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Varpula J, Välimäki M, Lantta T, Berg J, Soininen P, Lahti M. Safety hazards in clinical practice of seclusion in psychiatric care. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9566598 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Seclusion is part of the clinical practice in European psychiatric hospital care with the aim to maintain the safety of patients and staff. Adverse events and harm have been reported for patients and staff resulting from seclusion. Safety hazards, which are the prerequisite of adverse events, can be identified using video observation methods. Identifying safety hazards can be used to prevent adverse events and improve the quality of psychiatric care. Objectives To identify safety hazards during seclusion in psychiatric hospital care. Methods Descriptive design with non-participant video-observation of seclusion care practice. Data consisted of video recordings (n = 36) from six wards of one psychiatric hospital in Finland. The data were analysed with inductive thematic analysis. Results Clinical practice of seclusion included safety hazards stemming from the actions of patients and staff. Patients’ actions were as follows: aggressive behaviour, attempting to escape, precarious movements, preventing the visibility of staff, exposing themselves to contamination, and falls during seclusion. Staff actions included: leaving dangerous items to seclusion, issues in the administration of medication, performing physical and mechanical restraints in unsecure way, and precarious movements and postures. Conclusions According to our results, the use of seclusion has safety hazards that can result in harm for patients and staff. To improve the quality and safety of seclusion in clinical practice, the guidelines, practices, and staff training need to consider the various safety hazards. While the work in Europe to abolish the use of seclusion is still in progress, this topic requires attention in clinical practice, education, and policymaking. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Auvinen J, Tapio J, Karhunen V, Kettunen J, Serpi R, Dimova EY, Gill D, Soininen P, Tammelin T, Mykkänen J, Puukka K, Kähönen M, Raitoharju E, Lehtimäki T, Ala-Korpela M, Raitakari OT, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Järvelin MR, Koivunen P. Systematic evaluation of the association between hemoglobin levels and metabolic profile implicates beneficial effects of hypoxia. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/29/eabi4822. [PMID: 34261659 PMCID: PMC8279517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway reprograms energy metabolism. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the main carrier of oxygen. Using its normal variation as a surrogate measure for hypoxia, we explored whether lower Hb levels could lead to healthier metabolic profiles in mice and humans (n = 7175) and used Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate potential causality (n = 173,480). The results showed evidence for lower Hb levels being associated with lower body mass index, better glucose tolerance and other metabolic profiles, lower inflammatory load, and blood pressure. Expression of the key HIF target genes SLC2A4 and Slc2a1 in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, respectively, associated with systolic blood pressure in MR analyses and body weight, liver weight, and adiposity in mice. Last, manipulation of murine Hb levels mediated changes to key metabolic parameters. In conclusion, low-end normal Hb levels may be favorable for metabolic health involving mild chronic activation of the HIF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Auvinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joona Tapio
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuija Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katri Puukka
- NordLab Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Jääskeläinen O, Solje E, Hall A, Katisko K, Korhonen V, Tiainen M, Kangas AJ, Helisalmi S, Pikkarainen M, Koivisto A, Hartikainen P, Hiltunen M, Ala-Korpela M, Soininen H, Soininen P, Haapasalo A, Remes AM, Herukka SK. Low Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels Associate with the C9orf72 Repeat Expansion in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:127-137. [PMID: 31561355 PMCID: PMC6839456 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decreased levels of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have previously been linked to systemic inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we aimed to analyze the lipoprotein profile and inflammatory indicators, the high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide (hs-CRP) and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), in sporadic and C9orf72 repeat expansion-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients. The C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion is the most frequent genetic etiology underlying FTLD. The concentrations of different lipid measures in the sera of 67 FTLD patients (15 C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers), including GlycA, were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. To verify the state of systemic inflammation, hs-CRP was also quantified from patient sera. We found that the total serum HDL concentration was decreased in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers when compared to non-carriers. Moreover, decreased concentrations of HDL particles of different sizes and subclass were consistently observed. No differences were detected in the very low- and low-density lipoprotein subclasses between the C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers and non-carriers. Furthermore, hs-CRP and GlycA levels did not differ between the C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers and non-carriers. In conclusion, the HDL-related changes were linked with C9orf72 repeat expansion associated FTLD but were not seen to associate with systemic inflammation. The underlying reason for the HDL changes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kasper Katisko
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Korhonen
- Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Pikkarainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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4
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Würtz P, Soininen P. Reply to: “Methodological issues regarding: “A third of nonfasting plasma cholesterol is in remnant lipoproteins: Lipoprotein subclass profiling in 9293 individuals””. Atherosclerosis 2020; 302:59-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Jääskeläinen O, Hall A, Tiainen M, van Gils M, Lötjönen J, Kangas AJ, Helisalmi S, Pikkarainen M, Hallikainen M, Koivisto A, Hartikainen P, Hiltunen M, Ala-Korpela M, Soininen P, Soininen H, Herukka SK. Metabolic Profiles Help Discriminate Mild Cognitive Impairment from Dementia Stage in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:277-286. [PMID: 32007958 PMCID: PMC7175942 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accurate differentiation between neurodegenerative diseases is developing quickly and has reached an effective level in disease recognition. However, there has been less focus on effectively distinguishing the prodromal state from later dementia stages due to a lack of suitable biomarkers. We utilized the Disease State Index (DSI) machine learning classifier to see how well quantified metabolomics data compares to clinically used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The metabolic profiles were quantified for 498 serum and CSF samples using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The patient cohorts in this study were dementia (with a clinical AD diagnosis) (N = 359), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (N = 96), and control patients with subjective memory complaints (N = 43). DSI classification was conducted for MCI (N = 51) and dementia (N = 214) patients with low CSF amyloid-β levels indicating AD pathology and controls without such amyloid pathology (N = 36). We saw that the conventional CSF markers of AD were better at classifying controls from both dementia and MCI patients. However, quantified metabolic subclasses were more effective in classifying MCI from dementia. Our results show the consistent effectiveness of traditional CSF biomarkers in AD diagnostics. However, these markers are relatively ineffective in differentiating between MCI and the dementia stage, where the quantified metabolomics data provided significant benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Hall
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark van Gils
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Pikkarainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Hallikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Koivisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Männistö V, Kaminska D, Kärjä V, Tiainen M, de Mello VD, Hanhineva K, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Pihlajamäki J. Total liver phosphatidylcholine content associates with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and glycine N-methyltransferase expression. Liver Int 2019; 39:1895-1905. [PMID: 31199045 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although genetic variation in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) enzyme synthesizing PC has been associated with disease, the functional mechanism linking PC metabolism to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. METHODS Serum PC levels and liver PC contents were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in 169 obese individuals [age 46.6 ± 10 (mean ± SD) years, BMI 43.3 ± 6 kg/m2 , 53 men and 116 women] with histological assessment of NAFLD; 106 of these had a distinct liver phenotype. All subjects were genotyped for PEMT rs7946 and liver mRNA expression of PEMT and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) was analysed. RESULTS Liver PC content was lower in those with NASH (P = 1.8 x 10-6 ) while serum PC levels did not differ between individuals with NASH and normal liver (P = 0.591). Interestingly, serum and liver PC did not correlate (rs = -0.047, P = 0.557). Serum PC and serum cholesterol levels correlated strongly (rs = 0.866, P = 7.1 x 10-49 ), while liver PC content did not correlate with serum cholesterol (rs = 0.065, P = 0.413). Neither PEMT V175M genotype nor PEMT expression explained the association between liver PC content and NASH. Instead, liver GNMT mRNA expression was decreased in those with NASH (P = 3.8 x 10-4 ) and correlated with liver PC content (rs = 0.265, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased liver PC content in individuals with the NASH is independent of PEMT V175M genotype and could be partly linked to decreased GNMT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,LC-MS Metabolomics Center, Biocenter Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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7
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Sliz E, Sebert S, Würtz P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Männikkö M, Ala-Korpela M, Raitakari OT, Kettunen J. NAFLD risk alleles in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR and LYPLAL1 show divergent metabolic effects. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2214-2223. [PMID: 29648650 PMCID: PMC5985737 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver has been associated with unfavourable metabolic changes in circulation. To provide insights in fatty liver-related metabolic deviations, we compared metabolic association profile of fatty liver versus metabolic association profiles of genotypes increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The cross-sectional associations of ultrasound-ascertained fatty liver with 123 metabolic measures were determined in 1810 (Nfatty liver = 338) individuals aged 34–49 years from The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The association profiles of NAFLD-risk alleles in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, and LYPLAL1 with the corresponding metabolic measures were obtained from a publicly available metabolomics GWAS including up to 24 925 Europeans. The risk alleles showed different metabolic effects: PNPLA3 rs738409-G, the strongest genetic NAFLD risk factor, did not associate with metabolic changes. Metabolic effects of GCKR rs1260326-T were comparable in many respects to the fatty liver associations. Metabolic effects of LYPLAL1 rs12137855-C were similar, but statistically less robust, to the effects of GCKR rs1260326-T. TM6SF2 rs58542926-T displayed opposite metabolic effects when compared with the fatty liver associations. The metabolic effects of the risk alleles highlight heterogeneity of the molecular pathways leading to fatty liver and suggest that the fatty liver-related changes in the circulating lipids and metabolites may vary depending on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Despite the robust cross-sectional associations on population level, the present results showing neutral or cardioprotective metabolic effects for some of the NAFLD risk alleles advocate that hepatic lipid accumulation by itself may not increase the level of circulating lipids or other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Sliz
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Würtz
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Nightingale Health Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pasi Soininen
- Nightingale Health Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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8
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Teslovich TM, Kim DS, Yin X, Stancáková A, Jackson AU, Wielscher M, Naj A, Perry JRB, Huyghe JR, Stringham HM, Davis JP, Raulerson CK, Welch RP, Fuchsberger C, Locke AE, Sim X, Chines PS, Narisu N, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Gudnason V, Musani SK, Jarvelin MR, Schellenberg GD, Speliotes EK, Kuusisto J, Collins FS, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Mohlke KL. Identification of seven novel loci associated with amino acid levels using single-variant and gene-based tests in 8545 Finnish men from the METSIM study. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1664-1674. [PMID: 29481666 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive metabolite profiling captures many highly heritable traits, including amino acid levels, which are potentially sensitive biomarkers for disease pathogenesis. To better understand the contribution of genetic variation to amino acid levels, we performed single variant and gene-based tests of association between nine serum amino acids (alanine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) and 16.6 million genotyped and imputed variants in 8545 non-diabetic Finnish men from the METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study with replication in Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966). We identified five novel loci associated with amino acid levels (P = < 5×10-8): LOC157273/PPP1R3B with glycine (rs9987289, P = 2.3×10-26); ZFHX3 (chr16:73326579, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.42%, P = 3.6×10-9), LIPC (rs10468017, P = 1.5×10-8), and WWOX (rs9937914, P = 3.8×10-8) with alanine; and TRIB1 with tyrosine (rs28601761, P = 8×10-9). Gene-based tests identified two novel genes harboring missense variants of MAF <1% that show aggregate association with amino acid levels: PYCR1 with glycine (Pgene = 1.5×10-6) and BCAT2 with valine (Pgene = 7.4×10-7); neither gene was implicated by single variant association tests. These findings are among the first applications of gene-based tests to identify new loci for amino acid levels. In addition to the seven novel gene associations, we identified five independent signals at established amino acid loci, including two rare variant signals at GLDC (rs138640017, MAF=0.95%, Pconditional = 5.8×10-40) with glycine levels and HAL (rs141635447, MAF = 0.46%, Pconditional = 9.4×10-11) with histidine levels. Examination of all single variant association results in our data revealed a strong inverse relationship between effect size and MAF (Ptrend<0.001). These novel signals provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms of amino acid metabolism and potentially, their perturbations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Seung Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Naj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Biostatistics, and Epidemiology (DBE) and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James P Davis
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chelsea K Raulerson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam E Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter S Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Solomon K Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39213, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Lehtovirta M, Pahkala K, Niinikoski H, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Lagström H, Viikari JS, Rönnemaa T, Jula A, Ala-Korpela M, Würtz P, Raitakari OT. Effect of Dietary Counseling on a Comprehensive Metabolic Profile from Childhood to Adulthood. J Pediatr 2018; 195:190-198.e3. [PMID: 29397160 PMCID: PMC5864506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of repeated, infancy-onset dietary counseling on a detailed metabolic profile. Effects of dietary saturated fat replacement on circulating concentrations of metabolic biomarkers still remain unknown. STUDY DESIGN The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) study is a longitudinal, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial in which repeated dietary counseling aimed at reducing the proportion of saturated fat intake. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics quantified circulating metabolites from serum samples assessed at age 9 (n = 554), 11 (n = 553), 13 (n = 508), 15 (n = 517), 17 (n = 457), and 19 (n = 417) years. RESULTS The intervention reduced dietary intake of saturated fat (mean difference in daily percentage of total energy intake: -2.1 [95% CI -1.9 to -2.3]) and increased intake of polyunsaturated fat (0.6 [0.5-0.7]). The dietary counseling intervention led to greater serum proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < .001), with greater proportions of both circulating omega-3 (P = .02) and omega-6 (P < .001) fatty acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum was lower for both boys and girls in the intervention group (P < .001), whereas the serum proportion of monounsaturated fat was lower for boys in the intervention group only (P < .001). The intervention also reduced circulating intermediate-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein lipid concentrations (P < .01). Dietary intervention effects on nonlipid biomarkers were minor except from greater concentrations of glutamine in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Repeated dietary counseling from infancy to early adulthood yielded favorable effects on multiple circulating fatty acids and lipoprotein subclass lipids, particularly in boys. These molecular effects substantiate the beneficial role of saturated fat replacement on the metabolic risk profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00223600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Lehtovirta
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma S.A. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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10
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Tynkkynen J, Chouraki V, van der Lee SJ, Hernesniemi J, Yang Q, Li S, Beiser A, Larson MG, Sääksjärvi K, Shipley MJ, Singh-Manoux A, Gerszten RE, Wang TJ, Havulinna AS, Würtz P, Fischer K, Demirkan A, Ikram MA, Amin N, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Perola M, Metspalu A, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Vasan RS, Kivimäki M, van Duijn CM, Seshadri S, Salomaa V. Association of branched-chain amino acids and other circulating metabolites with risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study in eight cohorts. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [PMID: 29519576 PMCID: PMC6082422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Metabolite, lipid, and lipoprotein lipid profiling can provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Methods We studied eight prospective cohorts with 22,623 participants profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry metabolomics. Four cohorts were used for discovery with replication undertaken in the other four to avoid false positives. For metabolites that survived replication, combined association results are presented. Results Over 246,698 person-years, 995 and 745 cases of incident dementia and Alzheimer’s disease were detected, respectively. Three branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), creatinine and two very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-specific lipoprotein lipid subclasses were associated with lower dementia risk. One high density lipoprotein (HDL; the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL) and one VLDL (total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in very large VLDL) lipoprotein lipid subclass was associated with increased dementia risk. Branched-chain amino acids were also associated with decreased Alzheimer’s disease risk and the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL with increased Alzheimer’s disease risk. Discussion Further studies can clarify whether these molecules play a causal role in dementia pathogenesis or are merely markers of early pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Tynkkynen
- Department of Cardiology, Tays Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Lille University, Inserm, Lille University Hospital, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Labex Distalz, Lille, France
| | | | - Jussi Hernesniemi
- Department of Cardiology, Tays Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katri Sääksjärvi
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin J Shipley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, France
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Nightingale Health Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Pasi Soininen
- Nightingale Health Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Reseach (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Würtz P, Wang Q, Niironen M, Tynkkynen T, Tiainen M, Drenos F, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Skilton MR, Heikkilä K, Pouta A, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Rose RJ, Kajantie E, Perola M, Kaprio J, Eriksson JG, Raitakari OT, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Järvelin MR, Ala-Korpela M, Auro K. Metabolic signatures of birthweight in 18 288 adolescents and adults. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 45:1539-1550. [PMID: 27892411 PMCID: PMC5100627 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower birthweight is associated with increased susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood, but the underlying molecular pathways are incompletely understood. We examined associations of birthweight with a comprehensive metabolic profile measured in adolescents and adults. METHODS High-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and biochemical assays were used to quantify 87 circulating metabolic measures in seven cohorts from Finland and the UK, comprising altogether 18 288 individuals (mean age 26 years, range 15-75). Metabolic associations with birthweight were assessed by linear regression models adjusted for sex, gestational age and age at blood sampling. The metabolic associations with birthweight were compared with the corresponding associations with adult body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Lower birthweight adjusted for gestational age was adversely associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers, including lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acids, amino acids and markers of inflammation and impaired liver function (P < 0.0015 for 46 measures). Associations were consistent across cohorts with different ages at metabolic profiling, but the magnitudes were weak. The pattern of metabolic deviations associated with lower birthweight resembled the metabolic signature of higher adult BMI (R2 = 0.77) assessed at the same time as the metabolic profiling. The resemblance indicated that 1 kg lower birthweight is associated with similar metabolic aberrations as caused by 0.92 units higher BMI in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Lower birthweight adjusted for gestational age is associated with adverse biomarker aberrations across multiple metabolic pathways. Coherent metabolic signatures between lower birthweight and higher adult adiposity suggest that shared molecular pathways may potentially underpin the metabolic deviations. However, the magnitudes of metabolic associations with birthweight are modest in comparison to the effects of adiposity, implying that birthweight is only a weak indicator of the metabolic risk profile in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Niironen
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Center for Life Course Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Unit for Pediatrics, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research Unit Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsi Auro
- Department of Genomics and Biomarkers, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Delles C, Rankin NJ, Boachie C, McConnachie A, Ford I, Kangas A, Soininen P, Trompet S, Mooijaart SP, Jukema JW, Zannad F, Ala-Korpela M, Salomaa V, Havulinna AS, Welsh P, Würtz P, Sattar N. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics identifies phenylalanine as a novel predictor of incident heart failure hospitalisation: results from PROSPER and FINRISK 1997. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 20:663-673. [PMID: 29226610 PMCID: PMC5947152 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims We investigated the association between quantified metabolite, lipid and lipoprotein measures and incident heart failure hospitalisation (HFH) in the elderly, and examined whether circulating metabolic measures improve HFH prediction. Methods and results Overall, 80 metabolic measures from the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) trial were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n = 5341; 182 HFH events during 2.7‐year follow‐up). We repeated the work in FINRISK 1997 (n = 7330; 133 HFH events during 5‐year follow‐up). In PROSPER, the circulating concentrations of 13 metabolic measures were found to be significantly different in those who were later hospitalised for heart failure after correction for multiple comparisons. These included creatinine, phenylalanine, glycoprotein acetyls, 3‐hydroxybutyrate, and various high‐density lipoprotein measures. In Cox models, two metabolites were associated with risk of HFH after adjustment for clinical risk factors and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP): phenylalanine [hazard ratio (HR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.53; P = 0.002] and acetate (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.98; P = 0.026). Both were retained in the final model after backward elimination. Compared to a model with established risk factors and NT‐proBNP, this model did not improve the C‐index but did improve the overall continuous net reclassification index (NRI 0.21; 95% CI 0.06–0.35; P = 0.007) due to improvement in classification of non‐cases (NRI 0.14; 95% CI 0.12–0.17; P < 0.001). Phenylalanine was replicated as a predictor of HFH in FINRISK 1997 (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03–1.48; P = 0.023). Conclusion Our findings identify phenylalanine as a novel predictor of incident HFH, although prediction gains are low. Further mechanistic studies appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naomi J Rankin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Glasgow Polyomics, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charles Boachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Boyd Orr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Boyd Orr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Boyd Orr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antti Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stella Trompet
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Faiez Zannad
- Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) 1443, Université de Lorraine, Lorraine, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Würtz
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Würtz P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ala-Korpela M. Quantitative Serum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics in Large-Scale Epidemiology: A Primer on -Omic Technologies. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:1084-1096. [PMID: 29106475 PMCID: PMC5860146 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed metabolic profiling in large-scale epidemiologic studies has uncovered novel biomarkers for cardiometabolic diseases and clarified the molecular associations of established risk factors. A quantitative metabolomics platform based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has found widespread use, already profiling over 400,000 blood samples. Over 200 metabolic measures are quantified per sample; in addition to many biomarkers routinely used in epidemiology, the method simultaneously provides fine-grained lipoprotein subclass profiling and quantification of circulating fatty acids, amino acids, gluconeogenesis-related metabolites, and many other molecules from multiple metabolic pathways. Here we focus on applications of magnetic resonance metabolomics for quantifying circulating biomarkers in large-scale epidemiology. We highlight the molecular characterization of risk factors, use of Mendelian randomization, and the key issues of study design and analyses of metabolic profiling for epidemiology. We also detail how integration of metabolic profiling data with genetics can enhance drug development. We discuss why quantitative metabolic profiling is becoming widespread in epidemiology and biobanking. Although large-scale applications of metabolic profiling are still novel, it seems likely that comprehensive biomarker data will contribute to etiologic understanding of various diseases and abilities to predict disease risks, with the potential to translate into multiple clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Würtz
- Correspondence to Dr. Peter Würtz, Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aapistie 5A, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland (e-mail: ); or Dr. Mika Ala-Korpela, Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aapistie 5A, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | | | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Correspondence to Dr. Peter Würtz, Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aapistie 5A, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland (e-mail: ); or Dr. Mika Ala-Korpela, Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aapistie 5A, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland (e-mail: )
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14
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Fizelova M, Jauhiainen R, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Stančáková A. Differential Associations of Inflammatory Markers With Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion: The Prospective METSIM Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3600-3609. [PMID: 28911155 PMCID: PMC5587063 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Context Low-grade inflammation is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, prospective studies evaluating inflammatory markers as predictors of changes in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity are lacking. Objective We investigated the associations of glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, incident type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVD events, and total mortality in the prospective Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) study. Design A prospective study. Participants The cross-sectional METSIM study included 8749 nondiabetic Finnish men aged 45 to 73 years, who had been randomly selected from the population register of Kuopio, Finland. A total of 5401 men participated in the 6.8-year follow-up study. Main Outcome Measures Changes in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and cardiometabolic traits during the follow-up period and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVD events, and total mortality. Results During the follow-up period, GlycA was associated with impaired insulin secretion, hyperglycemia, incident type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 1.46) and CVD (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.32). IL-1RA and hs-CRP were associated with adverse changes in insulin sensitivity and obesity-related traits and with total mortality (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.20; and hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.11, respectively). Conclusions Inflammatory markers differentially predicted changes in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. GlycA predicted impaired insulin secretion, and IL-1RA and hs-CRP predicted changes in insulin sensitivity. Combining the three markers improved the prediction of disease outcomes, suggesting that they capture different aspects of low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fizelova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Raimo Jauhiainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- School of Social and Community Medicine, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
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15
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Santos Ferreira DL, Williams DM, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Smith GD, Jarvelin MR, Lawlor DA. Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring metabolic profile: Analyses of 3 European prospective birth cohorts. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002376. [PMID: 28829768 PMCID: PMC5568725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high proportion of women start pregnancy overweight or obese. According to the developmental overnutrition hypothesis, this could lead offspring to have metabolic disruption throughout their lives and thus perpetuate the obesity epidemic across generations. Concerns about this hypothesis are influencing antenatal care. However, it is unknown whether maternal pregnancy adiposity is associated with long-term risk of adverse metabolic profiles in offspring, and if so, whether this association is causal, via intrauterine mechanisms, or explained by shared familial (genetic, lifestyle, socioeconomic) characteristics. We aimed to determine if associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) and offspring systemic cardio-metabolic profile are causal, via intrauterine mechanisms, or due to shared familial factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used 1- and 2-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis, and a negative-control (paternal BMI) to examine the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring serum metabolome from 3 European birth cohorts (offspring age at blood collection: 16, 17, and 31 years). Circulating metabolic traits were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. Results from 1-stage IPD meta-analysis (N = 5327 to 5377 mother-father-offspring trios) showed that increasing maternal and paternal BMI was associated with an adverse cardio-metabolic profile in offspring. We observed strong positive associations with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-lipoproteins, VLDL-cholesterol (C), VLDL-triglycerides, VLDL-diameter, branched/aromatic amino acids, glycoprotein acetyls, and triglycerides, and strong negative associations with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL-diameter, HDL-C, HDL2-C, and HDL3-C (all P < 0.003). Slightly stronger magnitudes of associations were present for maternal compared with paternal BMI across these associations; however, there was no strong statistical evidence for heterogeneity between them (all bootstrap P > 0.003, equivalent to P > 0.05 after accounting for multiple testing). Results were similar in each individual cohort, and in the 2-stage analysis. Offspring BMI showed similar patterns of cross-sectional association with metabolic profile as for parental pre-pregnancy BMI associations but with greater magnitudes. Adjustment of parental BMI-offspring metabolic traits associations for offspring BMI suggested the parental associations were largely due to the association of parental BMI with offspring BMI. Limitations of this study are that inferences cannot be drawn about the role of circulating maternal fetal fuels (i.e., glucose, lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids) on later offspring metabolic profile. In addition, BMI may not reflect potential effects of maternal pregnancy fat distribution. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that maternal BMI-offspring metabolome associations are likely to be largely due to shared genetic or familial lifestyle confounding rather than to intrauterine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Santos Ferreira
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan M. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life-Course Health Research and Northern Finland Cohort Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ahola-Olli A, Wurtz P, Kettunen J, Ala-Korpela M, Kangas A, Soininen P, Jokelainen J, Ronnemaa T, Viikari J, Lehtimaki T, Juonala M, Perola M, Jarvelin M, Salomaa V, Raitakari O. P5362Metabolomic signature of incident type 2 diabetes: evidence from NMR in over 18,000 individuals. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx493.p5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Nath AP, Ritchie SC, Byars SG, Fearnley LG, Havulinna AS, Joensuu A, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Wennerström A, Milani L, Metspalu A, Männistö S, Würtz P, Kettunen J, Raitoharju E, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Palotie A, Ala-Korpela M, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Abraham G, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Perola M, Inouye M. An interaction map of circulating metabolites, immune gene networks, and their genetic regulation. Genome Biol 2017; 18:146. [PMID: 28764798 PMCID: PMC5540552 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolism plays a central role in many cardiometabolic diseases. However, a robust map of immune-related gene networks in circulating human cells, their interactions with metabolites, and their genetic control is still lacking. Here, we integrate blood transcriptomic, metabolomic, and genomic profiles from two population-based cohorts (total N = 2168), including a subset of individuals with matched multi-omic data at 7-year follow-up. RESULTS We identify topologically replicable gene networks enriched for diverse immune functions including cytotoxicity, viral response, B cell, platelet, neutrophil, and mast cell/basophil activity. These immune gene modules show complex patterns of association with 158 circulating metabolites, including lipoprotein subclasses, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, small molecules, and CRP. Genome-wide scans for module expression quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) reveal five modules with mQTLs that have both cis and trans effects. The strongest mQTL is in ARHGEF3 (rs1354034) and affects a module enriched for platelet function, independent of platelet counts. Modules of mast cell/basophil and neutrophil function show temporally stable metabolite associations over 7-year follow-up, providing evidence that these modules and their constituent gene products may play central roles in metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, the strongest mQTL in ARHGEF3 also displays clear temporal stability, supporting widespread trans effects at this locus. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed map of natural variation at the blood immunometabolic interface and its genetic basis, and may facilitate subsequent studies to explain inter-individual variation in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artika P Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott C Ritchie
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean G Byars
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Anni Joensuu
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | | | - Lili Milani
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gad Abraham
- Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,Systems Genomics Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia. .,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Kim DS, Jackson AU, Li YK, Stringham HM, Kuusisto J, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Burant CF, Salomaa V, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Speliotes EK. Novel association of TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotype with increased serum tyrosine levels and decreased apoB-100 particles in Finns. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1471-1481. [PMID: 28539357 PMCID: PMC5496043 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p076034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A glutamate-to-lysine variant (rs58542926-T) in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) is associated with increased fatty liver disease and diabetes in conjunction with decreased cardiovascular disease risk. To identify mediators of the effects of TM6SF2, we tested for associations between rs58542926-T and serum lipoprotein/metabolite measures in cross-sectional data from nondiabetic statin-naïve participants. We identified independent associations between rs58542926-T and apoB-100 particles (β = -0.057 g/l, P = 1.99 × 10-14) and tyrosine levels (β = 0.0020 mmol/l, P = 1.10 × 10-8), controlling for potential confounders, in 6,929 Finnish men. The association between rs58542926-T and apoB-100 was confirmed in an independent sample of 2,196 Finnish individuals from the FINRISK study (βreplication = -0.029, Preplication = 0.029). Secondary analyses demonstrated an rs58542926-T dose-dependent decrease in particle concentration, cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) content for VLDL and LDL particles (P < 0.001 for all). No significant associations between rs58542926-T and HDL measures were observed. TM6SF2 SNP rs58542926-T and tyrosine levels were associated with increased incident T2D risk in both METSIM and FINRISK. Decreased liver production/secretion of VLDL, decreased cholesterol and TGs in VLDL/LDL particles in serum, and increased tyrosine levels identify possible mechanisms by which rs58542926-T exerts its effects on increasing risk of fatty liver disease, decreasing cardiovascular disease, and increasing diabetes risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seung Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yatong K. Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - FinMetSeq Investigators
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Marques FZ, Prestes PR, Byars SG, Ritchie SC, Würtz P, Patel SK, Booth SA, Rana I, Minoda Y, Berzins SP, Curl CL, Bell JR, Wai B, Srivastava PM, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ruohonen S, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitoharju E, Havulinna A, Perola M, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Ala-Korpela M, Kettunen J, McGlynn M, Kelly J, Wlodek ME, Lewandowski PA, Delbridge LM, Burrell LM, Inouye M, Harrap SB, Charchar FJ. Experimental and Human Evidence for Lipocalin-2 (Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin [NGAL]) in the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy and heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005971. [PMID: 28615213 PMCID: PMC5669193 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy increases the risk of developing heart failure and cardiovascular death. The neutrophil inflammatory protein, lipocalin-2 (LCN2/NGAL), is elevated in certain forms of cardiac hypertrophy and acute heart failure. However, a specific role for LCN2 in predisposition and etiology of hypertrophy and the relevant genetic determinants are unclear. Here, we defined the role of LCN2 in concentric cardiac hypertrophy in terms of pathophysiology, inflammatory expression networks, and genomic determinants. METHODS AND RESULTS We used 3 experimental models: a polygenic model of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, a model of intrauterine growth restriction and Lcn2-knockout mouse; cultured cardiomyocytes; and 2 human cohorts: 114 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 2064 healthy subjects of the YFS (Young Finns Study). In hypertrophic heart rats, cardiac and circulating Lcn2 was significantly overexpressed before, during, and after development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Lcn2 expression was increased in hypertrophic hearts in a model of intrauterine growth restriction, whereas Lcn2-knockout mice had smaller hearts. In cultured cardiomyocytes, Lcn2 activated molecular hypertrophic pathways and increased cell size, but reduced proliferation and cell numbers. Increased LCN2 was associated with cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. In the YFS, LCN2 expression was associated with body mass index and cardiac mass and with levels of inflammatory markers. The single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs13297295, located near LCN2 defined a significant cis-eQTL for LCN2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Direct effects of LCN2 on cardiomyocyte size and number and the consistent associations in experimental and human analyses reveal a central role for LCN2 in the ontogeny of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Z Marques
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean G Byars
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott C Ritchie
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sheila K Patel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A Booth
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Indrajeetsinh Rana
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yosuke Minoda
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L Curl
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R Bell
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan Wai
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyush M Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saku Ruohonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maree McGlynn
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Kelly
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lea M Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Systems Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Harrap
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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20
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Couto Alves A, Valcarcel B, Mäkinen VP, Morin-Papunen L, Sebert S, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Das S, De Iorio M, Coin L, Ala-Korpela M, Järvelin MR, Franks S. Metabolic profiling of polycystic ovary syndrome reveals interactions with abdominal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1331-1340. [PMID: 28546543 PMCID: PMC5578435 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive disorder associated with metabolic disturbances including obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Here we investigate whether changes in the metabolic profile of PCOS women are driven by increased tendency to obesity or are specific features of PCOS related to increased testosterone levels. Design and methods: We conducted an NMR metabolomics association study of PCOS cases (n=145) and controls (n=687) nested in a population-based birth cohort (n=3127). Subjects were 31 years old at examination. The main analyses were adjusted for waist circumference (WC) as a proxy measure of central obesity. Subsequently, metabolite concentrations were compared between cases and controls within pre-defined WC strata. In each stratum, additional metabolomics association analyses with testosterone levels were conducted separately among cases and controls. Results: Overall, women with PCOS showed more adverse metabolite profiles than the controls. Four lipid fractions in different subclasses of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were associated with PCOS, after adjusting for WC and correction for multiple testing (P<0.002). In stratified analysis the PCOS women within large WC strata (⩾98 cm) had significantly lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, Apo A1 and albumin values compared with the controls. Testosterone levels were significantly associated with VLDL and serum lipids in PCOS cases with large WC but not in the controls. The higher testosterone levels, adjusted for WC, associated adversely with insulin levels and HOMA IR in cases but not in the controls. Conclusions: Our findings show that both abdominal obesity and hyperandrogenism contribute to the dyslipidaemia and other metabolic traits of PCOS which all may negatively contribute to the long-term health of women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Valcarcel
- Rheumatology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - V-P Mäkinen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Center, Adelaide, Australia.,SAHMRI, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Computational Medicine, Center for Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Sebert
- Center for Life-Course Health Research, Northern Finland Cohort Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Center for Life-Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Soininen
- SAHMRI, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Das
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M De Iorio
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - L Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Ala-Korpela
- SAHMRI, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M-R Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life-Course Health Research, Northern Finland Cohort Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Org E, Blum Y, Kasela S, Mehrabian M, Kuusisto J, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Wang Z, Ala-Korpela M, Hazen SL, Laakso M, Lusis AJ. Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and metabolic syndrome traits in the METSIM cohort. Genome Biol 2017; 18:70. [PMID: 28407784 PMCID: PMC5390365 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome is a complex and metabolically active community that directly influences host phenotypes. In this study, we profile gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 531 well-phenotyped Finnish men from the Metabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study. RESULTS We investigate gut microbiota relationships with a variety of factors that have an impact on the development of metabolic and cardiovascular traits. We identify novel associations between gut microbiota and fasting serum levels of a number of metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, and glucose. In particular, we detect associations with fasting plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels, a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite associated with coronary artery disease and stroke. We further investigate the gut microbiota composition and microbiota-metabolite relationships in subjects with different body mass index and individuals with normal or altered oral glucose tolerance. Finally, we perform microbiota co-occurrence network analysis, which shows that certain metabolites strongly correlate with microbial community structure and that some of these correlations are specific for the pre-diabetic state. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies novel relationships between the composition of the gut microbiota and circulating metabolites and provides a resource for future studies to understand host-gut microbiota relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
| | - Yuna Blum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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22
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Koivisto H, Leinonen H, Puurula M, Hafez HS, Alquicer Barrera G, Stridh MH, Waagepetersen HS, Tiainen M, Soininen P, Zilberter Y, Tanila H. Corrigendum: Chronic Pyruvate Supplementation Increases Exploratory Activity and Brain Energy Reserves in Young and Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:67. [PMID: 28331485 PMCID: PMC5357803 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 41 in vol. 8, PMID: 27014054.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henri Leinonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Puurula
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hani S Hafez
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Malin H Stridh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuri Zilberter
- Institute de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S 1106 Marseille, France
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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23
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Paavola T, Kuusisto S, Jauhiainen M, Kakko S, Kangas-Kontio T, Metso J, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Bloigu R, Hannuksela ML, Savolainen MJ, Salonurmi T. Impaired HDL2-mediated cholesterol efflux is associated with metabolic syndrome in families with early onset coronary heart disease and low HDL-cholesterol level. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171993. [PMID: 28207870 PMCID: PMC5313225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The potential of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to facilitate cholesterol removal from arterial foam cells is a key function of HDL. We studied whether cholesterol efflux to serum and HDL subfractions is impaired in subjects with early coronary heart disease (CHD) or metabolic syndrome (MetS) in families where a low HDL-cholesterol level (HDL-C) predisposes to early CHD. Methods HDL subfractions were isolated from plasma by sequential ultracentrifugation. THP-1 macrophages loaded with acetyl-LDL were used in the assay of cholesterol efflux to total HDL, HDL2, HDL3 or serum. Results While cholesterol efflux to serum, total HDL and HDL3 was unchanged, the efflux to HDL2 was 14% lower in subjects with MetS than in subjects without MetS (p<0.001). The efflux to HDL2 was associated with components of MetS such as plasma HDL-C (r = 0.76 in men and r = 0.56 in women, p<0.001 for both). The efflux to HDL2 was reduced in men with early CHD (p<0.01) only in conjunction with their low HDL-C. The phospholipid content of HDL2 particles was a major correlate with the efflux to HDL2 (r = 0.70, p<0.001). A low ratio of HDL2 to total HDL was associated with MetS (p<0.001). Conclusion Our results indicate that impaired efflux to HDL2 is a functional feature of the low HDL-C state and MetS in families where these risk factors predispose to early CHD. The efflux to HDL2 related to the phospholipid content of HDL2 particles but the phospholipid content did not account for the impaired efflux in cardiometabolic disease, where a combination of low level and poor quality of HDL2 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Paavola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Kuusisto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Kakko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiia Kangas-Kontio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine & Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Risto Bloigu
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Minna L. Hannuksela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku J. Savolainen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuire Salonurmi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kaikkonen JE, Würtz P, Suomela E, Lehtovirta M, Kangas AJ, Jula A, Mikkilä V, Viikari JS, Juonala M, Rönnemaa T, Hutri‐Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Soininen P, Ala‐Korpela M, Raitakari OT. Metabolic profiling of fatty liver in young and middle-aged adults: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses of the Young Finns Study. Hepatology 2017; 65:491-500. [PMID: 27775848 PMCID: PMC5299457 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonalcoholic fatty liver is associated with obesity-related metabolic disturbances, but little is known about the metabolic perturbations preceding fatty liver disease. We performed comprehensive metabolic profiling to assess how circulating metabolites, such as lipoprotein lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, and glycolysis-related metabolites, reflect the presence of and future risk for fatty liver in young adults. Sixty-eight lipids and metabolites were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in the population-based Young Finns Study from serum collected in 2001 (n = 1,575), 2007 (n = 1,509), and 2011 (n = 2,002). Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasound in 2011 when participants were aged 34-49 years (19% prevalence). Cross-sectional associations as well as 4-year and 10-year risks for fatty liver were assessed by logistic regression. Metabolites across multiple pathways were strongly associated with the presence of fatty liver (P < 0.0007 for 60 measures in age-adjusted and sex-adjusted cross-sectional analyses). The strongest direct associations were observed for extremely large very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (odds ratio [OR] = 4.86 per 1 standard deviation, 95% confidence interval 3.48-6.78), other very-low-density lipoprotein measures, and branched-chain amino acids (e.g., leucine OR = 2.94, 2.51-3.44). Strong inverse associations were observed for high-density lipoprotein measures, e.g., high-density lipoprotein size (OR = 0.36, 0.30-0.42) and several fatty acids including omega-6 (OR = 0.37, 0.32-0.42). The metabolic associations were attenuated but remained significant after adjusting for waist, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking (P < 0.0007). Similar aberrations in the metabolic profile were observed already 10 years before fatty liver diagnosis. CONCLUSION Circulating lipids, fatty acids, and amino acids reflect fatty liver independently of routine metabolic risk factors; these metabolic aberrations appear to precede the development of fatty liver in young adults. (Hepatology 2017;65:491-500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E. Kaikkonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineKuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu and Biocenter OuluOuluFinland
| | - Emmi Suomela
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Miia Lehtovirta
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu and Biocenter OuluOuluFinland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and WelfareTurkuFinland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jorma S.A. Viikari
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Nina Hutri‐Kähönen
- Department of PediatricsTampere University Hospital and University of TampereTampereFinland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical PhysiologyTampere University Hospital and University of TampereTampereFinland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of MedicineUniversity of TampereTampereFinland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu and Biocenter OuluOuluFinland,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Mika Ala‐Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Oulu and Biocenter OuluOuluFinland,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of PharmacyUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,School of Social and Community MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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25
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Wahl S, Drong A, Lehne B, Loh M, Scott WR, Kunze S, Tsai PC, Ried JS, Zhang W, Yang Y, Tan S, Fiorito G, Franke L, Guarrera S, Kasela S, Kriebel J, Richmond RC, Adamo M, Afzal U, Ala-Korpela M, Albetti B, Ammerpohl O, Apperley JF, Beekman M, Bertazzi PA, Black SL, Blancher C, Bonder MJ, Brosch M, Carstensen-Kirberg M, de Craen AJM, de Lusignan S, Dehghan A, Elkalaawy M, Fischer K, Franco OH, Gaunt TR, Hampe J, Hashemi M, Isaacs A, Jenkinson A, Jha S, Kato N, Krogh V, Laffan M, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Mok ZY, Motta V, Ng HK, Nikolakopoulou Z, Nteliopoulos G, Panico S, Pervjakova N, Prokisch H, Rathmann W, Roden M, Rota F, Rozario MA, Sandling JK, Schafmayer C, Schramm K, Siebert R, Slagboom PE, Soininen P, Stolk L, Strauch K, Tai ES, Tarantini L, Thorand B, Tigchelaar EF, Tumino R, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn C, van Meurs JBJ, Vineis P, Wickremasinghe AR, Wijmenga C, Yang TP, Yuan W, Zhernakova A, Batterham RL, Smith GD, Deloukas P, Heijmans BT, Herder C, Hofman A, Lindgren CM, Milani L, van der Harst P, Peters A, Illig T, Relton CL, Waldenberger M, Järvelin MR, Bollati V, Soong R, Spector TD, Scott J, McCarthy MI, Elliott P, Bell JT, Matullo G, Gieger C, Kooner JS, Grallert H, Chambers JC. Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity. Nature 2016; 541:81-86. [PMID: 28002404 PMCID: PMC5570525 DOI: 10.1038/nature20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect ~1.5 billion people worldwide, and are major risk factors for type-2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease and related metabolic and inflammatory disturbances.1,2 Although the mechanisms linking adiposity to its clinical sequelae are poorly understood, recent studies suggest that adiposity may influence DNA methylation,3–6 a key regulator of gene expression and molecular phenotype.7 Here we use epigenome-wide association to show that body mass index (BMI, a key measure of adiposity) is associated with widespread changes in DNA methylation (187 genetic loci at P<1x10-7, range P=9.2x10-8 to 6.0x10-46; N=10,261 samples). Genetic association analyses demonstrate that the alterations in DNA methylation are predominantly the consequence of adiposity, rather than the cause. We find the methylation loci are enriched for functional genomic features in multiple tissues (P<0.05), and show that sentinel methylation markers identify gene expression signatures at 38 loci (P<9.0x10-6, range P=5.5x10-6 to 6.1x10-35, N=1,785 samples). The methylation loci identified highlight genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, substrate transport, and inflammatory pathways. Finally, we show that the disturbances in DNA methylation predict future type-2 diabetes (relative risk per 1SD increase in Methylation Risk Score: 2.3 [2.07-2.56]; P=1.1x10-54). Our results provide new insights into the biologic pathways influenced by adiposity, and may enable development of new strategies for prediction and prevention of type-2 diabetes and other adverse clinical consequences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wahl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Institute of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sonja Kunze
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Youwen Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sili Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simonetta Guarrera
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Marco Adamo
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Benedetta Albetti
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Lucas Black
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics-Oxford Genomic Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marc-Jan Bonder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Brosch
- Medical Department 1, University Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7PX, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Elkalaawy
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Surgery Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Hadara, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department 1, University Hospital of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Majid Hashemi
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Jenkinson
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, Max Healthcare, New Delhi 110 017, India
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 1628655, Japan
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Laffan
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuan Yu Mok
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valeria Motta
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Hong Kiat Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou
- Vascular Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartmento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia Federio II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Federica Rota
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michelle Ann Rozario
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johanna K Sandling
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel Campus, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ettje F Tigchelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civile-M.P. Arezzo' Hospital, ASP 7, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ananda Rajitha Wickremasinghe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, PO Box 6, Thalagolla Road, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.,The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- UCLH Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Weight Management and Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, University College London Hospitals, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK.,Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 15, D-30625 Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, PO Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Human Genetics Foundation-Torino, Torino, Italy.,Medical Sciences Department, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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26
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Raitoharju E, Seppälä I, Lyytikäinen LP, Viikari J, Ala-Korpela M, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Waldenberger M, Klopp N, Illig T, Leiviskä J, Loo BM, Oksala N, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Laaksonen R, Raitakari O, Lehtimäki T. Blood hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-885-5p levels associate with fatty liver and related lipoprotein metabolism-The Young Finns Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38262. [PMID: 27917915 PMCID: PMC5137183 DOI: 10.1038/srep38262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are involved in disease development and may be utilized as biomarkers. We investigated the association of blood miRNA levels and a) fatty liver (FL), b) lipoprotein and lipid pathways involved in liver lipid accumulation and c) levels of predicted mRNA targets in general population based cohort. Blood microRNA profiling (TaqMan OpenArray), genome-wide gene expression arrays and nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics were performed for Young Finns Study participants aged 34–49 years (n = 871). Liver fat status was assessed ultrasonographically. Levels of hsa-miR-122-5p and -885-5p were up-regulated in individuals with FL (fold change (FC) = 1.55, p = 1.36 * 10−14 and FC = 1.25, p = 4.86 * 10−4, respectively). In regression model adjusted with age, sex and BMI, hsa-miR-122-5p and -885-5p predicted FL (OR = 2.07, p = 1.29 * 10−8 and OR = 1.41, p = 0.002, respectively). Together hsa-miR-122-5p and -885-5p slightly improved the detection of FL beyond established risk factors. These miRNAs may be associated with FL formation through the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism as hsa-miR-122-5p levels associated with small VLDL, IDL, and large LDL lipoprotein subclass components, while hsa-miR-885-5p levels associated inversely with XL HDL cholesterol levels. Hsa-miR-885-5p levels correlated inversely with oxysterol-binding protein 2 (OSBPL2) expression (r = −0.143, p = 1.00 * 10−4) and suppressing the expression of this lipid receptor and sterol transporter could link hsa-miR-885-5p with HDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Division of Medicine Turku University Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Norman Klopp
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jaana Leiviskä
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Turku, Finland
| | - Britt-Marie Loo
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Turku, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre for Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Fimlab Laboratories, and University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
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27
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Preiss D, Rankin N, Welsh P, Holman RR, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Würtz P, Ala-Korpela M, Sattar N. Effect of metformin therapy on circulating amino acids in a randomized trial: the CAMERA study. Diabet Med 2016; 33:1569-1574. [PMID: 26887663 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether metformin therapy alters circulating aromatic and branched-chain amino acid concentrations, increased levels amino acid concentrations, increased levels of which have been found to predict Type 2 diabetes. METHODS In the Carotid Atherosclerosis: Metformin for Insulin Resistance (CAMERA) study (NCT00723307), 173 individuals without Type 2 diabetes, but with coronary disease, were randomized to metformin (n=86) or placebo (n=87) for 18 months. Plasma samples, taken every 6 months, were analysed using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ten metabolites consisting of eight amino acids [three branched-chain (isoleucine, leucine, valine), three aromatic (tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine) and two other amino acids (alanine, glutamine)], lactate and pyruvate were quantified and analysed using repeated-measures models. On-treatment analyses were conducted to investigate whether amino acid changes were dependent on changes in weight, fat mass or insulin resistance estimated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Tyrosine decreased [-6.1 μmol/l (95% CI -8.5, -3.7); P<0.0001], while alanine [42 umol/l (95% CI 25, 59); P<0.0001] increased in the metformin-treated group compared with the placebo-treated group. Decreases in phenylalanine [-2.0 μmol/l (95% CI -3.6, -0.3); P=0.018] and increases in histidine [2.3 μmol/l (95% CI 0.1, 4.6); P=0.045] were also observed in the metformin group, although these changes were less statistically robust. Changes in these four amino acids were not accounted for by changes in weight, fat mass or HOMA-IR values. Levels of branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate were not altered by metformin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Metformin therapy results in a sustained and specific pattern of changes in aromatic amino acid and alanine concentrations. These changes are independent of any effects on weight and insulin sensitivity. Any causal link to metformin's unexplained cardiometabolic benefit requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Preiss
- Clinical Trial Service and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - N Rankin
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Welsh
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R R Holman
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Soininen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Würtz
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Tamarov K, Xu W, Osminkina L, Zinovyev S, Soininen P, Kudryavtsev A, Gongalsky M, Gaydarova A, Närvänen A, Timoshenko V, Lehto VP. Temperature responsive porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer therapy - spatiotemporal triggering through infrared and radiofrequency electromagnetic heating. J Control Release 2016; 241:220-228. [PMID: 27686581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One critical functionality of the carrier system utilized in targeted drug delivery is its ability to trigger the release of the therapeutic cargo once the carrier has reached its target. External triggering is an alluring approach as it can be applied in a precise spatiotemporal manner. In the present study, we achieved external triggering through the porous silicon (PSi) nanoparticles (NPs) by providing a pulse of infrared or radiofrequency radiation. The NPs were grafted with a temperature responsive polymer whose critical temperature was tailored to be slightly above 37°C. The polymer coating improved the biocompatibility of the NPs significantly in comparison with their uncoated counterparts. Radiation induced a rapid temperature rise, which resulted in the collapse of the polymer chains facilitating the cargo release. Both infrared and radiofrequency radiation were able to efficiently trigger the release of the encapsulated drug in vitro and induce significant cell death in comparison to the control groups. Radiofrequency radiation was found to be more efficient in vitro, and the treatment efficacy was verified in vivo in a lung carcinoma (3LL) mice model. After a single intratumoral administration of the carrier system combined with radiofrequency radiation, there was clear suppression of the growth of the carcinoma and a prolongation of the survival time of the animals. TOC IMAGE The temperature responsive (TR) polymer grafted on the surface of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSi NPs) changes its conformation in response to the heating induced by infrared or radiofrequency radiation. The conformation change allows the loaded doxorubicin to escape from the pores, achieving controlled drug release from TR PSi NPs, which displayed efficacy against malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Tamarov
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wujun Xu
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Liubov Osminkina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Zinovyev
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia; Russian Cancer Research Blokhin Center, 115478, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pasi Soininen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrey Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of RAS, 142290, Pushino, Russia
| | - Maxim Gongalsky
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Azha Gaydarova
- Russian Scientific Center of Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology, 121099, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ale Närvänen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Victor Timoshenko
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, 119991, Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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29
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Vogt S, Wahl S, Kettunen J, Breitner S, Kastenmüller G, Gieger C, Suhre K, Waldenberger M, Kratzsch J, Perola M, Salomaa V, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Peters A, Grallert H, Ala-Korpela M, Thorand B. Characterization of the metabolic profile associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a cross-sectional analysis in population-based data. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1469-1481. [PMID: 27605587 PMCID: PMC5100623 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous observational studies have observed associations between vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic diseases, but these findings might be confounded by obesity. A characterization of the metabolic profile associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, in general and stratified by abdominal obesity, may help to untangle the relationship between vitamin D, obesity and cardiometabolic health. METHODS Serum metabolomics measurements were obtained from a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)- and a mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform. The discovery was conducted in 1726 participants of the population-based KORA-F4 study, in which the associations of the concentrations of 415 metabolites with 25(OH)D levels were assessed in linear models. The results were replicated in 6759 participants (NMR) and 609 (MS) participants, respectively, of the population-based FINRISK 1997 study. RESULTS Mean [standard deviation (SD)] 25(OH)D levels were 15.2 (7.5) ng/ml in KORA F4 and 13.8 (5.9) ng/ml in FINRISK 1997; 37 metabolites were associated with 25(OH)D in KORA F4 at P < 0.05/415. Of these, 30 associations were replicated in FINRISK 1997 at P < 0.05/37. Among these were constituents of (very) large very-low-density lipoprotein and small low-density lipoprotein subclasses and related measures like serum triglycerides as well as fatty acids and measures reflecting the degree of fatty acid saturation. The observed associations were independent of waist circumference and generally similar in abdominally obese and non-obese participants. CONCLUSIONS Independently of abdominal obesity, higher 25(OH)D levels were associated with a metabolite profile characterized by lower concentrations of atherogenic lipids and a higher degree of fatty acid polyunsaturation. These results indicate that the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic diseases is unlikely to merely reflect obesity-related pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogt
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Wahl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany and
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany and
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, .,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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30
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Beaney KE, Cooper JA, McLachlan S, Wannamethee SG, Jefferis BJ, Whincup P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Price JF, Kumari M, Wong A, Ong K, Hardy R, Kuh D, Kivimaki M, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Drenos F, Humphries SE. Variant rs10911021 that associates with coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes, is associated with lower concentrations of circulating HDL cholesterol and large HDL particles but not with amino acids. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:115. [PMID: 27549350 PMCID: PMC4994200 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS An intergenic locus on chromosome 1 (lead SNP rs10911021) was previously associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using data from the UCLEB consortium we investigated the relationship between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D, whether rs10911021 was associated with levels of amino acids involved in the γ-glutamyl cycle or any conventional risk factors (CRFs) for CHD in the T2D participants. METHODS Four UCLEB studies (n = 6531) had rs10911021 imputation, CHD in T2D, CRF and metabolomics data determined using a nuclear magnetic resonance based platform. RESULTS The expected direction of effect between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D was observed (1377 no CHD/160 CHD; minor allele OR 0.80, 95 % CI 0.60-1.06) although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). No association between rs10911021 and CHD was seen in non-T2D participants (11218 no CHD/1274 CHD; minor allele OR 1.00 95 % CIs 0.92-1.10). In T2D participants, while no associations were observed between rs10911021 and the nine amino acids measured, rs10911021 was associated with HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.0005) but the minor "protective" allele was associated with lower levels (-0.034 mmol/l per allele). Focusing more closely on the HDL-cholesterol subclasses measured, we observed that rs10911021 was associated with six large HDL particle measures in T2D (all p < 0.001). No significant associations were seen in non-T2D subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with a true association between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D. The protective minor allele was associated with lower HDL-cholesterol and reductions in HDL particle traits. Our results indicate a complex relationship between rs10911021 and CHD in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Beaney
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Goya Wannamethee
- UCL Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara J Jefferis
- UCL Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.,Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, University Street, London, UK
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Wang Q, Würtz P, Auro K, Morin-Papunen L, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Joensuu A, Havulinna AS, Aalto K, Salmi M, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Viikari J, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Jalkanen S, Järvelin MR, Perola M, Raitakari OT, Lawlor DA, Kettunen J, Ala-Korpela M. Effects of hormonal contraception on systemic metabolism: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1445-1457. [PMID: 27538888 PMCID: PMC5100613 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hormonal contraception is commonly used worldwide, but its systemic effects across lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acids, circulating metabolites and cytokines remain poorly understood. Methods: A comprehensive molecular profile (75 metabolic measures and 37 cytokines) was measured for up to 5841 women (age range 24–49 years) from three population-based cohorts. Women using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) or progestin-only contraceptives (POCs) were compared with those who did not use hormonal contraception. Metabolomics profiles were reassessed for 869 women after 6 years to uncover the metabolic effects of starting, stopping and persistently using hormonal contraception. Results: The comprehensive molecular profiling allowed multiple new findings on the metabolic associations with the use of COCPs. They were positively associated with lipoprotein subclasses, including all high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses. The associations with fatty acids and amino acids were strong and variable in direction. COCP use was negatively associated with albumin and positively associated with creatinine and inflammatory markers, including glycoprotein acetyls and several growth factors and interleukins. Our findings also confirmed previous results e.g. for increased circulating triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. Starting COCPs caused similar metabolic changes to those observed cross-sectionally: the changes were maintained in consistent users and normalized in those who stopped using. In contrast, POCs were only weakly associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers. Results were consistent across all cohorts and for different COCP preparations and different types of POC delivery. Conclusions: Use of COCPs causes widespread metabolic and inflammatory effects. However, persistent use does not appear to accumulate the effects over time and the metabolic perturbations are reversed upon discontinuation. POCs have little effect on systemic metabolism and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Laure Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anni Joensuu
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland, mika.ala-korpela@com.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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32
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Würtz P, Cook S, Wang Q, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Laitinen J, Viikari J, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Männistö S, Salomaa V, Järvelin MR, Raitakari OT, Ala-Korpela M, Leon DA. Metabolic profiling of alcohol consumption in 9778 young adults. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1493-1506. [PMID: 27494945 PMCID: PMC5100616 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High alcohol consumption is a major cause of morbidity, yet alcohol is associated with both favourable and adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk markers. We aimed to characterize the associations of usual alcohol consumption with a comprehensive systemic metabolite profile in young adults. Methods: Cross-sectional associations of alcohol intake with 86 metabolic measures were assessed for 9778 individuals from three population-based cohorts from Finland (age 24–45 years, 52% women). Metabolic changes associated with change in alcohol intake during 6-year follow-up were further examined for 1466 individuals. Alcohol intake was assessed by questionnaires. Circulating lipids, fatty acids and metabolites were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and biochemical assays. Results: Increased alcohol intake was associated with cardiometabolic risk markers across multiple metabolic pathways, including higher lipid concentrations in HDL subclasses and smaller LDL particle size, increased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and decreased proportion of omega-6 fatty acids, lower concentrations of glutamine and citrate (P < 0.001 for 56 metabolic measures). Many metabolic biomarkers displayed U-shaped associations with alcohol consumption. Results were coherent for men and women, consistent across the three cohorts and similar if adjusting for body mass index, smoking and physical activity. The metabolic changes accompanying change in alcohol intake during follow-up resembled the cross-sectional association pattern (R2 = 0.83, slope = 0.72 ± 0.04). Conclusions: Alcohol consumption is associated with a complex metabolic signature, including aberrations in multiple biomarkers for elevated cardiometabolic risk. The metabolic signature tracks with long-term changes in alcohol consumption. These results elucidate the double-edged effects of alcohol on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sarah Cook
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Division of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,University of Tartu, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A Leon
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Community Medicine, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Cichonska A, Rousu J, Marttinen P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Järvelin MR, Salomaa V, Ala-Korpela M, Ripatti S, Pirinen M. metaCCA: summary statistics-based multivariate meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies using canonical correlation analysis. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:1981-9. [PMID: 27153689 PMCID: PMC4920109 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION A dominant approach to genetic association studies is to perform univariate tests between genotype-phenotype pairs. However, analyzing related traits together increases statistical power, and certain complex associations become detectable only when several variants are tested jointly. Currently, modest sample sizes of individual cohorts, and restricted availability of individual-level genotype-phenotype data across the cohorts limit conducting multivariate tests. RESULTS We introduce metaCCA, a computational framework for summary statistics-based analysis of a single or multiple studies that allows multivariate representation of both genotype and phenotype. It extends the statistical technique of canonical correlation analysis to the setting where original individual-level records are not available, and employs a covariance shrinkage algorithm to achieve robustness.Multivariate meta-analysis of two Finnish studies of nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics by metaCCA, using standard univariate output from the program SNPTEST, shows an excellent agreement with the pooled individual-level analysis of original data. Motivated by strong multivariate signals in the lipid genes tested, we envision that multivariate association testing using metaCCA has a great potential to provide novel insights from already published summary statistics from high-throughput phenotyping technologies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Code is available at https://github.com/aalto-ics-kepaco CONTACTS anna.cichonska@helsinki.fi or matti.pirinen@helsinki.fi SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cichonska
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Juho Rousu
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Pekka Marttinen
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Centre for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Drenos F, Davey Smith G, Ala-Korpela M, Kettunen J, Würtz P, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Dale C, Lawlor DA, Gaunt TR, Casas JP, Timpson NJ. Metabolic Characterization of a Rare Genetic Variation Within APOC3 and Its Lipoprotein Lipase-Independent Effects. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2016; 9:231-9. [PMID: 27114411 PMCID: PMC4920206 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma triglyceride levels have been implicated in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3) plays a key role in the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to remnant particles by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and their uptake by the liver. A rare variant in APOC3(rs138326449) has been associated with triglyceride, very low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein levels, as well as risk of coronary heart disease. We aimed to characterize the impact of this locus across a broad set of mainly lipids-focused metabolic measures. METHODS AND RESULTS A high-throughput serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics platform was used to quantify 225 metabolic measures in 13 285 participants from 2 European population cohorts. We analyzed the effect of the APOC3 variant on the metabolic measures and used the common LPL(rs12678919) polymorphism to test for LPL-independent effects. Eighty-one metabolic measures showed evidence of association with APOC3(rs138326449). In addition to previously reported triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein associations, the variant was also associated with very low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein composition measures, other cholesterol measures, and fatty acids. Comparison of the APOC3 and LPL associations revealed that APOC3 association results for medium and very large very low-density lipoprotein composition are unlikely to be solely predictable by the action of APOC3 through LPL. CONCLUSIONS We characterized the effects of the rare APOC3(rs138326449) loss of function mutation in lipoprotein metabolism, as well as the effects of LPL(rs12678919). Our results improve our understanding of the role of APOC3 in triglyceride metabolism, its LPL independent action, and the complex and correlated nature of human metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Drenos
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.).
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Peter Würtz
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Pasi Soininen
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Antti J Kangas
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Caroline Dale
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Juan-Pablo Casas
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.)
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- From the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol (F.D., G.D.S., M.A.-K., D.A.L., T.R.G., N.J.T.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom (F.D., C.D., J.-P.C.); Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu & Biocenter Oulu, Oulu (M.A.-K., J.K., P.W., P.S., A.J.K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (M.A.-K., J.K., P.S.); Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.K.); and Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (C.D., J.-P.C.).
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Kettunen J, Demirkan A, Würtz P, Draisma HHM, Haller T, Rawal R, Vaarhorst A, Kangas AJ, Lyytikäinen LP, Pirinen M, Pool R, Sarin AP, Soininen P, Tukiainen T, Wang Q, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Amin N, Zeller T, Beekman M, Deelen J, van Dijk KW, Esko T, Hottenga JJ, van Leeuwen EM, Lehtimäki T, Mihailov E, Rose RJ, de Craen AJM, Gieger C, Kähönen M, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Savolainen MJ, Verhoeven A, Viikari J, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, van Duijn CM, Eriksson J, Jula A, Järvelin MR, Kaprio J, Metspalu A, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Slagboom PE, Waldenberger M, Ripatti S, Ala-Korpela M. Genome-wide study for circulating metabolites identifies 62 loci and reveals novel systemic effects of LPA. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11122. [PMID: 27005778 PMCID: PMC4814583 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci linked with complex
diseases, for which the molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Comprehensive
molecular profiling of circulating metabolites captures highly heritable traits,
which can help to uncover metabolic pathophysiology underlying established disease
variants. We conduct an extended genome-wide association study of genetic influences
on 123 circulating metabolic traits quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance
metabolomics from up to 24,925 individuals and identify eight novel loci for amino
acids, pyruvate and fatty acids. The LPA locus link with cardiovascular risk
exemplifies how detailed metabolic profiling may inform underlying aetiology via
extensive associations with very-low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride
metabolism. Genetic fine mapping and Mendelian randomization uncover wide-spread
causal effects of lipoprotein(a) on overall lipoprotein metabolism and we assess
potential pleiotropic consequences of genetically elevated lipoprotein(a) on diverse
morbidities via electronic health-care records. Our findings strengthen the argument
for safe LPA-targeted intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Circulating metabolites reflect human health and disease. Here,
Kettunen et al. perform a genome-wide association study on 123 circulating
metabolic traits and identify novel genetic loci influencing systemic metabolism. They
also link new molecular pathways with a known cardiovascular risk factor
Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Harmen H M Draisma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anika Vaarhorst
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 0330, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of general and interventional Cardiology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone C7-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere, University Hospital, PO Box 2000, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic of general and interventional Cardiology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu FI-90220, Finland
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, PB 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Room 2B-29, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, PL 20, Tukholmankatu 8B, Helsinki 00029, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors Universitet, PB 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Center for Life Course and Systems Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PL 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, OYS, Oulu 90029, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166), Helsinki 00300, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20521, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Biomedicum 2, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Kuopio 70210, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, Oulu 90220, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
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Koivisto H, Leinonen H, Puurula M, Hafez HS, Barrera GA, Stridh MH, Waagepetersen HS, Tiainen M, Soininen P, Zilberter Y, Tanila H. Chronic Pyruvate Supplementation Increases Exploratory Activity and Brain Energy Reserves in Young and Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:41. [PMID: 27014054 PMCID: PMC4794631 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported neuroprotective effects of pyruvate when given in systemic injections. Impaired glucose uptake and metabolism are found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD mouse models. We tested whether dietary pyruvate supplementation is able to provide added energy supply to brain and thereby attenuate aging- or AD-related cognitive impairment. Mice received ~800 mg/kg/day Na-pyruvate in their chow for 2-6 months. In middle-aged wild-type mice and in 6.5-month-old APP/PS1 mice, pyruvate facilitated spatial learning and increased exploration of a novel odor. However, in passive avoidance task for fear memory, the treatment group was clearly impaired. Independent of age, long-term pyruvate increased explorative behavior, which likely explains the paradoxical impairment in passive avoidance. We also assessed pyruvate effects on body weight, muscle force, and endurance, and found no effects. Metabolic postmortem assays revealed increased energy compounds in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as increased brain glycogen storages in the pyruvate group. Pyruvate supplementation may counteract aging-related behavioral impairment, but its beneficial effect seems related to increased explorative activity rather than direct memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henri Leinonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mari Puurula
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Hani Sayed Hafez
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University , Suez , Egypt
| | | | - Malin H Stridh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mika Tiainen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Yuri Zilberter
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale UMR_S 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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37
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Bogl LH, Kaye SM, Rämö JT, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Ortega-Alonso A, Rissanen A, Ala-Korpela M, Kaprio J, Pietiläinen KH. Abdominal obesity and circulating metabolites: A twin study approach. Metabolism 2016; 65:111-21. [PMID: 26892522 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how obesity, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation link to circulating metabolites, and whether the connections are due to genetic or environmental factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Circulating serum metabolites were determined by proton NMR spectroscopy. Data from 1368 (531 monozygotic (MZ) and 837 dizygotic (DZ)) twins were used for bivariate twin modeling to derive the genetic (rg) and environmental (re) correlations between waist circumference (WC) and serum metabolites. Detailed examination of the associations between fat distribution (DEXA) and metabolic health (HOMA-IR, CRP) was performed among 286 twins including 33 BMI-discordant MZ pairs (intrapair BMI difference ≥3 kg/m(2)). RESULTS Fat, especially in the abdominal area (i.e. WC, android fat % and android to gynoid fat ratio), together with HOMA-IR and CRP correlated significantly with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile, higher levels of branched-chain (BCAA) and aromatic amino acids, higher levels of glycoprotein, and a more saturated fatty acid profile. In contrast, a higher proportion of gynoid to total fat associated with a favorable metabolite profile. There was a significant genetic overlap between WC and several metabolites, most strongly with phenylalanine (rg=0.40), glycoprotein (rg=0.37), serum triglycerides (rg=0.36), BCAAs (rg=0.30-0.40), HDL particle diameter (rg=-0.33) and HDL cholesterol (rg=-0.30). The effect of acquired obesity within the discordant MZ pairs was particularly strong for atherogenic lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of unfavorable alterations in the serum metabolome was associated with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. Twin modeling and obesity-discordant twin analysis suggest that these associations are partly explained by shared genes but also reflect mechanisms independent of genetic liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie H Bogl
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanna M Kaye
- Obesity Research Unit, Research programs unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel T Rämö
- Obesity Research Unit, Research programs unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research programs unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research programs unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Kaikkonen JE, Kresanov P, Ahotupa M, Jula A, Mikkilä V, Viikari JSA, Juonala M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Raitakari OT. Longitudinal study of circulating oxidized LDL and HDL and fatty liver: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:396-404. [PMID: 26695550 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1133906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative reactions are thought to play a role in the inflammatory condition called fatty liver. It is unclear whether oxidized lipoprotein lipids or proteins are associated with future fatty liver. In the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we determined the circulating levels of LDL and HDL oxidized lipids and studied their associations with fatty liver assessed by ultrasonography. There were 1286 middle-aged subjects with normal liver and 288 subjects with fatty liver. Analysis of oxidized lipids consisted of conjugated dienes in isolated HDL (oxHDLlipids) and LDL (oxLDLlipids). Oxidized LDL was also measured with a method based on antibodies against oxidized apolipoprotein B (oxLDLprot). After adjustment for age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol as well as particle concentrations, participants with elevated oxLDLlipids (odds ratio for 1-SD change in oxLDLlipids = 1.27, p =0.011) had an increased risk for fatty liver. Similarly, a high oxidation score (oxLDLlipids + oxLDLprot) was directly associated with fatty liver (odds ratio=1.34, p = 0.012). The strongest direct association was seen with a high oxLDLlipids/oxHDLlipids ratio (odds ratio=1.49, p = 0.001). These data suggest that oxidized lipoprotein lipids are linked with the risk of fatty liver in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Kaikkonen
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Petri Kresanov
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- b National Institute for Health and Welfare , Turku , Finland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,c Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- d Department of Medicine , University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- d Department of Medicine , University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland ;,e Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- f Department of Pediatrics , Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- g Department of Clinical Physiology , Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- h Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland ;,j NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland ;,j NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland ;,k Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom ;,l Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,m Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
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Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Würtz P, Suna T, Ala-Korpela M. Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in cardiovascular epidemiology and genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:192-206. [PMID: 25691689 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is becoming common in epidemiology due to recent developments in quantitative profiling technologies and appealing results from their applications for understanding health and disease. Our team has developed an automated high-throughput serum NMR metabolomics platform that provides quantitative molecular data on 14 lipoprotein subclasses, their lipid concentrations and composition, apolipoprotein A-I and B, multiple cholesterol and triglyceride measures, albumin, various fatty acids as well as on numerous low-molecular-weight metabolites, including amino acids, glycolysis related measures and ketone bodies. The molar concentrations of these measures are obtained from a single serum sample with costs comparable to standard lipid measurements. We have analyzed almost 250 000 samples from around 100 epidemiological cohorts and biobanks and the new international set-up of multiple platforms will allow an annual throughput of more than 250 000 samples. The molecular data have been used to study type 1 and type 2 diabetes etiology as well as to characterize the molecular reflections of the metabolic syndrome, long-term physical activity, diet and lipoprotein metabolism. The results have revealed new biomarkers for early atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. We have also combined genomics and metabolomics in diverse studies. We envision that quantitative high-throughput NMR metabolomics will be incorporated as a routine in large biobanks; this would make perfect sense both from the biological research and cost point of view - the standard output of over 200 molecular measures would vastly extend the relevance of the sample collections and make many separate clinical chemistry assays redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Soininen
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Antti J Kangas
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Peter Würtz
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Teemu Suna
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.)
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- From the Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (P.S., A.J.K., P.W., T.S., M.A.-K.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (P.S., M.A.-K.); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (M.A.-K.); and Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (M.A.-K.).
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40
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Roman TS, Marvelle AF, Fogarty MP, Vadlamudi S, Gonzalez AJ, Buchkovich ML, Huyghe JR, Fuchsberger C, Jackson AU, Wu Y, Civelek M, Lusis AJ, Gaulton KJ, Sethupathy P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Kuusisto J, Collins FS, Laakso M, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL. Multiple Hepatic Regulatory Variants at the GALNT2 GWAS Locus Associated with High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:801-15. [PMID: 26637976 PMCID: PMC4678431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 150 loci associated with blood lipid and cholesterol levels; however, the functional and molecular mechanisms for many associations are unknown. We examined the functional regulatory effects of candidate variants at the GALNT2 locus associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Fine-mapping and conditional analyses in the METSIM study identified a single locus harboring 25 noncoding variants (r(2) > 0.7 with the lead GWAS variants) strongly associated with total cholesterol in medium-sized HDL (e.g., rs17315646, p = 3.5 × 10(-12)). We used luciferase reporter assays in HepG2 cells to test all 25 variants for allelic differences in regulatory enhancer activity. rs2281721 showed allelic differences in transcriptional activity (75-fold [T] versus 27-fold [C] more than the empty-vector control), as did a separate 780-bp segment containing rs4846913, rs2144300, and rs6143660 (49-fold [AT(-) haplotype] versus 16-fold [CC(+) haplotype] more). Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we observed differential CEBPB binding to rs4846913, and we confirmed this binding in a native chromatin context by performing chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays in HepG2 and Huh-7 cell lines of differing genotypes. Additionally, sequence reads in HepG2 DNase-I-hypersensitivity and CEBPB ChIP-seq signals spanning rs4846913 showed significant allelic imbalance. Allelic-expression-imbalance assays performed with RNA from primary human hepatocyte samples and expression-quantitative-trait-locus (eQTL) data in human subcutaneous adipose tissue samples confirmed that alleles associated with increased HDL-C are associated with a modest increase in GALNT2 expression. Together, these data suggest that at least rs4846913 and rs2281721 play key roles in influencing GALNT2 expression at this HDL-C locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S Roman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda F Marvelle
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marie P Fogarty
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Swarooparani Vadlamudi
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arlene J Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Deparment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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41
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Ritchie SC, Würtz P, Nath AP, Abraham G, Havulinna AS, Fearnley LG, Sarin AP, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Aalto K, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, Salmi M, Maksimow M, Männistö S, Kähönen M, Juonala M, Ripatti S, Lehtimäki T, Jalkanen S, Perola M, Raitakari O, Salomaa V, Ala-Korpela M, Kettunen J, Inouye M. The Biomarker GlycA Is Associated with Chronic Inflammation and Predicts Long-Term Risk of Severe Infection. Cell Syst 2015; 1:293-301. [PMID: 27136058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biomarker glycoprotein acetylation (GlycA) has been shown to predict risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Here, we characterize biological processes associated with GlycA by leveraging population-based omics data and health records from >10,000 individuals. Our analyses show that GlycA levels are chronic within individuals for up to a decade. In apparently healthy individuals, elevated GlycA corresponded to elevation of myriad inflammatory cytokines, as well as a gene coexpression network indicative of increased neutrophil activity, suggesting that individuals with high GlycA may be in a state of chronic inflammatory response. Accordingly, analysis of infection-related hospitalization and death records showed that increased GlycA increased long-term risk of severe non-localized and respiratory infections, particularly septicaemia and pneumonia. In total, our work demonstrates that GlycA is a biomarker for chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and risk of future severe infection. It also illustrates the utility of leveraging multi-layered omics data and health records to elucidate the molecular and cellular processes associated with biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Ritchie
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Artika P Nath
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Gad Abraham
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aalto
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Mikael Maksimow
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| | - Michael Inouye
- Centre for Systems Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
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42
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Männistö VT, Simonen M, Hyysalo J, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Kaminska D, Matte AK, Venesmaa S, Käkelä P, Kärjä V, Arola J, Gylling H, Cederberg H, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Yki-Järvinen H, Ala-Korpela M, Pihlajamäki J. Ketone body production is differentially altered in steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese humans. Liver Int 2015; 35:1853-61. [PMID: 25533197 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Levels of ketone bodies have been reported to be both increased and decreased in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We investigated whether the metabolism of ketone bodies is different in simple steatosis and in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Serum low molecular weight molecules including ketone bodies were measured using high-throughput proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance in 116 (76 categorized unequivocally to those with normal liver, simple steatosis or NASH) morbidly obese individuals [age 47.3 ± 8.7 (mean ± SD) years, body mass index 45.1 ± 6.1 kg/m(2) , 39 men and 77 women] with histological assessment of NASH and analysis of gene expression in the liver. Finally, we correlated β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) levels with NASH predicting score in Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) population study (n = 8749 non-diabetic men). RESULTS Levels of ketone bodies were lower in individuals with NASH compared to individuals with simple steatosis (P = 0.004 and P = 0.018 for β-OHB and acetoacetate respectively). Lower levels of β-OHB were associated with the NASH predicting score in the METSIM study (P = 0.001). Liver inflammation correlated with mRNA expression of genes regulating ketolysis in the liver (Spearman correlation 0.379-0.388, P < 0.0006 for ACAT1, ACSS2 and BDH1). CONCLUSION Lower levels of ketone bodies in individuals with NASH compared to individuals with simple steatosis suggest a decrease in ketone body metabolism in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville T Männistö
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Simonen
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Hyysalo
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki and Minerva Medical Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ananda K Matte
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Venesmaa
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirjo Käkelä
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- Department of Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, The Laboratory of Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helinski, Finland
| | - Helena Gylling
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Cederberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki and Minerva Medical Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine & Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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43
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Chambers JC, Loh M, Lehne B, Drong A, Kriebel J, Motta V, Wahl S, Elliott HR, Rota F, Scott WR, Zhang W, Tan ST, Campanella G, Chadeau-Hyam M, Yengo L, Richmond RC, Adamowicz-Brice M, Afzal U, Bozaoglu K, Mok ZY, Ng HK, Pattou F, Prokisch H, Rozario MA, Tarantini L, Abbott J, Ala-Korpela M, Albetti B, Ammerpohl O, Bertazzi PA, Blancher C, Caiazzo R, Danesh J, Gaunt TR, de Lusignan S, Gieger C, Illig T, Jha S, Jones S, Jowett J, Kangas AJ, Kasturiratne A, Kato N, Kotea N, Kowlessur S, Pitkäniemi J, Punjabi P, Saleheen D, Schafmayer C, Soininen P, Tai ES, Thorand B, Tuomilehto J, Wickremasinghe AR, Kyrtopoulos SA, Aitman TJ, Herder C, Hampe J, Cauchi S, Relton CL, Froguel P, Soong R, Vineis P, Jarvelin MR, Scott J, Grallert H, Bollati V, Elliott P, McCarthy MI, Kooner JS. Epigenome-wide association of DNA methylation markers in peripheral blood from Indian Asians and Europeans with incident type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:526-534. [PMID: 26095709 PMCID: PMC4724884 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indian Asians, who make up a quarter of the world's population, are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether DNA methylation is associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence in Indian Asians and whether differences in methylation patterns between Indian Asians and Europeans are associated with, and could be used to predict, differences in the magnitude of risk of developing type 2 diabetes. METHODS We did a nested case-control study of DNA methylation in Indian Asians and Europeans with incident type 2 diabetes who were identified from the 8-year follow-up of 25 372 participants in the London Life Sciences Prospective Population (LOLIPOP) study. Patients were recruited between May 1, 2002, and Sept 12, 2008. We did epigenome-wide association analysis using samples from Indian Asians with incident type 2 diabetes and age-matched and sex-matched Indian Asian controls, followed by replication testing of top-ranking signals in Europeans. For both discovery and replication, DNA methylation was measured in the baseline blood sample, which was collected before the onset of type 2 diabetes. Epigenome-wide significance was set at p<1 × 10(-7). We compared methylation levels between Indian Asian and European controls without type 2 diabetes at baseline to estimate the potential contribution of DNA methylation to increased risk of future type 2 diabetes incidence among Indian Asians. FINDINGS 1608 (11·9%) of 13 535 Indian Asians and 306 (4·3%) of 7066 Europeans developed type 2 diabetes over a mean of 8·5 years (SD 1·8) of follow-up. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3·1 times (95% CI 2·8-3·6; p<0·0001) higher among Indian Asians than among Europeans, and remained 2·5 times (2·1-2·9; p<0·0001) higher after adjustment for adiposity, physical activity, family history of type 2 diabetes, and baseline glycaemic measures. The mean absolute difference in methylation level between type 2 diabetes cases and controls ranged from 0·5% (SD 0·1) to 1·1% (0·2). Methylation markers at five loci were associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence; the relative risk per 1% increase in methylation was 1·09 (95% CI 1·07-1·11; p=1·3 × 10(-17)) for ABCG1, 0·94 (0·92-0·95; p=4·2 × 10(-11)) for PHOSPHO1, 0·94 (0·92-0·96; p=1·4 × 10(-9)) for SOCS3, 1·07 (1·04-1·09; p=2·1 × 10(-10)) for SREBF1, and 0·92 (0·90-0·94; p=1·2 × 10(-17)) for TXNIP. A methylation score combining results for the five loci was associated with future type 2 diabetes incidence (relative risk quartile 4 vs quartile 1 3·51, 95% CI 2·79-4·42; p=1·3 × 10(-26)), and was independent of established risk factors. Methylation score was higher among Indian Asians than Europeans (p=1 × 10(-34)). INTERPRETATION DNA methylation might provide new insights into the pathways underlying type 2 diabetes and offer new opportunities for risk stratification and prevention of type 2 diabetes among Indian Asians. FUNDING The European Union, the UK National Institute for Health Research, the Wellcome Trust, the UK Medical Research Council, Action on Hearing Loss, the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Oak Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, the German Research Center for Environmental Health, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Center for Diabetes Research, the Munich Center for Health Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Research of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, and the German Federal Ministry of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chambers
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Marie Loh
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Alexander Drong
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Jennifer Kriebel
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Valeria Motta
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Simone Wahl
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Hannah R Elliott
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Federica Rota
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - William R Scott
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Weihua Zhang
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Gianluca Campanella
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Loic Yengo
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Martyna Adamowicz-Brice
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Uzma Afzal
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Kiymet Bozaoglu
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Zuan Yu Mok
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Hong Kiat Ng
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - François Pattou
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Holger Prokisch
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Michelle Ann Rozario
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Letizia Tarantini
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - James Abbott
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Benedetta Albetti
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Pier Alberto Bertazzi
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Christine Blancher
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - John Danesh
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Christian Gieger
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Thomas Illig
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Sujeet Jha
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Simon Jones
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Jeremy Jowett
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Antti J Kangas
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Anuradhani Kasturiratne
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Norihiro Kato
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Navaratnam Kotea
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Sudhir Kowlessur
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Prakash Punjabi
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Danish Saleheen
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Pasi Soininen
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Barbara Thorand
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Ananda Rajitha Wickremasinghe
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Soterios A Kyrtopoulos
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Timothy J Aitman
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Christian Herder
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Jochen Hampe
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Caroline L Relton
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Philippe Froguel
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Richie Soong
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Paolo Vineis
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - James Scott
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Harald Grallert
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Valentina Bollati
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Paul Elliott
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- (J C Chambers PhD, M Loh PhD, B Lehne PhD, W R Scott MRCP, W Zhang PhD, G Campanella MSc, M Chadeau-Hyam PhD, U Afzal MRCP, Prof P Froguel PhD, Prof P Vineis MD, Prof M-R Jarvelin PhD, Prof P Elliott PhD) (J C Chambers, Prof M-R Jarvelin, Prof P Elliott, Prof J S Kooner FRCP) (W R Scott, S-T Tan MRCP, Prof J Scott PhD, Prof J S Kooner) (J Abbott PhD) (J C Chambers, W Zhang, S-T Tan, U Afzal, Prof J S Kooner) (J C Chambers, P Punjabi FRCS, Prof J S Kooner) (M Loh) (C Blancher PhD) (A Drong PhD, Prof M I McCarthy MD) (Prof M I McCarthy) (J Kriebel PhD, S Wahl MSc, C Gieger PhD, H Grallert PhD) (C Gieger) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, C Gieger, B Thorand PhD, H Grallert) (H Prokisch PhD) (J Kriebel, S Wahl, B Thorand, H Grallert) (V Motta PhD, F Rota PhD, L Tarantini PhD, B Albetti PhD, Prof P A Bertazzi MD, V Bollati PhD) (Prof M Ala-Korpela PhD) (H R Elliott Dip Biol, R C Richmond BA, R Caiazzo PhD, T R Gaunt FRCP, Prof C L Relton PhD) (L Yengo PhD, Prof F Pattou PhD, R Caiazzo, S Cauchi PhD, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (L Yengo, Prof F Pattou, S Cauchi, Prof P Froguel) (M Adamowicz-Brice PhD, Prof T J Aitman PhD) (K Bozaoglu PhD, R Caiazzo, J Jowett PhD) (Z Y Mok BSc, H K Ng BSc, M A Rozario BSc, R Soong PhD) (E-S Tai PhD) (E-S Tai) (Prof F Pattou) (H Prokisch) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, A J Kangas MSc, P Soininen PhD) (M Loh, Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela, P Soininen) (Prof M-R Jarvelin) (Prof M Ala-Korpela) (Prof O Ammerpohl PhD) (Prof C Schafmayer MD) (Prof J Danesh FRCP) (Prof S de Lusignan PhD, Prof S Jones PhD) (Prof T Illig PhD) (S Jha MRCP) (A Kasturiratne MD, Prof A R Wickremasinghe PhD) (N Kato PhD) (N Kotea PhD) (S Kowlessur Dip Pub Health Admin) (J Pitkäniemi PhD) (Prof J Tuomilehto PhD) (J Pitkäniemi) (D Saleheen PhD) (D Saleheen) (D Saleheen) (E-S Tai) (Prof S A Kyrtopoulos PhD) (C Herder PhD) (C Herder) (Prof J Hampe MD) (R Soong) (Prof P Vineis) (Prof M I McCarthy)
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44
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Wang Q, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Puukka K, Ruokonen A, Viikari J, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Salomaa V, Perola M, Davey Smith G, Raitakari OT, Järvelin MR, Würtz P, Kettunen J, Ala-Korpela M. Sex hormone-binding globulin associations with circulating lipids and metabolites and the risk for type 2 diabetes: observational and causal effect estimates. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:623-37. [PMID: 26050255 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal role of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) for type 2 diabetes is controversial. Information on the relations between SHBG and new biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk is scarce. METHODS We applied quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in three Finnish population-based cohorts to comprehensively profile circulating lipids and metabolites and study their associations with SHBG. Mendelian randomization was used to examine potential causality of SHBG on the metabolic measures and insulin resistance. Prospective associations and causal effect estimates of SHBG on type 2 diabetes were assessed via meta-analysis including summary statistics from the DIAGRAM consortium. RESULTS In cross-sectional analysis in 6475 young adults (mean age 31, 57% men), higher SHBG was linked with a more favourable cardiometabolic risk profile, including associations with lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acid composition, amino acids, ketone bodies and inflammation-linked glycoproteins. Prospective analysis of 1377 young adults with 6-year follow-up indicated that SHBG is also associated with future insulin resistance. Mendelian randomization suggested only minor, if any, causal effects of SHBG on lipid and metabolite measures and insulin resistance(n = 10,895).Causal effect estimates on type 2 diabetes for 41,439 cases and 103,870 controls indicated a causative protective role of SHBG (OR = 0.83 per 1-SD, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.91); however, effects were considerably weaker than observed in meta-analysis of prospective studies [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.47 per 1-SD, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.53]. CONCLUSION Circulating SHBG is strongly associated with systemic metabolism and predictive for insulin resistance and diabetes. The weaker causal estimates suggest that the observational associations are partly confounded rather than conferred directly via circulating SHBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Katri Puukka
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - George Davey Smith
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK, Institute of Health Sciences & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland, Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and Computational Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, F
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45
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Yang M, Zhang J, Kuittinen S, Vepsäläinen J, Soininen P, Keinänen M, Pappinen A. Enhanced sugar production from pretreated barley straw by additive xylanase and surfactants in enzymatic hydrolysis for acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. Bioresour Technol 2015; 189:131-137. [PMID: 25879180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to improve enzymatic sugar production from dilute sulfuric acid-pretreated barley straw for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. The effects of additive xylanase and surfactants (polyethylene glycol [PEG] and Tween) in an enzymatic reaction system on straw hydrolysis yields were investigated. By combined application of 2g/100g dry-matter (DM) xylanase and PEG 4000, the glucose yield was increased from 53.2% to 86.9% and the xylose yield was increased from 36.2% to 70.2%, which were considerably higher than results obtained with xylanase or surfactant alone. The ABE fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate produced 10.8 g/L ABE, in which 7.9 g/L was butanol. The enhanced sugar production increased the ABE yield from 93.8 to 135.0 g/kg pretreated straw. The combined application of xylanase and surfactants has a large potential to improve sugar production from barley straw pretreated with a mild acid and that the hydrolysate showed good fermentability in ABE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Suvi Kuittinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ari Pappinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Fizelova M, Miilunpohja M, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Kuusisto J, Ala-Korpela M, Laakso M, Stančáková A. Associations of multiple lipoprotein and apolipoprotein measures with worsening of glycemia and incident type 2 diabetes in 6607 non-diabetic Finnish men. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:272-7. [PMID: 25818853 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of various lipoprotein traits, apolipoproteins and their ratios with the deterioration of glycemia, incident type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in a large population-based Metabolic Syndrome Men (METSIM) Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The METSIM Study includes 10,197 Finnish men, aged 45-73 years, and examined in 2005-2010. From 6607 non-diabetic participants without statin treatment at baseline, 386 developed incident type 2 diabetes during a 5.9-year follow-up. A total of 3330 non-diabetic participants without statin treatment had both baseline and follow-up visit data, and were included in statistical analyses of the worsening of glycemia. RESULTS Compared to single lipid and lipoprotein measurements, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein ratios were better predictors of the glucose area under the curve and incident type 2 diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors. The apolipoprotein B/LDL cholesterol ratio was the strongest predictor of the worsening of glycemia, whereas the apolipoprotein A1/HDL cholesterol ratio was the strongest predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. The associations of lipoprotein traits, apolipoproteins and their ratios with insulin sensitivity were stronger than those with insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS The apolipoprotein B/LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1/HDL cholesterol ratios were the strongest predictors of the worsening of glycemia and incident type 2 diabetes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fizelova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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47
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Wahl S, Vogt S, Stückler F, Krumsiek J, Bartel J, Kacprowski T, Schramm K, Carstensen M, Rathmann W, Roden M, Jourdan C, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Nöthlings U, Boeing H, Theis FJ, Meisinger C, Waldenberger M, Suhre K, Homuth G, Gieger C, Kastenmüller G, Illig T, Linseisen J, Peters A, Prokisch H, Herder C, Thorand B, Grallert H. Multi-omic signature of body weight change: results from a population-based cohort study. BMC Med 2015; 13:48. [PMID: 25857605 PMCID: PMC4367822 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess body weight is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. The complex molecular mechanisms of body weight change-induced metabolic perturbations are not fully understood. Specifically, in-depth molecular characterization of long-term body weight change in the general population is lacking. Here, we pursued a multi-omic approach to comprehensively study metabolic consequences of body weight change during a seven-year follow-up in a large prospective study. METHODS We used data from the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) S4/F4 cohort. At follow-up (F4), two-platform serum metabolomics and whole blood gene expression measurements were obtained for 1,631 and 689 participants, respectively. Using weighted correlation network analysis, omics data were clustered into modules of closely connected molecules, followed by the formation of a partial correlation network from the modules. Association of the omics modules with previous annual percentage weight change was then determined using linear models. In addition, we performed pathway enrichment analyses, stability analyses, and assessed the relation of the omics modules with clinical traits. RESULTS Four metabolite and two gene expression modules were significantly and stably associated with body weight change (P-values ranging from 1.9 × 10(-4) to 1.2 × 10(-24)). The four metabolite modules covered major branches of metabolism, with VLDL, LDL and large HDL subclasses, triglycerides, branched-chain amino acids and markers of energy metabolism among the main representative molecules. One gene expression module suggests a role of weight change in red blood cell development. The other gene expression module largely overlaps with the lipid-leukocyte (LL) module previously reported to interact with serum metabolites, for which we identify additional co-expressed genes. The omics modules were interrelated and showed cross-sectional associations with clinical traits. Moreover, weight gain and weight loss showed largely opposing associations with the omics modules. CONCLUSIONS Long-term weight change in the general population globally associates with serum metabolite concentrations. An integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach improved the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the association of weight gain with changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function as well as blood cell development and function.
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Würtz P, Havulinna AS, Soininen P, Tynkkynen T, Prieto-Merino D, Tillin T, Ghorbani A, Artati A, Wang Q, Tiainen M, Kangas AJ, Kettunen J, Kaikkonen J, Mikkilä V, Jula A, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Lawlor DA, Gaunt TR, Hughes AD, Sattar N, Illig T, Adamski J, Wang TJ, Perola M, Ripatti S, Vasan RS, Raitakari OT, Gerszten RE, Casas JP, Chaturvedi N, Ala-Korpela M, Salomaa V. Metabolite profiling and cardiovascular event risk: a prospective study of 3 population-based cohorts. Circulation 2015; 131:774-85. [PMID: 25573147 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput profiling of circulating metabolites may improve cardiovascular risk prediction over established risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics to identify the biomarkers for incident cardiovascular disease during long-term follow-up. Biomarker discovery was conducted in the National Finnish FINRISK study (n=7256; 800 events). Replication and incremental risk prediction was assessed in the Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) study (n=2622; 573 events) and British Women's Health and Heart Study (n=3563; 368 events). In targeted analyses of 68 lipids and metabolites, 33 measures were associated with incident cardiovascular events at P<0.0007 after adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and medication. When further adjusting for routine lipids, 4 metabolites were associated with future cardiovascular events in meta-analyses: higher serum phenylalanine (hazard ratio per standard deviation, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.24; P=4×10(-10)) and monounsaturated fatty acid levels (1.17; 1.11-1.24; P=1×10(-8)) were associated with increased cardiovascular risk, while higher omega-6 fatty acids (0.89; 0.84-0.94; P=6×10(-5)) and docosahexaenoic acid levels (0.90; 0.86-0.95; P=5×10(-5)) were associated with lower risk. A risk score incorporating these 4 biomarkers was derived in FINRISK. Risk prediction estimates were more accurate in the 2 validation cohorts (relative integrated discrimination improvement, 8.8% and 4.3%), albeit discrimination was not enhanced. Risk classification was particularly improved for persons in the 5% to 10% risk range (net reclassification, 27.1% and 15.5%). Biomarker associations were further corroborated with mass spectrometry in FINRISK (n=671) and the Framingham Offspring Study (n=2289). CONCLUSIONS Metabolite profiling in large prospective cohorts identified phenylalanine, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk. This study substantiates the value of high-throughput metabolomics for biomarker discovery and improved risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Würtz
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pasi Soininen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Prieto-Merino
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Therese Tillin
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anahita Ghorbani
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Tiainen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antti J Kangas
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jari Kaikkonen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antti Jula
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alun D Hughes
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Naveed Sattar
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Wang
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan-Pablo Casas
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland (P.W., P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., A.J.K., J. Kettunen, M.A.-K.); Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (P.W., A.S.H., J. Kettunen, A.J., M.P., V.S.); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (P.W., A.S.H., M.P., S.P.); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (P.S., T. Tynkkynen, Q.W., M.T., M.A.-K.); Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom (D.P.-M., J.-P.C.); Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (T. Tillin, A.D.H., J.-P.C., N.C.); Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA (A.G., R.S.V.); Genome Analysis Center, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (A.A., J.A.); Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland (J. Kaikkonen, V.M., O.T.R.); Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland (V.M.,); Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Finland (M.K.); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland (T.L.); Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (D.A.L., T.R.G., M.A.-K.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (N.S.); Hannover Medical School, Hannover Unified Biobank, Germany (T.I.); Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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49
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Würtz P, Wang Q, Kangas AJ, Richmond RC, Skarp J, Tiainen M, Tynkkynen T, Soininen P, Havulinna AS, Kaakinen M, Viikari JS, Savolainen MJ, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Männistö S, Blankenberg S, Zeller T, Laitinen J, Pouta A, Mäntyselkä P, Vanhala M, Elliott P, Pietiläinen KH, Ripatti S, Salomaa V, Raitakari OT, Järvelin MR, Smith GD, Ala-Korpela M. Metabolic signatures of adiposity in young adults: Mendelian randomization analysis and effects of weight change. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001765. [PMID: 25490400 PMCID: PMC4260795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased adiposity is linked with higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases. We aimed to determine to what extent elevated body mass index (BMI) within the normal weight range has causal effects on the detailed systemic metabolite profile in early adulthood. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used Mendelian randomization to estimate causal effects of BMI on 82 metabolic measures in 12,664 adolescents and young adults from four population-based cohorts in Finland (mean age 26 y, range 16-39 y; 51% women; mean ± standard deviation BMI 24 ± 4 kg/m(2)). Circulating metabolites were quantified by high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and biochemical assays. In cross-sectional analyses, elevated BMI was adversely associated with cardiometabolic risk markers throughout the systemic metabolite profile, including lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acid composition, amino acids, inflammatory markers, and various hormones (p<0.0005 for 68 measures). Metabolite associations with BMI were generally stronger for men than for women (median 136%, interquartile range 125%-183%). A gene score for predisposition to elevated BMI, composed of 32 established genetic correlates, was used as the instrument to assess causality. Causal effects of elevated BMI closely matched observational estimates (correspondence 87% ± 3%; R(2)= 0.89), suggesting causative influences of adiposity on the levels of numerous metabolites (p<0.0005 for 24 measures), including lipoprotein lipid subclasses and particle size, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and inflammation-related glycoprotein acetyls. Causal analyses of certain metabolites and potential sex differences warrant stronger statistical power. Metabolite changes associated with change in BMI during 6 y of follow-up were examined for 1,488 individuals. Change in BMI was accompanied by widespread metabolite changes, which had an association pattern similar to that of the cross-sectional observations, yet with greater metabolic effects (correspondence 160% ± 2%; R(2) = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS Mendelian randomization indicates causal adverse effects of increased adiposity with multiple cardiometabolic risk markers across the metabolite profile in adolescents and young adults within the non-obese weight range. Consistent with the causal influences of adiposity, weight changes were paralleled by extensive metabolic changes, suggesting a broadly modifiable systemic metabolite profile in early adulthood. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Würtz
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (PW); (MAK)
| | - Qin Wang
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rebecca C. Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joni Skarp
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Tiainen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuulia Tynkkynen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku J. Savolainen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Center and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mauno Vanhala
- Primary Health Care, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Primary Health Care, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PW); (MAK)
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50
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Ahola-Olli AV, Pitkänen N, Kettunen J, Oikonen MK, Mikkilä V, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Pahkala K, Niinikoski H, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Viikari JS, Rönnemaa T, Simell O, Raitakari OT. Interactions between genetic variants and dietary lipid composition: effects on circulating LDL cholesterol in children. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1569-77. [PMID: 25411292 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.085027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a predictor of cardiovascular disease events, and the quality of dietary fat is known to influence serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol in children. Interindividual differences in response to diet exist, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify genetic variants that modify the variation in serum lipid response to dietary fat quality. DESIGN We used data from 2 longitudinal Finnish cohorts designed to study risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Large-scale genotyping was performed with Metabochip in a long-term randomized controlled dietary intervention trial, the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP), for discovery of genetic polymorphisms. The observational Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) with genome-wide genetic data was used as a replication sample for the initial findings. Dietary records were used to calculate the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fats. Interaction models and multiple follow-ups were used in the analysis. RESULTS In the STRIP cohort, a variant within the PARK2 locus, rs9364628, showed moderate interaction with dietary fat quality and a consistent direction of effect in both scans on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in children aged 5 and 7 y (P < 0.0084 and P < 0.0057, respectively). In the YFS cohort, we were unable to replicate the initial discovery signal, but rs12207186 within the PARK2 locus and dietary lipid quality had a stronger interaction effect on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration (P < 9.44 × 10(-5)) than did rs9364628 in children aged 6 y. CONCLUSION This genotyping study involving 2 cohorts of healthy Finnish children indicates a possible interaction between PARK2 variants and dietary fat quality on serum LDL-cholesterol concentration. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00223600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari V Ahola-Olli
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Mervi K Oikonen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Mika Kähönen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Katja Pahkala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Harri Niinikoski
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Antti J Kangas
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Pasi Soininen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Jorma S Viikari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Tapani Rönnemaa
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Olli Simell
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (AVA-O, NP, MKO, VM, KP, and TR); the Department of Food and Environmental Sciences (VM) and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) (JK), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (TL); the Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (MK); Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (KP); the Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HN and OS); Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (AJK, PS, and MA-K); NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland (PS and MA-K); Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (MA-K); Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (MA-K); the Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (JSV and TR); and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (OTR)
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