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Ross RA, Kim A, Das P, Li Y, Choi YK, Thompson AT, Douglas E, Subramanian S, Ramos K, Callahan K, Bolshakov VY, Ressler KJ. Prefrontal cortex melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) mediate food intake behavior in male mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 269:114280. [PMID: 37369302 PMCID: PMC10528493 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) activity in the hypothalamus is crucial for regulation of metabolism and food intake. The peptide ligands for the MC4R are associated with feeding, energy expenditure, and also with complex behaviors that orchestrate energy intake and expenditure, but the downstream neuroanatomical and neurochemical targets associated with these behaviors are elusive. In addition to strong expression in the hypothalamus, the MC4R is highly expressed in the medial prefrontal cortex, a region involved in executive function and decision-making. METHODS Using viral techniques in genetically modified male mice combined with molecular techniques, we identify and define the effects on feeding behavior of a novel population of MC4R expressing neurons in the infralimbic (IL) region of the cortex. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel population of MC4R-expressing neurons in the IL of the mouse prefrontal cortex that are glutamatergic, receive input from melanocortinergic neurons, and project to multiple regions that coordinate appetitive responses to food-related stimuli. The neurons are stimulated by application of MC4R-specific peptidergic agonist, THIQ. Deletion of MC4R from the IL neurons causes increased food intake and body weight gain and impaired executive function in simple food-related behavior tasks. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that MC4R neurons of the IL play a critical role in the regulation of food intake in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Angela Kim
- Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyanka Das
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kat Ramos
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Callahan
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Li Y, Andero R, Luchkina NV, Suh J, Ross RA, Lowell BB, Carlezon WA, Ressler KJ, Bolshakov VY. PACAP-mediated gating of anxiety-controlling circuits. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.01.539007. [PMID: 37205515 PMCID: PMC10187154 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.539007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Combining the use of ex vivo and in vivo optogenetics, viral tracing, electrophysiology and behavioral testing, we show that the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) gates anxiety-controlling circuits by differentially affecting synaptic efficacy at projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to two different subdivisions of the dorsal subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), modifying the signal flow in BLA-ovBNST-adBNST circuits in such a way that adBNST is inhibited. Inhibition of adBNST is translated into the reduced firing probability of adBNST neurons during afferent activation, explaining the anxiety-triggering actions of PACAP in BNST, as inhibition of adBNST is anxiogenic. Our results reveal how innate, fear-related behavioral mechanisms may be controlled by neuropeptides, PACAP specifically, at the level of underlying neural circuits by inducing long-lasting plastic changes in functional interactions between their different structural components.
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Bidopia T, Carbo AV, Ross RA, Burke NL. Food insecurity and disordered eating behaviors in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101731. [PMID: 37150094 PMCID: PMC10361576 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first systematic review to investigate the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and disordered eating behaviors exclusively in children and adolescents. Database searches were conducted in PUBMED, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest, and Gale OneFile: Informe Académico using English and Spanish search terms. Studies were included if they were published before August 2022, included youth aged 18 years and below, included either parent- or child-report of food security status, included either parent- or child-report of child disordered eating behaviors, and examined the relationship between food security status and child disordered eating behaviors. Following independent title/abstract and full-text screening, 20 studies were included in the review. There were 13 cross-sectional studies, five longitudinal studies, and two qualitative studies, from the United States (19 studies), and Bangladesh (1 study). Sample sizes ranged from 33 to 6077. Findings generally indicated a relationship between FI and behaviors such as binge eating, loss-of-control eating, eating in the absence of hunger, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and picky eating in children and adolescents, though this association varied depending on the type of disordered eating behavior assessed and FI severity. Results highlight the importance of screening for disordered eating behaviors among youth with FI towards eating disorder prevention and intervention. However, given the limited number of primary research articles examining this relationship in youth, further hypothesis-driven research is needed. In addition, more global representation and additional longitudinal studies are needed to further examine the generalizability and temporality of FI and disordered eating in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Bidopia
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Dealy Hall, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Alejandra Vivas Carbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, 3331 Bainbridge Ave, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Pkwy S, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Natasha L Burke
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Dealy Hall, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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Vitous CA, Stricklen AL, Ross RA, Ghaferi AA, Carlin AM, Ehlers AE. Factors That Influence Discharge Opioid Prescribing among Bariatric Surgeons across Michigan. J Am Coll Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xcs.0000895608.54025.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gao F, Ma J, Yu YQ, Gao XF, Bai Y, Sun Y, Liu J, Liu X, Barry DM, Wilhelm S, Piccinni-Ash T, Wang N, Liu D, Ross RA, Hao Y, Huang X, Jia JJ, Yang Q, Zheng H, van Nispen J, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Li YQ, Chen ZF. A non-canonical retina-ipRGCs-SCN-PVT visual pathway for mediating contagious itch behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111444. [PMID: 36198265 PMCID: PMC9595067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious itch behavior informs conspecifics of adverse environment and is crucial for the survival of social animals. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRPR) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus mediates contagious itch behavior in mice. Here, we show that intrinsically photosensitive retina ganglion cells (ipRGCs) convey visual itch information, independently of melanopsin, from the retina to GRP neurons via PACAP-PAC1R signaling. Moreover, GRPR neurons relay itch information to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). Surprisingly, neither the visual cortex nor superior colliculus is involved in contagious itch. In vivo calcium imaging and extracellular recordings reveal contagious itch-specific neural dynamics of GRPR neurons. Thus, we propose that the retina-ipRGC-SCN-PVT pathway constitutes a previously unknown visual pathway that probably evolved for motion vision that encodes salient environmental cues and enables animals to imitate behaviors of conspecifics as an anticipatory mechanism to cope with adverse conditions. It has been shown that GRP-GRPR neuropeptide signaling in the SCN is important for contagious itch behavior in mice. Gao et al. find that SCN-projecting ipRGCs are sufficient to relay itch information from the retina to the SCN by releasing neuropeptide PACAP to activate the GRP-GRPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yao-Qing Yu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Present address: Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, P. R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P. R. China,Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P. R. China,Present address: Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xianyu Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Devin M. Barry
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven Wilhelm
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tyler Piccinni-Ash
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Na Wang
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Present address: Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of Pain Management, the State Key Clinical Specialty in Pain Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, P.R. China
| | - Rachel A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Rose F. Kennedy Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yan Hao
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China
| | - Xu Huang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institute for Medical and Engineering Innovation, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Present address: College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Qianyi Yang
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hao Zheng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institute for Medical and Engineering Innovation, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Johan van Nispen
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Present address: Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science and Institute for Medical and Engineering Innovation, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Zhou-Feng Chen
- Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Psychiatry and Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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Masaki CO, Ogbu-Nwobodo L, Santos LH, Faisel LB, Lewis A, Soumare A, Quijije N, Ross RA. A Virtual Summer Research and Mentorship Program for Underrepresented in Medicine (URiM) Medical Students in Psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry 2022; 46:537-539. [PMID: 35414163 PMCID: PMC9004450 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-022-01631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lena B Faisel
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Anisha Lewis
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aldwin Soumare
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA, USA
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7
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Velasco ER, Florido A, Flores Á, Senabre E, Gomez-Gomez A, Torres A, Roca A, Norrholm S, Newman EL, Das P, Ross RA, Lori A, Pozo OJ, Ressler KJ, Garcia-Esteve LL, Jovanovic T, Andero R. PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4374. [PMID: 35902577 PMCID: PMC9334354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stress can lead to fear dysregulation, which has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous work showed that a polymorphism in the PACAP-PAC1R (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide) system is associated with PTSD risk in women, and PACAP (ADCYAP1)-PAC1R (ADCYAP1R1) are highly expressed in the hypothalamus. Here, we show that female mice subjected to acute stress immobilization (IMO) have fear extinction impairments related to Adcyap1 and Adcyap1r1 mRNA upregulation in the hypothalamus, PACAP-c-Fos downregulation in the Medial Amygdala (MeA), and PACAP-FosB/ΔFosB upregulation in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus dorsomedial part (VMHdm). DREADD-mediated inhibition of MeA neurons projecting to the VMHdm during IMO rescues both PACAP upregulation in VMHdm and the fear extinction impairment. We also found that women with the risk genotype of ADCYAP1R1 rs2267735 polymorphism have impaired fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Velasco
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Florido
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Flores
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Senabre
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Programme for the Prevention and Treatment of Psychic Effects in Sexually Assaulted Women. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Roca
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - E L Newman
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - P Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, New York, NY, USA
| | - R A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Psychiatry Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Lori
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- American Cancer Society, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - O J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K J Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - L L Garcia-Esteve
- Perinatal Mental health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Programme for the Prevention and Treatment of Psychic Effects in Sexually Assaulted Women. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R Andero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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Henry SS, Ross RA, Rasgon N. Relevance of Sex-Specific Metabolic Phenotypes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Disorders and PTSD. Psychiatr Ann 2022. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20211221-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Ross RA, Johnson DQ, Fenselau H, Haggerty DL, Atwood B, Lowell B, Flak JN. The Role of Mediobasal Hypothalamic PACAP in the Control of Body Weight and Metabolism. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6103920. [PMID: 33460433 PMCID: PMC7875177 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Body energy homeostasis results from balancing energy intake and energy expenditure. Central nervous system administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) dramatically alters metabolic function, but the physiologic mechanism of this neuropeptide remains poorly defined. PACAP is expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a brain area essential for energy balance. Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) neurons contain, by far, the largest and most dense population of PACAP in the medial hypothalamus. This region is involved in coordinating the sympathetic nervous system in response to metabolic cues in order to re-establish energy homeostasis. Additionally, the metabolic cue of leptin signaling in the VMN regulates PACAP expression. We hypothesized that PACAP may play a role in the various effector systems of energy homeostasis, and tested its role by using VMN-directed, but MBH encompassing, adeno-associated virus (AAVCre) injections to ablate Adcyap1 (gene coding for PACAP) in mice (Adcyap1MBHKO mice). Adcyap1MBHKO mice rapidly gained body weight and adiposity, becoming hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic. Adcyap1MBHKO mice exhibited decreased oxygen consumption (VO2), without changes in activity. These effects appear to be due at least in part to brown adipose tissue (BAT) dysfunction, and we show that PACAP-expressing cells in the MBH can stimulate BAT thermogenesis. While we observed disruption of glucose clearance during hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp studies in obese Adcyap1MBHKO mice, these parameters were normal prior to the onset of obesity. Thus, MBH PACAP plays important roles in the regulation of metabolic rate and energy balance through multiple effector systems on multiple time scales, which highlight the diverse set of functions for PACAP in overall energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Q Johnson
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David L Haggerty
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brady Atwood
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bradford Lowell
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Flak
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Jonathan N. Flak, PhD, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1345 W. 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46022, USA.
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Shi Y, Stornetta DS, Reklow RJ, Sahu A, Wabara Y, Nguyen A, Li K, Zhang Y, Perez-Reyes E, Ross RA, Lowell BB, Stornetta RL, Funk GD, Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA. A brainstem peptide system activated at birth protects postnatal breathing. Nature 2021; 589:426-430. [PMID: 33268898 PMCID: PMC7855323 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Among numerous challenges encountered at the beginning of extrauterine life, the most celebrated is the first breath that initiates a life-sustaining motor activity1. The neural systems that regulate breathing are fragile early in development, and it is not clear how they adjust to support breathing at birth. Here we identify a neuropeptide system that becomes activated immediately after birth and supports breathing. Mice that lack PACAP selectively in neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) displayed increased apnoeas and blunted CO2-stimulated breathing; re-expression of PACAP in RTN neurons corrected these breathing deficits. Deletion of the PACAP receptor PAC1 from the pre-Bötzinger complex-an RTN target region responsible for generating the respiratory rhythm-phenocopied the breathing deficits observed after RTN deletion of PACAP, and suppressed PACAP-evoked respiratory stimulation in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Notably, a postnatal burst of PACAP expression occurred in RTN neurons precisely at the time of birth, coinciding with exposure to the external environment. Neonatal mice with deletion of PACAP in RTN neurons displayed increased apnoeas that were further exacerbated by changes in ambient temperature. Our findings demonstrate that well-timed PACAP expression by RTN neurons provides an important supplementary respiratory drive immediately after birth and reveal key molecular components of a peptidergic neural circuit that supports breathing at a particularly vulnerable period in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel S. Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert J. Reklow
- Department of Physiology, Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alisha Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yvonne Wabara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Keyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel A. Ross
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA,McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bradford B. Lowell
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth L. Stornetta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory D. Funk
- Department of Physiology, Women & Children’s Health Research Institute, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrice G. Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Douglas A. Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Morris LA, Tishelman AC, Kremen J, Ross RA. Depression in Turner Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:769-786. [PMID: 31598804 PMCID: PMC7035188 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition characterized by partial or complete monosomy X. Alterations in hormonal function, height, and peer relationships, among other features and correlates of TS, appear to be risks for depressive illness. In order to summarize what is known about depression in Turner syndrome, with the aim of determining whether individuals with TS are at increased risk for depression, a literature search and analysis were conducted. In total, 69 studies were identified and 35 met criteria of being peer-reviewed English language articles that collected original data on the experience of depression in individuals with TS. Most studies used patient or parent questionnaires to evaluate depressive symptoms. These studies, a majority of which examined adults and half that examined adolescents, found that individuals with TS experienced more frequent and severe depressive symptoms than individuals without TS diagnoses. Articles studying children with TS did not demonstrate a difference in their depressive experience compared to individuals without TS. Three articles used clinician-administered scales, such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; all diagnosed depression in those with TS at higher rates than others. Five studies relied on expert opinion to evaluate depression. The remaining eight articles were case reports or case series that relied on expert opinion. From these data, we conclude that adolescents and adults with TS are at risk for depression and adulthood appears to be the period of the highest risk. Studies in the last 12 years show consistently more severe depressive symptoms in individuals with TS than in previous years. Implications, risk factors, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Residency Program, 55 Fruit St. Yawkey 6A, Boston, MA, 02214, USA.
| | - Amy C Tishelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Kremen
- Department of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Maddox SA, Hartmann J, Ross RA, Ressler KJ. Deconstructing the Gestalt: Mechanisms of Fear, Threat, and Trauma Memory Encoding. Neuron 2019; 102:60-74. [PMID: 30946827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Threat processing is central to understanding debilitating fear- and trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Progress has been made in understanding the neural circuits underlying the "engram" of threat or fear memory formation that complements a decades-old appreciation of the neurobiology of fear and threat involving hub structures such as the amygdala. In this review, we examine key recent findings, as well as integrate the importance of hormonal and physiological approaches, to provide a broader perspective of how bodily systems engaged in threat responses may interact with amygdala-based circuits in the encoding and updating of threat-related memory. Understanding how trauma-related memories are encoded and updated throughout the brain and the body will ultimately lead to novel biologically-driven approaches for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Maddox
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Neurobiology of Fear Laboratory, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Verstegen AMJ, Klymko N, Zhu L, Mathai JC, Kobayashi R, Venner A, Ross RA, VanderHorst VG, Arrigoni E, Geerling JC, Zeidel ML. Non-Crh Glutamatergic Neurons in Barrington's Nucleus Control Micturition via Glutamatergic Afferents from the Midbrain and Hypothalamus. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2775-2789.e7. [PMID: 31422881 PMCID: PMC6736713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are exceptionally common and debilitating, and they are likely caused or exacerbated by dysfunction of neural circuits controlling bladder function. An incomplete understanding of neural control of bladder function limits our ability to clinically address LUTS. Barrington's nucleus (Bar) provides descending control of bladder and sphincter function, and its glutamatergic neurons expressing corticotropin releasing hormone (BarCrh/Vglut2) are implicated in bladder control. However, it remains unclear whether this subset of Bar neurons is necessary for voiding, and the broader circuitry providing input to this control center remains largely unknown. Here, we examine the contribution to micturition behavior of BarCrh/Vglut2 neurons relative to the overall BarVglut2 population. First, we identify robust, excitatory synaptic input to Bar. Glutamatergic axons from the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) intensely innervate and are functionally connected to Bar, and optogenetic stimulation of these axon terminals reliably provokes voiding. Similarly, optogenetic stimulation of BarVglut2 neurons triggers voiding, whereas stimulating the BarCrh/Vglut2 subpopulation causes bladder contraction, typically without voiding. Next, we genetically ablate either BarVglut2 or BarCrh/Vglut2 neurons and found that only BarVglut2 ablation replicates the profound urinary retention produced by conventional lesions in this region. Fiber photometry recordings reveal that BarVglut2 neuron activity precedes increased bladder pressure, while activity of BarCrh/Vglut2 is phase delayed. Finally, deleting Crh from Bar neurons has no effect on voiding and related bladder physiology. Our results help identify the circuitry that modulates Bar neuron activity and identify subtypes that may serve different roles in micturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M J Verstegen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Nataliya Klymko
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John C Mathai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Reina Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Veronique G VanderHorst
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark L Zeidel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Bui E, Hellberg SN, Hoeppner SS, Rosencrans P, Young A, Ross RA, Hoge E, Simon NM. Circulating levels of oxytocin may be elevated in complicated grief: a pilot study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1646603. [PMID: 31489134 PMCID: PMC6713138 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1646603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Complicated grief (CG) is a debilitating syndrome characterized by persisting and intense distress and impairment after the death of a loved one. The biological mechanisms associated with this syndrome remain unclear but may involve neurobiological pathways implicated in the stress response and attachment systems. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in attachment and social behaviour, and loss of social bonds has been associated with disruptions in oxytocin signalling. Furthermore, prior research has reported associations between circulating oxytocin and other mental illnesses, including depression. The present pilot study aimed to examine plasma levels of oxytocin in bereaved adults with primary CG (n = 47) compared to age- and sex-matched bereaved individuals with primary Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 46), and bereaved individuals without any mental disorder (n = 46). In unadjusted analyses comparing groups according to primary diagnosis, oxytocin levels were significantly higher for primary CG compared to primary MDD (p = 0.013), but not compared to bereaved controls (p = 0.069). In adjusted regression models, having a primary or probable (Inventory of Complicated Grief ≥ 30) diagnosis of CG was associated with significantly higher oxytocin levels (p = 0.001). While additional research is needed, findings from our pilot study provide preliminary support for recent conceptualizations of CG implicating a role for oxytocin and the attachment system. Importantly, these findings contribute to the limited current knowledge about possible biological correlates of CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bui
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Susanne S Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Rosencrans
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Young
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hoge
- Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown, DC, USA
| | - Naomi M Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Ross RA, Leon S, Madara JC, Schafer D, Fergani C, Maguire CA, Verstegen AMJ, Brengle E, Kong D, Herbison AE, Kaiser UB, Lowell BB, Navarro VM. PACAP neurons in the ventral premammillary nucleus regulate reproductive function in the female mouse. eLife 2018; 7:35960. [PMID: 29905528 PMCID: PMC6013253 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, Adcyap1) is a neuromodulator implicated in anxiety, metabolism and reproductive behavior. PACAP global knockout mice have decreased fertility and PACAP modulates LH release. However, its source and role at the hypothalamic level remain unknown. We demonstrate that PACAP-expressing neurons of the ventral premamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (PMVPACAP) project to, and make direct contact with, kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate and AVPV/PeN nuclei and a subset of these neurons respond to PACAP exposure. Targeted deletion of PACAP from the PMV through stereotaxic virally mediated cre- injection or genetic cross to LepR-i-cre mice with Adcyap1fl/fl mice led to delayed puberty onset and impaired reproductive function in female, but not male, mice. We propose a new role for PACAP-expressing neurons in the PMV in the relay of nutritional state information to regulate GnRH release by modulating the activity of kisspeptin neurons, thereby regulating reproduction in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Department of PsychiatryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States,Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusettsUnited States,Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,McLean HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Silvia Leon
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Danielle Schafer
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Medical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Chrysanthi Fergani
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Caroline A Maguire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Anne MJ Verstegen
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Emily Brengle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of NeuroscienceTufts University School of MedicineMassachusettsUnited States,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Otago School of Medical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonUnited States
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Harvard Medical SchoolMassachusettsUnited States,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and HypertensionBrigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
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16
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Ross RA, Foster SL, Ionescu DF. The Role of Chronic Stress in Anxious Depression. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2017; 1:2470547016689472. [PMID: 32440578 PMCID: PMC7219927 DOI: 10.1177/2470547016689472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous disease with many different subtypes. Patients with the anxious depression-a common subtype of major depression-are at an increased risk for treatment-resistance to standard antidepressants, with resultant increases in morbidity. However, the underlying pathophysiology of anxious depression remains unknown. Without such knowledge, the development of targeted treatments towards this specific depression subtype will likely remain elusive. One method by which research into the neurobiology of anxious depression may prove fruitful is with the research domain criteria (RDoC). RDoC provides a framework for investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of mental illness. By studying disorders in terms of RDoC constructs-such as the sustained threat construct of the negative valence system-new insights may be gained into neurobiological mechanisms of disease. These mechanisms may be useful for the development of novel antidepressants that are based on specific brain targets. Specifically, we review the impact that sustained threat-or chronic stress-has on the eventual development of depression (especially anxious depression) through pathological changes to molecules, cells, neurocircuitry, physiology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simmie L Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Dawn F Ionescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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17
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Abstract
The link between mood disorders and hormonal fluctuations has long been known, but the direction of this correlation has been questioned. New research suggests that initiation of hormonal contraception might lead to increased risk of first-time diagnosis of or treatment for depression over a short time frame, particularly for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 and the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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18
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Keenan WT, Rupp AC, Ross RA, Somasundaram P, Hiriyanna S, Wu Z, Badea TC, Robinson PR, Lowell BB, Hattar SS. A visual circuit uses complementary mechanisms to support transient and sustained pupil constriction. eLife 2016; 5:e15392. [PMID: 27669145 PMCID: PMC5079752 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and stable control of pupil size in response to light is critical for vision, but the neural coding mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the neural basis of pupil control by monitoring pupil size across time while manipulating each photoreceptor input or neurotransmitter output of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a critical relay in the control of pupil size. We show that transient and sustained pupil responses are mediated by distinct photoreceptors and neurotransmitters. Transient responses utilize input from rod photoreceptors and output by the classical neurotransmitter glutamate, but adapt within minutes. In contrast, sustained responses are dominated by non-conventional signaling mechanisms: melanopsin phototransduction in ipRGCs and output by the neuropeptide PACAP, which provide stable pupil maintenance across the day. These results highlight a temporal switch in the coding mechanisms of a neural circuit to support proper behavioral dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Rachel A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Preethi Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Marlyand, Baltimore, United States
| | - Suja Hiriyanna
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Zhijian Wu
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Phyllis R Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Marlyand, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Samer S Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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19
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Bolognini D, Ross RA. Medical cannabis vs. synthetic cannabinoids: What does the future hold? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 97:568-70. [PMID: 25761845 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The medical use of cannabis has an intricate therapeutic history that finds its roots in ancient China (∼2700 BC). The main psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9) -THC), was discovered in 1964. This was a significant breakthrough, as it allowed the generation of synthetic analogs of Δ(9) -THC, the discovery of cannabinoid receptors, and the generation of synthetic small molecules. Despite this, today there is still a paucity of drugs that target the cannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bolognini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Wolfson Link Bldg. 253, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - R A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, McGrath JC, Catterall WA, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ, Abul-Hasn N, Anderson CM, Anderson CMH, Araiksinen MS, Arita M, Arthofer E, Barker EL, Barratt C, Barnes NM, Bathgate R, Beart PM, Belelli D, Bennett AJ, Birdsall NJM, Boison D, Bonner TI, Brailsford L, Bröer S, Brown P, Calo G, Carter WG, Catterall WA, Chan SLF, Chao MV, Chiang N, Christopoulos A, Chun JJ, Cidlowski J, Clapham DE, Cockcroft S, Connor MA, Cox HM, Cuthbert A, Dautzenberg FM, Davenport AP, Dawson PA, Dent G, Dijksterhuis JP, Dollery CT, Dolphin AC, Donowitz M, Dubocovich ML, Eiden L, Eidne K, Evans BA, Fabbro D, Fahlke C, Farndale R, Fitzgerald GA, Fong TM, Fowler CJ, Fry JR, Funk CD, Futerman AH, Ganapathy V, Gaisnier B, Gershengorn MA, Goldin A, Goldman ID, Gundlach AL, Hagenbuch B, Hales TG, Hammond JR, Hamon M, Hancox JC, Hauger RL, Hay DL, Hobbs AJ, Hollenberg MD, Holliday ND, Hoyer D, Hynes NA, Inui KI, Ishii S, Jacobson KA, Jarvis GE, Jarvis MF, Jensen R, Jones CE, Jones RL, Kaibuchi K, Kanai Y, Kennedy C, Kerr ID, Khan AA, Klienz MJ, Kukkonen JP, Lapoint JY, Leurs R, Lingueglia E, Lippiat J, Lolait SJ, Lummis SCR, Lynch JW, MacEwan D, Maguire JJ, Marshall IL, May JM, McArdle CA, McGrath JC, Michel MC, Millar NS, Miller LJ, Mitolo V, Monk PN, Moore PK, Moorhouse AJ, Mouillac B, Murphy PM, Neubig RR, Neumaier J, Niesler B, Obaidat A, Offermanns S, Ohlstein E, Panaro MA, Parsons S, Pwrtwee RG, Petersen J, Pin JP, Poyner DR, Prigent S, Prossnitz ER, Pyne NJ, Pyne S, Quigley JG, Ramachandran R, Richelson EL, Roberts RE, Roskoski R, Ross RA, Roth M, Rudnick G, Ryan RM, Said SI, Schild L, Sanger GJ, Scholich K, Schousboe A, Schulte G, Schulz S, Serhan CN, Sexton PM, Sibley DR, Siegel JM, Singh G, Sitsapesan R, Smart TG, Smith DM, Soga T, Stahl A, Stewart G, Stoddart LA, Summers RJ, Thorens B, Thwaites DT, Toll L, Traynor JR, Usdin TB, Vandenberg RJ, Villalon C, Vore M, Waldman SA, Ward DT, Willars GB, Wonnacott SJ, Wright E, Ye RD, Yonezawa A, Zimmermann M. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: overview. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1449-58. [PMID: 24528237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties from the IUPHAR database. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. This compilation of the major pharmacological targets is divided into seven areas of focus: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors & Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Ross RA, Selwood P. Multiple casualties in the Bastion UK Role 3 hospital: personal reflections on the positive evolution of deployed military hospital care. J R Nav Med Serv 2014; 100:210-214. [PMID: 25335319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article a snapshot of casualty presentations to the UK Role 3 hospital in Camp Bastion, Afghanistan, will be briefly described. The observations allow reflection on the advances and strength of clinical provision at the time of the incident, written from a medical command perspective.
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Kelly JD, Barrie MB, Ross RA, Temple BA, Moses LM, Bausch DG. Housing equity for health equity: a rights-based approach to the control of Lassa fever in post-war Sierra Leone. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23282054 PMCID: PMC3562201 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Poor quality housing is an infringement on the rights of all humans to a standard of living adequate for health. Among the many vulnerabilities of those without adequate shelter is the risk of disease spread by rodents and other pests. One such disease is Lassa fever, an acute and sometimes severe viral hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. Lassa virus is maintained in the rodent Mastomys natalensis, commonly known as the "multimammate rat," which frequently invades the domestic environment, putting humans at risk of Lassa fever. The highest reported incidence of Lassa fever in the world is consistently in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, a region that was at the center of Sierra Leone's civil war in which tens of thousands of lives were lost and hundreds of thousands of dwellings destroyed. Despite the end of the war in 2002, most of Kenema's population still lives in inadequate housing that puts them at risk of rodent invasion and Lassa fever. Furthermore, despite years of health education and village hygiene campaigns, the incidence of Lassa fever in Kenema District appears to be increasing. We focus on Lassa fever as a matter of human rights, proposing a strategy to improve housing quality, and discuss how housing equity has the potential to improve health equity and ultimately economic productivity in Sierra Leone. The manuscript is designed to spur discussion and action towards provision of housing and prevention of disease in one of the world's most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-17, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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Whyte LS, Ford L, Ridge SA, Cameron GA, Rogers MJ, Ross RA. Cannabinoids and bone: endocannabinoids modulate human osteoclast function in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2584-97. [PMID: 21649637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Both CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors have been shown to play a role in bone metabolism. Crucially, previous studies have focussed on the effects of cannabinoid ligands in murine bone cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on human bone cells in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine expression of cannabinoid receptors and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the presence of endocannabinoids in human bone cells. The effect of cannabinoids on human osteoclast formation, polarization and resorption was determined by assessing the number of cells expressing α(v) β(3) or with F-actin rings, or measurement of resorption area. KEY RESULTS Human osteoclasts express both CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. CB(2) expression was significantly higher in human monocytes compared to differentiated osteoclasts. Furthermore, the differentiation of human osteoclasts from monocytes was associated with a reduction in 2-AG levels and an increase in anandamide (AEA) levels. Treatment of osteoclasts with LPS significantly increased levels of AEA. Nanomolar concentrations of AEA and the synthetic agonists CP 55 940 and JWH015 stimulated human osteoclast polarization and resorption; these effects were attenuated in the presence of CB(1) and/or CB(2) antagonists. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Low concentrations of cannabinoids activate human osteoclasts in vitro. There is a dynamic regulation of the expression of the CB(2) receptor and the production of the endocannabinoids during the differentiation of human bone cells. These data suggest that small molecules modulating the endocannabinoid system could be important therapeutics in human bone disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Whyte
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Díaz-Arteaga A, Vázquez MJ, Vazquez-Martínez R, Pulido MR, Suarez J, Velásquez DA, López M, Ross RA, de Fonseca FR, Bermudez-Silva FJ, Malagón MM, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R. The atypical cannabinoid O-1602 stimulates food intake and adiposity in rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:234-43. [PMID: 21981246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabinoids are known to control energy homeostasis. Atypical cannabinoids produce pharmacological effects via unidentified targets. We sought to investigate whether the atypical cannabinoid O-1602 controls food intake and body weight. METHODS The rats were injected acutely or subchronically with O-1602, and the expression of several factors involved in adipocyte metabolism was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo findings were corroborated with in vitro studies incubating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with O-1602, and measuring intracellular calcium and lipid accumulation. Finally, as some reports suggest that O-1602 is an agonist of the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55, we tested it in mice lacking GPR55. RESULTS Central and peripheral administration of O-1602 acutely stimulates food intake, and chronically increases adiposity. The hyperphagic action of O-1602 is mediated by the downregulation of mRNA and protein levels of the anorexigenic neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. The effects on fat mass are independent of food intake, and involve a decrease in the expression of lipolytic enzymes such as hormone sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase in white adipose tissue. Consistently, in vitro data showed that O-1602 increased the levels of intracellular calcium and lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Finally, we injected O-1602 in GPR55 -/- mice and found that O-1602 was able to induce feeding behaviour in GPR55-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that O-1602 modulates food intake and adiposity independently of GPR55 receptor. Thus atypical cannabinoids may represent a novel class of molecules involved in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz-Arteaga
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
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Pertwee RG, Howlett AC, Abood ME, Alexander SPH, Di Marzo V, Elphick MR, Greasley PJ, Hansen HS, Kunos G, Mackie K, Mechoulam R, Ross RA. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB₁ and CB₂. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:588-631. [PMID: 21079038 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1164] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors (CB(1) and CB(2)). Ligands activating these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) include the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, numerous synthetic compounds, and endogenous compounds known as endocannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have also been developed. Some of these ligands activate or block one type of cannabinoid receptor more potently than the other type. This review summarizes current data indicating the extent to which cannabinoid receptor ligands undergo orthosteric or allosteric interactions with non-CB(1), non-CB(2) established GPCRs, deorphanized receptors such as GPR55, ligand-gated ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and other ion channels or peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors. From these data, it is clear that some ligands that interact similarly with CB(1) and/or CB(2) receptors are likely to display significantly different pharmacological profiles. The review also lists some criteria that any novel "CB(3)" cannabinoid receptor or channel should fulfil and concludes that these criteria are not currently met by any non-CB(1), non-CB(2) pharmacological receptor or channel. However, it does identify certain pharmacological targets that should be investigated further as potential CB(3) receptors or channels. These include TRP vanilloid 1, which possibly functions as an ionotropic cannabinoid receptor under physiological and/or pathological conditions, and some deorphanized GPCRs. Also discussed are 1) the ability of CB(1) receptors to form heteromeric complexes with certain other GPCRs, 2) phylogenetic relationships that exist between CB(1)/CB(2) receptors and other GPCRs, 3) evidence for the existence of several as-yet-uncharacterized non-CB(1), non-CB(2) cannabinoid receptors; and 4) current cannabinoid receptor nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Thors L, Burston JJ, Alter BJ, McKinney MK, Cravatt BF, Ross RA, Pertwee RG, Gereau RW, Wiley JL, Fowler CJ. Biochanin A, a naturally occurring inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:549-60. [PMID: 20590565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the endogenous cannabinoid (CB) receptor ligand anandamide (AEA), are effective in a number of animal models of pain. Here, we investigated a series of isoflavones with respect to their abilities to inhibit FAAH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro assays of FAAH activity and affinity for CB receptors were used to characterize key compounds. In vivo assays used were biochemical responses to formalin in anaesthetized mice and the 'tetrad' test for central CB receptor activation. KEY RESULTS Of the compounds tested, biochanin A was adjudged to be the most promising. Biochanin A inhibited the hydrolysis of 0.5 microM AEA by mouse, rat and human FAAH with IC(50) values of 1.8, 1.4 and 2.4 microM respectively. The compound did not interact to any major extent with CB(1) or CB(2) receptors, nor with FAAH-2. In anaesthetized mice, URB597 (30 microg i.pl.) and biochanin A (100 microg i.pl.) both inhibited the spinal phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase produced by the intraplantar injection of formalin. The effects of both compounds were significantly reduced by the CB(1) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 (30 microg i.pl.). Biochanin A (15 mg.kg(-1) i.v.) did not increase brain AEA concentrations, but produced a modest potentiation of the effects of 10 mg.kg(-1) i.v. AEA in the tetrad test. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS It is concluded that biochanin A, in addition to its other biochemical properties, inhibits FAAH both in vitro and peripherally in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Thors
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Daly CJ, Ross RA, Whyte J, Henstridge CM, Irving AJ, McGrath JC. Fluorescent ligand binding reveals heterogeneous distribution of adrenoceptors and 'cannabinoid-like' receptors in small arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:787-96. [PMID: 20136833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological analysis of synergism or functional antagonism between different receptors commonly assumes that interacting receptors are located in the same cells. We have now investigated the distribution of alpha-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenoceptors and cannabinoid-like (GPR55) receptors in the mouse arteries. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fluorescence intensity from vascular tissue incubated with fluorescent ligands (alpha(1)-adrenoceptor ligand, BODIPY-FL-prazosin, QAPB; beta-adrenoceptor ligand, TMR-CGP12177; fluorescent angiotensin II; a novel diarylpyrazole cannabinoid ligand (Tocrifluor 1117, T1117) was measured with confocal microscopy. Small mesenteric and tail arteries of wild-type and alpha(1B/D)-adrenoceptor-KO mice were used. KEY RESULTS T1117, a fluorescent form of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251, was a ligand for GPR55, with low affinity for CB(1) receptors. In mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells, alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors were predominantly located in different cells from those with beta-adrenoceptors, angiotensin receptors or cannabinoid-like (GPR55) receptors. Cells with beta-adrenoceptors predominated at arterial branches. Endothelial cells expressed beta-adrenoceptors, alpha-adrenoceptors and cannabinoid-like receptors. Only endothelial alpha-adrenoceptors appeared in clusters. Adventitia was a rich source of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), particularly fibroblasts and nerve tracts, where Schwann cells bound alpha-adrenoceptor, beta-adrenoceptor and CB-receptor ligands, with a mix of separate receptor locations and co-localization. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Within each cell type, each GPCR had a distinctive heterogeneous distribution with limited co-localization, providing a guide to the possibilities for functional synergism, and suggesting a new paradigm for synergism in which interactions may be either between cells or involve converging intracellular signalling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Daly
- Integrative and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Cascio MG, Gauson LA, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Pertwee RG. Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:129-41. [PMID: 20002104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis is the source of at least seventy phytocannabinoids. The pharmacology of most of these has been little investigated, three notable exceptions being Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin. This investigation addressed the question of whether the little-studied phytocannabinoid, cannabigerol, can activate or block any G protein-coupled receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay, performed with mouse brain membranes, was used to test the ability of cannabigerol to produce G protein-coupled receptor activation or blockade. Its ability to displace [(3)H]CP55940 from mouse CB(1) and human CB(2) cannabinoid receptors and to inhibit electrically evoked contractions of the mouse isolated vas deferens was also investigated. KEY RESULTS In the brain membrane experiments, cannabigerol behaved as a potent alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (EC(50)= 0.2 nM) and antagonized the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, R-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (apparent K(B)= 51.9 nM). At 10 microM, it also behaved as a CB(1) receptor competitive antagonist. Additionally, cannabigerol inhibited evoked contractions of the vas deferens in a manner that appeared to be alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated (EC(50)= 72.8 nM) and displayed significant affinity for mouse CB(1) and human CB(2) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This investigation has provided the first evidence that cannabigerol can activate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, bind to cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors and block CB(1) and 5-HT(1A) receptors. It will now be important to investigate why cannabigerol produced signs of agonism more potently in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay than in the vas deferens and also whether it can inhibit noradrenaline uptake in this isolated tissue and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cascio
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Evans RM, Scott RH, Ross RA. Chronic exposure of sensory neurones to increased levels of nerve growth factor modulates CB1/TRPV1 receptor crosstalk. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:404-13. [PMID: 17700720 PMCID: PMC2042953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anandamide (AEA) activates both cannabinoid CB(1) and TRPV1 receptors, which are expressed on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurones. Increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) are associated with chronic pain states. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The aim of this study was to compare of the effects of AEA on CB(1) receptor signalling and TRPV1-CB(1) crosstalk in low and high concentrations of NGF, using voltage-clamp electrophysiology and Fura-2 calcium imaging. KEY RESULTS Chronic exposure to high NGF (200 ng ml(-1)) as compared to low NGF (20 ng ml(-1)) increases the proportion of neurones that exhibit an inward current in response to AEA (1 microM), from 7 to 29%. In contrast, inhibition of voltage-gated calcium currents by AEA is not significantly different in low NGF (33+/-9%, compared to high NGF 28+/-6%). Crosstalk between CB and TRPV1 receptors is modulated by exposure to high NGF. In low NGF, exposure to the CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR141716A, (100 nM) increases the percentage of neurones in which AEA elicits an increase in [Ca(2+)](i), from 10 to 23%. In high NGF, the antagonist does not alter the percentage of responders (33 to 30%). In low NGF, exposure to the CB receptor agonist, WIN55 (1 microM) reduces capsaicin-mediated increases in [Ca(2+)](i) to 28+/-8% of control as compared to an enhancement to 172+/-26% of control observed in high NGF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that cannabinoid-mediated modulation of TRPV1 receptor activation is altered after exposure to high NGF.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chronic Disease
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophysiology
- Endocannabinoids
- Fura-2
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/administration & dosage
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/physiopathology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TRPV Cation Channels/drug effects
- TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Evans
- Medical Faculty, University of Calgary Calgary, Canada
| | - R H Scott
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - R A Ross
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists are novel therapeutics with potential for the treatment of a number of conditions including obesity, nicotine addition and metabolic syndrome. In 2005, Price et al. demonstrated that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor contains an allosteric-binding site which binds synthetic small molecules. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Horswill et al. have extended these observations. They demonstrate that a structurally similar small molecule allosterically modulates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and reduces body weight and food intake in an acute feeding model. Allosteric modulation now contends as a new strategy in the therapeutic exploitation of cannabinoid receptors that may offer certain advantages over the more familiar small molecules targeting the orthosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- School of Medical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Thomas A, Baillie GL, Phillips AM, Razdan RK, Ross RA, Pertwee RG. Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:613-23. [PMID: 17245363 PMCID: PMC2189767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A nonpsychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, cannabidiol has been demonstrated to have low affinity for both cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. We have shown previously that cannabidiol can enhance electrically evoked contractions of the mouse vas deferens, suggestive of inverse agonism. We have also shown that cannabidiol can antagonize cannabinoid receptor agonists in this tissue with a greater potency than we would expect from its poor affinity for cannabinoid receptors. This study aimed to investigate whether these properties of cannabidiol extend to CB1 receptors expressed in mouse brain and to human CB2 receptors that have been transfected into CHO cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The [35S]GTPS binding assay was used to determine both the efficacy of cannabidiol and the ability of cannabidiol to antagonize cannabinoid receptor agonists (CP55940 and R-(+)-WIN55212) at the mouse CB1 and the human CB2 receptor. KEY RESULTS This paper reports firstly that cannabidiol displays inverse agonism at the human CB2 receptor. Secondly, we demonstrate that cannabidiol is a high potency antagonist of cannabinoid receptor agonists in mouse brain and in membranes from CHO cells transfected with human CB2 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study has provided the first evidence that cannabidiol can display CB2 receptor inverse agonism, an action that appears to be responsible for its antagonism of CP55940 at the human CB2 receptor. The ability of cannabidiol to behave as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist may contribute to its documented anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Pertwee RG, Thomas A, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Varvel SA, Lichtman AH, Martin BR, Razdan RK. The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:586-94. [PMID: 17245367 PMCID: PMC2189766 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To follow up in vitro evidence that Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin extracted from cannabis (eDelta(9)-THCV) is a CB(1) receptor antagonist by establishing whether synthetic Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (O-4394) and Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (O-4395) behave as CB(1) antagonists in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH O-4394 and O-4395 were compared with eDelta(9)-THCV as displacers of [(3)H]-CP55940 from specific CB(1) binding sites on mouse brain membranes and as antagonists of CP55940 in [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assays performed with mouse brain membranes and of R-(+)-WIN55212 in mouse isolated vasa deferentia. Their ability to antagonize in vivo effects of 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice was then investigated. KEY RESULTS O-4394 and O-4395 exhibited similar potencies to eDelta(9)-THCV as displacers of [(3)H]-CP55940 (K (i)=46.6 and 64.4 nM, respectively) and as antagonists of CP55940 in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay (apparent K (B)=82.1 and 125.9 nM, respectively) and R-(+)-WIN55212 in the vas deferens (apparent K (B)=4.8 and 3.9 nM respectively). At i.v. doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and/or 3 mg kg(-1) O-4394 and O-4395 attenuated Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced anti-nociception (tail-flick test) and hypothermia (rectal temperature). O-4395 but not O-4394 also antagonized Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced ring immobility. By themselves, O-4395 and O-4394 induced ring immobility at 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) and antinociception at doses above 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.). O-4395 also induced hypothermia at 3 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) and above. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS O-4394 and O-4395 exhibit similar in vitro potencies to eDelta(9)-THCV as CB(1) receptor ligands and as antagonists of cannabinoid receptor agonists and can antagonize Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Body Temperature/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists
- Cyclohexanes/metabolism
- Cyclohexanes/pharmacology
- Cyclohexanols
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dronabinol/analogs & derivatives
- Dronabinol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dronabinol/metabolism
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Electric Stimulation
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Locomotion/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Pain Measurement
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Phenols/metabolism
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Psychotropic Drugs/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/metabolism
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pertwee
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
- Author for correspondence:
| | - A Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - L A Stevenson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - R A Ross
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - S A Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B R Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
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Khan F, Kerr H, Ross RA, Newton DJ, Belch JJF. Effects of poor glucose handling on arterial stiffness and left ventricular mass in normal children. INT ANGIOL 2006; 25:268-73. [PMID: 16878075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiovascular risk factors can be present in children and young adults. We previously found abnormal microvascular function in children who had glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether they also have abnormalities in left ventricular mass (LVM) and arterial stiffness. METHODS We measured heart dimensions and LVM using echocardiography, and arterial stiffness using pulse wave analysis in 23 children with good glucose handling (postfeeding glucose: 3.9 to 5 mmol/L) and 21 with poor glucose handling (7.7 to 11.4 mmol/L). RESULTS The time to pulse reflection was slightly shorter in the poorer glucose handlers (mean+/-SD: 143+/-10 vs 153+/-20 ms, P=0.04), suggestive of increased arterial stiffness. Also in this group, there were significant relationships between intraventricular septal thickness, blood pressure and body mass index, but not in the normal glucose handlers. CONCLUSIONS We have found that normal children who are in the lowest quintile of glucose tolerance in comparison with their peers are exhibiting the first signs of arterial stiffening. In addition, we have seen the beginnings of a relationship between blood pressure, body mass index and left ventricular enlargement in this group. While these changes may not yet be clinically significant, their emergence might be further evidence of early predisposition to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Khan
- Vascular Diseases Research Unit, The Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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Abstract
The following case reports illustrate a possible complication of vascular rupture when cutting balloon dilatation is performed immediately after failed standard balloon angioplasty to the same diameter. Deferral of the cutting balloon dilatation should be considered in such circumstances.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Anastomosis, Surgical
- Aneurysm, False/diagnosis
- Aneurysm, False/etiology
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/diagnosis
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/etiology
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Arm/blood supply
- Female
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/diagnosis
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/etiology
- Hematoma/diagnosis
- Hematoma/etiology
- Humans
- Ischemia/diagnosis
- Ischemia/therapy
- Leg/blood supply
- Male
- Treatment Failure
- Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
- Vascular Fistula/diagnosis
- Vascular Fistula/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakraverty
- Department of Radiology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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Hubbard JP, Preston WN, Ross RA. THE VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN, DETERMINED BY RADIOACTIVE SODIUM. J Clin Invest 2006; 21:613-7. [PMID: 16694951 PMCID: PMC435179 DOI: 10.1172/jci101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J P Hubbard
- Children's Hospital and the Infant's Hospital, Boston
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Grandinetti KB, Spengler BA, Biedler JL, Ross RA. Loss of one HuD allele on chromosome #1p selects for amplification of the N-myc proto-oncogene in human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:706-12. [PMID: 16278682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In human neuroblastoma tumors, amplification of the N-myc proto-oncogene and loss of all or part of the short arm of chromosome #1 are both associated with a poor prognosis. Accruing evidence indicates that it is the absence of one allele of the HuD (ELAVL4) gene, encoding the neuronal-specific RNA-binding protein HuD and localized to 1p34, that is linked to amplification. In 12 human neuroblastoma cell lines, N-myc amplification correlates with loss of one HuD allele and decreased HuD expression. Transfection experiments demonstrate that modulating HuD expression affects N-myc gene copy number as well as expression. Introduction of a sense HuD construct into two N-myc amplified cell lines considerably increases N-myc expression whereas gene copy number decreases. Conversely, expression of antisense HuD in N-myc nonamplified SH-SY5Y cells reduces HuD and N-myc mRNA levels even as cells show amplification of the N-myc gene. Thus, N-myc gene copy number is modulated by alteration of HuD expression. We propose that haploinsufficiency of HuD due to chromosome #1p deletion in neuroblastoma selects for cells that amplify N-myc genes. Application of these findings could lead to more effective therapies in the treatment of those patients with the worst prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Grandinetti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
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38
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Ross RA. Medical support to littoral manoeuvre. J R Nav Med Serv 2005; 91:150-2. [PMID: 16383274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
My personal view, after some 16 years away from 3 Commando Brigade, is that there has been a vast improvement in the medical infrastructure, logistics and communications at Unit level. The defined treatment timelines provide medical staff with much needed leverage in securing scarce SH assets and the casualty evacuation plan from Role 1 to Role 2 is cogent and workable. The Role 2 capability is much more flexible and robust and can now be projected forward to where it is needed. And, of course, we are now supported by a superb Role 3 facility afloat. All in all medical support to Lit M is in good shape, even if we are all still "dripping" about our tents!
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- 3 Commando Brigade, Royal Marines
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Selzer G, Ross RA, Spalding TJ. A complicated stress fracture of the femoral neck--a case report. J R Nav Med Serv 2003; 89:5-8. [PMID: 14655421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
A case is presented of a stress fracture of the femoral neck complicated by complete fracture. Additional complications arose when the repaired fracture went on to non-union due to bending of the DHS screw, requiring revision surgery with a valgus osteotomy. The case is important because this type of stress fracture has previously been considered to be safe from risk of complete fracture. The failure of the operative treatment has implications for young patients treated similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Selzer
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry
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40
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Abstract
There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB(1) and CB(2), both coupled to G proteins. CB(1) receptors exist primarily on central and peripheral neurons, one of their functions being to modulate neurotransmitter release. CB(2) receptors are present mainly on immune cells. Their roles are proving more difficult to establish but seem to include the modulation of cytokine release. Endogenous agonists for cannabinoid receptors (endocannabinoids) have also been discovered, the most important being arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide), 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether. Other endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor types may also exist. Although anandamide can act through CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, it is also a vanilloid receptor agonist and some of its metabolites may possess yet other important modes of action. The discovery of the system of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids that constitutes the "endocannabinoid system" has prompted the development of CB(1)- and CB(2)-selective agonists and antagonists/inverse agonists. CB(1)/CB(2) agonists are already used clinically, as anti-emetics or to stimulate appetite. Potential therapeutic uses of cannabinoid receptor agonists include the management of multiple sclerosis/spinal cord injury, pain, inflammatory disorders, glaucoma, bronchial asthma, vasodilation that accompanies advanced cirrhosis, and cancer. Following their release onto cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids are removed from the extracellular space by membrane transport and then degraded by intracellular enzymic hydrolysis. Inhibitors of both these processes have been developed. Such inhibitors have therapeutic potential as animal data suggest that released endocannabinoids mediate reductions both in inflammatory pain and in the spasticity and tremor of multiple sclerosis. So too have CB(1) receptor antagonists, for example for the suppression of appetite and the management of cognitive dysfunction or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pertwee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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Al-Hayani A, Wease KN, Ross RA, Pertwee RG, Davies SN. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide activates vanilloid receptors in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41:1000-5. [PMID: 11747904 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(01)00145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 causes a selective reduction in paired-pulse depression of population spikes in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. This effect is consistent with the observation that activation of cannabinoid receptors inhibits GABA release in the hippocampus. We have now investigated the actions of the putative endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide in this system. 2-AG mimicked the effect of WIN55,212-2 by selectively reducing paired-pulse depression at concentrations of 1-30 microM. In contrast, anandamide caused a selective increase in paired-pulse depression at concentrations of 1-30 microM. This effect was mimicked by the vanilloid receptor agonists capsaicin and resiniferatoxin, and blocked by the vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine, but not by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM281. These results are the first to demonstrate a clear functional vanilloid receptor-mediated effect in the hippocampus, and further, that anandamide but not 2-AG acts at these receptors to increase paired-pulse depression of population spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Hayani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
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Coutts AA, Anavi-Goffer S, Ross RA, MacEwan DJ, Mackie K, Pertwee RG, Irving AJ. Agonist-induced internalization and trafficking of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2425-33. [PMID: 11264316 PMCID: PMC6762401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced internalization of G-protein-coupled receptors is an important mechanism for regulating receptor abundance and availability at the plasma membrane. In this study we have used immunolabeling techniques and confocal microscopy to investigate agonist-induced internalization and trafficking of CB(1) receptors in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. The levels of cell surface CB(1) receptor immunoreactivity associated with presynaptic GABAergic terminals decreased markedly (by up to 84%) after exposure to the cannabinoid agonist (+)-WIN55212, in a concentration-dependent (0.1-1 microm) and stereoselective manner. Inhibition was maximal at 16 hr and abolished in the presence of SR141716A, a selective CB(1) receptor antagonist. Methanandamide (an analog of an endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide) also reduced cell surface labeling (by 43% at 1 microm). Differential labeling of cell surface and intracellular pools of receptor demonstrated that the reduction in cell surface immunoreactivity reflects agonist-induced internalization and suggests that the internalized CB(1) receptors are translocated toward the soma. The internalization process did not require activated G-protein alpha(i) or alpha(o) subunits. A different pattern of cell surface CB(1) receptor expression was observed using an undifferentiated F-11 cell line, which had pronounced somatic labeling. In these cells substantial CB(1) receptor internalization was also observed after exposure to (+)-WIN55212 (1 microm) for relatively short periods (30 min) of agonist exposure. In summary, this dynamic modulation of CB(1) receptor expression may play an important role in the development of cannabinoid tolerance in the CNS. Agonist-induced internalization at presynaptic terminals has important implications for the modulatory effects of G-protein-coupled receptors on neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Coutts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
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43
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Ross RA, Coutts AA, McFarlane SM, Anavi-Goffer S, Irving AJ, Pertwee RG, MacEwan DJ, Scott RH. Actions of cannabinoid receptor ligands on rat cultured sensory neurones: implications for antinociception. Neuropharmacology 2001; 40:221-32. [PMID: 11114401 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids modulate nociceptive processing in models of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We have investigated the location and function of cannabinoid receptors on cultured neonatal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones and F-11 cells, a dorsal root ganglionxneuroblastoma hybridoma which displays several of the features of authentic DRG neurones. CB(1) receptor immunolabelling was observed on the cell bodies and as fine puncta on processes of both cultured DRG neurones and F-11 cells. Additionally, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis provided evidence that both CB(1) and CB(2) receptors are expressed on populations of cells within the cultured DRG and F-11 cells. The cannabinoid receptor agonist (+)-WIN55212 (10 and 100 nM) inhibited the mean voltage-activated Ca(2+) current in DRG neurones by 21% and 30%, respectively. The isomer, (-)-WIN55212 (10 and 100 nM) produced significantly less inhibition of 6% and 10% respectively. The CB(1) selective receptor antagonist SR141716A (100 nM) enhanced the peak high voltage-activated Ca(2+) current by 24% and simultaneous application of SR141716A (100 nM) and (+)-WIN55212 (100 nM) resulted in a significant attenuation of the inhibition obtained with (+)-WIN55212 alone. These data give functional evidence for the hypothesis that the analgesic actions of cannabinoids may be mediated by presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release in sensory neurones.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Benzoxazines
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Cannabinoids/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Fluorescence
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ion Channel Gating
- Ligands
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Ross RA, Gibson TM, Brockie HC, Leslie M, Pashmi G, Craib SJ, Di Marzo V, Pertwee RG. Structure-activity relationship for the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, and certain of its analogues at vanilloid receptors in transfected cells and vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 132:631-40. [PMID: 11159715 PMCID: PMC1572597 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study was directed at exploring the structure-activity relationship for anandamide and certain of its analogues at the rat VR1 receptor in transfected cells and at investigating the relative extent to which anandamide interacts with CB(1) and vanilloid receptors in the mouse vas deferens. 2. pK(i) values for displacement of [(3)H]-resiniferatoxin from membranes of rVR1 transfected CHO cells were significantly less for anandamide (5.78) than for its structural analogues N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-arachidonylamide (AM404; 6.18) and N-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)benzyl-arachidonylamide (arvanil; 6.77). 3. pEC(50) values for stimulating (45)Ca(2+) uptake into rVR1 transfected CHO cells were significantly less for anandamide (5.80) than for AM404 (6.32) or arvanil (9.29). Arvanil was also significantly more potent than capsaicin (pEC(50)=7.37), a compound with the same substituted benzyl polar head group as arvanil. 4. In the mouse vas deferens, resiniferatoxin was 218 times more potent than capsaicin as an inhibitor of electrically-evoked contractions. Both drugs were antagonized to a similar extent by capsazepine (pK(B)=6.93 and 7.18 respectively) but were not antagonized by SR141716A (1 microM). Anandamide was less susceptible than capsaicin to antagonism by capsazepine (pK(B)=6.02) and less susceptible to antagonism by SR141716A (pK(B)=8.66) than methanandamide (pK(B)=9.56). WIN55212 was antagonized by SR141716A (pK(B)=9.02) but not by capsazepine (10 microM). 5. In conclusion, anandamide and certain of its analogues have affinity and efficacy at the rat VR1 receptor. In the mouse vas deferens, which seems to express vanilloid and CB(1) receptors, both receptor types appear to contribute to anandamide-induced inhibition of evoked contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
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Abstract
The effect of O(2) and CO(2) on expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated under controlled growth conditions with continuous-culture techniques. To stimulate TSST-1 production, air and anaerobic gas were premixed before delivery to the culture vessel. At a growth rate-or mass doubling time (t(d))-of 3 h, production of specific TSST-1 (expressed as micrograms per milligram of cell dry weight) was 5. 9-fold greater at an O(2) concentration of 4% than under anaerobic conditions. Increasing the O(2) concentration to 11% did not result in a significant increase (P> 0.05) in the rate of toxin production over that during growth in 4% O(2) but did result in a significant increase (4.9-fold; P<0.001) in the rate of toxin production over that during anaerobic growth. At a t(d) of 9 h, addition of 3.5% O(2) resulted in a 7.6-fold increase in specific TSST-1 production. When room air was sparged through a culture growing at a t(d) of 9 h, TSST-1 production increased significantly (by 3.4-fold) over that during anaerobic growth. When a growth environment of 4% O(2)-remainder N(2) was studied, no increase in TSST-1 production was observed; this was also the case with 8% O(2) at gas-flow rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 liters/min. In all experiments, production of biomass (expressed as milligrams of cell dry weight per milliliter) increased, indicating that O(2) was metabolized by S. aureus. Addition of CO(2) to the gas mix (4% O(2), 10% CO(2), 86% N(2)) resulted in a 5.1- to 6.8-fold increase in TSST-1 production over that during anaerobic growth and a 3.6-fold increase over that during growth in an environment of 4% O(2)-remainder N(2). The agr mutant strain tested produced 6.1-fold more specific TSST-1 in a growth environment of 4% O(2)-10% CO(2)-86% N(2) than during anaerobic growth. These data suggest that in this system, O(2) alone does not trigger production of TSST-1; rather, both CO(2) and O(2) are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- Departments of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
We have investigated the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages by the cannabinoids and the putative cannabinoid CB(2)-like receptor ligand, palmitoylethanolamide. (R)-(+)-[2, 3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo-[1,2,3-de]-1, 4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate ((+)-WIN55212) and, to a lesser extent (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1, 1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)cyclohexan++ +-1-ol (CP55940), significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide stimulated nitric oxide production. The level of inhibition was found to be dependent on the concentration of lipopolysaccharide used to induce nitric oxide production. Palmitoylethanolamide significantly inhibited nitric oxide production induced by lipopolysaccharide. The inhibition of nitric oxide production by (+)-WIN55212 but not palmitoylethanolamide was significantly attenuated in the presence of the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor antagonist, N-[(1S)-endo-1,3, 3-trimethyl bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazo le- 3-carboxamide (SR144528). (+)-WIN55212 produced a pertussis toxin-sensitive parallel rightward shift in the log concentration-response curve for lipopolysaccharide, causing a fivefold increase in the EC(50) value for lipopolysaccharide with no change in the E(max) value. (-)-WIN55212 had no effect on the log concentration-response curve for lipopolysaccharide. Palmitoylethanolamide did not produce a rightward shift in the lipopolysaccharide concentration-response curve. However, it did produce a pertussis toxin-insensitive reduction in the E(max) value. The results suggest that the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide mediated nitric oxide release by (+)-WIN55212 in murine macrophages is mediated by cannabinoid CB(2) receptors. In contrast, the inhibition by palmitoylethanolamide does not appear to be mediated by cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ross
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, Aberdeen, UK.
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47
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Woodward DF, Krauss AH, Chen J, Gil DW, Kedzie KM, Protzman CE, Shi L, Chen R, Krauss HA, Bogardus A, Dinh HT, Wheeler LA, Andrews SW, Burk RM, Gac T, Roof MB, Garst ME, Kaplan LJ, Sachs G, Pierce KL, Regan JW, Ross RA, Chan MF. Replacement of the carboxylic acid group of prostaglandin f(2alpha) with a hydroxyl or methoxy substituent provides biologically unique compounds. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1933-43. [PMID: 10952685 PMCID: PMC1572247 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the carboxylic acid group of PGF(2alpha) with the non-acidic substituents hydroxyl (-OH) or methoxy (-OCH(3)) resulted in an unexpected activity profile. Although PGF(2alpha) 1-OH and PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) exhibited potent contractile effects similar to 17-phenyl PGF(2alpha) in the cat lung parenchymal preparation, they were approximately 1000 times less potent than 17-phenyl PGF(2alpha) in stimulating recombinant feline and human FP receptors. In human dermal fibroblasts and Swiss 3T3 cells PGF(2alpha) 1-OH and PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) produced no Ca(2+) signal until a 1 microM concentration was exceeded. Pretreatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with either 1 microM PGF(2alpha) 1-OH or PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) did not attenuate Ca(2+) signal responses produced by PGF(2alpha) or fluprostenol. In the rat uterus, PGF(2alpha) 1-OH was about two orders of magnitude less potent than 17-phenyl PGF(2alpha) whereas PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) produced only a minimal effect. Radioligand binding studies on cat lung parenchymal plasma membrane preparations suggested that the cat lung parenchyma does not contain a homogeneous population of receptors that equally respond to PGF(2alpha)1-OH, PGF(2alpha)1-OCH(3), and classical FP receptor agonists. Studies on smooth muscle preparations and cells containing DP, EP(1), EP(2), EP(3), EP(4), IP, and TP receptors indicated that the activity of PGF(2alpha) 1-OH and PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) could not be ascribed to interaction with these receptors. The potent effects of PGF(2alpha) 1-OH and PGF(2alpha) 1-OCH(3) on the cat lung parenchyma are difficult to describe in terms of interaction with the FP or any other known prostanoid receptor.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- COS Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cats
- Cell Line
- DNA, Recombinant
- Dinoprost/analogs & derivatives
- Dinoprost/chemistry
- Dinoprost/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Prostaglandins F, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Epoprostenol
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Receptors, Thromboxane/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California, USA
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48
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Pertwee RG, Gibson TM, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Banner WK, Saha B, Razdan RK, Martin BR. O-1057, a potent water-soluble cannabinoid receptor agonist with antinociceptive properties. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:1577-84. [PMID: 10780961 PMCID: PMC1572002 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/1999] [Revised: 01/05/2000] [Accepted: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have low water solubility, necessitating the use of a solubilizing agent. In this paper we investigated whether a novel water-soluble cannabinoid, 3-(5'-cyano-1', 1'-dimethylpentyl)-1-(4-N-morpholinobutyryloxy)-Delta(8)- tetrahydroca nnabinol hydrochloride (O-1057), would interact with cannabinoid receptors when water or saline were used as the only vehicle. O-1057 displaced [(3)H]-CP55940 from specific binding sites on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell membranes expressing CB(1) or CB(2) cannabinoid receptors, with pK(i) values of 8.36 and 7.95 respectively. It also displaced [(3)H]-CP55940 from specific binding sites on rat brain membranes (pK(i) = 7.86). O-1057 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP production by both CB(1)- and CB(2)-transfected CHO cells (pEC(50) = 9.16 and 9.72 respectively), its potency matching that of CP55940 and exceeding that of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. In the mouse isolated vas deferens, O-1057 inhibited electrically-evoked contractions with pEC(50) and E(max) values of 9.73 and 76.84% respectively. It was antagonized by 100 nM SR141716A, the pK(B) of SR141716A against O-1057 (8.90) approximating to that against CP55940 (8.97). O-1057 also behaved as a CB(1) receptor agonist in vivo, reducing mouse spontaneous activity and rectal temperature when injected intravenously and inducing antinociception in the mouse tail flick test when given intravenously (ED(50) = 0.02 mg kg(-1)), intrathecally, intracerebroventricularly or by gavage. In all these assays, O-1057 was more potent than Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and, at 0.1 mg kg(-1) i.v., was antagonized by SR141716A (3 mg kg(-1) i.v.). These data demonstrate the ability of the water-soluble cannabinoid, O-1057, to act as a potent agonist at CB(1) and CB(2) receptors and warrant investigation of the clinical potential of O-1057 as an analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Pertwee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD.
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49
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Ross RA, Walton A. Body composition and fitness of Royal Naval officer cadets. J R Nav Med Serv 2000; 84:156-9. [PMID: 10695122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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50
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Abstract
The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is guarded by two sphincters, a smooth muscle lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and a skeletal muscle crural diaphragm. These two sphincters relax simultaneously under certain physiological conditions, i.e., swallowing, belching, vomiting, transient LES relaxation, and esophageal distension. Esophageal distension-induced crural diaphragm relaxation is mediated through vagal afferents that are thought to exert inhibitory influence on the central mechanism (brain stem) of crural diaphragm contraction. We conducted studies in 10 cats to determine whether a mechanism of crural diaphragm relaxation was located at the level of the neuromuscular junction and/or muscle. Stimulation of the crural diaphragm neuromuscular junction through 1) the electrodes implanted in the muscle and 2) the bilateral phrenic nerve resulted in an increase in EGJ pressure. Nicotinic receptor blockade (pancuronium, 0.2 mg/kg) abolished the EGJ pressure increase caused by electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular junction. Esophageal distension and bolus-induced secondary esophageal peristalsis caused relaxation of the EGJ during the stimulation of the neuromuscular junction. Bilateral phrenicotomy and vagotomy had no influence on this relaxation. These data suggest the existence of a peripheral mechanism of crural diaphragm inhibition. This peripheral inhibitory mechanism may reside at the level of either the neuromuscular junction or the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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