CamTrapAsia: A dataset of tropical forest vertebrate communities from 239 camera trapping studies

Information on tropical Asian vertebrates has traditionally been sparse, particularly when it comes to cryptic species inhabiting the dense forests of the region. Vertebrate populations are declining globally due to land-use change and hunting, the latter frequently referred as "defaunation." This is especially true in tropical Asia where there is extensive land-use change and high human densities. Robust monitoring requires that large volumes of vertebrate population data be made available for use by the scientific and applied communities. Camera traps have emerged as an effective, non-invasive, widespread, and common approach to surveying vertebrates in their natural habitats. However, camera-derived datasets remain scattered across a wide array of sources, including published scientific literature, gray literature, and unpublished works, making it challenging for researchers to harness the full potential of cameras for ecology, conservation, and management. In response, we collated and standardized observations from 239 camera trap studies conducted in tropical Asia. There were 278,260 independent records of 371 distinct species, comprising 232 mammals, 132 birds, and seven reptiles. The total trapping effort accumulated in this data paper consisted of 876,606 trap nights, distributed among Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Nepal, and far eastern India. The relatively standardized deployment methods in the region provide a consistent, reliable, and rich count data set relative to other large-scale pressence-only data sets, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) or citizen science repositories (e.g., iNaturalist), and is thus most similar to eBird. To facilitate the use of these data, we also provide mammalian species trait information and 13 environmental covariates calculated at three spatial scales around the camera survey centroids (within 10-, 20-, and 30-km buffers). We will update the dataset to include broader coverage of temperate Asia and add newer surveys and covariates as they become available. This dataset unlocks immense opportunities for single-species ecological or conservation studies as well as applied ecology, community ecology, and macroecology investigations. The data are fully available to the public for utilization and research. Please cite this data paper when utilizing the data.

Bat coronavirus was detected positive from insectivorous bats in Krau Wildlife Reserve Forest

Bats are flying mammals with unique immune systems that allow them to hold many pathogens. Hence, they are recognised as the reservoir of many zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we performed molecular detection to detect coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, pteropine orthoreoviruses and dengue viruses from samples collected from insectivorous bats in Krau Reserve Forest. One faecal sample from Rhinolophus spp. was detected positive for coronavirus. Based on BLASTN, phylogenetic analysis and pairwise alignment-based sequence identity calculation, the detected bat coronavirus is most likely to be a bat betacoronavirus lineage slightly different from coronavirus from China, Philippines, Thailand and Luxembourg. In summary, continuous surveillance of bat virome should be encouraged, as Krau Reserve Forest reported a wide spectrum of biodiversity of insectivorous and fruit bats. Moreover, the usage of primers for the broad detection of viruses should be reconsidered because geographical variations might possibly affect the sensitivity of primers in a molecular approach.

Clinicopathological study of gastric cancer in a Malaysian tertiary public health care centre

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of all new cancer cases globally. Although it is no longer reported in the top 10th most common cancer in Malaysia, geographical distribution and ethnic influences still obviously exist.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of histopathological records in a public tertiary health care centre in Malaysia. The computerised laboratory information system from the histopathology department of the hospital was retrieved for the period of 2005-2018. Descriptive analysis was done using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS

There was a total of 233 histologically confirmed GC cases. The burden of GC was observed to be an increasing trend from 2016 onwards. Among them, 64% were male and 36% were female. The youngest age of diagnosis was 19, while the oldest one was 93. Malaysian Chinese were found to have the highest incidences (41.63%), followed by Malays (32.19%) and Malaysian Indians (23.61%). All cases were of adenocarcinoma cell types and were found to have poorly differentiated in majority at the time of diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

Although this report only represents one tertiary health care centre in Malaysia, the Indian Enigma was still observed, as stated in other literatures. Over time, the incidence of GC in Malays has increased. Consideration of lifestyle modifications, health education and Helicobacter pylori eradication in various nations' National Health Insurance plans, are encouraged as prevention is always better than treatment or cure, including the cost load.

Reward System in Late-Life Depression: a Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE

Anhedonia, commonly defined as a reduced ability to feel pleasure, is a core clinical symptom of late-life depression (LLD). Deficits in reward processing are hypothesised to be associated with anhedonia. We examined differences in reward sensitivity between patients with LLD and healthy controls and explored the associations between LLD-related symptomatology, global cognition, and the reward system.

METHODS

The reward responsiveness of 63 patients with LLD and 58 healthy controls aged ≥60 years was assessed using the probabilistic reward learning task with an asymmetric reward schedule.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy controls, patients with LLD displayed lower response bias and reward learning. Global cognition of all participants was positively correlated with response bias. In patients with LLD, anhedonia severity explained impaired reward learning.

CONCLUSION

A deficit in reward processing is implicated in patients with LLD. Our findings suggest that executive dysfunction and anhedonia contribute to lower sensitivity to reward learning in patients with LLD.

Mapping frailty concepts to SNOMED CT

BACKGROUND

Frailty is considered an emerging syndrome characterized by a decrease in physiological ability to respond to stressors, leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Frailty is distinguished from normal age-associated decline because it is a sharp and often rapid decline rather than a gradual slowing down of general functioning. The comprehensive geriatric assessment is currently considered the gold standard for identifying frailty in older adults. The electronic version of this tool is called the eCGA and is commonly included in electronic medical records (EMR) in primary care settings.

OBJECTIVES

We explored the adequacy of SNOMED CT to represent frailty concepts by addressing three research questions: 1) What are the defining characteristics of frailty most commonly used in frailty assessment tools? 2) Are these characteristics captured within one or many frailty assessment tools? 3) Which data elements from existing tool(s) can be reliably mapped to existing SNOMED CT terms?

METHODS

We conducted a literature search to explore the defining characteristics of frailty and the most commonly used assessment tools. We compared these findings to the components of frailty captured within the eCGA. We then used a descriptive study design to manually map concepts from the eCGA to SNOMED CT.

RESULTS

Our literature review demonstrated that the eCGA contains all common defining characteristics of frailty. Unique assessment questions from the eCGA (n = 133) were manually mapped to SNOMED CT, using expert consensus. Of these, 72 % were direct matches, 17 % were one-to-many matches, and the remaining 11 % were non-matches. Two rounds of expert clinician mapping occurred; inter-rater reliability between the two clinicians was 0.75 (kappa).

CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS

The resulting list of mapped eCGA elements to SNOMED CT terms can inform revisions to existing chronic disease databases to include frailty monitoring and surveillance.

Can Linked Electronic Medical Record and Administrative Data Help Us Identify Those Living with Frailty?

Introduction

Frailty is a complex condition that affects many aspects of patients’ wellbeing and health outcomes.

Objectives

We used available Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and administrative data to determine definitions of frailty. We also examined whether there were differences in demographics or health conditions among those identified as frail in either the EMR or administrative data.

Methods

EMR and administrative data were linked in British Columbia (BC) and Manitoba (MB) to identify those aged 65 years and older who were frail. The EMR data were obtained from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) and the administrative data (e.g. billing, hospitalizations) was obtained from Population Data BC and the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository. Sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, prescribed medications, use and costs of healthcare are described for those identified as frail.

Results

Sociodemographic and utilization differences were found among those identified as frail from the EMR compared to those in the administrative data. Among those who were >65 years, who had a record in both EMR and administrative data, 5%-8% (n=191 of 3,553, BC; n=2,396 of 29,382, MB) were identified as frail. There was a higher likelihood of being frail with increasing age and being a woman. In BC and MB, those identified as frail in both data sources have approximately twice the number of contacts with primary care (n=20 vs. n=10) and more days in hospital (n=7.2 vs. n=1.9 in BC; n=9.8 vs. n=2.8 in MB) compared to those who are not frail; 27% (BC) and 14% (MB) of those identified as frail in 2014 died in 2015.

Conclusions

Identifying frailty using EMR data is particularly challenging because many functional deficits are not routinely recorded in structured data fields. Our results suggest frailty can be captured along a continuum using both EMR and administrative data.

Development of comparable algorithms to measure primary care indicators using administrative health data across three Canadian provinces

INTRODUCTION

Performance measurement has been recognized as key to transforming primary care (PC). Yet, performance reporting in PC lags behind even though high-performing PC is foundational to an effective and efficient health care system.

OBJECTIVES

We used administrative data from three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia, to: 1) identify and develop a core set of PC performance indicators using administrative data and 2) examine their ability to capture PC performance.

METHODS

Administrative data used included Physician Billings, Discharge Abstract Database, the National Ambulatory Care and Reporting System database, Census and Vital Statistics. Indicators were compiled based on a literature review of PC indicators previously developed with administrative data available in Canada (n=158). We engaged in iterative discussions to assess data conformity, completeness, and plausibility of results in all jurisdictions. Challenges to creating comparable algorithms were examined through content analysis and research team discussions, which included clinicians, analysts, and health services researchers familiar with PC.

RESULTS

Our final list included 21 PC performance indicators pertaining to 1) technical care (n=4), 2) continuity of care (n=6), and 3) health services utilization (n=11). Establishing comparable algorithms across provinces was possible though time intensive. A major challenge was inconsistent data elements. Ease of data access, and a deep understanding of the data and practice context, was essential for selecting the most appropriate data elements.

CONCLUSIONS

This project is unique in creating algorithms to measure PC performance across provinces. It was essential to balance internal validity of the indicators within a province and external validity across provinces. The intuitive desire of having the exact same coding across provinces was infeasible due to lack of standardized PC data. Rather, a context-tailored definition was developed for each jurisdiction. This work serves as an example for developing comparable PC performance indicators across different provincial/territorial jurisdictions.

Achieving cross provincial comparisons of osteoporosis screening performance from administrative health data

Administrative databases can be used to measure healthcare performance. This can lead to identification of high-performing practice characteristics and inform innovations. However, a key challenge is that administrative data cannot be easily combined across provinces. Comparable measures must be defined across provinces but operationalized within each province. The purpose of this work is to provide an example of defining a population health concept, osteoporosis screening, and creating measures to examine it across British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, Canada. TRANSFORMATION is a study that seeks to improve the science and reporting of Primary Health Care performance. We used administrative data from the above three provinces to examine osteoporosis screening in those aged 65 years and older. Challenges of databases with different data elements and levels of methods development (e.g. macros) can be overcome for purposes of cross-provincial comparisons. Flexibility of analytic methods and frequent communication is needed.

Readability and suitability of oral health education pamphlets produced by the Ministry of Health Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

Printed health education materials can only be effective if they are readable and suitable for the target audience. This study examined the readability and suitability of oral health education (OHE) pamphlets produced by the Oral Health Program (OHP), Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia.

METHODS

The Khadijah Rohani's Readability Formula (KRRF) and Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument were used to assess the readability and suitability of the pamphlets respectively. All 23 Bahasa Malaysia pamphlets retrieved from the official portal of OHP on the 31st January 2019 were assessed for suitability. However, only five pamphlets were found to be eligible for readability assessment because the KRRF, the single formula available for Bahasa Malaysia text is applicable only for materials with 300 words or more. The readability is interpreted based on the level of formal education in Malaysia.

RESULTS

All pamphlets achieved superior suitability rating with a minimum and maximum score of 75% and 95% respectively. However, a few pamphlets did not fulfil SAM superior and adequate criteria for the following factors and were rated not suitable: did not include summary (73.9%), have few or no headers (4.3%), did not use captions to explain graphics (17.4%), and did not provide interactive learning (21.7%). Readability of the pamphlets eligible for assessment ranged from primary six to secondary three.

CONCLUSIONS

OHE pamphlets produced by the MOH are readable by most Malaysians. Most pamphlets are generally suitable for the intended audience although a few performed poorly in several areas.

Development of an optical biosensor for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi and Plasmodium berghei

A laboratory prototype system that correlates murine blood absorbance with degree of infection for Plasmodium berghei and Trypanosoma avensi has been designed, constructed and tested. A population (n = 6) of control uninfected, Plasmodium infected and Trypanosoma infected BALB/c mice were developed and spectral absorption measurements pre and post infection were made every 3 days. A fibre optic spectrometer set-up was used as the basis of a laboratory prototype biosensor that uses the Beer Lambert Law to relate Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-infrared absorbance data to changes in murine blood chemistry post infection. Spectral absorption results indicate a statistically relevant correlation at a 650 nm with infection for Plasmodium from between 4 and 7 sampling days' post infection, in spite of significant standard deviations among the sample populations for control and infected mice. No significant spectral absorption change for Trypanosoma infection was been detected from the current data. Corresponding stained slides of control and infected blood at each sampling date were taken with related infected cell counts determined and these correlate well for Plasmodium absorbance at 650 nm.

Abstract P6-21-06: Target N-Ras for degradation by flunarizine to treat basal-like breast cancer

Background:Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that are usually triple negative for ER, PR, and HER2. There is no effective targeted therapy for BLBC due to the lack of a druggable driver. Ras GTPases are powerful drivers for tumorigenesis. We have shown that wild type N-Ras, but not K- or H-Ras, is overexpressed in BLBC and driving itsgrowth and transforming activities. However, there is currently no treatment that directly target Ras. This study thus screened existing pharmacologically active and approved compounds for the new ability to induce N-Ras degradation in BLBC.

Methods:Compounds in the LOPAC library were screened by an automated microscopy system for the ability to reduce GFP-N-Ras signals in the cells. Isolated compounds were then examined to identify those that can degrade endogenous N-Ras in BLBC cells without impacting levels of other Ras proteins. Final candidate compounds were further examined to determine by which proteolytic pathway N-Ras is induced to be degraded. The potentials of the identified compound to treat BLBC were assessed by examining cell growth and soft agar colony formation in vitroand tumor growth in vivo.

Results:We identified flunarizine (FLN), previously approved for treating migraine and epilepsy. The FLN-induced N-Ras degradation was not affected by a 26S-proteasome inhibitor. Rather, it was blocked by autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, N-Ras can be seen co-localized with active autophagosomes upon FLN treatment, suggesting that FLN alters the autophagy pathway to degrade N-Ras. Importantly, FLN treatment recapitulated the effect of N-RASsilencingin vitroby selectively inhibiting the growth of BLBC cells, but not that of breast cancer cells of other subtypes. In addition, in vivoFLN inhibited tumor growth of a BLBC xenograft model.

Conclusion:This proof-of-principle study presents evidence that the autophagy pathway can be coerced by small molecule inhibitors, such as FLN, to degrade Ras as a strategy to treat cancer. FLN has low toxicity and should be further investigated to enrich the toolbox of cancer therapeutics against BLBC.

Citation Format: Zheng Z-Y, Li J, Li F, Zhu Y, Cui K, Wong ST, Chang EC, Liao Y-h. Target N-Ras for degradation by flunarizine to treat basal-like breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-21-06.

Abstract P1-15-14: Neoadjuvant liposomal doxorubicin and carboplatin is effective and tolerable for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer

Background: The use of neoadjuvant platinum with taxane for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has gained increased attention for improving rates of pathologic complete response (pCR). Our prior trial combining carboplatin (CAR) with liposomal doxorubicin (DOX) for metastatic TNBC showed good response rates with minimal side effects while allowing for greater platinum dosing compared to a taxane combination. We hypothesized that the doublet of DOX+CAR is effective and tolerable in the neoadjuvant setting for TNBC and that tumor genomics may aid in determining those patients most likely to benefit.

Methods: A phase II single arm trial was conducted for patients (pts) diagnosed with stage II-III TNBC. Patients received 4 cycles of neoadjuvant carboplatin (AUC 5) and liposomal doxorubicin (30mg/m2) administered every 28 days, then underwent definitive breast surgery followed by 12 weeks of adjuvant paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 administered weekly. Primary and secondary clinical endpoints were rate of pCR and two year recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Cardiac safety of the combination was assessed. Fresh residual tumor samples were obtained at time of surgery for generation of patient derived xenografts (PDX). Tumor genomic profiling was done to determine the mutational spectrum, association of this spectrum in primary tumors with achieving pCR, and identifying alternative treatment strategies for PDX evaluation for patients with resistant disease.

Results: From 2/2015 to 5/2018, 36 pts were enrolled and 32 completed treatment; 4 pts await definitive surgery; 12 (33%) are two years from diagnosis. Median age of the cohort was 53 years. There was high participation by under-represented groups: 23% African American, 20% Asian, 14% Hispanic. Most histologies were invasive ductal but included apocrine, pleomorphic lobular, and metaplastic subtypes. Of the 32 pts who completed surgery, 34% (11) achieved pCR and 64% (23) had clinical response on serial physical exam. At 2 years, there were 2 distant and 1 local recurrence. The most common toxicities during DOX+CAR were grade 1 nausea in 19 pts (53%), grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 10 pts (28%); these pts received GCSF support with subsequent cycles; febrile neutropenia occurred in 1 pt (3%) in this group. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia (2 pts), pruritis (1 pt), and mucositis (1 pt) were observed. Only 6 pts (17%) had grade 1 alopecia. There were no delays in treatment due to cardiotoxicity or complications from surgical healing. TP53 (93%), PI3K/PTEN (26.6%), and NOTCH (20%) were the most commonly altered pathways. Structural variants, such as amplifications, rearrangements, and frameshifts were the most frequent alterations detected. Of the 25 pts who had residual disease, PDX was attempted from 14 pts, and 10 (71%) PDX were established, including those for all 3 patients experiencing recurrence.

Conclusion: Neoadjuvant DOX+CAR demonstrated good efficacy and tolerability. Post-chemotherapy PDX is feasible and may help identify targeted approaches for patients with resistant disease. These results warrant further evaluation of this combination for early stage TNBC.

Citation Format: Chan N, Riedlinger GM, Lu S-e, Pham KT, Kirstein LJ, Eladoumikdachi FG, George MA, Potdevin LB, Kowzun MJ, Desai SA, Tang DM, Omene CO, Wong ST, Rodriguez-Rust L, Kumar S, Kearney TJ, Liu C, Ganesan S, Toppmeyer DL, Hirshfield KM. Neoadjuvant liposomal doxorubicin and carboplatin is effective and tolerable for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-15-14.

Abstract P5-13-03: The use of a behavior-modification clinical solution application to improve breast cancer survivors' accountability and health outcomes

Background: Studies have demonstrated that obesity increases the risk of breast cancer recurrence and death in survivors but only 34% of breast cancer survivors engage in the recommended level of physical activity. This low percentage is related to a lack of accountability and motivation. We hypothesize that using a mobile application (app) incorporating the concept of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dietary and physical activity recommendations will improve breast cancer survivors' accountability and help them reach their personalized health goals; specifically with diet and exercise. Methods: We have created an app, METHODIST HOSPITAL CANCER HEALTH APPLICATION (MOCHA) for the purpose of patient self-reinforcement through the daily accounting of activity and nutrition as well as group feedback and direct interaction with clinical dietician. To test the MOCHA app's feasibility, we enrolled 33 breast cancer survivors with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 who were at least 6 months post active treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation) for a 4 week feasibility trial. During these 4 weeks, the users used the app to track wellness (mood, sleep or pain), diet (calorie intake) and exercise (walking or steps). Our primary objective was to demonstrate adherence, defined as the number of days recorded on MOCHA during week 2 and 3 of the 4 week study period (14 days). A registered dietitian assigned personalized goals for each user and monitored their usage of the app and followed the progress of their goals. Additionally, the dietitian sent daily push notifications to encourage the user to stay on track. Results: Our results suggests a correlation between utilization of the app and achievement of the goals of weight loss and increased motivation to exercise. The average number of daily uses of the app was approximately 3.76 (0-12) and 50% of enrolled users lost average of 2.14 lbs (0-6lbs) weight during this short 4 week study; preliminary correlation analysis suggest a correlation coefficient of -0.42 between these two variables. This is noteworthy as traditionally we would expect weight increase in this group of users. Our secondary objective was to determine MOCHA's usability using System Usability Scale (SUS) scale. Our average score on the SUS scale is 77%, which is above average. Lastly, users have stated that access to the dietitian in the app improves their food choices and accountability. Conclusion: This study provides essential data that emphasizes the importance of using technology to improve patients' goal adherence by providing real-time feedback and accountability with their healthcare team. Most health mobile apps focus on data acquisition but without the engagement of the health care team, this aspect differentiates MOCHA from the other apps. Our future directions will focus on using our MOCHA app in breast cancer survivors in a long term behavior modification study.

Citation Format: Stubbins RE, Cheng TH, Yu X, Puppala M, Chen S, Valdivia Y Alvarado M, Niravath PA, Chang JC, Wong ST, Patel TA. The use of a behavior-modification clinical solution application to improve breast cancer survivors' accountability and health outcomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-13-03.

Abstract P3-06-14: Identification of Prognosis-Relevant Subgroups in Patients with Chemoresistant Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. TNBC patients with pathologic complete response (pCR) have excellent survival, but those with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have significantly worse outcome. However, some patients having extensive residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant chemotherapy do not relapse, and we hypothesize that there may be subgroups with diverse prognosis among these chemoresistant TNBC patients.

Methods: Forty-nine cases with residual cancer from 111 TNBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (in M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 2000–2006) constituted the discovery cohort. Twenty-five chemoresistant samples from 47 neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated TNBC (in Baylor College of Medicine and Methodist Hospital, 2002–2006) were chosen for validation. Extended validation was performed in 269 operable TNBC predicted to be chemoresistant (using a JAMA-published genomic predictor) from public databases.

Results: By comparing the gene expression data from cases in relapse with those from un-relapsed cases, we established a 7-gene prognostic signature (including AR, ESR2, GATA3, GBX2, KRT16, MMP28, and WNT11) using dChip and gene enrichment analyses. In the discovery cohort, the signature showed positive predictive value (PPV; i.e., cumulative relapse rate of patients predicted to relapse in 3 years) of 95.4% and negative predictive values (NPV; i.e., relapse-free survival of patients predicted not to relapse in 3 years) of 100%. In the validation cohort, the classifier predicted correctly with PPV of 75.0% and NPV of 76.9% at 3 years. Compared with patients predicted not to relapse, those predicted to relapse had a hazard ratio of 3.37 (95% CI, 1.15–9.85) for disease recurrence or death in 3 years. In an extended validation cohort of 269 patients, our signature discriminated chemoresistant TNBC in overall cohort (PPV, 52.4%; NPV, 77.7%; log rank P < 0.0001), or each subset (e.g., log rank p = 0.001 for Rotterdam set; p = 0.013 for Frankfurt set), with adjusted overall hazard ratio of 2.07 (95% CI, 1.26–3.39). This signature was the only marker that could effectively predict the relapse in patients with chemoresistant TNBC. Of note, the subgroup predicted not to relapse was characterized by high expression of luminal-like genes (AR, GATA3), while the subgroup predicted to have high possibility of relapse was characterized by high expression of cancer stem cell and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition associated genes (WNT11, MMP28). The former corresponded to the luminal AR subtype and the latter to the mesenchymal stem-like subtype, according to Pietenpol's TNBC subtype classification.

Conclusion: We developed a clinically useful prognostic signature for chemoresistant TNBC. For these chemoresistant TNBC patients, new therapeutic strategies targeting AR-activation or cancer stem cells need to be developed.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-14.

CHMP6 and VPS4A mediate the recycling of Ras to the plasma membrane to promote growth factor signaling

While Ras is well-known to function on the plasma membrane (PM) to mediate growth factor signaling, increasing evidence suggests that Ras has complex roles in the cytoplasm. To uncover these roles, we screened a cDNA library and isolated H-Ras-binding proteins that also influence Ras functions. Many isolated proteins regulate trafficking involving endosomes; CHMP6/VPS20 and VPS4A, which interact with ESCRT-III, were chosen for further study. We showed that the binding is direct and occurs in endosomes. Furthermore, the binding is most efficient when H-Ras has a functional effector-binding-loop and is GTP-bound and ubiquitylated. CHMP6 and VPS4A also bound N-Ras, but not K-Ras. Repressing CHMP6 and VPS4A blocked Ras-induced transformation, which correlated with inefficient Ras localization to the PM as measured by cell fractionation and photobleaching. Moreover, silencing CHMP6 and VPS4A also blocked EGFR recycling. These data suggest that Ras interacts with key ESCRT-III components to promote recycling of itself and EGFR back to the PM to create a positive feedback loop to enhance growth factor signaling.

Infraoptic anterior cerebral artery: review, report of two cases and an anatomical classification

INTRODUCTION

Infraoptic course of the pre-communicating anterior cerebral artery (A1) is a rare anomaly. In total, there are 42 examples reported in the literature. We report two further patients. The first had an intradural cerebral aneurysm at the low bifurcation of an internal carotid artery (ICA) with bilateral infraoptic course of A1. The second had right infraoptic course of A1 with associated left parietal cerebral arteriovenous malformation and is the first report of such an association.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Overall, 59% of the examples were associated with cerebral aneurysms. Different terminology such as carotid-anterior cerebral artery anastomosis and infraoptic anterior cerebral artery has been used. Having analyzed the reports of infraoptic A1, we found the vascular configurations of the A1 could be better described by classifying them into four types. Such a classification can facilitate analysis of the embryogenesis explanation for this anomaly and the pathogenesis of the associated aneurysms. Besides, such a classification also has some practical implications.

A structural basis for reading fluency: white matter defects in a genetic brain malformation

BACKGROUND

Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that developmental dyslexia may be associated with abnormalities of neuronal migration or axonal connectivity. In patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia--a rare genetic brain malformation characterized by misplaced nodules of gray matter along the lateral ventricles--a specific and unexpected reading disability is present, despite normal intelligence. We sought to investigate the cognitive and structural brain bases of this phenomenon.

METHODS

Ten adult subjects with heterotopia, 10 with dyslexia, and 10 normal controls were evaluated, using a battery of neuropsychometric measures. White matter integrity and fiber tract organization were examined in six heterotopia subjects, using diffusion tensor imaging methods.

RESULTS

Subjects with heterotopia and those with developmental dyslexia shared a common behavioral profile, with specific deficits in reading fluency. Individuals with dyslexia seemed to have a more prominent phonological impairment than heterotopia subjects. Periventricular nodular heterotopia was associated with specific, focal disruptions in white matter microstructure and organization in the vicinity of gray matter nodules. The degree of white matter integrity correlated with reading fluency in this population.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that a genetic disorder of gray matter heterotopia shares behavioral characteristics with developmental dyslexia, and that focal white matter defects in this disorder may serve as the structural brain basis of this phenomenon. Our findings represent a potential model for the use of developmental brain malformations in the investigation of abnormal cognitive function.

Melkerrson-Rosenthal syndrome with cardiac involvement

Melkerrson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a granulomatous disease usually restricted to the orofacial region. We report a case of MRS in a 37-year-old Malay patient who presented with complete heart block on a background of recurrent oro-facial swelling and facial diplegia. Lip biopsy showed lymphohistocytic granulomatous inflammation typical for MRS. Extensive work-up excluded other causes of the complete heart block. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of MRS affecting cardiac connective tissues and the first report of MRS in an ethnic Malay. We postulate granulomatous infiltration of the conductive tissues as the basis for the heart block. Another unusual feature of the case was the presence of left eye abduction limitation.

Adenylyl cyclase 3 mediates prostaglandin E(2)-induced growth inhibition in arterial smooth muscle cells

Arterial smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation contributes to a number of vascular pathologies. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), produced by the endothelium and by SMCs themselves, acts as a potent SMC growth inhibitor. The growth-inhibitory effects of PGE(2) are mediated through activation of G-protein-coupled membrane receptors, activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), formation of cAMP, and subsequent inhibition of mitogenic signal transduction pathways in SMCs. Of the 10 different mammalian AC isoforms known today, seven isoforms (AC2-7 and AC9) are expressed in SMCs from various species. We show that, despite the presence of several different AC isoforms, the principal AC isoform activated by PGE(2) in human arterial SMCs is a calmodulin kinase II-inhibited AC with characteristics similar to those of AC3. AC3 is expressed in isolated human arterial SMCs and in intact aorta. We further show that arterial SMCs isolated from AC3-deficient mice are resistant to PGE(2)-induced growth inhibition. In summary, AC3 is the principal AC isoform activated by PGE(2) in arterial SMCs, and AC3 mediates the growth-inhibitory effects of PGE(2). Because AC3 activity is inhibited by intracellular calcium through calmodulin kinase II, AC3 may serve as an important integrator of growth-inhibitory signals that stimulate cAMP formation and growth factors that increase intracellular calcium.

GABA itself promotes the developmental switch of neuronal GABAergic responses from excitation to inhibition

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. Early in development, however, GABAergic synaptic transmission is excitatory and can exert widespread trophic effects. During the postnatal period, GABAergic responses undergo a switch from being excitatory to inhibitory. Here, we show that the switch is delayed by chronic blockade of GABA(A) receptors, and accelerated by increased GABA(A) receptor activation. In contrast, blockade of glutamatergic transmission or action potentials has no effect. Furthermore, GABAergic activity modulated the mRNA levels of KCC2, a K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter whose expression correlates with the switch. Finally, we report that GABA can alter the properties of depolarization-induced Ca(2+) influx. Thus, GABA acts as a self-limiting trophic factor during neural development.

GABA itself promotes the developmental switch of neuronal GABAergic responses from excitation to inhibition

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain. Early in development, however, GABAergic synaptic transmission is excitatory and can exert widespread trophic effects. During the postnatal period, GABAergic responses undergo a switch from being excitatory to inhibitory. Here, we show that the switch is delayed by chronic blockade of GABA(A) receptors, and accelerated by increased GABA(A) receptor activation. In contrast, blockade of glutamatergic transmission or action potentials has no effect. Furthermore, GABAergic activity modulated the mRNA levels of KCC2, a K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter whose expression correlates with the switch. Finally, we report that GABA can alter the properties of depolarization-induced Ca(2+) influx. Thus, GABA acts as a self-limiting trophic factor during neural development.

Confocal microscopic analysis reveals sprouting of primary afferent fibres in rat dorsal horn after spinal cord injury

Following high thoracic spinal cord transection (SCT) in rats, abnormal changes in arterial pressure in response to sensory stimulation (autonomic dysreflexia) are correlated with changes in neural circuitry in the injured spinal cord. Anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to Texas Red (WGATR) and confocal microscopy were used to characterize the increased arbourization of Adelta and Abeta fibre populations in laminae III-V of the dorsal horn. In cord-injured animals, significantly greater areas of WGATR-labeled fibres were found in the deeper laminae of the dorsal horn than in control rats. This increased area likely reflects sprouting of the Adelta, Abeta, and possibly C fibre populations. The time course of sprouting matches the onset of autonomic dysreflexia, indicating a possible functional correlation between the two phenomena.

Wavelet-based enhancement for detection of left ventricular myocardial boundaries in magnetic resonance images

MRI is noninvasive and generates clear images, giving it great potential as a diagnostic instrument. However, current methods of image analysis are too time-consuming for dynamic systems such as the cardiovascular system. Since dynamic imagery generate a huge number of images, a computer aided machine vision diagnostic tool is essential for implementing MRI-based measurement. In this paper, a wavelet-based image technique is applied to enhance left ventricular endocardial and epicardial profiles as the preprocessor for a dynamic programming-based automatic border detection algorithm. Statistical tests are conducted to verify the performance of the enhancement technique by comparing borders manually drawn with 1. borders generated from the enhanced images, and 2. borders generated for the original images.

Disruption of the type III adenylyl cyclase gene leads to peripheral and behavioral anosmia in transgenic mice

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are hypothesized to play a critical role in olfaction. However, it has not been demonstrated that the cAMP signaling is required for olfactory-based behavioral responses, and the contributions of specific adenylyl cyclases to olfaction have not been defined. Here, we report the presence of adenylyl cyclases 2, 3, and 4 in olfactory cilia. To evaluate the role of AC3 in olfactory responses, we disrupted the gene for AC3 in mice. Interestingly, electroolfactogram (EOG) responses stimulated by either cAMP- or inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate- (IP3-) inducing odorants were completely ablated in AC3 mutants, despite the presence of AC2 and AC4 in olfactory cilia. Furthermore, AC3 mutants failed several olfaction-based behavioral tests, indicating that AC3 and cAMP signaling are critical for olfactory-dependent behavior.

Altered stress-induced anxiety in adenylyl cyclase type VIII-deficient mice

Stress results in alterations in behavior and physiology that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. To define the molecular pathways involved in the response to stress further, we generated mice deficient (KO) in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase type VIII (AC8) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. AC8 KO mice demonstrate a compromise in calcium-stimulated AC activity in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem. Hippocampal slices derived from AC8 KO mice fail to demonstrate CA1-region long-term depression after low-frequency stimulation, and AC8 KO mice also fail to activate CRE-binding protein in the CA1 region after restraint stress. To define the behavioral consequences of AC8 deficiency, we evaluated AC8 KO mice in the elevated plus-maze and open field. Although naive AC8 KO mice exhibit indices of anxiety comparable with that of wild-type mice, AC8 KO mice do not show normal increases in behavioral markers of anxiety when subjected to repeated stress such as repetitive testing in the plus-maze or restraint preceding plus-maze testing. These results demonstrate a novel role for AC8 in the modulation of anxiety.

The type 8 adenylyl cyclase is critical for Ca2+ stimulation of cAMP accumulation in mouse parotid acini

Capacitative Ca(2+) entry stimulates cAMP synthesis in mouse parotid acini, suggesting that one of the Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclases (AC1 or AC8) may play an important role in the regulation of parotid function (Watson, E. L., Wu, Z., Jacobson, K. L., Storm, D. R., Singh, J. C., and Ott, S. M. (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 274, C557-C565). To evaluate the role of AC1 and AC8 in Ca(2+) stimulation of cAMP synthesis in parotid cells, acini were isolated from AC1 mutant (AC1-KO) and AC8 mutant (AC8-KO) mice and analyzed for Ca(2+) stimulation of intracellular cAMP levels. Although Ca(2+) stimulation of intracellular cAMP levels in acini from AC1-KO mice was indistinguishable from wild type mice, acini from AC8-KO mice showed no Ca(2+)-stimulated cAMP accumulation. This indicates that AC8, but not AC1, plays a major role in coupling Ca(2+) signals to cAMP synthesis in parotid acini. Interestingly, treatment of acini from AC8-KO mice with agents, i.e. carbachol and thapsigargin that increase intracellular Ca(2+), lowered cAMP levels. This decrease was dependent upon Ca(2+) influx and independent of phosphodiesterase activation. Immunoblot analysis revealed that AC5/6 and AC3 are expressed in parotid glands. Inhibition of calmodulin (CaM) kinase II with KN-62, or inclusion of the CaM inhibitor, calmidazolium, did not prevent agonist-induced inhibition of stimulated cAMP accumulation. In vitro studies revealed that Ca(2+), independently of CaM, inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated AC. Data suggest that agonist augmentation of stimulated cAMP levels is due to activation of AC8 in mouse parotid acini, and strongly support a role for AC5/6 in the inhibition of stimulated cAMP levels.

Wavelet-based histogram equalization enhancement of gastric sonogram images

The gray levels of gastric sonogram images are usually concentrated at the zero end of the spectrum, making the image too low in contrast and too dark for the naked eye. Though histogram equalization can enhance the contrast by redistributing the gray levels, it has the drawback that it reduces the information in the processed image. In this paper, a wavelet-based enhancement algorithm post-processor is used to further enhance the image and compensate for the information loss during histogram equalization. Experimental results show that the wavelet-based enhancement algorithm can enhance the contrast and significantly increase the informational entropy of the image. Because the combination of the histogram equalization and wavelet approach can dramatically increase the contrast and maintain information rate in gastric sonograms, it has the potential to improve clinical diagnosis and research.

Evaluating advanced practice nursing care through use of a heuristic framework

In our modification of a quality of care framework, we blended the labels of both models with respect to structure, labeling it structure/inputs. We then specified the types of characteristics in each of the 12 cells that can guide the evaluation of the areas of interest in a primary care system. The identification of characteristics of this conceptual framework and its subsequent application are important for a number of reasons. Specifically, this framework systematically organizes standardized data elements that are critical to monitoring and subsequently improving quality of care, guiding research, influencing policy, and developing nurse-sensitive patient outcomes.

Gli1 protein is expressed in basal cell carcinomas, outer root sheath keratinocytes and a subpopulation of mesenchymal cells in normal human skin

Genetic studies of patients with the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome have led to the recognition of the importance of the hedgehog signaling pathway in the development of basal cell carcinomas of the skin. Although hedgehog signaling is known to be important in hair follicle development, the function of this pathway in adult skin and the mechanism by which activation of this pathway leads to basal cell carcinoma development remain to be established. The Gli1 family of transcription factors mediates hedgehog signaling in mammalian cells and we have shown in previous studies that Gli1 mRNA is differentially expressed in basal cell carcinomas. Using antibodies to epitopes on the N and C terminal regions of Gli1 we show now that Gli1 protein is present in basal cell carcinomas and that the protein is mainly localized to the cytoplasmic compartment. Focal nuclear staining was seen in a small number of basal cell carcinomas with the C terminal antibody which suggest that nuclear localization is not dependent on loss of the C terminus of Gli1 due to proteolysis. Strong Gli1 immunostaining was seen in the outer root sheath keratinocytes of some hair follicles, a subpopulation of mesenchymal cells in the vicinity of the bulge region of adult hair follicles and the dermal sheath cells of developing hair follicles. Quantitation of Gli1 mRNA in basal cell carcinomas using northern blot analysis indicates that Gli1 is highly expressed in basal cell carcinomas. This suggests that the lower intensity of Gli1 immunostaining in basal cell carcinoma islands relative to outer root sheath keratinocytes is not simply a reflection of differences in gene expression. The continued expression of Gli1 in adult hair follicles and in the mesenchyme of adult human skin suggest that Hh signaling may play a part in hair cycling and in epidermal mesenchymal interactions important in normal skin maintenance.

Ectopic semaphorin-1a functions as an attractive guidance cue for developing peripheral neurons

Transmembrane and secreted glycoproteins of the semaphorin family are typically classified as inhibitory neuronal guidance molecules. However, although chemorepulsive activity has been demonstrated for several semaphorin family members, little is known about the function of the numerous transmembrane semaphorins identified to date. Here we demonstrated that the extracellular semaphorin domain of a transmembrane semaphorin, semaphorin-1a, could actively perturb axon pathfinding in vivo when presented homogenously as a recombinant freely soluble factor. When ectopic overexpression was limited to defined epithelial regions, semaphorin-1a could directly steer axons by acting as an attractive guidance molecule.

Calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is critical for hippocampus-dependent long-term memory and late phase LTP

It is hypothesized that Ca2+ stimulation of calmodulin (CaM)-activated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 or AC8) generates cAMP signals critical for late phase LTP (L-LTP) and long-term memory (LTM). However, mice lacking either AC1 or AC8 exhibit normal L-LTP and LTM. Here, we report that mice lacking both enzymes (DKO) do not exhibit L-LTP or LTM. To determine if these defects are due to a loss of cAMP increases in the hippocampus, DKO mice were unilaterally cannulated to deliver forskolin. Administration of forskolin to area CA1 before training restored normal LTM. We conclude that Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is essential for L-LTP and LTM and that AC1 or AC8 can produce the necessary cAMP signal.

Reimbursement to advanced practice nurses (APNs) through Medicare

PURPOSE

To analyze why U.S. legislation for direct Medicare reimbursement to advanced practice nurses (APNs) was approved during the 105th congressional session. Help in understanding the complexities of policy making and in strategizing future policy activities is needed. Given their vast numbers, nurses are a formidable group with potential to influence policy.

ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT

Kingdon's (1995) framework indicates that policy formation involves constant interaction among participants and the problem, its politics, and policy. When a policy is enacted into legislation, the three come together and an opportunity for policy formation exists, if even for a short period. Methods for data extraction included telephone interviews, information provided by the American Nurses Association (ANA), and information from the internet to access information.

FINDINGS

Lack of access to health care by Medicare beneficiaries, tagging a policy proposal onto the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, the national mood to provide cost-effective quality care, and lobbying by interest groups helped to make direct Medicare reimbursement for advanced practice nurses a reality.

CONCLUSIONS

When lobbying for the enactment of legislation, nurses should decrease their tendency to fragment. Nurses should be more effectively organized and concentrate on specific agendas. Working together can influence policy and change clinical situations to improve patient care.

Ca2+/calmodulin binds to and modulates P/Q-type calcium channels

Neurotransmitter release at many central synapses is initiated by an influx of calcium ions through P/Q-type calcium channels, which are densely localized in nerve terminals. Because neurotransmitter release is proportional to the fourth power of calcium concentration, regulation of its entry can profoundly influence neurotransmission. N- and P/Q-type calcium channels are inhibited by G proteins, and recent evidence indicates feedback regulation of P/Q-type channels by calcium. Although calcium-dependent inactivation of L-type channels is well documented, little is known about how calcium modulates P/Q-type channels. Here we report a calcium-dependent interaction between calmodulin and a novel site in the carboxy-terminal domain of the alpha1A subunit of P/Q-type channels. In the presence of low concentrations of intracellular calcium chelators, calcium influx through P/Q-type channels enhances channel inactivation, increases recovery from inactivation and produces a long-lasting facilitation of the calcium current. These effects are prevented by overexpression of a calmodulin-binding inhibitor peptide and by deletion of the calmodulin-binding domain. Our results reveal an unexpected association of Ca2+/calmodulin with P/Q-type calcium channels that may contribute to calcium-dependent synaptic plasticity.

Discrete roles for secreted and transmembrane semaphorins in neuronal growth cone guidance in vivo

From the initial stages of axon outgrowth to the formation of a functioning synapse, neuronal growth cones continuously integrate and respond to multiple guidance cues. To investigate the role of semaphorins in the establishment of appropriate axon trajectories, we have characterized a novel secreted semaphorin in grasshopper, gSema 2a. Sema 2a is expressed in a gradient in the developing limb bud epithelium during Ti pioneer axon outgrowth. We demonstrate that Sema 2a acts as chemorepulsive guidance molecule critical for axon fasciculation and for determining both the initial direction and subsequent pathfinding events of the Ti axon projection. Interestingly, simultaneous perturbation of both secreted Sema 2a and transmembrane Sema I results in a broader range and increased incidence of abnormal Ti pioneer axon phenotypes, indicating that different semaphorin family members can provide functionally distinct guidance information to the same growth cone in vivo.

Implementing a nurse information system in a nurse-managed primary care practice: a process in progress

As part of a larger project, a nurse-managed primary care clinic (Valencia Pediatric and Family Practice) sought to implement a nursing information system for the purposes of (1) patient record keeping, (2) capturing advanced practice nursing interventions and outcomes and transforming them into standardized language, (3) project data management, and (4) evaluating advanced practice nursing care thereby improving and standardizing quality of care. This article represents the background information for selection of a data management system and early experiences of implementation.

Cross talk between ERK and PKA is required for Ca2+ stimulation of CREB-dependent transcription and ERK nuclear translocation

Although Ca2+-stimulated cAMP response element binding protein- (CREB-) dependent transcription has been implicated in growth, differentiation, and neuroplasticity, mechanisms for Ca2+-activated transcription have not been defined. Here, we report that extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) signaling is obligatory for Ca2+-stimulated transcription in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons. The sequential activation of ERK and Rsk2 by Ca2+ leads to the phosphorylation and transactivation of CREB. Interestingly, the Ca2+-induced nuclear translocation of ERK and Rsk2 to the nucleus requires protein kinase A (PKA) activation. This may explain why PKA activity is required for Ca2+-stimulated CREB-dependent transcription. Furthermore, the full expression of the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and L-LTP-associated CRE-mediated transcription requires ERK activation, suggesting that the activation of CREB by ERK plays a critical role in the formation of long lasting neuronal plasticity.

Defined medium for normal adult human prostatic stromal cells

Stromal-epithelial interactions are pivotal in many aspects of prostatic biology. A defined culture system is critical for the investigation of factors that regulate the growth and differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells. We have identified conditions which promote stromal cell attachment and proliferation in serum-free medium. MCDB 201, originally developed for the clonal growth of chick embryo fibroblasts, proved to be a superior basal medium of those that we tested. Supplementation of MCDB 201 with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) permitted attachment and exponential growth of cells throughout a 7-d period with an initial inoculum as low as 10(3) cells per well of a 96-well microtiter dish. Using these assay conditions, we subsequently verified that basic FGF and IGF, but not PDGF, were required for optimal growth. No activity was found for heparin, transferrin, or the androgen R1881. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) didn't stimulate growth when added to medium containing basic FGF and IGF, but was moderately stimulatory when added to basal medium alone. Cholera toxin inhibited growth. This simple and efficient culture medium provides a suitable assay system for more extensive studies of growth regulation and differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells, and will provide the basis for future development of a defined medium that supports clonal growth. Characterization of stromal-epithelial interactions will be facilitated by the use of this defined culture system for stromal cells in conjunction with the serum-free culture systems previously developed for human prostatic epithelial cells.

Loss of adenylyl cyclase I activity disrupts patterning of mouse somatosensory cortex

The somatosensory (SI) cortex of mice displays a patterned, nonuniform distribution of neurons in layer IV called the 'barrelfield' (ref. 1). Thalamocortical afferents (TCAs) that terminate in layer IV are segregated such that each barrel, a readily visible cylindrical array of neurons surrounding a cell-sparse center, represents a distinct receptive field. TCA arbors are confined to the barrel hollow and synapse on barrel-wall neurons whose dendrites are oriented toward the center of the barrel. Mice homozygous for the barrelless (brl) mutation, which occurred spontaneously in ICR stock at Université de Lausanne (Switzerland), fail to develop this patterned distribution of neurons, but still display normal topological organization of the SI cortex. Despite the absence of barrels and the overlapping zones of TCA arborization, the size of individual whisker representations, as judged by 2-deoxyglucose uptake, is similar to that of wild-type mice. We identified adenylyl cyclase type I (Adcy1) as the gene disrupted in brl mutant mice by fine mapping of proximal chromosome 11, enzyme assay, mutation analysis and examination of mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Adcy1. These results provide the first evidence for involvement of cAMP signalling pathways in pattern formation of the brain.

Outcomes of nursing care: how do we know?

Nurses have become increasingly interested and involved in the area of outcomes to assure that the patient is represented as more than a composite of physiological variables. The use of outcome measures has helped nurses articulate their unique value and contribution to the well being of patients. Nevertheless, many measures presently used to evaluate an outcome do not identify or acknowledge the unique contribution of nurses. Clinical nurse specialists and other advanced practice nurses must use their "ways of knowing" to develop appropriate measures and outcomes. Through this careful inquiry, nurses will then be equipped to ask "nurse-driven" questions regarding the development of appropriate outcomes and outcome measures and to analyze the models in which care is presently delivered.

Complement C1q inhibits cellular spreading and stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity of fibroblasts

C1q selectively localizes at injured tissues, where it may function as a regulator of cell-matrix interactions. We show here that purified C1q, added to the culture medium of human gingival fibroblasts (HF) spread onto fibronectin substrates, elicited a round morphology that was accompanied by altered F-actin and correlated with inhibition of cellular spreading. Shape modification required integrity of the molecule and was specific, dose dependent, nontoxic, and reversible. Antispreading activity was mediated, at least in part, by specific cell-surface C1q receptors. We hypothesized that ligand occupancy of C1q receptors could influence shape by affecting intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Within 20 min of exposure of adhering HF to C1q, we detected an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity (six- to ninefold) in cAMP accumulation (by 20%) and in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (by 20%). These changes suggested that the rounding effect of C1q may be associated with activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway.

Type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice have impaired mossy fiber long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation (LTP) at the mossy fiber-->CA3 pyramidal cell synapse in the hippocampus is an NMDA-independent form of LTP that requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity and can be induced by forskolin, a general activator of adenylyl cyclases. Presynaptic Ca2+ influx and elevated cAMP may be obligatory for mossy fiber LTP. Because the Ca2+-stimulated type 1 adenylyl cyclase (AC1) is expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA3 pyramidal cells, it is hypothesized that AC1 may be critical for mossy fiber LTP. To test this hypothesis, we examined several forms of hippocampal LTP in wild-type and AC1 mutant mice. Wild-type and AC1 mutant mice exhibited comparable perforant path LTP recorded in the dentate gyrus as well as decremental LTP at the Schaffer collateral-->CA1 pyramidal cell synapse. Although the mutant mice exhibited normal paired pulse facilitation, mossy fiber LTP was impaired significantly in AC1 mutants. High concentrations of forskolin induced mossy fiber LTP to comparable levels in wild-type and AC1 mutant mice, indicating that signaling components downstream from the adenylyl cyclase, including PKA, ion channels, and secretory machinery, were not affected by disruption of the AC1 gene. These data indicate that coupling of Ca2+ to activation of AC1 is crucial for mossy fiber LTP, most likely via activation of PKA and enhancement of excitatory amino acid secretion.

The spectrum of cutaneous and internal malignancies in chronic arsenic toxicity

We report 3 patients of chronic arsenic poisoning with characteristic skin changes. All 3 patients had a past history of asthma and were treated with Traditional Chinese Medication. We believe that the Chinese medications were the source of arsenic poisoning. Two of the 3 patients also had internal malignancy. The association of arsenic with internal malignancy is reviewed.

Security for the digital information age of medicine: issues, applications, and implementation

Privacy and integrity of medical records is expected by patients. This privacy and integrity is often mandated by regulations. Traditionally, the security of medical records has been based on physical lock and key. As the storage of patient record information shifts from paper to digital, new security concerns arise. Digital cryptographic methods provide solutions to many of these new concerns. In this article we give an overview of new security concerns, new legislation mandating secure medical records and solutions providing security.

Presurgical multimodality neuroimaging in electroencephalographic lateralized temporal lobe epilepsy

The purpose of this study was to compare 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), hippocampal volumetry (HV), T2 relaxometry, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) in the presurgical neuroimaging lateralization of patients with nonlesional, electroencephalogram (EEG)-defined unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Twenty-five patients were prospectively studied, along with age-matched controls. T2 relaxometry examinations were performed in 13 patients. Comparison of FDG-PET, HV, and 1H-MRSI was possible in 23 patients. FDG-PET lateralized 87% of patients, HV 65%, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/(choline [Cho] + creatine [Cr]) 61%, and [NAA] 57%. Combined HV and NAA/(Cho + Cr) results lateralized 83% of the patients, a value similar to PET. Of 10 patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, 2 were lateralized with HV, 6 with FDG-PET, 4 with NAA/(Cho + Cr), and 3 with [NAA]. T2 relaxometry lateralized no patients without hippocampal atrophy. Bilateral abnormality was present in 29 to 33% of patients with 1H-MRSI measures and 17% with HV. Only hippocampal atrophy correlated with postoperative seizure-free outcome. FDG-PET remains the most sensitive imaging method to correlate with EEG-lateralized TLE. Both FDG-PET and 1H-MRSI can lateralize patients with normal MRI, but only the presence of relative unilateral hippocampal atrophy is predictive of seizure-free outcome. Bilaterally abnormal MRI and 1H-MRSI measures do not preclude good surgical outcome.

Magnetoencephalography in partial epilepsy: clinical yield and localization accuracy

The goals of this study were to determine (1) the yield of magnetoencephalography (MEG) according to epilepsy type, (2) if MEG spike sources colocalize with focal epileptogenic pathology, and (3) if MEG can identify the epileptogenic zone when scalp ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fail to localize it. Twenty-two patients with mesial temporal (10 patients), neocortical temporal (3 patients), and extratemporal lobe epilepsy (9 patients) were studied. A 37-channel biomagnetometer was used for simultaneously recording MEG with EEG. During the typical 2-3-hour MEG recording session, interictal epileptiform activity was observed in 16 of 22 patients. MEG localization yield was greater in patients with neocortical epilepsy (92%) than in those with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (50%). In 5 of 6 patients with focal epileptogenic pathology, MEG spike sources were colocalized with the lesions. In 11 of 12 patients with nonlocalizing (ambiguous abnormalities or normal) MRI, MEG spike sources were localized in the region of the epileptogenic zone as ultimately defined by all clinical and EEG information (including intracranial EEG). In conclusion, MEG can reliably localize sources of spike discharges in patients with temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy. MEG sometimes provides noninvasive localization data that are not otherwise available with MRI or conventional scalp ictal EEG.

Medical image informatics infrastructure design and applications

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) is a system integration of multimodality images and health information systems designed for improving the operation of a radiology department. As it evolves, PACS becomes a hospital image document management system with a voluminous image and related data file repository. A medical image informatics infrastructure can be designed to take advantage of existing data, providing PACS with add-on value for health care service, research, and education. A medical image informatics infrastructure (MIII) consists of the following components: medical images and associated data (including PACS database), image processing, data/knowledge base management, visualization, graphic user interface, communication networking, and application oriented software. This paper describes these components and their logical connection, and illustrates some applications based on the concept of the MIII.