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Wang GY, Lin PF, Yan CZ. [Research progress on the pathogenesis and intervention of statins-associated muscle symptoms]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2022; 61:953-958. [PMID: 35922224 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20210914-00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Y Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - P F Lin
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - C Z Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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2
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Chen FL, Li Q, Zhang JY, Lei LJ, Zhang Z, Mahmoud TN, Wang XG, Lin PF, Jin YP, Wang AH. Silencing effect of lentiviral vectors encod-ing shRNA of Herp on endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:17587-98. [PMID: 26782403 DOI: 10.4238/2015.december.21.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Herp, a mammalian protein with a ubiquitin-like domain, can be strongly upregulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during ER-associated protein degradation. However, the other cellular functions of Herp remain unclear. We explored the effect of Herp on ER stress and inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages that had been exposed to tunicamycin or thapsigargin. We successfully constructed recombinant lentiviral vectors for Herp short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression to better understand the contribution made by Herp to other signaling pathways. Western blotting revealed that the recombinant Herp lentiviral shRNA vector significantly inhibited the expression of the Herp protein in the thapsigargin-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that knockdown Herp inhibited the expression of ER stress-related genes during exposure to tunicamycin or thapsigargin. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, knockdown Herp markedly attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines when exposed to tunicamycin; however, it strongly enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines when exposed to thapsigargin. We concluded that Herp lentiviral shRNA vectors had been successfully constructed; knockdown Herp inhibited ER stress and had a different effect on inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages depending on whether they were exposed to tunicamycin or thapsigargin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Q Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - L J Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - T N Mahmoud
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nyala University, Nyala, South Darfur, Sudan
| | - X G Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - P F Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y P Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - A H Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Mahmoud TN, Lin PF, Chen FL, Zhou JH, Wang XG, Wang N, Li X, Jin YP. Expression and localization of Luman/CREB3 in mouse embryos during the pre-implantation period. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:13595-602. [PMID: 26535673 DOI: 10.4238/2015.october.28.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Luman/CREB3 is a transcription factor that is a member of the cAMP-response-element-binding protein family of basic region-leucine zipper transcription factors. This protein interacts with host cell factor 1, which also associates with the herpes simplex virus protein VP16 to induce the transcription of herpes simplex virus. Currently, the physiological function of Luman/CREB3 in reproductive processes remains unclear. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence assays were used to investigate the expression and localization of Luman in mouse oocytes as well as in early embryonic development. Luman protein was detected in the germinal vesicle and metaphase II stage oocytes, and was distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and polar body of the oocyte stage. However, Luman protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased before activation of the zygotic genome, and expression levels peaked in 4-cell embryos. Expression levels were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased following the 8-cell stage throughout the blastocyst stage. The Luman protein was also distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm in the early preimplantation embryo and showed enhanced nuclear staining starting from the 2-cell stage embryo up to the 8-cell stage embryo. The differences in the expression and localization of Luman in mouse oocytes and early embryo suggested that Luman plays an important role in oocyte maturation and early embryonic development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Mahmoud
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nyala University, Nyala, South Darfur, Sudan
| | - P F Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - F L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - J H Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - X G Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - N Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y P Jin
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nyala University, Nyala, South Darfur, Sudan
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4
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Pivazyan AD, Matteson DS, Fabry-Asztalos L, Singh RP, Lin PF, Blair W, Guo K, Robinson B, Prusoff WH. Inhibition of HIV-1 protease by a boron-modified polypeptide. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:927-36. [PMID: 10974201 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Six boronated tetrapeptides with the carboxy moiety of phenylalanine replaced by dihydroxyboron were synthesized, and their activities against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease subsequently investigated. The sequences of these peptides were derived from HIV-1 protease substrates, which included the C-terminal part of the scissile bond (Phe-Pro) within the gag-pol polyprotein. Enzymatic studies showed that these compounds were competitive inhibitors of HIV-1 protease with K(i) values ranging from 5 to 18 microM when experiments were performed at high enzyme concentrations (above 5 x 10(-8) M); however, at low protease concentrations inhibition was due in part to an increase of the association constants of the protease subunits. Ac-Thr-Leu-Asn-PheB inhibited HIV-1 protease with a K(i) of 5 microM, whereas the non-boronated parental compound was inactive at concentrations up to 400 microM, which indicates the significance of boronation in enzyme inhibition. The boronated tetrapeptides were inhibitory to an HIV-1 protease variant that is resistant to several HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, fluorescence analysis showed that the interactions between the boronated peptide Ac-Thr-Leu-Asn-PheB and HIV-1 protease resulted in a rapid decrease of fluorescence emission at 360 nm, which suggests the formation of a compound/enzyme complex. Boronated peptides may provide useful reagents for studying protease biochemistry and yield valuable information toward the development of protease dimerization inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Pivazyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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5
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Gong YF, Robinson BS, Rose RE, Deminie C, Spicer TP, Stock D, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. In vitro resistance profile of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor BMS-232632. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2319-26. [PMID: 10952574 PMCID: PMC90064 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.9.2319-2326.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-232632 is an azapeptide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor that displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 2.6 to 5.3 nM; EC(90), 9 to 15 nM). In vitro passage of HIV-1 RF in the presence of inhibitors showed that BMS-232632 selected for resistant variants more slowly than nelfinavir or ritonavir did. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of three different HIV strains resistant to BMS-232632 indicated that an N88S substitution in the viral protease appeared first during the selection process in two of the three strains. An I84V change appeared to be an important substitution in the third strain used. Mutations were also observed at the protease cleavage sites following drug selection. The evolution to resistance seemed distinct for each of the three strains used, suggesting multiple pathways to resistance and the importance of the viral genetic background. A cross-resistance study involving five other protease inhibitors indicated that BMS-232632-resistant virus remained sensitive to saquinavir, while it showed various levels (0. 1- to 71-fold decrease in sensitivity)-of cross-resistance to nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and amprenavir. In reciprocal experiments, the BMS-232632 susceptibility of HIV-1 variants selected in the presence of each of the other HIV-1 protease inhibitors showed that the nelfinavir-, saquinavir-, and amprenavir-resistant strains of HIV-1 remained sensitive to BMS-232632, while indinavir- and ritonavir-resistant viruses displayed six- to ninefold changes in BMS-232632 sensitivity. Taken together, our data suggest that BMS-232632 may be a valuable protease inhibitor for use in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Gong
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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Robinson BS, Riccardi KA, Gong YF, Guo Q, Stock DA, Blair WS, Terry BJ, Deminie CA, Djang F, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. BMS-232632, a highly potent human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor that can be used in combination with other available antiretroviral agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2093-9. [PMID: 10898681 PMCID: PMC90019 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.8.2093-2099.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-232632 is an azapeptide human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (Prt) inhibitor that exhibits potent anti-HIV activity with a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 2.6 to 5.3 nM and an EC(90) of 9 to 15 nM in cell culture. Proof-of-principle studies indicate that BMS-232632 blocks the cleavage of viral precursor proteins in HIV-infected cells, proving that it functions as an HIV Prt inhibitor. Comparative studies showed that BMS-232632 is generally more potent than the five currently approved HIV-1 Prt inhibitors. Furthermore, BMS-232632 is highly selective for HIV-1 Prt and exhibits cytotoxicity only at concentrations 6,500- to 23, 000-fold higher than that required for anti-HIV activity. To assess the potential of this inhibitor when used in combination with other antiretrovirals, BMS-232632 was evaluated for anti-HIV activity in two-drug combination studies. Combinations of BMS-232632 with either stavudine, didanosine, lamivudine, zidovudine, nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, or amprenavir in HIV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells yielded additive to moderately synergistic antiviral effects. Importantly, combinations of drug pairs did not result in antagonistic anti-HIV activity or enhanced cytotoxic effects at the highest concentrations used for antiviral evaluation. Our results suggest that BMS-232632 may be an effective HIV-1 inhibitor that may be utilized in a variety of different drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Robinson
- Department of Virology and Non-Clinical Biostatistics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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Lin PF, González CJ, Griffith B, Friedland G, Calvez V, Ferchal F, Schinazi RF, Shepp DH, Ashraf AB, Wainberg MA, Soriano V, Mellors JW, Colonno RJ. Stavudine resistance: an update on susceptibility following prolonged therapy. Antivir Ther 2000; 4:21-8. [PMID: 10682125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The current report summarizes the available published and unpublished data from several investigators on resistance in clinical isolates following prolonged stavudine therapy. Results suggest that stavudine resistance is both modest in degree and infrequent in appearance. Phenotypic evaluation of 61 patients on stavudine therapy showed only modest changes in drug sensitivity following up to 29 months of treatment. The post-treatment isolates from 15 patients exhibited an increase in EC50 value > fourfold (level above variability of assay) when compared with the corresponding pretreatment isolates. However, the vast majority (11) of these pretreatment isolates either had unexpectedly low EC50 levels and/or had post-treatment isolates that lacked any amino acid changes within their reverse transcriptase (RT) gene to account for the observed change in sensitivity. Of the four remaining isolates, two appeared to have a multi-resistant phenotype to several nucleoside analogues and two had no detectable RT amino acid changes to account for the observed change in stavudine sensitivity. To date, clinical HIV-1 isolates displaying stavudine-specific resistance have yet to be reported. Furthermore, full or partial RT sequence analysis of 194 post-treatment isolates failed to identify any consistent amino acid changes. The strain-specific V75T mutation reported to confer stavudine resistance to the HXB2 HIV-1 strain in vitro, was found in only six isolates and did not correlate with stavudine resistance. This low incidence of stavudine resistance is in striking contrast to that observed with other nucleoside analogues and further supports the use of stavudine in first-line combination therapy for HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Conn., USA.
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Deminie CA, Bechtold CM, Riccardi K, Rose RE, Samanta H, Lin PF, Colonno RJ. Clinical HIV-1 isolates remain sensitive to stavudine following prolonged therapy. AIDS 1998; 12:110-2. [PMID: 9456262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Deminie CA, Bechtold CM, Stock D, Alam M, Djang F, Balch AH, Chou TC, Prichard M, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. Evaluation of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors in two-drug combinations against human immunodeficiency virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1346-51. [PMID: 8725999 PMCID: PMC163329 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) include both reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. Results from in vitro and clinical studies suggest that combination therapy can be more effective than single drugs in reducing viral burden. To evaluate compounds for combination therapy, stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI), or BMS-186,318, an HIV protease inhibitor, were combined with other clinically relevant compounds and tested in a T-cell line (CEM-SS) that was infected with HIV-RF or in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with a clinical HIV isolate. The combined drug effects were analyzed by the methods described by Chou and Talalay (Adv. Enzyme Regul. 22:27-55, 1984) as well as by Prichard et al. (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:540-545, 1993). The results showed that combining two nucleoside analogs (d4T-ddI, d4T-zidovudine [AZT], and d4T-zalcitabine [ddC]), two HIV protease inhibitors (BMS-186,318-saquinavir, BMS-186,318-SC-52151, and BMS-186,318-MK-639) or a reverse transcriptase and a protease inhibitor (BMS-186,318-d4T, BMS-186,318-ddI, BMS-186,318-AZT, d4T-saquinavir, d4T-MK-639, and ddI-MK-639) yielded additive to synergistic antiviral effects. In general, analysis of data by either method gave consistent results. In addition, combined antiviral treatments involving nucleoside analogs gave slightly different outcomes in the two cell types, presumably because of a difference in phosphorylation patterns. Importantly, no strong antagonism was observed with the drug combinations studied. These data should provide useful information for the design of clinical trials of combined chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Deminie
- Virology Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, USA
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Chen P, Cheng PT, Alam M, Beyer BD, Bisacchi GS, Dejneka T, Evans AJ, Greytok JA, Hermsmeier MA, Humphreys WG, Jacobs GA, Kocy O, Lin PF, Lis KA, Marella MA, Ryono DE, Sheaffer AK, Spergel SH, Sun CQ, Tino JA, Vite G, Colonno RJ, Zahler R, Barrish JC. Aminodiol HIV protease inhibitors. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of P1/P1' compounds: correlation between lipophilicity and cytotoxicity. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1991-2007. [PMID: 8642558 DOI: 10.1021/jm950717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel aminodiol inhibitors of HIV protease based on the lead compound 1 with structural modifications at P1' were synthesized in order to reduce the cytotoxicity of 1. We have observed a high degree of correlation between the lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of this series of inhibitors. It was found that appropriate substitution at the para position of the P1' phenyl group of 1 resulted in the identification of equipotent (both against the enzyme and in cell culture) compounds (10l, 10m, 10n, and 15c) which possess significantly decreased cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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11
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Gong YF, Bechtold CM, Robinson BS, Lin PF. Potentiation of the stavudine anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity by 5-fluorouracil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1329. [PMID: 8723499 PMCID: PMC163324 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.5.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Warr GA, Veitch JA, Walsh AW, Hesler GA, Pirnik DM, Leet JE, Lin PF, Medina IA, McBrien KD, Forenza S, Clark JM, Lam KS. BMS-182123, a fungal metabolite that inhibits the production of TNF-alpha by macrophages and monocytes. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996; 49:234-40. [PMID: 8626236 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.49.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A fungal metabolite, BMS-182123, which inhibited bacterial endotoxin-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in murine macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes (in vitro), was isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium chrysogenum strain V39673. The effective BMS-182123 concentration (IC50) resulting in 50% inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production in murine macrophages and human monocytes was 600 ng/ml and 4.0 microgram/ml, respectively. BMS-182123 suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha promoter activity and did not affect the stability of posttranscriptional mRNA. Addition of hydrophobic resin, Amberlite XAD-8 (1%), to the fermentation enhanced the production of BMS-182123 by 5.5 fold. A total of 577 mg pure BMS-182123 was recovered from a 250-liter fermentation supplemented with 1% Amberlite XAD-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Warr
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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13
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Rose RE, Gong YF, Greytok JA, Bechtold CM, Terry BJ, Robinson BS, Alam M, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral background plays a major role in development of resistance to protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:1648-53. [PMID: 8643685 PMCID: PMC39996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The observed in vitro and in vivo benefit of combination treatment with anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents prompted us to examine the potential of resistance development when two protease inhibitors are used concurrently. Recombinant HIV-1 (NL4-3) proteases containing combined resistance mutations associated with BMS-186318 and A-77003 (or saquinavir) were either inactive or had impaired enzyme activity. Subsequent construction of HIV-1 (NL4-3) proviral clones containing the same mutations yielded viruses that were severely impaired in growth or nonviable, confirming that combination therapy may be advantageous. However, passage of BMS-186318-resistant HIV-1 (RF) in the presence of either saquinavir or SC52151, which represented sequential drug treatment, produced viable viruses resistant to both BMS-186318 and the second compound. The predominant breakthrough virus contained the G48V/A71T/V82A protease mutations. The clone-purified RF (G48V/A71T/V82A) virus, unlike the corresponding defective NL4-3 triple mutant, grew well and displayed cross-resistance to four distinct protease inhibitors. Chimeric virus and in vitro mutagenesis studies indicated that the RF-specific protease sequence, specifically the Ile at residue 10, enabled the NL4-3 strain with the triple mutant to grow. Our results clearly indicate that viral genetic background will play a key role in determining whether cross-resistance variants will arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Rose
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Qian-Cutrone J, Huang S, Trimble J, Li H, Lin PF, Alam M, Klohr SE, Kadow KF. Niruriside, a new HIV REV/RRE binding inhibitor from Phyllanthus niruri. J Nat Prod 1996; 59:196-199. [PMID: 8991954 DOI: 10.1021/np9600560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During the screening of natural products for their ability to inhibit the binding of HIV-REV protein to [33P]-labeled RRE RNA, one novel compound, niruriside (1), was isolated from the MeOH extract of the dried leaf of Phyllanthus niruri L. by bioassay-guided fractionation. The structure of niruriside was determined by spectroscopic methods. Niruriside showed specific inhibitory activity against the binding of REV protein to RRE RNA with an IC50 value of 3.3 microM; however, niruriside did not protect CEM-SS cells from acute HIV infection at concentrations up to 260 microM using an XTT dye reduction assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian-Cutrone
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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15
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Lin PF, Samanta H, Bechtold CM, Deminie CA, Patick AK, Alam M, Riccardi K, Rose RE, White RJ, Colonno RJ. Characterization of siamycin I, a human immunodeficiency virus fusion inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:133-8. [PMID: 8787894 PMCID: PMC163071 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fusion inhibitor siamycin I, a 21-residue tricyclic peptide, was identified from a Streptomyces culture by using a cell fusion assay involving cocultivation of HeLa-CD4+ cells and monkey kidney (BSC-1) cells expressing the HIV envelope gp160. Siamycin I is effective against acute HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infections, with 50% effective doses ranging from 0.05 to 5.7 microM, and the concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in cell viability in the absence of viral infection is 150 microM in CEM-SS cells. Siamycin I inhibits fusion between C8166 cells and CEM-SS cells chronically infected with HIV (50% effective dose of 0.08 microM) but has no effect on Sendai virus-induced fusion or murine myoblast fusion. Siamycin I does not inhibit gp120 binding to CD4 in either gp120- or CD4-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Inhibition of HIV-induced fusion by this compound is reversible, suggesting that siamycin I binds noncovalently. An HIV-1 resistant variant was selected by in vitro passage of virus in the presence of increasing concentrations of siamycin I. Drug susceptibility studies on a chimeric virus containing the envelope gene from the siamycin I-resistant variant indicate that resistance maps to the gp160 gene. Envelope-deficient HIV complemented with gp160 from siamycin I-resistant HIV also displayed a resistant phenotype upon infection of HeLa-CD4-LTR-beta-gal cells. A comparison of the DNA sequences of the envelope genes from the resistant and parent viruses revealed a total of six amino acid changes. Together these results indicate that siamycin I interacts with the HIV envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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16
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Detlefsen DJ, Hill SE, Volk KJ, Klohr SE, Tsunakawa M, Furumai T, Lin PF, Nishio M, Kawano K, Oki T. Siamycins I and II, new anti-HIV-1 peptides: II. Sequence analysis and structure determination of siamycin I. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1995; 48:1515-7. [PMID: 8557614 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.48.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Detlefsen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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17
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Patick AK, Rose R, Greytok J, Bechtold CM, Hermsmeier MA, Chen PT, Barrish JC, Zahler R, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. Characterization of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant with reduced sensitivity to an aminodiol protease inhibitor. J Virol 1995; 69:2148-52. [PMID: 7884862 PMCID: PMC188882 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2148-2152.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of viral resistance to the aminodiol human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor BMS 186,318 was studied by serial passage of HIV type 1 RF in MT-2 cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of compound. After 11 passages, an HIV variant that showed a 15-fold increase in 50% effective dose emerged. This HIV variant displays low-level cross-resistance to the C2 symmetric inhibitor A-77003 but remains sensitive to the protease inhibitors Ro 31-8959 and SC52151. Genetic analysis of the protease gene from a drug-resistant variant revealed an Ala-to-Thr change at amino acid residue 71 (A71T) and a Val-to-Ala change at residue 82 (V82A). To determine the effects of these mutations on protease and virus drug susceptibility, recombinant protease and proviral HIV type 1 clones containing the single mutations A71T and V82A or double mutation A71T/V82A were constructed. Subsequent drug sensitivity assays on the mutant proteases and viruses indicated that the V82A substitution was responsible for most of the resistance observed. Further genotypic analysis of the protease genes from earlier passages of virus indicated that the A71T mutation emerged prior to the V82A change. Finally, the level of resistance did not increase following continued passage in increasing concentrations of drug, and the resistant virus retained its drug susceptibility phenotype 34 days after drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Patick
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
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18
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Lin PF, Samanta H, Rose RE, Patick AK, Trimble J, Bechtold CM, Revie DR, Khan NC, Federici ME, Li H. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients on prolonged stavudine therapy. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:1157-64. [PMID: 7963708 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/170.5.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of stavudine resistance was studied using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from 13 patients treated with stavudine for 18-22 months. Drug sensitivity testing on 11 of these pre- and posttherapy isolates identified only 2 posttreatment isolates with decreased stavudine sensitivity (ED50s < 4-fold higher than the average pretreatment ED50). Genotypic analysis of all 13 pairs of isolates identified multiple mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene. However, no genetic basis was identified to account for the observed changes in stavudine susceptibility. A recombinant virus containing the entire RT gene of the posttherapy isolate displaying the greatest resistance remained sensitive to stavudine. Five of the stavudine posttreatment isolates developed resistance (9- to 176-fold) to zidovudine, although the relationship between stavudine treatment and the appearance of zidovudine resistance remains unexplained. Analysis of 10 additional pairs of isolates did not confirm this relationship. The low frequency and modest degree of change in stavudine sensitivity following prolonged treatment is very encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lin
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Clinical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
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19
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Samanta H, Rose R, Patick AK, Bechtold CM, Trimble J, Li H, Lee A, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. Characterization of a Mutant HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Resistant to (+)-(5S)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-5-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-imidazo[4,5,1- jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1 H)-thione (TIBO R82150). Antivir Chem Chemother 1994. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus strain resistant to R82150, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRT) inhibitor (tetrahydro-imidazo [4,5, 1- jk] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2(1 H)-thione), was isolated following serial passage of HIV-1 RF in CEM-SS cells. The virus is cross-resistant to another non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, TGG-II-23A [1,4-dimethyl-1-[5,5-dimethyl-2-oxazoionyl]-naphthalen-2-one), but remains susceptible to AZT, DDI, D4T and phosphonoformate (PFA). DNA sequencing of reverse transcriptase genes from resistant virus indicated that R82150 selects for amino acid alterations Y181C and V108I. In vitro mutagenized reverse transcriptase and recombinant HIV-1 (pNL4-3) carrying either of the mutations have been generated. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses identified V108I as an unreported R82150-associated mutation. Both reverse transcriptase and viral resistance assays indicated that the resistance conferred by the V108I mutation is 7-fold less than that conferred by Y181C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Samanta
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
| | - R. Rose
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
| | | | | | - J. Trimble
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
| | - H. Li
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
| | - A. Lee
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
| | | | - P. F. Lin
- P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7600
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20
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Barrish JC, Gordon E, Alam M, Lin PF, Bisacchi GS, Chen P, Cheng PT, Fritz AW, Greytok JA, Hermsmeier MA. Aminodiol HIV protease inhibitors. 1. Design, synthesis, and preliminary SAR. J Med Chem 1994; 37:1758-68. [PMID: 8021916 DOI: 10.1021/jm00038a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel C2 symmetrical "aminodiol" core structure were prepared from amino acid starting materials. The ability of the aminodiols to inhibit HIV replication in cell culture is comparable to their ability to inhibit the isolated enzyme, a result compatible with good cell membrane penetration by this class of compounds. Optimization of the structure-activity in this series led to aminodiol 9a (Ki = 100 nM; ED50 (HIV-1) = 80 nM) containing P1/P1 benzyl and P2/P2 Boc substituents. Compound 9a is a selective inhibitor of HIV protease versus other aspartyl proteases such as human renin, human cathepsin D, and porcine pepsin. In addition, 9a is equipotent against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in cell culture and demonstrates similar activity in infected T-lymphocytes and PBMCs. After i.v. and oral administration in rats, 9a displayed significant oral bioavailability (ca. 40%) and a promising plasma elimination half-life (4 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
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21
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Lin PF, Fiore-Donno G, Lombardi T. Immunohistochemical detection of S-100 protein in human deciduous dental pulp. Ann Anat 1994; 176:171-3. [PMID: 8210053 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-100 protein was investigated in the temporary dental pulp by the immunoperoxidase technique, using the avidin-biotin complex method. The results showed that there was a strong positive reaction in the Schwann cells ensheathing axons and nerve fibers. The other cells within the pulp were immuno-negative. S-100 protein and the results of the present study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Third School of Clinical Medicine of Beijing Medical University, China
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22
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Alam M, Bechtold CM, Patick AK, Skoog MT, Gant TG, Colonno RJ, Meyers AI, Li H, Trimble J, Lin PF. Substituted naphthalenones as a new structural class of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 1993; 22:131-41. [PMID: 7506510 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90091-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel substituted naphthalenone (TGG-II-23A) has been found that inhibits HIV-1 infection of CEM-SS cells at concentrations that are not cytotoxic. Time of addition experiments indicate that TGG-II-23A functions at a stage of the HIV-1 life cycle at or near reverse transcription. Cell free assays confirmed that TGG-II-23A inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Similar to other non-nucleoside inhibitors, TGG-II-23A was specific for HIV-1 and failed to inhibit the replication of HIV-2. The binding site of TGG-II-23A appears to be in close proximity to that of the TIBO-like inhibitors, since a TIBO-resistant HIV-1 was also resistant to TGG-II-23A treatment. TGG-II-23A is a mixed non-competitive inhibitor that exhibits the same template:primer selectivity as other non-nucleoside inhibitors. TGG-II-23A therefore represents a new structural entry into the TIBO/Nevirapine class of inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alam
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660
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23
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Lynch MJ, Pelosi L, Carboni JM, Merwin J, Coleman K, Wang RC, Lin PF, Henry DL, Brattain MG. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces transforming growth factor-alpha promoter activity and transforming growth factor-alpha secretion in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line FET. Cancer Res 1993; 53:4041-7. [PMID: 8358733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
FET cells are well differentiated human adenocarcinoma cells whose growth is partially inhibited (50-60%) by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In exponentially growing cultures, TGF-beta 1 induces the expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) by 3-fold. To determine whether this induction is the result of increased TGF-alpha promoter activity, FET cells were transiently transfected with a plasmid containing 2816 base pairs of the 5'-flanking region of the TGF-alpha gene linked to luciferase. Transfected FET cells treated with growth-inhibitory concentrations of TGF-beta 1 (10 ng/ml) showed up to a 10-fold increase in luciferase activity. The increase in luciferase activity was dose dependent through the normal physiological range of TGF-beta 1 (0.5-20 ng/ml), saturating at 10 ng/ml. This effect was also TGF-alpha promoter specific, inasmuch as the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat used as a control remained relatively insensitive to the effects of TGF-beta 1. By using progressively smaller portions of the TGF-alpha promoter region, the TGF-beta 1-responsive element was mapped between base pairs -77 and -201 of the 5'-flanking region. TGF-beta 1 treatment also affected epidermal growth factor receptor levels. FET cells treated with TGF-beta 1 (10 ng/ml) for 48 h showed a 20% decrease in the number of epidermal growth factor receptors and a 2-fold increase in the number of high affinity epidermal growth factor receptors on their surface. These results indicate that TGF-beta 1 acts as a positive regulator of TGF-alpha transcription, and they suggest a possible mechanism by which these cells circumvent the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lynch
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
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24
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Zhang JM, Lin PF, Chen LL, Tang LH, Hong XQ, Liang BX, Chen HS, Teng L. [Efficacy of xiaoxingzhang guttae ophthalmic eye drops in the treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1993; 18:49-52, 64. [PMID: 8391822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The new guttae ophthalmic Xiaoxingzhang (XXZ) was extracted from Radix Actinidiae, a traditional Chinese herbal drug. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of XXZ on type I Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) in virus cell cultures is 165.48-174.73 micrograms/ml. However, XXZ concentrations greater than 400 micrograms/ml did not cause any microscopically visible disruption of vero cells. The efficacy of XXZ in the treatment of experimental Herpes Simplex Keratitis (HSK) in rabbits is higher than that of idoxuridine. The effective doses of XXZ are not toxic to corneal epithelium. The results suggest that XXZ as a new anti-HSV preparation is potentialy useful in the treatment of patients with HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang TCM College, Hangzhou
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25
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Chakrabarty S, Chen JW, Chen XY, Trujillo JM, Lin PF. Modulation of differentiation-related responses in human colon carcinoma cells by protein kinase inhibitor H-7. Anticancer Res 1992; 12:97-104. [PMID: 1373593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1-(isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), a potent inhibitor of protein kinases, has been used as a tool to examine the role of protein kinases in a variety of cellular functions. Contingent on the cell type, H-7 has been reported either to inhibit or to promote differentiation. The biological effects of H-7 on human colon adenocarcinoma cells have not been reported. In this study we investigated the effects of H-7 on differentiation - related parameters such as cellular morphology, proliferation, the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), fibronectin and cytokeratins in human adenocarcinoma cell lines HCT116 and SW480. H-7 induced pronounced morphological alterations in both cell lines. It induced fibronectin expression and down-modulated CEA expression and secretion in the SW480 cells, but not in the HCT116 cells. Expression of acidic keratins was not affected by H-7 treatment in both cell lines. However, the expression of basic keratins were down-modulated in the HCT116 cells and enhanced in the SW480 cells. These studies showed that the protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, modulated phenotypic properties in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Alterations in phenotypic properties and their significance in regard to the induction of differentiation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarty
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660
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26
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Huang SA, Lin PF, Fan D, Price JE, Trujillo JM, Chakrabarty S. Growth modulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human colonic carcinoma cells: constitutive expression of the human EGF gene. J Cell Physiol 1991; 148:220-7. [PMID: 1880151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041480206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in epithelium-derived human colonic carcinoma cells was investigated by transfection with plasmid pUCDS3, which contained synthetic human EGF encoding sequences, into two human colonic carcinoma cell types with dissimilar phenotypic properties: the moderately differentiated and growth factor-responsive Moser and the highly metastatic KM12SM cells. The Moser cells exhibited a proliferative response to treatment with exogenous EGF, while the KM12SM cells did not. The constitutive expression of the human EGF gene in these colonic carcinoma cell types resulted in elevated expression of EGF mRNA, with concurrent production and secretion of a large amount of EGF, and downmodulation of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) secretion. Growth stimulation and down-modulation of both high and low affinity EGF receptors were observed in the EGF-transfected Moser clones. Results of experiments using anti-EGF and anti-EGF-receptor antibody to block the proliferation of EGF-transfected Moser clones suggested that autocrine stimulatory mechanisms involving both EGF and TGF-alpha were operative in these cells. By comparison, a growth-inhibitory effect, with no apparent EGF receptor modulation, was observed in the EGF-transfected KM12SM clones. Both the parental and EGF-transfected KM12SM clones possessed fewer EGF receptors than the Moser cells, and anti-EGF or anti-EGF-receptor antibody did not affect the cells' growth properties. These results suggested that the mechanisms of growth inhibition in the EGF-transfected KM12SM clones were non-autocrine or intracellular in nature. Thus, constitutive expression of the human EGF gene in two phenotypically different, epithelium-derived human colonic carcinoma cells resulted in divergent altered growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Huang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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27
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Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) often produces a set of neuropsychiatric dysfunctions which have been termed the AIDS dementia complex. This complex appears due to the infection of brain cells by HIV-1. If so, brain cells might be expected to contain a binding site for the same viral envelope glycoprotein that enables HIV-1 to bind to other cells (e.g. CD4+ T-cells), gp120. The present study shows that the cells of the brain-derived U-138MG, U-373MG, SK-N-MC and SK-N-SH cell lines bind gp120 in an inhibitable fashion. Binding of gp120 to these cells is inhibited by the dyes Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and Evans blue (EB), which are known to inhibit specific gp120 and HIV-1 binding, and block HIV-1 infection, in CD4-expressing cells. Binding is not inhibited by Aurin, a dye related to ATA but lacking its anti-HIV effects. As expected, anti-CD4 antibodies are ineffective in blocking gp120 binding to brain-derived cells. These results suggest that human brain-derived cells possess a specific binding site for gp120 that is not the CD4 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kozlowski
- Department of Screening and Biochemical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660
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28
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Kelleher K, Bean K, Clark SC, Leung WY, Yang-Feng TL, Chen JW, Lin PF, Luo W, Yang YC. Human interleukin-9: genomic sequence, chromosomal location, and sequences essential for its expression in human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-I-transformed human T cells. Blood 1991; 77:1436-41. [PMID: 1901233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated the genomic sequence of human interleukin-9 (IL-9) based on its sequence homology with a human IL-9 cDNA isolated from human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-I-transformed T cells by expression cloning. The entire genomic sequence has been determined and the gene consists of five exons and four introns. The human IL-9 gene is mapped to the long arm of human chromosome 5 at band 5q31-32, a region found to be deleted in a number of patients with acquired 5q- abnormalities and hematologic disorders. Several blocks of transcriptional control sequences have been identified at the 5'-flanking region of the human IL-9 gene that may play an important role in the control of IL-9 gene expression. The 5'-regulatory region of the human IL-9 gene also contains sequences identified in the 5'-flanking regions of other cytokine genes mapped to the long arm of human chromosome 5, including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other T-cell growth factor genes including IL-2 and IL-6. The IL-9 gene is constitutively expressed in the HTLV-I-transformed human T cells and the expression of IL-9 in these cells can be further induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate. Transient transfection analysis using the plasmid containing the 5'-flanking region of IL-9 gene upstream from the firefly luciferase ciferase report gene indicated that the 0.9-kb Smal-Sacl fragment of the IL-9 gene contains sequences required for the constitutive and activated expression of IL-9 gene in HTLV-I-transformed cells. These results will now allow us to study the regulatory mechanism of IL-9 gene expression in normal and leukemic human T cells.
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29
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Applegate ML, Moore MM, Broder CB, Burrell A, Juhn G, Kasweck KL, Lin PF, Wadhams A, Hozier JC. Molecular dissection of mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase locus in mouse lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:51-5. [PMID: 1967496 PMCID: PMC53197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- 3.7.2C cell line allows quantitation of induced TK(+/-)----TK-/- mutations at the heterozygous thymidine kinase (Tk) locus. TK-/- mutant colonies show a bimodal size distribution, reflecting a difference in the growth rates of the two size classes that is hypothesized to result from different degrees of genetic damage. The two homologous chromosomes 11 containing the alleles of the Tk gene in L5178Y 3.7.2C TK+/- cells are distinguishable at the cytogenetic level. We find, in addition, that the two alleles are distinguishable at the molecular level because of an Nco I restriction fragment length polymorphism at the 3' end of the gene. In a set of 51 large-colony and 48 small-colony TK-/- mutants induced by ionizing radiation or by chemical mutagens, we find that 78, including all except one of the small-colony mutants, have lost the Tk+ allele and that some of these have two to four copies of the remaining Tk- allele. Nineteen of the large-colony TK-/- mutants that do not show Tk+ allele loss show no other structural changes detectable at the level of Southern blot analysis. One shows a partial deletion. The variety of mutagenic lesions recorded at the heterozygous Tk locus may be representative of events observed in human malignancy and may include a wider range of mutagenic events than can be observed at hemizygous test loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Applegate
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306
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30
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Desiderio JV, Kiener PA, Lin PF, Warr GA. Protection of mice against Listeria monocytogenes infection by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 1989; 57:1615-7. [PMID: 2496036 PMCID: PMC313322 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.5.1615-1617.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rHuTNF-alpha) administered intravenously to mice resulted in enhanced resistance to a lethal challenge infection of Listeria monocytogenes given 24 h later. The observed protection was lost following treatment of the rHuTNF-alpha preparations with rabbit polyclonal antibody rHuTNF-alpha but not with normal rabbit immunoglobulin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Desiderio
- Department of Microbiology, Bristol-Myers Co., Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
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31
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Lieberman HB, Lin PF, Yeh DB, Ruddle FH. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate murine thymidine kinase gene expression in serum-stimulated cells. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:5280-91. [PMID: 3244356 PMCID: PMC365630 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.12.5280-5291.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated and characterized the structure of murine thymidine kinase (tk) genomic and cDNA sequences to begin a study designed to identify regions of the tk gene important for regulated expression during the transition of cells from G0 to a proliferating state. In this report, we describe the stable transfection of the cloned gene into L-M(TK-) cells and show that both thymidine kinase (TK) enzyme activity and DNA synthesis increase in parallel when transfectants in G0 arrest are stimulated by serum. To define promoter and regulatory regions more precisely, we have constructed a series of tk minigenes and have examined their expression in stable transfectants after serum stimulation. We have identified a 291-base-pair DNA fragment at the 5' end of the tk gene that has promoter function, and we have determined its sequence. In addition, we have found that DNA sequences which mediate serum-induced expression of TK are transcribed, since expression of the murine tk cDNA, fused to a promoter from either the murine tk gene, the simian virus 40 early region, or the herpes simplex virus tk gene, is stimulated by serum. Our constructs also reveal that the murine tk polyadenylation signal is not required for regulation, nor is most of the 3' untranslated region. RNA dot blot analysis indicates that murine cytoplasmic tk mRNA levels always parallel TK enzyme activity. Nuclear runon transcription assays show less than a 2-fold increase in transcription from the cloned tk gene in serum-stimulated transfectants, but an 11-fold increase in mouse L929 cells, which are inherently TK+. These results taken together suggest that the murine tk gene is controlled in serum-stimulated cells by a transcriptional mechanism influenced by DNA sequences that flank tk and also by a posttranscriptional system linked to gene sequences that are transcribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Lieberman
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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32
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Lin PF. [Antitumor effect of actinidia chinensis polysaccharide on murine tumor]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1988; 10:441-4. [PMID: 2855056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new polysaccharide compound (ACPS-R) has recently been isolated from the root of Actinidia Chinensis Planch. When given intraperitoneally to the transplantable tumor bearing mice at dose of 75-125 mg/kg, the tumor inhibition rate was more than 88.8% in Ehrilich ascitic cancer (EAC) or ascitic form of hepatoma (HepA) and more than 49.6% in solid hepatoma (HepS). The treatment effect of ACPS-R on EAC at dose of 15 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg, respectively. ACPS-R could also prolong the life of EAC-or P388-bearing mice, and increase the percentage of EAC-free mice. In addition, when ACPS-R was used in combination with 5-Fu, the antitumor effect was enhanced as compared with 5-Fu alone. A marked increase in cAMP levels and cAMP/cGMP ratio of spleen of EAC-bearing mice were observed after treatment of ACPS-R. The increase of both parameters nearly reached the normal levels of healthy mice. The increases of cAMP, cAMP/cGMP and tumor remission had statistical significance. It showed an intermediate inhibitory effect of ACPS-R on DNA synthesis by incorporating 3H-TdR into EAC cells. The results indicated that ACPS-R acts as a new antitumor polysaccharide, and the treatment effect of Actinidia root in folk medicine is probably related to ACPS-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou
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Kiener PA, Marek F, Rodgers G, Lin PF, Warr G, Desiderio J. Induction of tumor necrosis factor, IFN-gamma, and acute lethality in mice by toxic and non-toxic forms of lipid A. The Journal of Immunology 1988. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.141.3.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of the i.v. administration of endotoxin (LPS), diphosphoryl lipid A, and the non-toxic derivative monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), on the production of serum cachectin (TNF), IFN-gamma, and the appearance of endotoxin shock have been measured in mice primed with Listeria monocytogenes. All three of the lipid A varieties induced the production of TNF in a dose-dependent manner. Although comparable peak levels of TNF were produced (5 X 10(5) to 1 X 10(6) U/ml), treatments with LPS or diphosphoryl lipid A were lethal whereas those with MPL were not. A study following TNF in the mouse sera for up to 24 h after treatment with the lipid A types showed that serum levels of TNF peaked 90 min after the treatment, and that TNF levels induced by LPS treatment were maintained for several hours longer than those induced by lipid A or MPL. All three molecules also resulted in the production of IFN-gamma in the serum, which peaked at 4 to 5 h after treatment. After 90 min there were no significant differences in the levels of serum IFN-gamma in any of the groups of treated animals. However, as was observed with the TNF, the levels of IFN in animals treated with LPS persisted longer than those induced by MPL or lipid A. These results suggest that the non-toxic MPL as well as the toxic forms of lipid A can induce the production of TNF by macrophages. Furthermore, although it is essential, TNF alone is not necessarily sufficient to induce septic shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kiener
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
| | - F Marek
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
| | - G Rodgers
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
| | - P F Lin
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
| | - G Warr
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
| | - J Desiderio
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
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Kiener PA, Marek F, Rodgers G, Lin PF, Warr G, Desiderio J. Induction of tumor necrosis factor, IFN-gamma, and acute lethality in mice by toxic and non-toxic forms of lipid A. J Immunol 1988; 141:870-4. [PMID: 3135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the i.v. administration of endotoxin (LPS), diphosphoryl lipid A, and the non-toxic derivative monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), on the production of serum cachectin (TNF), IFN-gamma, and the appearance of endotoxin shock have been measured in mice primed with Listeria monocytogenes. All three of the lipid A varieties induced the production of TNF in a dose-dependent manner. Although comparable peak levels of TNF were produced (5 X 10(5) to 1 X 10(6) U/ml), treatments with LPS or diphosphoryl lipid A were lethal whereas those with MPL were not. A study following TNF in the mouse sera for up to 24 h after treatment with the lipid A types showed that serum levels of TNF peaked 90 min after the treatment, and that TNF levels induced by LPS treatment were maintained for several hours longer than those induced by lipid A or MPL. All three molecules also resulted in the production of IFN-gamma in the serum, which peaked at 4 to 5 h after treatment. After 90 min there were no significant differences in the levels of serum IFN-gamma in any of the groups of treated animals. However, as was observed with the TNF, the levels of IFN in animals treated with LPS persisted longer than those induced by MPL or lipid A. These results suggest that the non-toxic MPL as well as the toxic forms of lipid A can induce the production of TNF by macrophages. Furthermore, although it is essential, TNF alone is not necessarily sufficient to induce septic shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Kiener
- Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Company, Wallingford, CT 06492
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Murphy PD, Lin PF, Ruddle FH, Kidd KK. A second useful polymorphism for the cytosolic thymidine kinase gene (TK1) with the enzyme BstEII which will allow haplotying at this locus on chromosome 17 (q21-q22). Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:7212. [PMID: 2889186 PMCID: PMC306236 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.17.7212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P D Murphy
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Li CB, Gray PW, Lin PF, McGrath KM, Ruddle FH, Ruddle NH. Cloning and expression of murine lymphotoxin cDNA. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The murine lymphotoxin (LT) gene has been cloned and used to identify cDNA clones in a library prepared from activated murine T cell mRNA. A recombinant murine genomic library was screened with a human lymphotoxin cDNA probe, resulting in the isolation of the entire LT gene. The murine LT gene structure is similar to the human gene, containing three intervening sequences. An activated murine T cell cDNA library was prepared with poly(A)+ RNA isolated 7 hr after concanavalin A stimulation of an L3T4+ interleukin 2-dependent murine T cell clone. Two colonies of the cDNA library that contained inserts that hybridized with the murine LT gene probe were sequenced and were used to construct expression plasmids. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA indicates that murine LT is highly homologous to human LT (74%) and is related to murine tumor necrosis factor (35% homology). The cDNA was transcribed and was translated in vitro, and was expressed in COS-1 cells. This has resulted in the production of LT biological activity.
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Li CB, Gray PW, Lin PF, McGrath KM, Ruddle FH, Ruddle NH. Cloning and expression of murine lymphotoxin cDNA. J Immunol 1987; 138:4496-501. [PMID: 2884262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The murine lymphotoxin (LT) gene has been cloned and used to identify cDNA clones in a library prepared from activated murine T cell mRNA. A recombinant murine genomic library was screened with a human lymphotoxin cDNA probe, resulting in the isolation of the entire LT gene. The murine LT gene structure is similar to the human gene, containing three intervening sequences. An activated murine T cell cDNA library was prepared with poly(A)+ RNA isolated 7 hr after concanavalin A stimulation of an L3T4+ interleukin 2-dependent murine T cell clone. Two colonies of the cDNA library that contained inserts that hybridized with the murine LT gene probe were sequenced and were used to construct expression plasmids. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA indicates that murine LT is highly homologous to human LT (74%) and is related to murine tumor necrosis factor (35% homology). The cDNA was transcribed and was translated in vitro, and was expressed in COS-1 cells. This has resulted in the production of LT biological activity.
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Lin PF, Brown DB, Murphy P, Yamaizumi M, Ruddle FH. Detection and characterization of specific mRNA by microinjection and complementation of mutant cells. Methods Enzymol 1987; 151:371-82. [PMID: 3431449 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(87)51029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Murphy PD, Kidd JR, Castiglione CM, Lin PF, Ruddle FH, Kidd KK. A frequent polymorphism for the cytosolic thymidine kinase gene, TK1, (17q21-q22) detected by the enzyme TaqI. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:4381. [PMID: 3012471 PMCID: PMC339879 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.10.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Zhang JM, Lin PF. [Immunopharmacological effect of Acinidia chinensis polysaccharide]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1986; 6:171-3, 133. [PMID: 2942303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin PF, Lieberman HB, Yeh DB, Xu T, Zhao SY, Ruddle FH. Molecular cloning and structural analysis of murine thymidine kinase genomic and cDNA sequences. Mol Cell Biol 1985; 5:3149-56. [PMID: 3018504 PMCID: PMC369130 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.11.3149-3156.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two functional cytosolic thymidine kinase (tk) cDNA clones were isolated from a mouse L-cell library. An RNA blot analysis indicated that one of these clones contains a nearly full-length tk sequence and that LTK- cells contain little or no TK message. The nucleotide sequences of both clones were determined, and the functional mouse tk cDNA contains 1,156 base pairs. An analysis of the sequence implied that there is an untranslated 32-nucleotide region at the 5' end of the mRNA, followed by an open reading frame of 699 nucleotides. The 3' untranslated region is 422 nucleotides long. Thus, the gene codes for a protein containing 233 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 25,873. A comparison of the coding sequences of the mouse tk cDNA with the human and chicken tk genes revealed about 86 and 70% homology, respectively. We also isolated the tk gene from a mouse C57BL/10J cosmid library. The structural organization was determined by restriction mapping, Southern blotting, and heteroduplex analysis of the cloned sequences, in combination with a mouse tk cDNA. The tk gene spans approximately 11 kilobases and contains at least five introns. Southern blot analysis revealed that this gene is deleted in mouse LTK- cells, consistent with the inability of these cells to synthesize TK message. This analysis also showed that tk-related sequences are present in the genomes of several mouse strains, as well as in LTK- cells. These segments may represent pseudogenes.
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Fainsod A, Marcus M, Lin PF, Ruddle FH. Partial purification and characterization of the mRNA complementing a temperature-sensitive S-phase cell cycle mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:2393-5. [PMID: 6201855 PMCID: PMC345066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.8.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
E36ts24 is a temperature-sensitive (ts) cell cycle mutant derived from the Chinese hamster lung cell line E36. At the restrictive temperature for growth (40.3 degrees C), the mutant cells are arrested at early S phase. We have microinjected poly(A)+ RNA isolated from the wild-type E36 cells into the cytoplasm of E36ts24 cells arrested at early S phase after 24 hr of incubation at 40.3 degrees C. The ts mutation was transiently complemented in a significant fraction of the microinjected cells as evidenced by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine assayed by autoradiography. Microinjection of mRNA fractionated by methylmercuric hydroxide/agarose gel showed that the mRNA capable of transiently complementing the mutation in E36ts24 contains about 940 nucleotides. Hence, it can code at most for a protein containing about 230 amino acids. We estimate that the partial purification by fractionation of the mRNA active in the transient complementation is on the order of 100- to 200-fold.
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Abstract
In this report, we describe the cloning of the human cytoplasmic thymidine kinase (tk-C; EC 2.7.1.21) gene and its preliminary characterization. The tk-C sequences were isolated from a phage genomic library made from DNA of a transfected mouse cell carrying the human tk-C gene. The human transforming sequences were identified by homology with human Alu sequences. Six recombinant phages were isolated and five were competent to transfer human TK-C activity to TK-deficient mouse cells when transferred in pairs. Conclusively, sequences homologous to these clones are present in all human TK+ transformants examined. We estimate the maximal size of the tk-C gene to be 14 kilobase pairs and its minimal size to be between 4 and 5 kilobase pairs. The gene contains many noncoding inserts and numerous Alu sequences.
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Lin PF, Yamaizumi M, Murphy PD, Egg A, Ruddle FH. Partial purification and characterization of the mRNA for human thymidine kinase and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:4290-4. [PMID: 6956858 PMCID: PMC346656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We used direct microinjection of poly(A)+RNA into individual hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient or thymidine kinase-deficient cells and detected the specific in vivo translation products as an assay for human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase or thymidine kinase mRNAs. The incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine or [3H]thymidine into cells in response to injected mRNA was assayed in situ by autoradiography. Methylmercuric hydroxide/agarose gel analysis showed that human hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mRNA contains approximately 1,530 nucleotides, which is twice the number required for its protein coding capacity. The mRNA for human cytoplasmic thymidine kinase is estimated to be approximately the same length; thus, the size of the cytosol thymidine kinase subunit can be predicted to be approximately 47,000 daltons, if the full coding capacity of its mRNA is utilized.
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Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive human disease in which affected individuals are prone to develop skin cancers after exposure to sunlight. Cells from XP patients are defective in DNA repair activity and are sensitive to UV light. Most XP individuals have a defect in the excision repair pathway for UV damage. Genetic studies have indicated that excision-defective cells fall into seven complementation groups (A-G). An eighth group of XP is known to be defective in post-replication repair. DNA repair enzymes are ubiquitous and can function across species boundaries. Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts have normal levels of DNA repair functions. We report here that somatic cell hybrids between primary mouse cells and SV40-transformed XP group A cells can express wild-type levels of DNA repair function. These hybrid cells segregate murine chromosomes in culture. The proportion of cells in a given hybrid cell line which can perform unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) correlated well with the percentage of the population retaining murine chromosome 4. This study presents the first example of a direct quantitative comparison of specific gene activity and chromosomal content on a cellular basis.
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Lin PF, Slate DL, Ruddle FH. Methods for mapping a murine gene governing sensitivity to interferon. Methods Enzymol 1981; 79:542-6. [PMID: 6173707 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(81)79071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lin PF, Slate DL, Lawyer FC, Ruddle FH. Assignment of the murine interferon sensitivity and cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase genes to chromosome 16. Science 1980; 209:285-7. [PMID: 6155698 DOI: 10.1126/science.6155698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Both hybrids of mouse and human microcells and whole cell hybrids generated by the fusion of primary mouse cells and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts were used to establish the syntenic association of the murine cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase and the interferon sensitivity genes on mouse chromosome 16. This assignment adds two new markers to chromosome 16 and provides another example of an evolutionarily conserved linkage. This finding also provides an animal model both for cellular responsiveness to interferon and for Down's syndrome.
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Mellman IS, Lin PF, Ruddle FH, Rosenberg LE. Genetic control of cobalamin binding in normal and mutant cells: assignment of the gene for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase to human chromosome 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:405-9. [PMID: 284356 PMCID: PMC382948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When extracts prepared from cultured human or rodent fibroblasts grown in medium containing [(57)Co]cobalamin were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the intracellular radioactivity migrated with the activity of the cobalamin-dependent enzyme 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13). Because the rodent and human forms of this enzyme are electrophoretically different, we used the binding of [(57)Co]cobalamin to detect the presence of the human methyltransferase isozyme in rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. As expected, binding and methyltransferase activities were found to cosegregate, thus confirming genetically their electrophoretic identity. Accordingly, we examined the [(57)Co]cobalamin-binding patterns and human chromosome contents of a panel of 12 rodent-human hybrid clones, and concluded that the gene for the methyltransferase (designated Mtr) is located on human chromosome 1. Using this information, we probed the nature of the molecular defect exhibited by fibroblasts cultured from patients expressing the cbl C mutation. Although these cells are unable to associate newly taken up [(57)Co]cobalamin with the methyltransferase, hybrids of mouse L-cells and cbl C cells containing chromosome 1 show a "reappearance" of the human [(57)Co]cobalamin-methyltransferase. These results indicate that the cbl C mutation does not affect the methyltransferase apoprotein, but rather some metabolic step that must convert cobalamin to a chemical form capable of attaching to the enzyme.
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Abstract
When Escherichia coli K-12 (lambda) lysogens were infected with lambda phages, genetic exchanges between phage and prophage occurred at low frequencies (less than 0.1% between the markers P3 and P80), but at frequencies above 1% if the infecting phages were first treated with the photosensitizing agent 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 360 nm light. Exchanges were induced by psoralen damage at about the same frequency in wild-type lysogens and in those carrying recB(-), recC(-), recF(-), or lexA(-), but at an intermediate frequency in a quadruple mutant carrying recB(-)recC(-)recF(-)sbcB(-). Few if any exchanges were induced in lysogens carrying uvrA(-), uvrB(-), or recA(-). The increase in the frequency of recombination was presumably due to the psoralen damage in the phage DNA molecules and the action of host cell repair and recombination enzymes. The production of crosslinks in the phage DNA by psoralen and 360 nm light was measured by sedimentation in alkali. It showed second-order kinetics indicative of a two-photon reaction. In contrast, first-order kinetics had been reported for monoadduct formation. Second-order kinetics, similar to those for crosslink production, were found for genetic exchanges in homoimmune crosses. Presumably, crosslinks, rather than monoadducts, cause most of the exchanges. Because the uvrA(-) gene product (UV-endonuclease) was required, it is likely that recombination was initiated by DNA molecules cut at crosslinks. This system has been used to show that after the crosslinked phage duplex has been cut, one or more of the subsequent steps-homologous pairing, cutting, and joining-require the recA(+) gene product.
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