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Love AA, Zickgraf HF, Sonneville KR, Mankowski A, Carson TL, Hazzard VM. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between higher weight and eating disorder risk among collegiate athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:270-275. [PMID: 38331631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether higher weight status is associated with increased eating disorder risk in athletes. DESIGN Study 1 used cross-sectional (N = 942) and longitudinal (N = 483) data collected over a five-year period from Division I athletes at a Midwestern university. Study 2 used cross-sectional data from athletes competing at various levels at universities across the United States (N = 825). METHODS Weight and height were measured in Study 1 and self-reported in Study 2; higher weight was defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2. Eating disorder risk was assessed with preliminary (Study 1) and final (Study 2) versions of the Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes. Study 1 examined weight status in relation to both concurrent and one-year changes in Eating Disorder Screen for Athletes score. Study 2 examined weight status in relation to both the Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes score and elevated eating disorder risk using the established Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes cut-off. All models adjusted for gender and sport type; Study 2 additionally adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, and competition level. RESULTS Across studies, higher weight status was significantly associated with increased eating disorder risk among athletes. This association was observed both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and the prevelence of elevated eating disorder risk was 43 % greater among athletes with higher weight status than among those without higher weight status. CONCLUSIONS Despite existing stereotypes that eating disorders tend to occur with low weight status, findings highlight the importance of screening all athletes for eating disorders, regardless of their weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Love
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States of America.
| | - Hana F Zickgraf
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, United States of America; Rogers Behavioral Health, United States of America
| | - Kendrin R Sonneville
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States of America
| | | | - Traci L Carson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University, United States of America
| | - Vivienne M Hazzard
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, United States of America
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Carson TL, Hazzard VM, Finn E, Lipson SK. Participation in varsity sports, dance, and Greek life associated with menstrual disturbance in a national sample of female college students. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:2365-2372. [PMID: 35380508 PMCID: PMC9532456 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1862852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify university-sponsored activities associated with increased odds of menstrual disturbance among female college students. Participants: The sample included 3,277 female-identifying students at 12 colleges and universities participating in the Healthy Bodies Study during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 academic years. Methods: Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were run to report odds of any menstrual disturbance and amenorrhea (AMN) for participants in sports, dance, and Greek Life. Survey weights were used to account for response bias. Results: In the adjusted models, participation in varsity sport (OR = 1.82, CI 1.37, 2.37), dance (OR = 1.68, CI 1.37, 2.05) and Greek life (OR= 2.12, CI 0.13,0.18) was significantly associated with increased odds of menstrual disturbance, compared to non-participants. Conclusions: Findings suggest additional need for prevention and intervention programming against menstrual disturbance in varsity sports, dance, and Greek life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L. Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Erin Finn
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah K. Lipson
- Department of Health Law Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Finn EE, Tenforde AS, Fredericson M, Golden NH, Carson TL, Karvonen-Gutierrez CA, Carlson JL. Markers of Low-Iron Status Are Associated with Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1969-1974. [PMID: 33731653 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is common in female athletes. The Triad is caused by low-energy availability (EA), which is often difficult to measure and has been postulated to be associated with low-iron status. Here, we explore whether markers of low-iron status may be associated with indicators of low EA including Triad risk factors. METHODS A total of 239 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes completed preparticipation examinations that included Triad risk factors, medication/supplement use, diagnosis of anemia, and elected to complete dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure bone mineral density. The association of markers of low iron (defined as self-report of iron supplementation and/or history of anemia) with each component of the Triad risk assessment score was assessed by stratifying low-iron status across different levels of Triad risk category. Differences across iron status groups were assessed using Fisher exact testing. RESULTS Every component of the Triad risk assessment score excluding delayed menarche was associated with low-iron status. The proportion of women who reported low iron was 11.5% in the low-risk EA group compared with 50% in the moderate-risk and 66.7% in the high-risk EA groups (P = 0.02); respectively. These numbers were 11.6%, 25.0%, and 66.7% (P = 0.02) for body mass index; 9.7%, 16.7%, and 25.0% (P < 0.05) for oligomenorrhea; 10.3%, 45.5%, and 50.0% (P < 0.01) for bone mineral density; and 10.4%, 20.8%, and 30.8% (P = 0.03) for history of stress reaction or fracture. Lean/endurance athletes were more likely to have low-iron status than other athletes (15.5% vs 3.4%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Markers for low-iron status were associated with Triad risk factors. Our study suggests that female athletes with a history of anemia or iron supplementation may require further screening for low EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Finn
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School/Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA
| | - Neville H Golden
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Traci L Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Jennifer L Carlson
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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de Borja C, Holtzman B, McCall LM, Carson TL, Moretti LJ, Farnsworth N, Ackerman KE. Specific dietary practices in female athletes and their association with positive screening for disordered eating. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:50. [PMID: 33865448 PMCID: PMC8052728 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine if following specific diets was associated with reporting behaviors that are consistent with disordered eating compared to non-diet-adherent athletes. We hypothesized that athletes adhering to specific diets were more likely to report disordered eating than those not following a diet. METHODS One thousand female athletes (15-30 years) completed a comprehensive survey about athletic health and wellness. Athletes were asked to specify their diet and completed 3 eating disorder screening tools: the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care, and self-reported current or past history of eating disorder or disordered eating. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all study measures and chi-squared tests assessed relationships between athletes' dietary practices and their responses to eating disorder screening tools. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-four of 1000 female athletes reported adherence to specific diets. 69 of the 234 diet-adhering athletes (29.5%) were excluded due to medically-indicated dietary practices or vague dietary descriptions. Of the 165 diet-adherent athletes, 113 (68.5%) screened positively to ≥1 of the 3 eating disorder screening tools. Specifically, athletes practicing a low-carbohydrate diet were more likely to report disordered eating vs. athletes without dietary restrictions (80% vs. 41.8%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Specific diet adherence in female athletes may be associated with reporting behaviors that are consistent with disordered eating. Health practitioners should consider further questioning of athletes reporting specific diet adherence in order to enhance nutritional knowledge and help treat and prevent eating disorders or disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina de Borja
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Holtzman
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M McCall
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Traci L Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura J Moretti
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole Farnsworth
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Avenue - 6th Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Smith KS, Frugé AD, van der Pol W, Caston NE, Morrow CD, Demark-Wahnefried W, Carson TL. Gut microbial differences in breast and prostate cancer cases from two randomised controlled trials compared to matched cancer-free controls. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:239-248. [PMID: 33789551 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Implicated in several chronic diseases, the gastrointestinal microbiome is hypothesised to influence carcinogenesis. We compared faecal microbiota of newly diagnosed treatment-naïve overweight and obese cancer patients and matched controls. Cases were enrolled in presurgical weight-loss trials for breast (NCT02224807) and prostate (NCT01886677) cancers and had a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Cancer-free controls were matched 1:1 by age (±5 years), race, gender, and BMI (±5 kg/m2). All participants provided faecal samples; isolated bacterial DNA were PCR amplified at the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and analysed using the QIIME pipeline. Tests compared cases versus controls, then separately by gender. Microbial alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were assessed, and relative abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU's) were compared at the genus level, with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. 22 overweight and obese cancer patients were matched with 22 cancer-free controls, with an average BMI of 30.5±4.3 kg/m2, age 54.4±5.3 years, and 54.5% were black. Fourteen matches were made between breast cancer cases and healthy female controls, and 8 matches were made with prostate cancer cases and healthy male controls. Comparison of all cases and controls revealed no differences in alpha diversity, though prostate cancer patients had higher Chao1 (P=0.006) and Observed Species (P=0.036) than cancer-free males. Beta-diversity metrics were significantly different between cases and controls (P<0.03 for all tests in whole sample and in men), though only unweighted Unifrac was different in women (P=0.005). Kruskal Wallis tests indicated significant differences among 16 genera in all matches, 9 in female, and 51 in male. This study suggests the faecal microbiota of treatment-naive breast and prostate cancer patients differs from controls, though larger samples are needed to substantiate these findings. Trial registration: NIH Clinical Trials, NCT01886677, NCT02224807, registered 26 June 2013, 25 Aug 2014 (respectively) - retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01886677; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02224807.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - A D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - W van der Pol
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - N E Caston
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - C D Morrow
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - W Demark-Wahnefried
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Nutrition Science, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - T L Carson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Preventive Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Abstract
Due to stigma, eating disorders are under-researched, underdiagnosed and undertreated among men. This is particularly pertinent among athletes, as athletic goals are a major risk factor for disordered eating in men. This gender stereotype may be reinforced by eating disorder risk assessment tools that better reflect female symptoms. We examine an eating disorder risk assessment questionnaire in a population of athletes to assess both (1) gender bias in individual items and (2) gender differences on a cognitive and behavioral subscale, identified through a factor analysis. Controlling for eating disorder risk, we found that female gender significantly predicted high risk scores on four items; male gender significantly predicted high risk scores on four other items. We also found that women were more likely to score above the median on a cognitive subscale than men with the same level of eating disorder risk, while men were more likely to score above the median on a behavioral subscale. These results may be applied practically to allow eating disorder risk assessment tools to better capture eating disorder risk independent of gender. These methods may be applied to other questionnaires and other social identities, to expand the scope of eating disorder research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Traci L Carson
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Belinda L Needham
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Mankowski A, Carson TL, Lipson SM, Fendrick C, Crosby RD, Sonneville KR. Development and Validation of the Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes (EDSA): A Brief Screening Tool for Male and Female Athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2020; 50:101745. [PMID: 32733166 PMCID: PMC7392177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and validate the Eating Disorders Screen for Athletes (EDSA), a brief eating disorders screening tool for use in both male and female athletes. METHODS Data from Division I athletes at a Midwestern university (N=434) were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) by gender. Data from athletes competing at various levels at universities across the United States (N=862) were then used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis by gender. Athletes from a range of lean and non-lean sports were included. Gender-specific empirically derived cut-offs on the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire were used to classify high eating disorder risk for ROC curve analysis. Measurement invariance by gender, level of competition, and sport type was also examined. RESULTS A six-item, one-factor structure for the EDSA was supported by EFA and CFA in both genders, and internal consistency was good for both male (α=. 80) and female athletes (α=.86). ROC curve analyses indicated that the EDSA was highly accurate in predicting eating disorder risk status and identified a score of 3.33 as the optimal cut-off for both male (sensitivity=.96, specificity=.80) and female athletes (sensitivity=.96, specificity=.64). Results also supported strong measurement invariance for the EDSA by gender, level of competition (Division I versus club), and sport type (lean versus non-lean). CONCLUSIONS The EDSA shows promise as a brief screening tool to identify male and female athletes at risk for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne M. Hazzard
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Fargo, ND
| | | | | | - Traci L. Carson
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sarah M. Lipson
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Claire Fendrick
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Carson TL. A Qualitative Investigation Of Comorbid Psychological And Physical Health Conditions With Low Energy Availability In Current And Former NCAA Female Distance Runners Of Reproductive Age. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678980.56581.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Carson TL, Clarke P, Harlow S, West B, Zernicke R. Describing Red-s Outcomes And Potential Risk Factors In A National Cohort Of Ncaa Di Female Cross Country Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000687124.02668.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Baskaran C, Carson TL, Campoverde Reyes KJ, Becker KR, Slattery MJ, Tulsiani S, Eddy KT, Anderson EJ, Hubbard JL, Misra M, Klibanski A. Macronutrient intake associated with weight gain in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:1050-1057. [PMID: 28593722 PMCID: PMC5572315 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents and women with anorexia nervosa (AN) are known to severely restrict total calorie and fat intake. However, data are limited regarding specific macronutrient intake associated with weight gain in AN. OBJECTIVE To prospectively investigate dietary macronutrient composition associated with weight gain in adolescent girls with AN. METHOD A prospective naturalistic study of 90 girls 12-18 years old; 45 with AN and 45 healthy normal-weight-controls over a 6-12-month period. Participants completed four-day food diaries and underwent body composition assessment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weight gain was defined as a ≥10% increase in body mass index (BMI) from baseline. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics did not differ between girls with AN who did not gain weight (AN-0) versus those who did (AN-1) over the following 6-12 month period except for percentage of calories from proteins (p = 0.046). At 6-12 month follow-up, AN-1 consumed a lower percentage of total calories from protein (p = .001), and a higher percentage of total calories from fat (p = .02) compared to AN-0. AN-1 had a significant increase in the percentage of total calories obtained from and poly-unsaturated-fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.006) compared to AN-0, between baseline and follow-up. Within the AN group, BMI at follow-up was associated positively with percentage of total calories obtained from fat, MUFA, and PUFA (p < .05) at 6/12 months, and inversely with the percentage of total calories obtained from carbohydrates and proteins (p = .03). DISCUSSION Consuming a greater proportion of total calories from fat is associated with weight gain in adolescent girls with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charumathi Baskaran
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Traci L. Carson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Karen J. Campoverde Reyes
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kendra R. Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Meghan J. Slattery
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Shreya Tulsiani
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T. Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Madhusmita Misra
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
- MGH Clinical Research Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
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Ard JD, Carson TL, Shikany JM, Li Y, Hardy CM, Robinson JC, Williams AG, Baskin ML. Weight loss and improved metabolic outcomes amongst rural African American women in the Deep South: six-month outcomes from a community-based randomized trial. J Intern Med 2017; 282:102-113. [PMID: 28514081 PMCID: PMC6136898 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is highly prevalent in African American women, especially those in the rural southern USA, resulting in persistent health disparities. OBJECTIVE To test the effectiveness of an evidence-based behavioural weight loss intervention delivered by community health advisors to African American women in the rural south. DESIGN AND METHODS Overweight or obese African American women (30-70 years) from eight counties in Mississippi and Alabama participated in a 24-month randomized controlled trial of an evidence-based behavioural weight loss programme augmented with community strategies to support healthy lifestyles (Weight Loss Plus, N = 154) compared to the weight loss programme alone (Weight Loss Only, N = 255). This study reports on 6-month outcomes on primary (weight change) and secondary (waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids, fasting blood glucose) outcomes, coinciding with the completion of the intensive weight loss phase. RESULTS Weight Loss Only participants lost an average of 2.2 kg (P < 0.001). Weight Loss Plus participants lost an average of 3.2 kg (P < 0.001). The proportion of the total sample that lost at least 5% of their body weight was 27.1% with no difference between treatment groups. Similarly, we observed statistically significant reductions in blood pressure, waist circumference and triglycerides in each treatment group, with no statistical differences between groups. CONCLUSION Trained lay health staff and volunteers from the rural southern USA were able to deliver a translation of a high-intensity behavioural intervention targeted to African American women, resulting in clinically meaningful weight loss and improvement in other metabolic outcomes in a significant proportion of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ard
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - T L Carson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Y Li
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C M Hardy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J C Robinson
- School of Nursing, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A G Williams
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M L Baskin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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12
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Wingo BC, Carson TL, Ard J. Differences in weight loss and health outcomes among African Americans and whites in multicentre trials. Obes Rev 2014; 15 Suppl 4:46-61. [PMID: 25196406 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of behavioural lifestyle interventions (BLI) for weight loss and prevention and treatment of diabetes and hypertension is well established but may vary among racial/ethnic subgroups. This report reviews literature from 1990 to 2012 to determine if outcomes were similar among African Americans (AA) and whites participating in multicentre BLIs funded by the National Institutes of Health. We identified seven relevant trials that reported subgroup analyses for AA. On average, AA lost less weight at 6 months (AA: -1.6 to -7.5 kg; whites: -3.8 to -8.2 kg), but also had less or similar weight regain compared with whites. There were no reported differences between races in diabetes incidence. Three analyses reported no differences in blood pressure; however, a fourth reported that AA women were the only group that did not experience a significant change in blood pressure. Despite increased attention to cultural relevance, race-specific differences in weight loss persist in trials spanning 20 years; however, risk factor modification was similar across race/ethnic groups. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms of risk factor modification, and potential for weight change to promote even greater risk factor modification for AA than has been observed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Wingo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Carson TL, Eddings KE, Krukowski RA, Love SJ, Harvey-Berino JR, West DS. Examining social influence on participation and outcomes among a network of behavioral weight-loss intervention enrollees. J Obes 2013; 2013:480630. [PMID: 23840944 PMCID: PMC3690255 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that social networks, social support, and social influence are associated with weight trajectories among treatment- and non-treatment-seeking individuals. This study examined the impact of having a social contact who participated in the same group behavioral weight-control intervention in the absence of specific social support training on women engaged in a weight-loss program. Participants (n = 92; 100% female; 54% black; mean age: 46 ± 10 years; mean BMI: 38 ± 6) were grouped based upon whether or not they reported a social contact enrolled previously/concurrently in our behavioral weight-control studies. Primary outcomes were 6-month weight change and treatment adherence (session attendance and self-monitoring). Half of the participants (53%) indicated that they had a social contact; black women were more likely to report a social contact than white women (67.3% versus 39.5%; P < 0.01). Among participants with a social contact, 67% reported at least one contact as instrumental in the decision to enroll in the program. Those with a contact lost more weight (5.9 versus 3.7 kg; P = 0.04), attended more group sessions (74% versus 54%; P < 0.01), and submitted more self-monitoring journals (69% versus 54%; P = 0.01) than those without a contact. Participants' weight change was inversely associated with social contacts' weight change (P = 0.04). There was no association between participant and contact's group attendance or self-monitoring. Social networks may be a promising vehicle for recruiting and engaging women in a behavioral weight-loss program, particularly black women. The role of a natural social contact deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Carson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
Basic laboratory evaluation of water quality for livestock should include measurement of TDS, sulfate, nitrate-nitrite, and coliform bacteria. Supplementary water tests may include pH, sodium, iron, magnesium, chloride, calcium, potassium, manganese, and contaminants specific to the situation. Using the best-quality drinking water available contributes to the optimal production of livestock. Restricted quantity of drinking water or drinking water containing excessive levels of nitrate, TDS, sulfate, and other constituents can affect growth and production of all classes of animals. Drinking-water quality and availability should be evaluated as a cause of poor performance or nonspecific disease conditions in livestock. It is important that attempts to evaluate water quality include obtaining a thorough history, making astute observations, and asking intelligent questions. A thorough laboratory examination of animal specimens and water samples should be evaluated in view of existing standards for livestock drinking-water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Carson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Benson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Osweiler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Genetzky
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
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Osweiler GD, Ross PF, Wilson TM, Nelson PE, Witte ST, Carson TL, Rice LG, Nelson HA. Characterization of an epizootic of pulmonary edema in swine associated with fumonisin in corn screenings. J Vet Diagn Invest 1992; 4:53-9. [PMID: 1554770 DOI: 10.1177/104063879200400112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1989, corn screenings were associated with acute interstitial pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, and death in swine. Attack rate was 5-50%, case fatality rate was 50-90%, and clinical course was 1-2 days. Screenings from farms with pigs affected with pulmonary edema contained 20-330 micrograms fumonisin B1 per gram. Screenings containing 92 micrograms fumonisin B1 per gram fed to weanling pigs caused pulmonary edema and death. Sterilized corn inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme and diluted 1:1 with clean corn contained fumonisin B1 (17 micrograms/g) and caused acute pulmonary edema when fed for 5 days. Survivors developed subacute hepatotoxicosis with individual hepatocellular necrosis, hepatomegalocytosis, and increased numbers of mitotic figures. Similar liver lesions occurred in pigs given fumonisin B1 intravenously at 0.8 mg/kg body weight for 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Osweiler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Holter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Anderson TD, Van Alstine WG, Ficken MD, Miskimins DW, Carson TL, Osweiler GD. Acute monensin toxicosis in sheep: light and electron microscopic changes. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45:1142-7. [PMID: 6742573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monensin was administered orally to 3 sheep at dosages of 12 (the LD50), 16, and 24 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis were observed in the sheep in 24 to 36 hours of administration. Clinical signs included CNS depression, anorexia, diarrhea, and stiffness. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities identified possible muscle damage. Sheep were euthanatized at 54 hours after dosing; at necropsy, there were skeletal muscle hemorrhages, pale myocardium, and pulmonary edema. Ultrastructural lesions were in the liver, diaphragm, and myocardium; diaphragm and myocardium were most severely affected. Mitochondrial swelling and cristolysis, swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum, and disruption of myofibrillar architecture were prominent. These ultrastructural changes are consistent with the hypothesis that monensin causes muscle cell necrosis due to its ionophorous properties and disruption of cellular Na+:Ca2+ balance. It is proposed that this upset of normal ionic processes allows increased intracellular calcium, which directly leads to the functional and structural mitochondrial changes observed.
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Dominick MA, Carson TL. Effects of carbon monoxide exposure on pregnant sows and their fetuses. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44:35-40. [PMID: 6824222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Miniature and domestic sows at 108 to 110 days of the gestation were exposed to atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations of 150 to 400 ppm for 48 to 96 hours. Overall stillbirth rates were 6.7%, 34.8%, 42.3%, and 80.0% in the sows exposed to CO in concentrations of 200, 250, 300, and 350 ppm, respectively. A significant linear relationship was determined between these concentrations of CO and the resultant maternal carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration (P less than 0.01). The frequency of stillbirth increased significantly when maternal COHb concentration exceeded 23% saturation of hemoglobin. The COHb concentrations in new-delivered pigs (cesarean section) were greater than maternal COHb concentrations by 3 to 22%. Common gross lesions in stillborn pigs were cherry red discoloration of the subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and viscera and accumulation of a large volume of serosanguineous pleural effusion. Hypoxic ischemic leukoencephalopathy was found in new-delivered pigs from 3 of 14 litters. Lesions included focal leukoencephalomalacia, glial-vascular proliferation, multifocal hemorrhage, and vacuolation of the neuropile. Many extramedullary hematopoietic centers were present in liver sections.
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Schleifer JH, Carson TL. Toxicity of benzyl alcohol preservative. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982; 181:853. [PMID: 7141984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Donham KJ, Carson TL, Adrian BR. Carboxyhemoglobin values in swine relative to carbon monoxide exposure: guidelines for monitoring animal and human health hazards in swine-confinement buildings. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43:813-6. [PMID: 6807148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Miniature pigs were exposed, in an environmental chamber, to 55 mg of CO/m3 of air, 110 mg/m3, 220 mg/m3, or 330 mg/m3. Blood samples were taken from the swine every hour over an exposure period of 6 or 8 hours. After the pigs were removed from the chamber, blood samples were taken every 30 minutes for an additional 3 hours. The blood samples were measured by spectrophotometry for the amount of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). On exposure to CO, the COHb values in the pigs increased in a linear fashion during the first 2 hours, then began to level off, reaching a peak concentration at 6 to 8 hours. The percentage of COHb in the blood after 6 hours' exposure to the different amounts of CO were as follows: 55 mg/m3 - 5%, 110 mg/m3 - 10.5%, 220 mg/m3 - 20%, and 330 mg/m3 - 27.2%. There was a linear relationship between the amount of CO exposure and the peak blood value of COHb. The present data provide guidelines for the use of COHb measurement in swine as a means to monitor the environment in swine-confinement buildings for potentially dangerous amounts of CO for swine and persons and to aid in the diagnosis of CO-induced perinatal disease in swine.
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Carson TL, Van Gelder GA, Karas GG, Buck WB. Development of behavioral tests for the assessment of neurologic effects of lead in sheep. Environ Health Perspect 1974; 7:233-237. [PMID: 4831142 PMCID: PMC1475117 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.747233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reports of neurologic impairment of children following recovery from acute lead encephalopathy have raised questions concerning the effects of chronic low-level lead exposure on the central nervous system. Behavioral toxicologic techniques have been employed to assess the effects of lead on the central nervous system in sheep. Mature sheep receiving daily doses of 100 mg lead/kg showed a significant decrease in performance on an auditory signal detection task. Daily oral doses of 120 and 230 mg lead/sheep for 27 weeks did not alter the performance of mature sheep on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement behavioral task. Prenatal exposure to maternal blood lead levels of 16 or 34 mug/100 ml during gestation and postnatal daily ingestion of 16, 8, 4, or 2 mg lead/kg did not alter performance of lambs on a closed-field maze task. Slowed learning was demonstrated in lambs prenatally exposed to maternal blood lead levels of 34 mug/100 ml during gestation when tested on nonspatial, two-choice visual discrimination problems at 10-15 months of age.
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Van Gelder GA, Carson TL, Smith RM, Buck WB, Karas GG. Neurophysiologic and behavioral toxicologic testing to detect subclinical neurologic alterations induced by environmental toxicants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973; 163:1033-5. [PMID: 4206143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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