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Giannakopoulou E, Lehander M, Virding Culleton S, Yang W, Li Y, Karpanen T, Yoshizato T, Rustad EH, Nielsen MM, Bollineni RC, Tran TT, Delic-Sarac M, Gjerdingen TJ, Douvlataniotis K, Laos M, Ali M, Hillen A, Mazzi S, Chin DWL, Mehta A, Holm JS, Bentzen AK, Bill M, Griffioen M, Gedde-Dahl T, Lehmann S, Jacobsen SEW, Woll PS, Olweus J. A T cell receptor targeting a recurrent driver mutation in FLT3 mediates elimination of primary human acute myeloid leukemia in vivo. Nat Cancer 2023; 4:1474-1490. [PMID: 37783807 PMCID: PMC10597840 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most frequent leukemia in adults, is driven by recurrent somatically acquired genetic lesions in a restricted number of genes. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors has demonstrated that targeting of prevalent FMS-related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gain-of-function mutations can provide significant survival benefits for patients, although the efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors in eliminating FLT3-mutated clones is variable. We identified a T cell receptor (TCR) reactive to the recurrent D835Y driver mutation in the FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain (TCRFLT3D/Y). TCRFLT3D/Y-redirected T cells selectively eliminated primary human AML cells harboring the FLT3D835Y mutation in vitro and in vivo. TCRFLT3D/Y cells rejected both CD34+ and CD34- AML in mice engrafted with primary leukemia from patients, reaching minimal residual disease-negative levels, and eliminated primary CD34+ AML leukemia-propagating cells in vivo. Thus, T cells targeting a single shared mutation can provide efficient immunotherapy toward selective elimination of clonally involved primary AML cells in vivo.
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Grants
- G0801073 Medical Research Council
- MC_UU_00016/5 Medical Research Council
- MC_UU_12009/5 Medical Research Council
- South-Eastern Regional Health Authority Norway, the Research Council of Norway, the Norwegian Cancer Society, the Norwegian Childhood Cancer Foundation, Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen, European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 865805), the University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital and Novo Nordisk Foundation.
- Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, The Swedish Research Council, Tobias Foundation, Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) at Karolinska Institutet, and The UK Medical Research Council
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
- Aarhus University Hospital
- Leiden University Medical Center
- Oslo University Hospital
- Karolinska University Hospital
- University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Giannakopoulou
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Madeleine Lehander
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Virding Culleton
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weiwen Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yingqian Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terhi Karpanen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Genomics Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Tetsuichi Yoshizato
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Even H Rustad
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Milek Nielsen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ravi Chand Bollineni
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trung T Tran
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marina Delic-Sarac
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thea Johanne Gjerdingen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolos Douvlataniotis
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maarja Laos
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy Hillen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefania Mazzi
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Desmond Wai Loon Chin
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adi Mehta
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeppe Sejerø Holm
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Bill
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marieke Griffioen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Gedde-Dahl
- Hematology Department, Section for Stem Cell Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Clinic for Cancer Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sören Lehmann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sten Eirik W Jacobsen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Petter S Woll
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Karpanen T, Olweus J. The Potential of Donor T-Cell Repertoires in Neoantigen-Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1718. [PMID: 29321773 PMCID: PMC5732232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells can recognize peptides encoded by mutated genes, but analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes suggests that very few neoantigens spontaneously elicit T-cell responses. This may be an important reason why immune checkpoint inhibitors are mainly effective in tumors with a high mutational burden. Reasons for clinically insufficient responses to neoantigens might be inefficient priming, inhibition, or deletion of the cognate T cells. Responses can be dramatically improved by cancer immunotherapy such as checkpoint inhibition, but often with temporary effects. By contrast, T cells from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors can cure diseases such as chronic myeloid leukemia. The therapeutic effect is mediated by donor T cells recognizing polymorphic peptides for which the donor and patient are disparate, presented on self-HLA. Donor T-cell repertoires are unbiased by the immunosuppressive environment of the tumor. A recent study demonstrated that T cells from healthy individuals are able to respond to neoantigens that are ignored by tumor-infiltrating T cells of melanoma patients. In this review, we discuss possible reasons why neoantigens escape host T cells and how these limitations may be overcome by utilization of donor-derived T-cell repertoires to facilitate rational design of neoantigen-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Karpanen T, Padberg Y, van de Pavert SA, Dierkes C, Morooka N, Peterson-Maduro J, van de Hoek G, Adrian M, Mochizuki N, Sekiguchi K, Kiefer F, Schulte D, Schulte-Merker S. An Evolutionarily Conserved Role for Polydom/Svep1 During Lymphatic Vessel Formation. Circ Res 2017; 120:1263-1275. [PMID: 28179432 PMCID: PMC5389596 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Lymphatic vessel formation and function constitutes a physiologically and pathophysiologically important process, but its genetic control is not well understood. Objective: Here, we identify the secreted Polydom/Svep1 protein as essential for the formation of the lymphatic vasculature. We analyzed mutants in mice and zebrafish to gain insight into the role of Polydom/Svep1 in the lymphangiogenic process. Methods and Results: Phenotypic analysis of zebrafish polydom/svep1 mutants showed a decrease in venous and lymphovenous sprouting, which leads to an increased number of intersegmental arteries. A reduced number of primordial lymphatic cells populated the horizontal myoseptum region but failed to migrate dorsally or ventrally, resulting in severe reduction of the lymphatic trunk vasculature. Corresponding mutants in the mouse Polydom/Svep1 gene showed normal egression of Prox-1+ cells from the cardinal vein at E10.5, but at E12.5, the tight association between the cardinal vein and lymphatic endothelial cells at the first lymphovenous contact site was abnormal. Furthermore, mesenteric lymphatic structures at E18.5 failed to undergo remodeling events in mutants and lacked lymphatic valves. In both fish and mouse embryos, the expression of the gene suggests a nonendothelial and noncell autonomous mechanism. Conclusions: Our data identify zebrafish and mouse Polydom/Svep1 as essential extracellular factors for lymphangiogenesis. Expression of the respective genes by mesenchymal cells in intimate proximity with venous and lymphatic endothelial cells is required for sprouting and migratory events in zebrafish and for remodeling events of the lymphatic intraluminal valves in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.).
| | - Yvonne Padberg
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Serge A van de Pavert
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Cathrin Dierkes
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Nanami Morooka
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Josi Peterson-Maduro
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Glenn van de Hoek
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Max Adrian
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Dörte Schulte
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- From the Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.K., S.A.v.d.P., J.P.-M., G.v.d.H., M.A., S.S.-M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Münster, Germany (Y.P., D.S., S.S.-M.); Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (C.D., F.K.); Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan (N.M., K.S.); and Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan (N.M.).
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Abstract
T lymphocytes can be redirected to recognize a tumor target and harnessed to combat cancer by genetic introduction of T-cell receptors of a defined specificity. This approach has recently mediated encouraging clinical responses in patients with cancers previously regarded as incurable. However, despite the great promise, T-cell receptor gene therapy still faces a multitude of obstacles. Identification of epitopes that enable effective targeting of all the cells in a heterogeneous tumor while sparing normal tissues remains perhaps the most demanding challenge. Experience from clinical trials has revealed the dangers associated with T-cell receptor gene therapy and highlighted the need for reliable preclinical methods to identify potentially hazardous recognition of both intended and unintended epitopes in healthy tissues. Procedures for manufacturing large and highly potent T-cell populations can be optimized to enhance their antitumor efficacy. Here, we review the current knowledge gained from preclinical models and clinical trials using adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor-engineered T lymphocytes, discuss the major challenges involved and highlight potential strategies to increase the safety and efficacy to make T-cell receptor gene therapy a standard-of-care for large patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Ullernchausseen 70, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johanna Olweus
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Ullernchausseen 70, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Karpanen T, Casey A, Whitehouse T, Nightingale P, Das I, Elliott TS. Abstracts from the 3rd International Conference on Prevention and Infection Control (ICPIC 2015). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4 Suppl 1:I1-P308. [PMID: 28256991 PMCID: PMC4474787 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-4-s1-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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6
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Le Guen L, Karpanen T, Schulte D, Harris NC, Koltowska K, Roukens G, Bower NI, van Impel A, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Schulte-Merker S, Hogan BM. Ccbe1 regulates Vegfc-mediated induction of Vegfr3 signaling during embryonic lymphangiogenesis. Development 2014; 141:1239-49. [PMID: 24523457 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The VEGFC/VEGFR3 signaling pathway is essential for lymphangiogenesis (the formation of lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vasculature) during embryonic development, tissue regeneration and tumor progression. The recently identified secreted protein CCBE1 is indispensible for lymphangiogenesis during development. The role of CCBE1 orthologs is highly conserved in zebrafish, mice and humans with mutations in CCBE1 causing generalized lymphatic dysplasia and lymphedema (Hennekam syndrome). To date, the mechanism by which CCBE1 acts remains unknown. Here, we find that ccbe1 genetically interacts with both vegfc and vegfr3 in zebrafish. In the embryo, phenotypes driven by increased Vegfc are suppressed in the absence of Ccbe1, and Vegfc-driven sprouting is enhanced by local Ccbe1 overexpression. Moreover, Vegfc- and Vegfr3-dependent Erk signaling is impaired in the absence of Ccbe1. Finally, CCBE1 is capable of upregulating the levels of fully processed, mature VEGFC in vitro and the overexpression of mature VEGFC rescues ccbe1 loss-of-function phenotypes in zebrafish. Taken together, these data identify Ccbe1 as a crucial component of the Vegfc/Vegfr3 pathway in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Le Guen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4073, Australia
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Helker CSM, Schuermann A, Karpanen T, Zeuschner D, Belting HG, Affolter M, Schulte-Merker S, Herzog W. The zebrafish common cardinal veins develop by a novel mechanism: lumen ensheathment. Development 2013; 140:2776-86. [PMID: 23698350 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation and lumenization of blood vessels has been studied in some detail, but there is little understanding of the morphogenetic mechanisms by which endothelial cells (ECs) forming large caliber vessels aggregate, align themselves and finally form a lumen that can support blood flow. Here, we focus on the development of the zebrafish common cardinal veins (CCVs), which collect all the blood from the embryo and transport it back to the heart. We show that the angioblasts that eventually form the definitive CCVs become specified as a separate population distinct from the angioblasts that form the lateral dorsal aortae. The subsequent development of the CCVs represents a novel mechanism of vessel formation, during which the ECs delaminate and align along the inner surface of an existing luminal space. Thereby, the CCVs are initially established as open-ended endothelial tubes, which extend as single EC sheets along the flow routes of the circulating blood and eventually enclose the entire lumen in a process that we term ‘lumen ensheathment’. Furthermore, we found that the initial delamination of the ECs as well as the directional migration within the EC sheet depend on Cadherin 5 function. By contrast, EC proliferation within the growing CCV is controlled by Vascular endothelial growth factor C, which is provided by circulating erythrocytes. Our findings not only identify a novel mechanism of vascular lumen formation, but also suggest a new form of developmental crosstalk between hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terhi Karpanen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- EZO, Wageningen University, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Bos FL, Caunt M, Peterson-Maduro J, Planas-Paz L, Kowalski J, Karpanen T, van Impel A, Tong R, Ernst JA, Korving J, van Es JH, Lammert E, Duckers HJ, Schulte-Merker S. CCBE1 Is Essential for Mammalian Lymphatic Vascular Development and Enhances the Lymphangiogenic Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C In Vivo. Circ Res 2011; 109:486-91. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.250738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Collagen- and calcium-binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) has been associated with Hennekam syndrome, in which patients have lymphedema, lymphangiectasias, and other cardiovascular anomalies. Insight into the molecular role of CCBE1 is completely lacking, and mouse models for the disease do not exist.
Objective:
CCBE1 deficient mice were generated to understand the function of CCBE1 in cardiovascular development, and CCBE1 recombinant protein was used in both in vivo and in vitro settings to gain insight into the molecular function of CCBE1.
Methods and Results:
Phenotypic analysis of murine
Ccbe1
mutant embryos showed a complete lack of definitive lymphatic structures, even though Prox1
+
lymphatic endothelial cells get specified within the cardinal vein. Mutant mice die prenatally. Proximity ligation assays indicate that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 activation appears unaltered in mutants. Human CCBE1 protein binds to components of the extracellular matrix in vitro, and CCBE1 protein strongly enhances vascular endothelial growth factor-C–mediated lymphangiogenesis in a corneal micropocket assay.
Conclusions:
Our data identify CCBE1 as a factor critically required for budding and migration of Prox-1
+
lymphatic endothelial cells from the cardinal vein. CCBE1 probably exerts these effects through binding to components of the extracellular matrix. CCBE1 has little lymphangiogenic effect on its own but dramatically enhances the lymphangiogenic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in vivo. Thus, our data suggest CCBE1 to be essential but not sufficient for lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L. Bos
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Maresa Caunt
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Josi Peterson-Maduro
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Lara Planas-Paz
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Joe Kowalski
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Terhi Karpanen
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Andreas van Impel
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Raymond Tong
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - James A. Ernst
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Jeroen Korving
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Johan H. van Es
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Eckhard Lammert
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Henricus J. Duckers
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- From the Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.L.B., J.P.-M., T.K., A.v.I., J.K., J.H.v.E., S.S.-M.); EMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (F.L.B., H.J.D.); the Molecular Biology Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (M.C., J.K.); the Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (L.P.-P., E.L.); the Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA (R.T., J.A.E.); and EZO Department, University
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9
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Karpanen T, Bry M, Ollila HM, Seppänen-Laakso T, Liimatta E, Leskinen H, Kivelä R, Helkamaa T, Merentie M, Jeltsch M, Paavonen K, Andersson LC, Mervaala E, Hassinen IE, Ylä-Herttuala S, Oresic M, Alitalo K. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-B in mouse heart alters cardiac lipid metabolism and induces myocardial hypertrophy. Circ Res 2008. [PMID: 18757827 DOI: 10.1161/cicresaha] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-B is poorly angiogenic but prominently expressed in metabolically highly active tissues, including the heart. We produced mice expressing a cardiac-specific VEGF-B transgene via the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter. Surprisingly, the hearts of the VEGF-B transgenic mice showed concentric cardiac hypertrophy without significant changes in heart function. The cardiac hypertrophy was attributable to an increased size of the cardiomyocytes. Blood capillary size was increased, whereas the number of blood vessels per cell nucleus remained unchanged. Despite the cardiac hypertrophy, the transgenic mice had lower heart rate and blood pressure than their littermates, and they responded similarly to angiotensin II-induced hypertension, confirming that the hypertrophy does not compromise heart function. Interestingly, the isolated transgenic hearts had less cardiomyocyte damage after ischemia. Significantly increased ceramide and decreased triglyceride levels were found in the transgenic hearts. This was associated with structural changes and eventual lysis of mitochondria, resulting in accumulation of intracellular vacuoles in cardiomyocytes and increased death of the transgenic mice, apparently because of mitochondrial lipotoxicity in the heart. These results suggest that VEGF-B regulates lipid metabolism, an unexpected function for an angiogenic growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Karpanen T, Bry M, Ollila HM, Seppänen-Laakso T, Liimatta E, Leskinen H, Kivelä R, Helkamaa T, Merentie M, Jeltsch M, Paavonen K, Andersson LC, Mervaala E, Hassinen IE, Ylä-Herttuala S, Oresic M, Alitalo K. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-B in mouse heart alters cardiac lipid metabolism and induces myocardial hypertrophy. Circ Res 2008; 103:1018-26. [PMID: 18757827 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.178459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-B is poorly angiogenic but prominently expressed in metabolically highly active tissues, including the heart. We produced mice expressing a cardiac-specific VEGF-B transgene via the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter. Surprisingly, the hearts of the VEGF-B transgenic mice showed concentric cardiac hypertrophy without significant changes in heart function. The cardiac hypertrophy was attributable to an increased size of the cardiomyocytes. Blood capillary size was increased, whereas the number of blood vessels per cell nucleus remained unchanged. Despite the cardiac hypertrophy, the transgenic mice had lower heart rate and blood pressure than their littermates, and they responded similarly to angiotensin II-induced hypertension, confirming that the hypertrophy does not compromise heart function. Interestingly, the isolated transgenic hearts had less cardiomyocyte damage after ischemia. Significantly increased ceramide and decreased triglyceride levels were found in the transgenic hearts. This was associated with structural changes and eventual lysis of mitochondria, resulting in accumulation of intracellular vacuoles in cardiomyocytes and increased death of the transgenic mice, apparently because of mitochondrial lipotoxicity in the heart. These results suggest that VEGF-B regulates lipid metabolism, an unexpected function for an angiogenic growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for the maintenance of tissue fluid balance, immune surveillance, and adsorption fatty acids in the gut. The lymphatic vessels are also crucially involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as tumor metastasis, lymphedema, and various inflammatory conditions. Attempts to control or treat these diseases have drawn a lot of interest to lymphatic vascular research during the past few years. Recently, several markers specific for lymphatic endothelium and models for lymphatic vascular research have been characterized, enabling great technical progress in lymphatic vascular biology, and many critical regulators of lymphatic vessel growth have been identified. Despite these significant achievements, our understanding of the lymphatic vessel development and pathogenesis is still rather limited. Several key questions remain to be resolved, including the relative contributions of different pathways targeting lymphatic vasculature, the molecular and cellular processes of lymphatic maturation, and the detailed mechanisms of tumor metastasis via the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Keskitalo S, Tammela T, Lyytikka J, Karpanen T, Jeltsch M, Markkanen J, Yla-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Enhanced capillary formation stimulated by a chimeric vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-C silk domain fusion protein. Circ Res 2007; 100:1460-7. [PMID: 17478734 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000269042.58594.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D require proteolytic cleavage of the carboxy terminal silk-homology domain for activation. To study the functions of the VEGF-C propeptides, we engineered a chimeric growth factor protein, VEGF-CAC, composed of the amino- and carboxy-terminal propeptides of VEGF-C fused to the receptor-activating core domain of VEGF. Like VEGF-C, VEGF-CAC underwent proteolytic cleavage, and like VEGF, it bound to and activated VEGF receptor-1 and VEGF receptor-2, but not the VEGF-C receptor VEGF receptor-3. VEGF-CAC also bound to neuropilins in a heparin-dependent manner. Strikingly, when VEGF-CAC was expressed via an adenovirus vector in the ear skin of immunodeficient mice, it proved to be a more potent inducer of capillary angiogenesis than VEGF. The VEGF-CAC-induced vessels differed greatly from those induced by VEGF, as they formed a very dense and fine network of pericyte and basement membrane-covered capillaries that were functional, as shown by lectin perfusion experiments. VEGF-CAC could prove useful in proangiogenic therapies in patients experiencing tissue ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Keskitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Karpanen T, Wirzenius M, Mäkinen T, Veikkola T, Haisma HJ, Achen MG, Stacker SA, Pytowski B, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenic growth factor responsiveness is modulated by postnatal lymphatic vessel maturation. Am J Pathol 2006; 169:708-18. [PMID: 16877368 PMCID: PMC1764216 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessel plasticity and stability are of considerable importance when attempting to treat diseases associated with the lymphatic vasculature. Development of lymphatic vessels during embryogenesis is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C but not VEGF-D. Using a recombinant adenovirus encoding a soluble form of their receptor VEGFR-3 (AdVEGFR-3-Ig), we studied lymphatic vessel dependency on VEGF-C and VEGF-D induced VEGFR-3 signaling in postnatal and adult mice. Transduction with AdVEGFR-3-Ig led to regression of lymphatic capillaries and medium-sized lymphatic vessels in mice under 2 weeks of age without affecting collecting lymphatic vessels or the blood vasculature. No effect was observed after this period. The lymphatic capillaries of neonatal mice also regressed partially in response to recombinant VEGFR-3-Ig or blocking antibodies against VEGFR-3, but not to adenovirus-encoded VEGFR-2-Ig. Despite sustained inhibitory VEGFR-3-Ig levels, lymphatic vessel regrowth was observed at 4 weeks of age. Interestingly, whereas transgenic expression of VEGF-C in the skin induced lymphatic hyperplasia even during embryogenesis, similar expression of VEGF-D resulted in lymphangiogenesis predominantly after birth. These results indicate considerable plasticity of lymphatic vessels during the early postnatal period but not thereafter, suggesting that anti-lymphangiogenic therapy can be safely applied in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.B. 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Adams D, Karpanen T, Worthington T, Lambert P, Elliott T. Response to Drs Widmer and Bollinger. J Hosp Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Karpanen T, Mäkinen T. Regulation of lymphangiogenesis—From cell fate determination to vessel remodeling. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:575-83. [PMID: 16343484 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are important for the maintenance of normal tissue fluid balance, immune surveillance and adsorption of digested fats. During the past decade, the identification of lymphatic-specific markers and growth factors has enabled detailed studies of the lymphatic system, and gain- and loss-of-function experiments have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms of normal lymphatic development. Understanding the basic biology has provided novel insights into the pathologic conditions of the lymphatic system that contribute to lymphedema, inflammation or lymphatic metastasis, and opened possibilities for the development of better therapeutic strategies. Here we review the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the lymphatic vasculature; of the differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells, of the regulation of the growth of lymphatic vessels, and of remodeling of the vasculature into a network consisting of lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathological conditions of the lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Adams D, Karpanen T, Worthington T, Lambert P, Elliott TSJ. Infection risk associated with a closed luer access device. J Hosp Infect 2006; 62:353-7. [PMID: 16406139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential for microbial contamination associated with a recently developed needleless closed luer access device (CLAD) (Q-Syte; Becton Dickinson, Sandy, UT, USA) was evaluated in vitro. Compression seals of 50 multiply activated Q-Syte devices were inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 9865 in 25% (v/v) human blood and then disinfected with 70% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol followed by flushing with 0.9% (w/v) sterile saline. Forty-eight of 50 (96%) saline flushes passed through devices that had been activated up to a maximum of 70 times remained sterile. A further 25 Q-Syte CLADs that had undergone multiple activations were challenged with prefilled 0.9% (w/v) sterile saline syringes, the external luer tips of which had been inoculated with S. epidermidis NCTC 9865 prior to accessing the devices. None of the devices that had been accessed up to 70 times allowed passage of micro-organisms, despite challenge micro-organisms being detected on both the syringe tip after activation and the compression seals before decontamination. These findings suggest that the Q-Syte CLAD may be activated up to 70 times with no increased risk of microbial contamination within the fluid pathway. The device may also offer protection from the external surface of syringe tips contaminated with micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Adams
- Microbiology: Research and Development Group, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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17
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Jeltsch M, Karpanen T, Strandin T, Aho K, Lankinen H, Alitalo K. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF-C mosaic molecules reveal specificity determinants and feature novel receptor binding patterns. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12187-95. [PMID: 16505489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511593200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors play key roles in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF activates VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and VEGFR-2, whereas VEGF-C activates VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. We have created a library of VEGF/VEGF-C mosaic molecules that contains factors with novel receptor binding profiles, notably proteins binding to all three VEGF receptors ("super-VEGFs"). The analyzed super-VEGFs show both angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effects in vivo, although weaker than the parental molecules. The composition of the VEGFR-3 binding molecules and scanning mutagenesis revealed determinants of receptor binding and specificity. VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 showed striking differences in their requirements for VEGF-C binding; extracellular domain 2 of VEGFR-2 was sufficient, whereas in VEGFR-3, both domains 1 and 2 were necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jeltsch
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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18
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Petrova TV, Karpanen T, Norrmén C, Mellor R, Tamakoshi T, Finegold D, Ferrell R, Kerjaschki D, Mortimer P, Ylä-Herttuala S, Miura N, Alitalo K. Defective valves and abnormal mural cell recruitment underlie lymphatic vascular failure in lymphedema distichiasis. Nat Med 2004; 10:974-81. [PMID: 15322537 DOI: 10.1038/nm1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for the removal of interstitial fluid and prevention of tissue edema. Lymphatic capillaries lack associated mural cells, and collecting lymphatic vessels have valves, which prevent lymph backflow. In lymphedema-distichiasis (LD), lymphatic vessel function fails because of mutations affecting the forkhead transcription factor FOXC2. We report that Foxc2(-/-) mice show abnormal lymphatic vascular patterning, increased pericyte investment of lymphatic vessels, agenesis of valves and lymphatic dysfunction. In addition, an abnormally large proportion of skin lymphatic vessels was covered with smooth muscle cells in individuals with LD and in mice heterozygous for Foxc2 and for the gene encoding lymphatic endothelial receptor, Vegfr3 (also known as Flt4). Our data show that Foxc2 is essential for the morphogenesis of lymphatic valves and the establishment of a pericyte-free lymphatic capillary network and that it cooperates with Vegfr3 in the latter process. Our results indicate that an abnormal interaction between the lymphatic endothelial cells and pericytes, as well as valve defects, underlie the pathogenesis of LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Uutela M, Wirzenius M, Paavonen K, Rajantie I, He Y, Karpanen T, Lohela M, Wiig H, Salven P, Pajusola K, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. PDGF-D induces macrophage recruitment, increased interstitial pressure, and blood vessel maturation during angiogenesis. Blood 2004; 104:3198-204. [PMID: 15271796 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is a recently characterized member of the PDGF family with unknown in vivo functions. We investigated the effects of PDGF-D in transgenic mice by expressing it in basal epidermal cells and then analyzed skin histology, interstitial fluid pressure, and wound healing. When compared with control mice, PDGF-D transgenic mice displayed increased numbers of macrophages and elevated interstitial fluid pressure in the dermis. Wound healing in the transgenic mice was characterized by increased cell density and enhanced recruitment of macrophages. Macrophage recruitment was also the characteristic response when PDGF-D was expressed in skeletal muscle or ear by an adeno-associated virus vector. Combined expression of PDGF-D with vascular endothelial growth factor-E (VEGF-E) led to increased pericyte/smooth muscle cell coating of the VEGF-E-induced vessels and inhibition of the vascular leakiness that accompanies VEGF-E-induced angiogenesis. These results show that full-length PDGF-D is activated in tissues and is capable of increasing interstitial fluid pressure and macrophage recruitment and the maturation of blood vessels in angiogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Uutela
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Helsinki University, Finland
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Abstract
Nearly four centuries after the discovery of lymphatic vessels, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development are beginning to be elucidated. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, via signaling through VEGFR-3, appear to be essential for lymphatic vessel growth. Observations from clinicopathological studies have suggested that lymphatic vessels serve as the primary route for the metastatic spread of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes. Recent studies in animal models have provided convincing evidence that tumor lymphangiogenesis facilitates lymphatic metastasis. However, it is not clear how tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is regulated, and little is known about how tumor cells escape from the primary tumor and gain entry into the lymphatics. This review examines some of these issues and provides a brief summary of the recent developments in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong He
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, POB 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Laakkonen P, Akerman ME, Biliran H, Yang M, Ferrer F, Karpanen T, Hoffman RM, Ruoslahti E. Antitumor activity of a homing peptide that targets tumor lymphatics and tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9381-6. [PMID: 15197262 PMCID: PMC438985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403317101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
LyP-1 is a peptide selected from a phage-displayed peptide library that specifically binds to tumor and endothelial cells of tumor lymphatics in certain tumors. Fluorescein-conjugated LyP-1 and a related peptide, LyP-1b, strongly accumulated in primary MDA-MB-435 breast cancer xenografts and their metastases from i.v. peptide injections, allowing visualization of orthotopic tumors in intact mice. The LyP peptide accumulation coincided with hypoxic areas in tumors. LyP-1 induced cell death in cultured human breast carcinoma cells that bind and internalize the peptide. Melanoma cells that do not bind LyP-1 were unaffected. Systemic LyP-1 peptide treatment of mice with xenografted tumors induced with the breast cancer cells inhibited tumor growth. The treated tumors contained foci of apoptotic cells and were essentially devoid of lymphatics. These results reveal an unexpected antitumor effect by the LyP-1 peptide that seems to be dependent on a proapoptotic/cytotoxic activity of the peptide. As LyP-1 affects the poorly vascularized tumor compartment, it may complement treatments directed at tumor blood vessels.
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22
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He Y, Kozaki KI, Karpanen T, Koshikawa K, Yla-Herttuala S, Takahashi T, Alitalo K. Suppression of tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:819-25. [PMID: 12048269 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.11.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) stimulates tumor lymphangiogenesis (i.e., formation of lymphatic vessels) and metastasis to regional lymph nodes by interacting with VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). We sought to determine whether inhibiting VEGFR-3 signaling, and thus tumor lymphangiogenesis, would inhibit tumor metastasis. METHODS We used the highly metastatic human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460-LNM35 (LNM35) and its parental line NCI-H460-N15 (N15) with low metastatic capacity. We inserted genes by transfection and established a stable N15 cell line secreting VEGF-C and a LNM35 cell line secreting the soluble fusion protein VEGF receptor 3-immunoglobulin (VEGFR-3-Ig, which binds VEGF-C and inhibits VEGFR-3 signaling). Control lines were transfected with mock vectors. Tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously into severe combined immunodeficient mice (n = 6 in each group), and tumors and metastases were examined 6 weeks later. In another approach, recombinant adenoviruses expressing VEGFR-3-Ig (AdR3-Ig) or beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ) were injected intravenously into LNM35 tumor-bearing mice (n = 14 and 7, respectively). RESULTS LNM35 cells expressed higher levels of VEGF-C RNA and protein than did N15 cells. Xenograft mock vector-transfected LNM35 tumors showed more intratumoral lymphatic vessels (15.3 vessels per grid; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.3 to 17.4) and more metastases in draining lymph nodes (12 of 12) than VEGFR-3-Ig-transfected LNM35 tumors (4.1 vessels per grid; 95% CI = 3.4 to 4.7; P<.001, two-sided t test; and four lymph nodes with metastases of 12 lymph nodes examined). Lymph node metastasis was also inhibited in AdR3-Ig-treated mice (AdR3-Ig = 0 of 28 lymph nodes; AdLacZ = 11 of 14 lymph nodes). However, metastasis to the lungs occurred in all mice, suggesting that LNM35 cells can also spread via other mechanisms. N15 tumors overexpressing VEGF-C contained more lymphatic vessels than vector-transfected tumors but did not have increased metastatic ability. CONCLUSIONS Lymph node metastasis appears to be regulated by additional factors besides VEGF-C. Inhibition of VEGFR-3 signaling can suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes but not to lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong He
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Mattila MMT, Ruohola JK, Karpanen T, Jackson DG, Alitalo K, Härkönen PL. VEGF-C induced lymphangiogenesis is associated with lymph node metastasis in orthotopic MCF-7 tumors. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:946-51. [PMID: 11948478 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The spread of cancer cells to regional lymph nodes through the lymphatic system is the first step in the dissemination of breast cancer. In several human cancers including those of the breast and prostate, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is associated with lymph node metastasis. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of VEGF-C on metastasis of poorly invasive, estrogen dependent human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with VEGF-C (MCF-7-VEGF-C) were grown as tumors in the mammary fat pads of nude mice implanted with subcutaneous estrogen pellets. Tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis were studied immunohistochemically using antibodies against lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor -1 (LYVE-1), VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), PECAM-1, pan-cytokeratin and estrogen dependent pS2 protein. Overexpression of VEGF-C in transfected MCF-7 cells stimulated in vivo tumor growth in xenotransplanted mice without affecting estrogen responsiveness. The resulting tumors metastasized to the regional lymph nodes in 75% (in 6 mice out of 8, Experiment I) and in 62% (in 5 mice out of 8, Experiment II) of mice bearing orthotopic tumors formed by MCF-7-VEGF-C cells whereas no metastases were observed in mice bearing tumors of control vector-transfected MCF-7 cells (MCF-7-Mock). The density of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessels was increased in tumors derived from MCF-7-VEGF-C cells but not MCF-7-Mock cells. Taken together, our results show that VEGF-C overexpression stimulates tumor lymphangiogenesis and induces normally poorly metastatic estrogen-dependent MCF-7 tumors to disseminate to local lymph nodes. These data suggest that VEGF-C has an important role in lymph node metastasis of breast cancer even at its hormone-dependent early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjami M-T Mattila
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Zhou Y, McMaster M, Woo K, Janatpour M, Perry J, Karpanen T, Alitalo K, Damsky C, Fisher SJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1405-23. [PMID: 11943725 PMCID: PMC3277330 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human placental development combines elements of tumorigenesis and vasculogenesis. The organ's specialized epithelial cells, termed cytotrophoblasts, invade the uterus where they reside in the interstitial compartment. They also line uterine arteries and veins. During invasion, ectodermally derived cytotrophoblasts undergo pseudovasculogenesis, switching their adhesion molecule repertoire to mimic that of vascular cells. Failures in this transformation accompany the pregnancy complication preeclampsia. Here, we used a combination of in situ and in vitro analyses to characterize the cell's expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family ligands and receptors, key regulators of conventional vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cytotrophoblast differentiation and invasion during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were associated with down-regulation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2. Invasive cytotrophoblasts in early gestation expressed VEGF-A, VEGF-C, placental growth factor (PlGF), VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-3 and, at term, VEGF-A, PlGF, and VEGFR-1. In vitro the cells incorporated VEGF-A into the surrounding extracellular matrix; PlGF was secreted. We also found that cytotrophoblasts responded to the VEGF ligands they produced. Blocking ligand binding significantly decreased their expression of integrin alpha1, an adhesion molecule highly expressed by endovascular cytotrophoblasts, and increased apoptosis. In severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome, immunolocalization on tissue sections showed that cytotrophoblast VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 staining decreased; staining for PlGF was unaffected. Cytotrophoblast secretion of the soluble form of VEGFR-1 in vitro also increased. Together, the results of this study showed that VEGF family members regulate cytotrophoblast survival and that expression of a subset of family members is dysregulated in severe forms of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Michael McMaster
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Kirstin Woo
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Mary Janatpour
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Jean Perry
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Terhi Karpanen
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Caroline Damsky
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
| | - Susan J. Fisher
- From the Departments of Stomatology,*Anatomy,† Obstetrics, Gynecology, andReproductive Sciences,§ and PharmaceuticalChemistry,¶ University of California SanFrancisco, San Francisco, California; and the Molecular/Cancer BiologyLaboratory,‡ Biomedicum Helsinki and LudwigInstitute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Mäkinen T, Veikkola T, Mustjoki S, Karpanen T, Catimel B, Nice EC, Wise L, Mercer A, Kowalski H, Kerjaschki D, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Alitalo K. Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C/D receptor VEGFR-3. EMBO J 2001; 20:4762-73. [PMID: 11532940 PMCID: PMC125596 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.17.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3/Flt4) binds two known members of the VEGF ligand family, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and has a critical function in the remodelling of the primary capillary vasculature of midgestation embryos. Later during development, VEGFR-3 regulates the growth and maintenance of the lymphatic vessels. In the present study, we have isolated and cultured stable lineages of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells from human primary microvascular endothelium by using antibodies against the extracellular domain of VEGFR-3. We show that VEGFR-3 stimulation alone protects the lymphatic endothelial cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and induces their growth and migration. At least some of these signals are transduced via a protein kinase C-dependent activation of the p42/p44 MAPK signalling cascade and via a wortmannin-sensitive induction of Akt phosphorylation. These results define the critical role of VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signalling in the growth and survival of lymphatic endothelial cells. The culture of isolated lymphatic endothelial cells should now allow further studies of the molecular properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satu Mustjoki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Bruno Catimel
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Lyn Wise
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Andrew Mercer
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Steven A. Stacker
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Marc G. Achen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
Stem Cell Laboratory and Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00029 Helsinki, Finland, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, A-1090 Vienna, Austria Corresponding author e-mail:
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27
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Enholm B, Karpanen T, Jeltsch M, Kubo H, Stenback F, Prevo R, Jackson DG, Yla-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C induces lymphangiogenesis in the skin. Circ Res 2001; 88:623-9. [PMID: 11282897 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.6.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth of blood and lymphatic vasculature is mediated in part by secreted polypeptides of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. The prototype VEGF binds VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 and is angiogenic, whereas VEGF-C, which binds to VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, is either angiogenic or lymphangiogenic in different assays. We used an adenoviral gene transfer approach to compare the effects of these growth factors in adult mice. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding human VEGF-C or VEGF were injected subcutaneously into C57Bl6 mice or into the ears of nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that VEGF-C upregulated VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression and VEGF upregulated VEGFR-2 expression at 4 days after injection. After 2 weeks, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, including staining for the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), the vascular endothelial marker platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) revealed that VEGF-C induced mainly lymphangiogenesis in contrast to VEGF, which induced only angiogenesis. These results have significant implications in the planning of gene therapy using these growth factors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/chemistry
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Skin/blood supply
- Skin/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- B Enholm
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludvig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Veikkola T, Jussila L, Makinen T, Karpanen T, Jeltsch M, Petrova TV, Kubo H, Thurston G, McDonald DM, Achen MG, Stacker SA, Alitalo K. Signalling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 is sufficient for lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice. EMBO J 2001; 20:1223-31. [PMID: 11250889 PMCID: PMC145532 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.6.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) has an essential role in the development of embryonic blood vessels; however, after midgestation its expression becomes restricted mainly to the developing lymphatic vessels. The VEGFR-3 ligand VEGF-C stimulates lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice and in chick chorioallantoic membrane. As VEGF-C also binds VEGFR-2, which is expressed in lymphatic endothelia, it is not clear which receptors are responsible for the lymphangiogenic effects of VEGF-C. VEGF-D, which binds to the same receptors, has been reported to induce angiogenesis, but its lymphangiogenic potential is not known. In order to define the lymphangiogenic signalling pathway we have created transgenic mice overexpressing a VEGFR-3-specific mutant of VEGF-C (VEGF-C156S) or VEGF-D in epidermal keratinocytes under the keratin 14 promoter. Both transgenes induced the growth of lymphatic vessels in the skin, whereas the blood vessel architecture was not affected. Evidence was also obtained that these growth factors act in a paracrine manner in vivo. These results demonstrate that stimulation of the VEGFR-3 signal transduction pathway is sufficient to induce specifically lymphangiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gavin Thurston
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland,
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Corresponding author e-mail: T.Veikkola and L.Jussila contributed equally to this work
| | - Donald M. McDonald
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland,
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Corresponding author e-mail: T.Veikkola and L.Jussila contributed equally to this work
| | - Marc G. Achen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland,
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Corresponding author e-mail: T.Veikkola and L.Jussila contributed equally to this work
| | - Steven A. Stacker
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland,
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Corresponding author e-mail: T.Veikkola and L.Jussila contributed equally to this work
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland,
Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia Corresponding author e-mail: T.Veikkola and L.Jussila contributed equally to this work
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Karpanen T, Egeblad M, Karkkainen MJ, Kubo H, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jäättelä M, Alitalo K. Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and intralymphatic tumor growth. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1786-90. [PMID: 11280723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Many solid tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), and its receptor, VEGFR-3, is expressed in tumor blood vessels. To study the role of VEGF-C in tumorigenesis, we implanted MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells overexpressing recombinant VEGF-C orthotopically into severe combined immunodeficient mice. VEGF-C increased tumor growth, but unlike VEGF, it had little effect on tumor angiogenesis. Instead, VEGF-C strongly promoted the growth of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which in the tumor periphery were commonly infiltrated with the tumor cells. These effects of VEGF-C were inhibited by a soluble VEGFR-3 fusion protein. Our data suggest that VEGF-C facilitates tumor metastasis via the lymphatic vessels and that tumor spread can be inhibited by blocking the interaction between VEGF-C and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karpanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Mäkinen T, Jussila L, Veikkola T, Karpanen T, Kettunen MI, Pulkkanen KJ, Kauppinen R, Jackson DG, Kubo H, Nishikawa S, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis with resulting lymphedema in transgenic mice expressing soluble VEGF receptor-3. Nat Med 2001; 7:199-205. [PMID: 11175851 DOI: 10.1038/84651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature transports extravasated tissue fluid, macromolecules and cells back into the blood circulation. Recent reports have focused on the molecular mechanisms regulating the lymphatic vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D have been shown to stimulate lymphangiogenesis and their receptor, VEGFR-3, has been linked to human hereditary lymphedema. Here we show that a soluble form of VEGFR-3 is a potent inhibitor of VEGF-C/VEGF-D signaling, and when expressed in the skin of transgenic mice, it inhibits fetal lymphangiogenesis and induces a regression of already formed lymphatic vessels, though the blood vasculature remains normal. Transgenic mice develop a lymphedema-like phenotype characterized by swelling of feet, edema and dermal fibrosis. They survive the neonatal period in spite of a virtually complete lack of lymphatic vessels in several tissues, and later show regeneration of the lymphatic vasculature, indicating that induction of lymphatic regeneration may also be possible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mäkinen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Abstract
There is a constant requirement for vascular supply in solid tumors. Tumor-associated neovascularization allows the tumor cells to express their critical growth advantage. Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in operable breast cancer, and experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the process of metastasis is also angiogenesis-dependent. Various angiogenic growth factors and cytokines induce neovascularization in tumors, namely members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (Ang) gene families. A strong correlation has been found between VEGF expression and increased tumor microvasculature, malignancy, and metastasis in breast cancer. Anti-angiogenic therapy approaches offer a new promising anti-cancer strategy and a remarkably diverse group of over 20 such drugs is currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saaristo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Stacker SA, Stenvers K, Caesar C, Vitali A, Domagala T, Nice E, Roufail S, Simpson RJ, Moritz R, Karpanen T, Alitalo K, Achen MG. Biosynthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor-D involves proteolytic processing which generates non-covalent homodimers. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32127-36. [PMID: 10542248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) binds and activates the endothelial cell tyrosine kinase receptors VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), is mitogenic for endothelial cells, and shares structural homology and receptor specificity with VEGF-C. The primary translation product of VEGF-D has long N- and C-terminal polypeptide extensions in addition to a central VEGF homology domain (VHD). The VHD of VEGF-D is sufficient to bind and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Here we report that VEGF-D is proteolytically processed to release the VHD. Studies in 293EBNA cells demonstrated that VEGF-D undergoes N- and C-terminal cleavage events to produce numerous secreted polypeptides including a fully processed form of M(r) approximately 21,000 consisting only of the VHD, which is predominantly a non-covalent dimer. Biosensor analysis demonstrated that the VHD has approximately 290- and approximately 40-fold greater affinity for VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectively, compared with unprocessed VEGF-D. In situ hybridization demonstrated that embryonic lung is a major site of expression of the VEGF-D gene. Processed forms of VEGF-D were detected in embryonic lung indicating that VEGF-D is proteolytically processed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Stacker
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, Hellman U, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:21217-22. [PMID: 10409677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.30.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is expressed in various tissues, especially strongly in the heart, and binds selectively to one of the VEGF receptors, VEGFR-1. The two splice isoforms, VEGF-B(167) and VEGF-B(186), have identical NH(2)-terminal cystine knot growth factor domains but differ in their COOH-terminal domains which give these forms their distinct biochemical properties. In this study, we show that both splice isoforms of VEGF-B bind specifically to Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a receptor for collapsins/semaphorins and for the VEGF(165) isoform. The NRP1 binding of VEGF-B could be competed by an excess of VEGF(165). The binding of VEGF-B(167) was mediated by the heparin binding domain, whereas the binding of VEGF-B(186) to NRP1 was regulated by exposure of a short COOH-terminal proline-rich peptide upon its proteolytic processing. In immunohistochemistry, NRP1 distribution was found to be overlapping or adjacent to known sites of VEGF-B expression in several tissues, in particular in the developing heart, suggesting the involvement of VEGF-B in NRP1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Makinen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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