 micromol/L)) or placebo, inhaled antigen challenge was performed at 10 PM in each subject. FEV1 values were measured immediately and then hourly for 8 hours following antigen challenge. RESULTS Twelve subjects completed the study. During the placebo phase, the maximal fall in FEV1 during LAR was 39 +/- 3% (mean +/- SEM) compared with 31 +/- 4% fall during theophylline treatment phase (P = .01). A reduction in LAR occurred despite higher dose (P <.05) of inhaled antigen during theophylline phase, which would have been expected to result in a more pronounced LAR. Serum theophylline concentration at 8 AM on the day following antigen challenge was 9.6 +/- 1.1 mg/L (53 +/- 6 micromol/L). CONCLUSION Nocturnal administration of controlled-release theophylline increases the tolerance to inhaled antigen and reduces severity of LAR. Because the LAR is linked to airway inflammation, these data support the possibility of antiinflammatory effects associated with theophylline use.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, USA
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Abstract
The incorporation of bronchoscopy and bronchoscopic procedures into the investigation of asthma mechanisms, treatment, and in particular, the role of airway inflammation has contributed significantly to the enhanced understanding of this disease. Carefully drafted guidelines have allowed the gradual inclusion of subjects with more severe disease in studies utilizing bronchoscopic investigative tools. Many more questions remained unanswered, including the importance of persistence of airway inflammation in asymptomatic asthma, the specific antiinflammatory effects of new (and old) asthma therapies, the contribution of airway structural changes (subepithelial fibrosis) to nonreversible obstruction, the role of antiinflammatory versus proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and the heterogeneity of disease expression in various groups of subjects. We are confident that current and future meticulously designed and executed research studies utilizing bronchoscopic techniques will significantly add to our knowledge of disease mechanisms and lead us to new and improved treatments for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
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Abstract
We hypothesized that allergen-induced airway eosinophilia is linked to activation or recruitment of T cells in the airway and generation of interleukin-5 (IL-5). To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed bronchoscopy with segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in 12 atopic subjects. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done 5 min and 48 h after challenge with saline or antigen. Airway cells were isolated and then stimulated ex vivo with a T-cell mitogen, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and cytokine release was determined. Cells retrieved from the saline-challenged segment secreted principally interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2. In contrast, cells obtained 48 h after allergen challenge secreted high levels of IL-5 and small but increased amounts of IL-4, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Although CD4+ T cells were a major source of IL-5, there were no significant changes in the relative proportion of CD4+ cells in response to bronchoprovocation. Additionally, ex vivo secretion of IL-5 by airway cells correlated closely with amounts of IL-5 and eosinophils present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). These observations suggest that following exposure to allergen, airway T cells are functionally but not phenotypically different from resident airway T cells, and that T cells within the airway contribute to eosinophilic airway inflammation through the secretion of IL-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison 53972, USA
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Kang DH, Coe CL, McCarthy DO, Jarjour NN, Kelly EA, Rodriguez RR, Busse WW. Cytokine profiles of stimulated blood lymphocytes in asthmatic and healthy adolescents across the school year. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997; 17:481-7. [PMID: 9282829 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell cytokines play an important role in mediating airway inflammation in asthma. The predominance of a Th2 cytokine profile, particularly interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, is associated with the pathogenesis and course of asthma. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a stressful life event alters the pattern of cytokine release in asthmatic individuals. Thirteen healthy controls and 21 asthmatic adolescents gave blood samples three times over a semester: midsemester, during the week of final examinations, and 2-3 weeks after examinations. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 were measured from supernatants of cells stimulated with PHA/PMA for 24 h. Cells from asthmatic subjects released significantly more IL-5 during the examination and postexamination periods, whereas cells from healthy controls released significantly more IL-2 during the midsemester and examination periods, thereby indicating a bias for a Th2-like pattern in asthmatics and a Th1-like pattern in healthy controls. IL-4 and IL-5 production showed a marked decrease during and after examinations in healthy controls, whereas this decline was absent in asthmatics. The ratios of IFN-gamma:IL-4 and IFN-gamma:IL-5 also revealed significant changes in the profile of cytokine release across the semester. These results indicate differential cytokine responses in asthmatics that may become pronounced during periods of cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kang
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1289, USA
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Jarjour NN, Calhoun WJ, Kelly EA, Gleich GJ, Schwartz LB, Busse WW. The immediate and late allergic response to segmental bronchopulmonary provocation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1515-21. [PMID: 9154851 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to antigen is an important factor in the development of airway inflammation. Segmental bronchoprovocation (SBP) with antigen and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have provided valuable insight into the mechanisms of allergic inflammation. To determine the features of allergic airway response in asthma, 19 subjects with mild asthma underwent antigen SBP in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of antigen used in SBP was 0 (saline), and 1, 5, or 20% of the antigen dose required to drop the FEV1 by 20% (APD20). BAL was done at 5 min and 48 h after SBP. BAL histamine levels increased modestly 5 min after antigen SBP. At 48 h, there was a marked increase in eosinophils and IL-5 concentration even in airway segments where the release of histamine was small. Moreover, eosinophils correlated with IL-5 levels at 48 h (r = 0.63; p < 0.001), but not with BAL histamine concentrations at 5 min. GM-CSF levels did not increase after antigen SBP and did not correlate with eosinophils. These observations indicate that asthmatic subjects can develop a dose-dependent response to antigen SBP that is characterized by a modest increase in histamine immediately after antigen exposure, and marked eosinophilia, which appears proportionately greater than the histamine response and relatively greater than what is seen in allergic nonasthmatic subjects. This feature might be important to the eventual development of airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
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Gern JE, Galagan DM, Jarjour NN, Dick EC, Busse WW. Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally induced infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1159-61. [PMID: 9117003 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are presumed to be localized to the upper airway, yet can cause severe lower airway symptoms in children and adults with asthma. To test the hypothesis that rhinovirus infection of the upper airway may be associated with the presence of virus in lower airway cells, we used the techniques of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting to detect RV RNA in lower airway cells from eight allergic volunteers experimentally infected with RV16. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done 1 mo before, and 2 and 4 d after an experimental infection with RV16. All subjects developed cold symptoms, and infection was confirmed by culturing RV16 from nasal secretions. Rhinovirus RNA was detected in both nasal lavage and lower airway cells from all eight subjects 2 to 4 d after an experimental inoculation, but not in any of the precold specimens from either the nose or the lower airway. These findings suggest that RV can infect cells of the lower airway, and raise the possibility that such an effect can promote asthma exacerbations in the susceptible host through direct enhancement of local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, Universin of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
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Jarjour NN, Sedgwick JB, Swensen CA, Busse WW. Late allergic airway response to segmental bronchopulmonary provocation in allergic subjects is related to peripheral blood basophil histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:87-93. [PMID: 9003215 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basophil histamine release has been found to correlate with the presence and severity of allergic disease. However, it remains to be established whether airway response to antigen is related to basophil involvement and its release of histamine. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the intensity of airway response to an inhaled antigen challenge in allergic subjects is related to IgE-dependent peripheral blood basophil histamine release. METHODS The response to segmental bronchoprovocation with antigen was examined in 34 subjects with allergic rhinitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were obtained 5 minutes (immediate response) and 48 hours (late response) after allergen challenge. Peripheral blood maximal basophil histamine release (MBHR) in response to in vitro antigen stimulation was determined in each subject before segmental bronchoprovocation. RESULTS Bronchoalveolar lavage samples obtained during immediate response showed an increase in histamine, whereas the late response was noted for a marked enhancement in airway cells, particularly eosinophils. Interestingly, a significant correlation (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001, Spearman Rank test) was noted between MBHR and intensity of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia at 48 hours. Furthermore, subjects with high (> or = 20%) MBHR had significantly higher total cells and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 48 hours after antigen segmental bronchoprovocation when compared with subjects with low (< 20%) MBHR. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the intensity of airway eosinophilia in response to antigen challenge is correlated with the magnitude of basophil mediator release in allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, USA
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Calhoun WJ, Jarjour NN, Gleich GJ, Schwartz LB, Busse WW. Effect of nedocromil sodium pretreatment on the immediate and late responses of the airway to segmental antigen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:S46-50; discussion S64-6. [PMID: 8939176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In many patients with asthma, exposure to allergen results in worsening symptoms, pulmonary dysfunction, and increased airway inflammation. In this study, segmental allergen challenge and bronchoalveolar lavage were used to evaluate the airway responses at 5 minutes and 48 hours and to study the extent of inhibition of the response by pretreatment with nedocromil sodium in eight subjects with allergic asthma in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. At 5 minutes after challenge, nedocromil sodium pretreatment significantly reduced histamine concentrations, with a trend toward a concomitant reduction in tryptase levels. Nedocromil sodium did not affect the increase in total protein, total cell counts, or cell concentrations that occurred 48 hours after challenge, but it did significantly reduce eosinophil recruitment. Eosinophil activation, assessed as release of granule proteins, was unaffected. A significant positive correlation was shown between the degree of histamine reduction at 5 minutes and the degree of reduction of eosinophil influx at 48 hours, raising the possibility that eosinophil influx into the airway may depend on mediators or cytokines released during the immediate response to allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Calhoun
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Busse
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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49
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Abstract
Airflow obstruction can have a circadian pattern with nocturnal worsening. Airway inflammation is a cardinal feature of asthma, and it has been shown to increase at night in association with the decline in pulmonary function. Although the mechanisms regulating enhanced airway inflammation in asthma at night have yet to be ascertained, we hypothesized that circadian variation in cytokine expression or production is an important factor in the development of nocturnal airflow limitation. To investigate this possibility, spirometry and bronchoscopy were performed; the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained at 4:00 A.M. and at 4:00 P.M. were measured for IL-1 beta in asthmatics with (n = 5) and without (n = 9) nocturnal asthma. In addition, the activity of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF was measured using a biologic assay (eosinophil survival-enhancing activity). BAL fluid concentrations of IL-1 beta were significantly greater at 4:00 A.M. than at 4:00 P.M. (1.14 +/- 0.6 versus 0.7 +/- 0.6 pg/ml; p = 0.05) in asthmatics with nocturnal airflow obstruction. Moreover, IL-1 beta levels at 4:00 A.M. tended to be higher in subjects with nocturnal asthma than in those without nighttime airflow reduction (1.14 +/- 0.6 versus 0.3 +/- 0.4 pg/ml; p = 0.1). On the other hand, eosinophil survival-enhancing activity in BAL fluid, which is usually associated with IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF, was not detected in relationship to nocturnal asthma. Because IL-1 beta can activate air-space cells, particularly alveolar macrophages, we propose that an increased release of this cytokine is a significant contributor to nocturnal airway inflammation and obstruction in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, USA
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Abstract
Airway obstruction (AO) in exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is considered a postexercise phenomenon. However, many with EIA complain of respiratory distress during exercise. We evaluated AO in six asthmatic subjects during a short (SX = 6 min) and a long (LX = 20 min) exercise session. We measured peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity (Vmax50) and calculated expiratory and inspiratory pulmonary resistance (RLe and RLi). Rated perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated as a measure of dyspnea. All three indices of airflow significantly decreased following SX and LX, but RLi and RLe increased. During SX, PEF, FEV1, and Vmax50 did not decrease, but RLi decreased. During LX, PEF, FEV1, and Vmax50 decreased (20.0, 26.0, and 17.7%, respectively), whereas RLi and RLe significantly increased (74.0 and 53.0%). Rated perceived exertion correlated highly with RLi during exercise (r = 0.95). In summary, there was little or no AO during SX but a frank AO during LX in asthmatic subjects. We conclude that AO occurs during LX and that the manifestation of dyspnea is associated with AO during exercise, as well as in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Suman
- John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705-2368, USA
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