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Sundaravel S, Kuo WL, Jeong JJ, Choudhary GS, Gordon-Mitchell S, Liu H, Bhagat TD, McGraw KL, Gurbuxani S, List AF, Verma A, Wickrema A. Loss of Function of DOCK4 in Myelodysplastic Syndromes Stem Cells is Restored by Inhibitors of DOCK4 Signaling Networks. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5638-5649. [PMID: 31308061 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with deletion of chromosome 7q/7 [-7/(del)7q MDS] is associated with worse outcomes and needs novel insights into pathogenesis. Reduced expression of signaling protein dedicator of cytokinesis 4 (DOCK4) in patients with -7/(del)7q MDS leads to a block in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation. Identification of targetable signaling networks downstream of DOCK4 will provide means to restore hematopoietic differentiation in MDS.Experimental Design: We utilized phosphoproteomics approaches to identify signaling proteins perturbed as a result of reduced expression of DOCK4 in human HSCs and tested their functional significance in primary model systems. RESULTS We demonstrate that reduced levels of DOCK4 lead to increased global tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in primary human HSCs. LYN kinase and phosphatases INPP5D (SHIP1) and PTPN6 (SHP1) displayed greatest levels of tyrosine phosphorylation when DOCK4 expression levels were reduced using DOCK4-specific siRNA. Our data also found that increased phosphorylation of SHIP1 and SHP1 phosphatases were due to LYN kinase targeting these phosphatases as substrates. Increased migration and impediment of HSC differentiation were consequences of these signaling alterations. Pharmacologic inhibition of SHP1 reversed these functional aberrations in HSCs expressing low DOCK4 levels. In addition, differentiation block seen in DOCK4 haplo-insufficient [-7/(del)7q] MDS was rescued by inhibition of SHP1 phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS LYN kinase and phosphatases SHP1 and SHIP1 are perturbed when DOCK4 expression levels are low. Inhibition of SHP1 promotes erythroid differentiation in healthy HSCs and in -7/(del)7q MDS samples with low DOCK4 expression. Inhibitors of LYN, SHP1 and SHIP1 also abrogated increased migratory properties in HSCs expressing reduced levels of DOCK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Sundaravel
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Liang Kuo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jong Jin Jeong
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gaurav S Choudhary
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Hui Liu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tushar D Bhagat
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Jeong JJ, Gu X, Nie J, Sundaravel S, Liu H, Kuo WL, Bhagat TD, Pradhan K, Cao J, Nischal S, McGraw KL, Bhattacharyya S, Bishop MR, Artz A, Thirman MJ, Moliterno A, Ji P, Levine RL, Godley LA, Steidl U, Bieker JJ, List AF, Saunthararajah Y, He C, Verma A, Wickrema A. Cytokine-Regulated Phosphorylation and Activation of TET2 by JAK2 in Hematopoiesis. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:778-795. [PMID: 30944118 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Even though the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes catalyze the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines required for lineage commitment and subsequent differentiation of stem cells into erythroid cells, the mechanisms that link extracellular signals to TET activation and DNA hydroxymethylation are unknown. We demonstrate that hematopoietic cytokines phosphorylate TET2, leading to its activation in erythroid progenitors. Specifically, cytokine receptor-associated JAK2 phosphorylates TET2 at tyrosines 1939 and 1964. Phosphorylated TET2 interacts with the erythroid transcription factor KLF1, and this interaction with TET2 is increased upon exposure to erythropoietin. The activating JAK2V617F mutation seen in myeloproliferative disease patient samples and in mouse models is associated with increased TET activity and cytosine hydroxymethylation as well as genome-wide loss of cytosine methylation. These epigenetic and functional changes are also associated with increased expression of several oncogenic transcripts. Thus, we demonstrate that JAK2-mediated TET2 phosphorylation provides a mechanistic link between extracellular signals and epigenetic changes during hematopoiesis. SIGNIFICANCE: Identification of TET2 phosphorylation and activation by cytokine-stimulated JAK2 links extracellular signals to chromatin remodeling during hematopoietic differentiation. This provides potential avenues to regulate TET2 function in the context of myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes associated with the JAK2V617F-activating mutation.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Jin Jeong
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaorong Gu
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ji Nie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sriram Sundaravel
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hui Liu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wen-Liang Kuo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tushar D Bhagat
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Kith Pradhan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - John Cao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sangeeta Nischal
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Michael R Bishop
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew Artz
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael J Thirman
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alison Moliterno
- Department of Hematology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ross L Levine
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - James J Bieker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Ahmed OG, Kuo WL, Wei TF, Messer JS, Sharifi M, Nagilla M, Macleod K, Cohen EE. Abstract 316: Modifying autophagy through combination treatments as a potential therapeutic strategy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Autophagy, a catabolic process, can play a crucial role in cancer cell survival. Modifying this process has shown to be an effective mechanism of inducing cell death. In order to explore this concept, we induced autophagy with one agent (Akt-inhibitor MK-2206), and decreased autophagosomal trafficking with other agents (Paclitaxel and Nocadazole) by disrupting the microtubule networks. We hypothesized that by modifying autophagy through this combination, it would lead to an accumulation of autophagosomes and eventual cell death in a synergistic manner.
Methods: SCC 61 and Cal 27 HNSCC cell lines were used to explore this hypothesis. SCC 61 cells were transduced with an m-Cherry GFP LC3B vector in order to detect autophagosomes under both fixed and live cell confocal microscopy. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were performed. A siRNA ATG 7 KO SCC 61 cell line was used to detect if in fact autophagy was important for this therapeutic approach.
Results: There was an accumulation of autophagosomes with the combination of an Akt inhibitor and microtubule disrupters. A decrease in fusion of autophagosome to lysosome was seen when cells were treated with an agent, which disrupted the microtubule networks (Paclitaxel) but even more dramatically when treated with the combination (MK-2206 and Paclitaxel). Moreover, accumulation of autophagosomes occurred prior to induction of apoptosis with combination treatment. These effects were decreased with siRNA ATG 7 KO in SCC 61 cells, which were more resistant to combination treatment compared to control.
Discussion: Manipulating autophagy with Akt inhibition (induction) and Paclitaxel (decreasing autophagic trafficking) leads to an accumulation of autophagosomes and eventual cell death in a synergistic manner. This therapeutic approach of altering the normal autophagic process warrants further investigation.
Citation Format: Omar G. Ahmed, Wen-Liang Kuo, Tai-Fen Wei, Jeannette S. Messer, Marina Sharifi, Madhavi Nagilla, Kay Macleod, Ezra E.W. Cohen. Modifying autophagy through combination treatments as a potential therapeutic strategy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 316. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-316
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Kuo WL, Sharifi MN, Lingen MW, Ahmed O, Liu J, Nagilla M, Macleod KF, Cohen EEW. p62/SQSTM1 accumulation in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck predicts sensitivity to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90171. [PMID: 24599075 PMCID: PMC3943907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is highly dysregulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). While inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT pathway are being developed in cancer, their efficacy does not appear to be related to the presence of mutations or amplification in pathway genes. The PI3K pathway is a major regulator of macro-autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that degrades cellular materials to promote cellular homeostasis and survival under stress. Employing a panel of SCCHN cell lines, we observed a significant correlation between the activity of PI3K/AKT inhibitors and their ability to induce autophagy. More specifically, resistance to these inhibitors was associated with accumulation of p62/SQSTM1, a pleotropic protein that is consumed during autophagy, while loss of autophagy was, for the first time, found to be due to silencing of an essential autophagy gene, ATG7. Moreover, modulating ATG7 and p62/SQSTM1 could regulate sensitivity to PI3K/AKT inhibitors, underscoring a mechanistic link between autophagy and drug sensitivity. Analysis of human tissues revealed progressive accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 in a significant proportion of cancer samples compared to normal tissue, suggesting that defective autophagy has relevance to SCCHN. These findings are further validated by analysis of TCGA data confirming homozygous deletion and mRNA down-regulation of ATG7 in 10.0% of SCCHN samples. Taken together, these data indicate that p62/SQSTM1 levels modulate sensitivity to PI3K/AKT inhibitors; cancers vary in their capacity to undergo autophagy through epigenetic modification and, when deficient, accumulate p62/SQSTM1; and expression of autophagy-related proteins may serve as markers for resistance to PI3K/AKT inhibitors in SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Kuo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marina N Sharifi
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Omar Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Madhavi Nagilla
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kay F Macleod
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America; Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Ahmed O, Kuo WL, Nagilla M, Messer JS, Boone DL, Sharifi M, Macleod K, Cohen EE. Synergy with combination of AKT inhibitor (MK-2206) and paclitaxel in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e13532 Background: Though there have been many advances in the treatment of HNSCC, the 5-year survival rate remains at 50%. This is partly due to molecular alterations such as the activation of the PI3k-AKT pathway in HNSCC, which has been associated with treatment failure. We stained human tissue samples and saw increased expression of p-AKT and pS6 in HNSCC compared to normal and dysplasia. This led us to investigate the role of the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in combination with an already established chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel. Methods: Cell viability and Combination index were used to determine synergy in 4 HNSCC cell lines. PI exclusion and Annexin/PI staining were used to determine cell death and apoptosis, respectively. Autophagy was measured through changes in LC3BII protein levels using western blot analysis and a stably transfected GFP-LC3BII cell line was used to detect changes in protein localization under confocal microscopy. Results: All cell lines were sensitive to paclitaxel while only some were sensitive to MK-2206. However, there was effective synergy to the combination treatment in all cell lines. Apoptotic synergy was observed in some cell lines indicating that the combination stimulates cell death in the appropriate context. In one autophagy competent cell line, MK-2206 induced robust autophagy while paclitaxel blocked a latter step in the pathway leading to an accumulation of autophagosomes prior to induction of apoptosis. Conclusions: Paclitaxel and MK-2206 appears to be an effective combination in HNSCC possibly through their effect on autophagy trafficking, leading to an accumulation of autophagosomes and eventual apoptosis. Clinical trials examining this combination are warranted.
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Liu J, Kuo WL, Seiwert TY, Lingen M, Ciaccio MF, Jones RB, Rosner MR, Cohen EEW. Effect of complementary pathway blockade on efficacy of combination enzastaurin and rapamycin. Head Neck 2011; 33:1774-82. [PMID: 21438065 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapamycin is an mTOR inhibitor with preclinical efficacy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). However, mTOR inhibitors also increase Akt activity in SCCHN cell lines, which would promote survival and oncogenesis. Enzastaurin is an AGC kinase inhibitor with nanomolar inhibitory concentrations for Akt and protein kinase C (PKC). Moreover, Akt and PKC inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in SCCHN. METHODS We hypothesized that the combination of rapamycin and enzastaurin would be more effective than either agent alone. RESULTS Rapamycin and enzastaurin generally inhibited putative targets in SCCHN cell lines in culture. In mice xenografted with CAL27 cells, rapamycin and enzastaurin produced growth delay. In contrast, the combination of rapamycin and enzastaurin caused regression of CAL27 tumors with evidence of inhibition of putative targets, survival, angiogenesis and proliferation. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the combination of rapamycin and enzastaurin disrupts critical oncogenic pathways in SCCHN and has efficacy in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kuo WL, Liu J, Mauceri H, Vokes EE, Weichselbaum R, Rosner MR, Cohen EEW. Efficacy of the multi-kinase inhibitor enzastaurin is dependent on cellular signaling context. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2814-24. [PMID: 20876745 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of targeted small molecules being developed in oncology is increasing rapidly. Many of these are designed to inhibit multiple kinases, and thus the mechanisms of responsiveness and predictive biomarkers can be difficult to discern. In fact, with few exceptions, multi-kinase inhibitors are developed with limited mechanism-based patient selection. Enzastaurin is a multi-kinase inhibitor being studied in several malignancies that we hypothesized would be active in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, because it inhibits classic and novel protein kinase C isoforms. Indeed, enzastaurin reduced the growth of SQ-20B and CAL27 tumor xenografts, decreased proliferation in these cell lines, inhibited putative target phosphorylation, and induced cell cycle arrest. Gene expression arrays confirmed that expression of cell cycle genes, including cyclins D and E, were significantly altered by exposure to enzastaurin. However, testing a panel of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell lines revealed variable sensitivity to enzastaurin, which correlated significantly with baseline cyclin D1 protein expression. Moreover, sensitivity and resistance could be reversed, respectively, by expression or depletion of cyclin D1. Furthermore, analysis of sensitive and resistant cell lines revealed distinct differences in cyclin D1 regulation. Enzastaurin modulated cyclin D1 synthesis through an Akt-regulated pathway in the former, whereas high-level CCND1 gene amplification was present in the latter. These results underscore the critical relevance of cellular signaling context in developing cancer therapies in general and suggest that enzastaurin in particular would be most effective in tumors where baseline cyclin D1 expression is low to moderate and physiologically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Kuo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Chou YH, Kuo WL, Rosner MR, Tang WJ, Goldman RD. Structural changes in intermediate filament networks alter the activity of insulin-degrading enzyme. FASEB J 2009; 23:3734-42. [PMID: 19584300 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-137455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament (IF) protein nestin coassembles with vimentin and promotes the disassembly of these copolymers when vimentin is hyperphosphorylated during mitosis. The aim of this study is to determine the function of these nonfilamentous particles by identifying their interacting partners. In this study, we report that these disassembled vimentin/nestin complexes interact with insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Both vimentin and nestin interact with IDE in vitro, but vimentin binds IDE with a higher affinity than nestin. Although the interaction between vimentin and IDE is enhanced by vimentin phosphorylation at Ser-55, the interaction between nestin and IDE is phosphorylation independent. Further analyses show that phosphorylated vimentin plays the dominant role in targeting IDE to the vimentin/nestin particles in vivo, while the requirement for nestin is related to its ability to promote vimentin IF disassembly. The binding of IDE to either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin regulates IDE activity differently, depending on the substrate. The insulin degradation activity of IDE is suppressed approximately 50% by either nestin or phosphorylated vimentin, while the cleavage of bradykinin-mimetic peptide by IDE is increased 2- to 3-fold. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the nestin-mediated disassembly of vimentin IFs generates a structure capable of sequestering and modulating the activity of IDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Chou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Cohen EEW, Zhu H, Lingen MW, Martin LE, Kuo WL, Choi EA, Kocherginsky M, Parker JS, Chung CH, Rosner MR. A feed-forward loop involving protein kinase Calpha and microRNAs regulates tumor cell cycle. Cancer Res 2009; 69:65-74. [PMID: 19117988 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) has been implicated in cancer, but the mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we show that PKCalpha promotes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCCHN) by a feed-forward network leading to cell cycle deregulation. PKCalpha inhibitors decrease proliferation in SCCHN cell lines and xenografted tumors. PKCalpha inhibition or depletion in tumor cells decreases DNA synthesis by suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and cyclin E synthesis. Additionally, PKCalpha down-regulates miR-15a, a microRNA that directly inhibits protein synthesis of cyclin E, as well as other cell cycle regulators. Furthermore, both PKCalpha and cyclin E protein expression are increased in primary tumors, and PKCalpha inversely correlates with miR-15a expression in primary tumors. Finally, PKCalpha is associated with poor prognosis in SCCHN. These results identify PKCalpha as a key regulator of SCCHN tumor cell growth by a mechanism involving activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, an initiator of the cell cycle, and suppression of miR-15a, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Although the specific components may be different, this type of feed-forward loop network, consisting of a stimulus that activates a positive signal and removes a negative brake, is likely to be a general one that enables induction of DNA synthesis by a variety of growth or oncogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra E W Cohen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Weirich G, Mengele K, Yfanti C, Gkazepis A, Hellmann D, Welk A, Giersig C, Kuo WL, Rosner MR, Tang WJ, Schmitt M. Immunohistochemical evidence of ubiquitous distribution of the metalloendoprotease insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE; insulysin) in human non-malignant tissues and tumor cell lines. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1441-5. [PMID: 18783335 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical evidence of ubiquitous distribution of the metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE; insulysin) in human non-malignant tissues and tumor cells is presented. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on a multi-organ tissue microarray (pancreas, lung, kidney, central/peripheral nervous system, liver, breast, placenta, myocardium, striated muscle, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) and on a cell microarray of 31 tumor cell lines of different origin, as well as trophoblast cells and normal blood lymphocytes and granulocytes. IDE protein was expressed in all the tissues assessed and all the tumor cell lines except for Raji and HL-60. Trophoblast cells and granulocytes, but not normal lymphocytes, were also IDE-positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Weirich
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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Yfanti C, Mengele K, Gkazepis A, Weirich G, Giersig C, Kuo WL, Tang WJ, Rosner M, Schmitt M. Expression of metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme insulysin in normal and malignant human tissues. Int J Mol Med 2008; 22:421-431. [PMID: 18813847 PMCID: PMC3675802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE, insulysin, insulinase; EC 3.4.22.11), a thiol metalloendopeptidase, is involved in intracellular degradation of insulin, thereby inhibiting its translocation and accumulation to the nucleus. Recently, protein expression of IDE has been demonstrated in the epithelial ducts of normal breast and breast cancer tissue. Utilizing four different antibodies generated against different epitopes of the IDE molecule, we performed Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining on several normal human tissues, on a plethora of tumor cell lines of different tissue origin, and on malignant breast and ovarian tissue. Applying the four IDE-directed antibodies, we demonstrated IDE expression at the protein level, by means of immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, in each of the tumor cell lines analyzed. Insulin-degrading enzyme protein expression was found in normal tissues of the kidney, liver, lung, brain, breast and skeletal muscle, as well as in breast and ovarian cancer tissues. Immunohistochemical visualization of IDE indicated cytoplasmic localization of IDE in each of the cell lines and tissues assessed. In conclusion, we performed for the first time a wide-ranging survey on IDE protein expression in normal and malignant tissues and cells thus extending our knowledge on the cellular and tissue distribution of IDE, an enzyme which to date has mainly been studied in connection with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes but not in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yfanti
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Mengele
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Apostolos Gkazepis
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Cecylia Giersig
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, D-53175 Bonn
| | - Wen-Liang Kuo
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Center for Integrative Sciences, 929 East 57th Street, W421, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Jen Tang
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Center for Integrative Sciences, 929 East 57th Street, W421, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marsha Rosner
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Center for Integrative Sciences, 929 East 57th Street, W421, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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Radulescu RT, Hufnagel C, Luppa P, Hellebrand H, Kuo WL, Rosner MR, Harbeck N, Giersig C, Meindl A, Schmitt M, Weirich G. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the zinc metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme in normal and malignant human breast: correlation with tissue insulin levels. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:73-80. [PMID: 17143514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a hormone crucial to metabolism and an essential growth factor for normal and neoplastic tissues. We have now determined insulin in extracts of 23 primary breast cancer specimens and of non-neoplastic breast tissues by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Remarkably, insulin was measured only in grade 3 tumors, whereas grade 2 carcinomas and the normal mammary gland were each insulin-negative. We also performed immunohistochemistry for insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a cytoplasmic zinc metalloprotease belonging to the inverzincin family and participating in insulin cleavage. IDE was detected in most insulin-positive grade 3 carcinomas, indicating that it might be dysfunctional in these anaplastic tumors. IDE was equally present in the insulin-negative grade 2 carcinomas. Moreover, five grade 3 carcinomas and one grade 2 carcinoma displayed a loss of heterozygosity in the 10q chromosomal region harboring the IDE gene, but, despite these alterations, IDE was detected immunohistochemically, indicating a retention of the second allele. Compared to the expression of IDE in 92% of the tumors examined, only 57% of 21 normal breast specimens stained positively for IDE. In contrast to this increase in IDE-positive epithelial cells in breast cancer vs. normal breast, additional immunohistochemical analysis of 17 node-positive breast carcinomas and corresponding tumor-bearing lymph nodes showed that IDE expression decreases from primary tumor to lymph node metastasis. Altogether, this study represents the first demonstration of IDE in normal and neoplastic human mammary tissues. Our present report should also provide an experimental starting point towards exploring a potential role of IDE in the control of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan T Radulescu
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 München, Germany.
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13
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Radulescu R, Hufnagel C, Luppa P, Hellebrand H, Kuo WL, Rosner M, Harbeck N, Giersig C, Meindl A, Schmitt M, Weirich G. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the zinc metalloprotease insulin-degrading enzyme in normal and malignant human breast: Correlation with tissue insulin levels. Int J Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.30.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Li P, Kuo WL, Yousef M, Rosner MR, Tang WJ. The C-terminal domain of human insulin degrading enzyme is required for dimerization and substrate recognition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:1032-7. [PMID: 16574064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), a zinc metalloprotease, can specifically recognize and degrade insulin, as well as several amyloidogenic peptides such as amyloid beta (Abeta) and amylin. The disruption of IDE function in rodents leads to glucose intolerance and cerebral Abeta accumulation, hallmarks of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. Using limited proteolysis, we found that human IDE (113kDa) can be subdivided into two roughly equal sized domains, IDE-N and IDE-C. Oligomerization plays a key role in the activity of IDE. Size-exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity experiments indicate that IDE-N is a monomer and IDE-C serves to oligomerize IDE-N. IDE-C alone does not have catalytic activity. It is IDE-N that contains the crucial catalytic residues, however IDE-N alone has only 2% of the catalytic activity of wild type IDE. By complexing IDE-C with IDE-N, the activity of IDE-N can be restored to approximately 30% that of wild type IDE. Fluorescence polarization assays using labeled insulin reveal that IDE-N has reduced affinity to insulin relative to wild type IDE. Together, our data reveal the modular nature of IDE. IDE-N is the catalytic domain and IDE-C facilitates substrate recognition as well as plays a key role in the oligomerization of IDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyun Li
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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15
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Abstract
ERK7 is a unique member of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily of MAP kinases. Although ERK7 shares a TEY motif in the activation loop of the kinase, it displays constitutive activation, nuclear localization, and growth inhibitory properties that are regulated by its C-terminal domain. Because ERK7 is expressed at low levels compared with ERK2 and its activity is dependent upon its expression level, we investigated the mechanism by which ERK7 expression is regulated. We now show that ERK7 expression is regulated by ubiquitination and rapid proteosomal turnover. Furthermore, both the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail are independently degraded at a rate comparable with that of the intact protein. Analysis of a series of chimeras between ERK2 and ERK7 reveal that the N-terminal 20 amino acids of the kinase domain are a primary determinant of ERK7 degradation. Fusion of the N-terminal 20 amino acids is both necessary and sufficient to cause proteolytic degradation of both ERK2 and green fluorescent protein. Finally, ERK7 is stabilized by an N-terminal mutant of Cullin-1 suggesting that ERK7 is ubiquitinated by the Skip1-Cullin-F box complex. These results indicate that ERK7 is a highly regulated enzyme whose cellular expression and kinase activation level is tightly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Kuo
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60615, USA
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16
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Hsu YH, Kuo WL, Su IJ. Clinicopathologic study of Kaposi's sarcoma and strain analysis of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA in the Hua-Lien area of eastern Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2001; 100:449-54. [PMID: 11579609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a spindle cell malignancy of endothelial cell origin. The tumor has been demonstrated to be associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like virus (KSHV). Previous studies have revealed the distribution of unique viral strains in different ethnic populations. Eastern Taiwan has an ethnically mixed population with a relatively high incidence of KS. This study was designed to characterize the clinicopathologic features of KS and to evaluate the HHV-8 strain distribution in the Hua-Lien area of Eastern Taiwan. METHODS Clinical records and laboratory data were collected from 15 cases of KS diagnosed and treated between 1993 and 1999 in Tzu-Chi General Hospital. For nine cases, paraffin blocks were available for the molecular study of HHV-8. HHV-8 genomic variation was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction nucleotide sequencing of ORF26 and ORF75 of HHV-8 genomes derived from different subgroups of KS. RESULTS Among the 15 patients with KS, two had AIDS-associated disease, four had gouty arthritis and psoriasis and were receiving corticosteroid therapy (iatrogenic type), and nine had classical KS. Nine of the 15 cases occurred in aborigines, including one with AIDS-associated disease, four with iatrogenic disease, and four with classical disease. Among the nine cases for which tissue was available for DNA analysis, eight were positive for HHV-8 DNA. Sequence analysis revealed that the C strain occurred in three Han Chinese KS patients, whereas a hitherto rarely described strain (strain D) occurred in all four aborigines tested (including one with AIDS-associated KS) and one Han Chinese with AIDS from Burma. CONCLUSION This study found a high proportion of iatrogenic KS and the finding of a rarely described strain D virus in Eastern Taiwan aborigines. Our studies further confirm the distribution of different types of KS and virus strains in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hua-Lien, Taiwan
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17
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Collins C, Volik S, Kowbel D, Ginzinger D, Ylstra B, Cloutier T, Hawkins T, Predki P, Martin C, Wernick M, Kuo WL, Alberts A, Gray JW. Comprehensive genome sequence analysis of a breast cancer amplicon. Genome Res 2001; 11:1034-42. [PMID: 11381030 PMCID: PMC311107 DOI: 10.1101/gr.gr1743r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene amplification occurs in most solid tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Amplification of 20q13.2 is common to several tumor types including breast cancer. The 1 Mb of sequence spanning the 20q13.2 breast cancer amplicon is one of the most exhaustively studied segments of the human genome. These studies have included amplicon mapping by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), array-CGH, quantitative microsatellite analysis (QUMA), and functional genomic studies. Together these studies revealed a complex amplicon structure suggesting the presence of at least two driver genes in some tumors. One of these, ZNF217, is capable of immortalizing human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) when overexpressed. In addition, we now report the sequencing of this region in human and mouse, and on quantitative expression studies in tumors. Amplicon localization now is straightforward and the availability of human and mouse genomic sequence facilitates their functional analysis. However, comprehensive annotation of megabase-scale regions requires integration of vast amounts of information. We present a system for integrative analysis and demonstrate its utility on 1.2 Mb of sequence spanning the 20q13.2 breast cancer amplicon and 865 kb of syntenic murine sequence. We integrate tumor genome copy number measurements with exhaustive genome landscape mapping, showing that amplicon boundaries are associated with maxima in repetitive element density and a region of evolutionary instability. This integration of comprehensive sequence annotation, quantitative expression analysis, and tumor amplicon boundaries provide evidence for an additional driver gene prefoldin 4 (PFDN4), coregulated genes, conserved noncoding regions, and associate repetitive elements with regions of genomic instability at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collins
- University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0808, USA.
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18
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Brown ML, Ramprasad MP, Umeda PK, Tanaka A, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe T, Shimoyamada H, Kuo WL, Li R, Song R, Bradley WA, Gianturco SH. A macrophage receptor for apolipoprotein B48: cloning, expression, and atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7488-93. [PMID: 10852956 PMCID: PMC16572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.120184097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a human macrophage receptor that binds to apolipoprotein (apo)B48 of dietary triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. TG-rich lipoprotein uptake by the apoB48R rapidly converts macrophages and apoB48R-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro into lipid-filled foam cells, as seen in atherosclerotic lesions. The apoB48R cDNA (3,744 bp) encodes a protein with no known homologs. Its approximately 3.8-kb mRNA is expressed primarily by reticuloendothelial cells: monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry shows the apoB48R is in human atherosclerotic lesion foam cells. Normally, the apoB48R may provide essential lipids to reticuloendothelial cells. If overwhelmed, foam cell formation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherothrombogenesis may ensue, a mechanism for cardiovascular disease risk of elevated TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
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19
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Albertson DG, Ylstra B, Segraves R, Collins C, Dairkee SH, Kowbel D, Kuo WL, Gray JW, Pinkel D. Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene. Nat Genet 2000; 25:144-6. [PMID: 10835626 DOI: 10.1038/75985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We show here that quantitative measurement of DNA copy number across amplified regions using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) may facilitate oncogene identification by providing precise information on the locations of both amplicon boundaries and amplification maxima. Using this analytical capability, we resolved two regions of amplification within an approximately 2-Mb region of recurrent aberration at 20q13.2 in breast cancer. The putative oncogene ZNF217 (ref. 5) mapped to one peak, and CYP24 (encoding vitamin D 24 hydroxylase), whose overexpression is likely to lead to abrogation of growth control mediated by vitamin D, mapped to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Albertson
- [1] Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0808, San Francisco, California, USA.
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20
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Hernandez MC, Andres-Barquin PJ, Kuo WL, Israel MA. Assignment of the ectodermal-neural cortex 1 gene (ENC1) to human chromosome band 5q13 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 87:89-90. [PMID: 10640818 DOI: 10.1159/000015398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Hernandez
- Preuss Laboratory for Molecular Neuro-Oncology, BTRC, Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0520, USA
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21
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Abstract
The protein SWAP-70 was isolated as part of a DNA recombination complex in B lymphocytes, where it is predominantly expressed. In resting B cells, SWAP-70 is found in the cytoplasm; upon B-cell activation, it is transported both into the nucleus and to the cell membrane, where it is associated with the B-cell receptor complex and may play a role in signal transduction. In the nucleus, its involvement in heavy-chain class switch recombination has been suggested. In this report, using restriction fragment length polymorphism, simple sequence length polymorphism, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we map the chromosomal localization of the mouse and the human genes to syntenic regions of mouse mid Chromosome (Chr) 7 and human Chr 11p15.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Masat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0670, USA.
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22
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Korn WM, Yasutake T, Kuo WL, Warren RS, Collins C, Tomita M, Gray J, Waldman FM. Chromosome arm 20q gains and other genomic alterations in colorectal cancer metastatic to liver, as analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999; 25:82-90. [PMID: 10337990 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199906)25:2<82::aid-gcc2>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive information about the molecular cytogenetic changes in metastases of colorectal cancer is not yet available. To define such changes in metastases, we measured relative DNA sequence copy numbers by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Samples from 27 liver metastases and 6 synchronous primary tumors were analyzed. An average of 9.9 aberrations per tumor was found in the metastases. Gains of chromosome arms 20q (85%), 13q (48%), 7p (44%), and 8q (44%) and losses of chromosome arms 18q (89%), 8p (59%), 1p (56%), and 18p (48%) were detected most frequently. Chromosomes 14 and 15 were lost in 26% and 30% of the metastases, respectively. No consistent differences were observed between primary tumors and synchronous metastases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for further characterization of gains of chromosome arm 20q. Touch preparations of 13 tumors that had demonstrated 20q gain with CGH were examined with FISH by use of a set of probes mapping to different parts of 20q. A probe for 20p was used as a reference. FISH showed relative gain of at least one 20q locus in 12 of the tumors. High-level gains were detected in 38% of the tumors, preferentially for probes mapping to band 20q13. Our CGH data indicate that colorectal metastases show chromosomal changes similar to those that have been reported for primary tumors. Chromosomal losses were seen at higher frequency, particularly for chromosomes 14 and 15. By FISH, we identified subregions on chromosome arm 20q that are frequently involved in DNA amplifications in colorectal cancer and that may harbor candidate proto-oncogenes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Korn
- Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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23
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Abe MK, Kuo WL, Hershenson MB, Rosner MR. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 (ERK7), a novel ERK with a C-terminal domain that regulates its activity, its cellular localization, and cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:1301-12. [PMID: 9891064 PMCID: PMC116059 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.2.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1998] [Accepted: 10/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play distinct roles in a variety of cellular signaling pathways and are regulated through multiple mechanisms. In this study, a novel 61-kDa member of the MAP kinase family, termed extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 (ERK7), has been cloned and characterized. Although it has the signature TEY activation motif of ERK1 and ERK2, ERK7 is not activated by extracellular stimuli that typically activate ERK1 and ERK2 or by common activators of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase. Instead, ERK7 has appreciable constitutive activity in serum-starved cells that is dependent on the presence of its C-terminal domain. Interestingly, the C-terminal tail, not the kinase domain, of ERK7 regulates its nuclear localization and inhibition of growth. Taken together, these results elucidate a novel type of MAP kinase whereby interactions via its C-terminal tail, rather than extracellular signal-mediated activation cascades, regulate its activity, localization, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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24
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Yu Y, Xu F, Peng H, Fang X, Zhao S, Li Y, Cuevas B, Kuo WL, Gray JW, Siciliano M, Mills GB, Bast RC. NOEY2 (ARHI), an imprinted putative tumor suppressor gene in ovarian and breast carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:214-9. [PMID: 9874798 PMCID: PMC15119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using differential display PCR, we have identified a gene [NOEY2, ARHI (designation by the Human Gene Nomenclature Committee)] with high homology to ras and rap that is expressed consistently in normal ovarian and breast epithelial cells but not in ovarian and breast cancers. Reexpression of NOEY2 through transfection suppresses clonogenic growth of breast and ovarian cancer cells. Growth suppression was associated with down-regulation of the cyclin D1 promoter activity and induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1). In an effort to identify mechanisms leading to NOEY2 silencing in cancer, we found that the gene is expressed monoallelically and is imprinted maternally. Loss of heterozygosity of the gene was detected in 41% of ovarian and breast cancers. In most of cancer samples with loss of heterozygosity, the nonimprinted functional allele was deleted. Thus, NOEY2 appears to be a putative imprinted tumor suppressor gene whose function is abrogated in ovarian and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Division of Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Shayesteh L, Lu Y, Kuo WL, Baldocchi R, Godfrey T, Collins C, Pinkel D, Powell B, Mills GB, Gray JW. PIK3CA is implicated as an oncogene in ovarian cancer. Nat Genet 1999; 21:99-102. [PMID: 9916799 DOI: 10.1038/5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer death among American women, yet little is known about its molecular aetiology. Studies using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have revealed several regions of recurrent, abnormal, DNA sequence copy number that may encode genes involved in the genesis or progression of the disease. One region at 3q26 found to be increased in copy number in approximately 40% of ovarian and others cancers contains PIK3CA, which encodes the p110alpha catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). The association between PIK3CA copy number and PI3-kinase activity makes PIK3CA a candidate oncogene because a broad range of cancer-related functions have been associated with PI3-kinase mediated signalling. These include proliferation, glucose transport and catabolism, cell adhesion, apoptosis, RAS signalling and oncogenic transformation. In addition, downstream effectors of PI3-kinase, AKT1 and AKT2, have been found to be amplified or activated in human tumours, including ovarian cancer. We show here that PIK3CA is frequently increased in copy number in ovarian cancers, that the increased copy number is associated with increased PIK3CA transcription, p110alpha protein expression and PI3-kinase activity and that treatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 decreases proliferation and increases apoptosis. Our observations suggest PIK3CA is an oncogene that has an important role in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shayesteh
- UCSF Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco 941430-0808, USA
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26
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Abstract
The Id proteins belong to a family of nuclear HLH proteins lacking a basic region and thought to function as dominant-negative regulators of bHLH proteins during cell growth and differentiation. In this paper, we report the genomic organization of the mouse Id2 and Id4 genes. These genes each span approximately 3 kb of the mouse genome and are each organized as three exons with recognizable splice donor and acceptor consensus sequences. Their genomic organization is very similar, consistent with their having evolved from a common, ancestral Id-like gene. Using FISH analysis, we have localized the mouse Id2 and Id4 genes to mouse chromosome 12 and 13, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mantani
- The Preuss Laboratory for Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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27
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Mears AJ, Jordan T, Mirzayans F, Dubois S, Kume T, Parlee M, Ritch R, Koop B, Kuo WL, Collins C, Marshall J, Gould DB, Pearce W, Carlsson P, Enerbäck S, Morissette J, Bhattacharya S, Hogan B, Raymond V, Walter MA. Mutations of the forkhead/winged-helix gene, FKHL7, in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1316-28. [PMID: 9792859 PMCID: PMC1377542 DOI: 10.1086/302109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic linkage, genome mismatch scanning, and analysis of patients with alterations of chromosome 6 have indicated that a major locus for development of the anterior segment of the eye, IRID1, is located at 6p25. Abnormalities of this locus lead to glaucoma. FKHL7 (also called "FREAC3"), a member of the forkhead/winged-helix transcription-factor family, has also been mapped to 6p25. DNA sequencing of FKHL7 in five IRID1 families and 16 sporadic patients with anterior-segment defects revealed three mutations: a 10-bp deletion predicted to cause a frameshift and premature protein truncation prior to the FKHL7 forkhead DNA-binding domain, as well as two missense mutations of conserved amino acids within the FKHL7 forkhead domain. Mf1, the murine homologue of FKHL7, is expressed in the developing brain, skeletal system, and eye, consistent with FKHL7 having a role in ocular development. However, mutational screening and genetic-linkage analyses excluded FKHL7 from underlying the anterior-segment disorders in two IRID1 families with linkage to 6p25. Our findings demonstrate that, although mutations of FKHL7 result in anterior-segment defects and glaucoma in some patients, it is probable that at least one more locus involved in the regulation of eye development is also located at 6p25.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mears
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Zhou H, Kuang J, Zhong L, Kuo WL, Gray JW, Sahin A, Brinkley BR, Sen S. Tumour amplified kinase STK15/BTAK induces centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and transformation. Nat Genet 1998; 20:189-93. [PMID: 9771714 DOI: 10.1038/2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The centrosomes are thought to maintain genomic stability through the establishment of bipolar spindles during cell division, ensuring equal segregation of replicated chromosomes to two daughter cells. Deregulated duplication and distribution of centrosomes have been implicated in chromosome segregation abnormalities, leading to aneuploidy seen in many cancer cell types. Here, we report that STK15 (also known as BTAK and aurora2), encoding a centrosome-associated kinase, is amplified and overexpressed in multiple human tumour cell types, and is involved in the induction of centrosome duplication-distribution abnormalities and aneuploidy in mammalian cells. STK15 amplification has been previously detected in breast tumour cell lines and in colon tumours; here, we report its amplification in approximately 12% of primary breast tumours, as well as in breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, neuroblastoma and cervical cancer cell lines. Additionally, high expression of STK15 mRNA was detected in tumour cell lines without evidence of gene amplification. Ectopic expression of STK15 in mouse NIH 3T3 cells led to the appearance of abnormal centrosome number (amplification) and transformation in vitro. Finally, overexpression of STK15 in near diploid human breast epithelial cells revealed similar centrosome abnormality, as well as induction of aneuploidy. These findings suggest that STK15 is a critical kinase-encoding gene, whose overexpression leads to centrosome amplification, chromosomal instability and transformation in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Pinkel D, Segraves R, Sudar D, Clark S, Poole I, Kowbel D, Collins C, Kuo WL, Chen C, Zhai Y, Dairkee SH, Ljung BM, Gray JW, Albertson DG. High resolution analysis of DNA copy number variation using comparative genomic hybridization to microarrays. Nat Genet 1998; 20:207-11. [PMID: 9771718 DOI: 10.1038/2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1420] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene dosage variations occur in many diseases. In cancer, deletions and copy number increases contribute to alterations in the expression of tumour-suppressor genes and oncogenes, respectively. Developmental abnormalities, such as Down, Prader Willi, Angelman and Cri du Chat syndromes, result from gain or loss of one copy of a chromosome or chromosomal region. Thus, detection and mapping of copy number abnormalities provide an approach for associating aberrations with disease phenotype and for localizing critical genes. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was developed for genome-wide analysis of DNA sequence copy number in a single experiment. In CGH, differentially labelled total genomic DNA from a 'test' and a 'reference' cell population are cohybridized to normal metaphase chromosomes, using blocking DNA to suppress signals from repetitive sequences. The resulting ratio of the fluorescence intensities at a location on the 'cytogenetic map', provided by the chromosomes, is approximately proportional to the ratio of the copy numbers of the corresponding DNA sequences in the test and reference genomes. CGH has been broadly applied to human and mouse malignancies. The use of metaphase chromosomes, however, limits detection of events involving small regions (of less than 20 Mb) of the genome, resolution of closely spaced aberrations and linking ratio changes to genomic/genetic markers. Therefore, more laborious locus-by-locus techniques have been required for higher resolution studies. Hybridization to an array of mapped sequences instead of metaphase chromosomes could overcome the limitations of conventional CGH (ref. 6) if adequate performance could be achieved. Copy number would be related to the test/reference fluorescence ratio on the array targets, and genomic resolution could be determined by the map distance between the targets, or by the length of the cloned DNA segments. We describe here our implementation of array CGH. We demonstrate its ability to measure copy number with high precision in the human genome, and to analyse clinical specimens by obtaining new information on chromosome 20 aberrations in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pinkel
- Cancer Genetics Program, UCSF Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 94143-0808, USA.
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Chen LC, Manjeshwar S, Lu Y, Moore D, Ljung BM, Kuo WL, Dairkee SH, Wernick M, Collins C, Smith HS. The human homologue for the Caenorhabditis elegans cul-4 gene is amplified and overexpressed in primary breast cancers. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3677-83. [PMID: 9721878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amplification is a key mechanism whereby a cancer cell increases the message level of genes that confer a selective advantage when they are overexpressed. In breast cancer, there are many chromosome regions present in multiple copies relative to overall DNA copy number (amplicons), and their target genes are unknown. Using differential display, we have cloned and sequenced the full coding region of a candidate amplicon target gene located on chromosome 13. This candidate is the human homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans cul-4 gene, cul-4A, a member of the novel cullin gene family, which is involved in cell cycle control of C. elegans. cul-4A was amplified and overexpressed in 3 of 14 breast cancer cell lines analyzed, and it was overexpressed in 8 additional cell lines in which it was not amplified. The latter observation, indicating that its overexpression can occur by mechanisms other than gene amplification, suggests that cul-4A plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Moreover, cul-4A was found to be amplified in 17 of 105 (16%) cases of untreated primary breast cancers, and 14 of 30 cases analyzed (47%) were shown by RNA in situ hybridization to overexpress cul-4A. These results suggest that up-regulation of cul-4A may play an important role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Chen
- Geraldine Brush Cancer Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco 94115, USA
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31
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Collins C, Rommens JM, Kowbel D, Godfrey T, Tanner M, Hwang SI, Polikoff D, Nonet G, Cochran J, Myambo K, Jay KE, Froula J, Cloutier T, Kuo WL, Yaswen P, Dairkee S, Giovanola J, Hutchinson GB, Isola J, Kallioniemi OP, Palazzolo M, Martin C, Ericsson C, Pinkel D, Albertson D, Li WB, Gray JW. Positional cloning of ZNF217 and NABC1: genes amplified at 20q13.2 and overexpressed in breast carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8703-8. [PMID: 9671742 PMCID: PMC21140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the molecular cloning of an approximately 1-Mb region of recurrent amplification at 20q13.2 in breast cancer and other tumors and the delineation of a 260-kb common region of amplification. Analysis of the 1-Mb region produced evidence for five genes, ZNF217, ZNF218, and NABC1, PIC1L (PIC1-like), CYP24, and a pseudogene CRP (Cyclophillin Related Pseudogene). ZNF217 and NABC1 emerged as strong candidate oncogenes and were characterized in detail. NABC1 is predicted to encode a 585-aa protein of unknown function and is overexpressed in most but not all breast cancer cell lines in which it was amplified. ZNF217 is centrally located in the 260-kb common region of amplification, transcribed in multiple normal tissues, and overexpressed in all cell lines and tumors in which it is amplified and in two in which it is not. ZNF217 is predicted to encode alternately spliced, Kruppel-like transcription factors of 1,062 and 1,108 aa, each having a DNA-binding domain (eight C2H2 zinc fingers) and a proline-rich transcription activation domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collins
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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32
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Polikoff D, Kuo WL, Cochran JF, Wernick M, Kowbel D, Myambo K, Collins CC. Assignment of protease, serine-like 1 (PRSSL1) to human chromosome 19q13 by in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998; 79:147-8. [PMID: 9533035 DOI: 10.1159/000134705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Polikoff
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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33
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Abe MK, Kartha S, Karpova AY, Li J, Liu PT, Kuo WL, Hershenson MB. Hydrogen peroxide activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase via protein kinase C, Raf-1, and MEK1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:562-9. [PMID: 9533945 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.4.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment of bovine tracheal myocytes increases the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), serine/threonine kinases of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily thought to play a key role in the transduction of mitogenic signals to the cell nucleus. Moreover, H2O2-induced ERK activation was partially reduced by pretreatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, which depletes protein kinase C (PKC). In this study, we further examined the signaling intermediates responsible for ERK activation by H2O2 in airway smooth muscle, focusing on MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK), a dual-function kinase which is required and sufficient for ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes; Raf-1, a serine/threonine kinase known to activate MEK; and PKC. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of MEK (PD98059), Raf-1 (forskolin), and PKC (chelerythrine) each reduced H2O2-induced ERK activity. In addition, H2O2 treatment significantly increased both MEK1 and Raf-1 activity. No activation of MEK2 was detected. Together these data suggest that H2O2 may stimulate ERK via successive activation of PKC, Raf-1, and MEK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Trask BJ, Friedman C, Martin-Gallardo A, Rowen L, Akinbami C, Blankenship J, Collins C, Giorgi D, Iadonato S, Johnson F, Kuo WL, Massa H, Morrish T, Naylor S, Nguyen OT, Rouquier S, Smith T, Wong DJ, Youngblom J, van den Engh G. Members of the olfactory receptor gene family are contained in large blocks of DNA duplicated polymorphically near the ends of human chromosomes. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:13-26. [PMID: 9384599 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified three new members of the olfactory receptor (OR) gene family within a large segment of DNA that is duplicated with high similarity near many human telomeres. This segment is present at 3q, 15q, and 19p in each of 45 unrelated humans sampled from various populations. Additional copies are present polymorphically at 11 other subtelomeric locations. The frequency with which the block is present at some locations varies among populations. While humans carry seven to 11 copies of the OR-containing block, it is located in chimpanzee and gorilla predominantly at a single site, which is not orthologous to any of the locations in the human genome. The observation that sequences flanking the OR-containing segment are duplicated on larger and different sets of chromosomes than the OR block itself demonstrates that the segment is part of a much larger, complex patchwork of subtelomeric duplications. The population analyses and structural results suggest the types of processes that have shaped these regions during evolution. From its sequence, one of the OR genes in this duplicated block appears to be potentially functional. Our findings raise the possibility that functional diversity in the OR family is generated in part through duplications and inter-chromosomal rearrangements of the DNA near human telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Trask
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Box 357730, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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35
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Morton SM, Veile RA, Helms C, Lee M, Kuo WL, Gray J, Donis-Keller H. Subregional localization of 21 chromosome 7-specific expressed sequence tags (ESTs) by FISH using newly identified YACs and P1s. Genomics 1997; 46:491-4. [PMID: 9441757 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one putative chromosome 7-derived expressed sequence tags (ESTs) identified 33 yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) or P1 clones, which were then used as reagents for physical mapping. FISH mapping established that the ESTs contained within these clones were distributed throughout chromosome 7, with all major cytogenetic bands represented, except 7p13-p15, 7p11, 7q31.2, and 7q35. Each EST sequence identified at least one other sequence in publicly available databases (using search tools such as BLASTN, basic local alignment search tool), and many of the ESTs identified cDNAs and several genomic DNA sequences. However, 7 ESTs did not identify highly significant matches (P < 1 x 10(-5)). Only one (EST01924-D7S2281E) failed to identify any other EST from the dbEST homology searches. BLAST analysis identified at least five genes from EST sequence comparisons: protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPRZ, also known as RPTPZ) (EST02092), which we had mapped to 7q31.3, in agreement with previous studies; cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit bI (EST01644); rat integral membrane glycoprotein (EST00085); human IFNAR gene for interferon alpha/beta receptor (EST00817); and rat 14-3.3 protein gamma subtype (putative protein kinase C regulatory protein) (EST00762). These ESTs will help to develop the map of chromosome 7, which integrates physical, transcriptional, and cytogenetic data, as well as to provide candidate disease genes for chromosome 7-specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Morton
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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36
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Xia H, Winokur ST, Kuo WL, Altherr MR, Bredt DS. Actinin-associated LIM protein: identification of a domain interaction between PDZ and spectrin-like repeat motifs. J Cell Biol 1997; 139:507-15. [PMID: 9334352 PMCID: PMC2139795 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PDZ motifs are protein-protein interaction domains that often bind to COOH-terminal peptide sequences. The two PDZ proteins characterized in skeletal muscle, syntrophin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, occur in the dystrophin complex, suggesting a role for PDZ proteins in muscular dystrophy. Here, we identify actinin-associated LIM protein (ALP), a novel protein in skeletal muscle that contains an NH2-terminal PDZ domain and a COOH-terminal LIM motif. ALP is expressed at high levels only in differentiated skeletal muscle, while an alternatively spliced form occurs at low levels in the heart. ALP is not a component of the dystrophin complex, but occurs in association with alpha-actinin-2 at the Z lines of myofibers. Biochemical and yeast two-hybrid analyses demonstrate that the PDZ domain of ALP binds to the spectrin-like motifs of alpha-actinin-2, defining a new mode for PDZ domain interactions. Fine genetic mapping studies demonstrate that ALP occurs on chromosome 4q35, near the heterochromatic locus that is mutated in fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xia
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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37
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Kuo WL, Chung KC, Rosner MR. Differentiation of central nervous system neuronal cells by fibroblast-derived growth factor requires at least two signaling pathways: roles for Ras and Src. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4633-43. [PMID: 9234720 PMCID: PMC232316 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.8.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and other signaling pathways in neuronal cell differentiation by basic fibroblast-derived growth factor (bFGF), we used a conditionally immortalized cell line from rat hippocampal neurons (H19-7). Previous studies have shown that activation of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) is insufficient to induce neuronal differentiation of H19-7 cells. To test the requirement for MEK and MAP kinase (ERK1 and ERK2), H19-7 cells were treated with the MEK inhibitor PD098059. Although the MEK inhibitor blocked the induction of differentiation by constitutively activated Raf, the H19-7 cells still underwent differentiation by bFGF. These results suggest that an alternative pathway is utilized by bFGF for differentiation of the hippocampal neuronal cells. Expression in the H19-7 cells of a dominant-negative Ras (N17-Ras) or Raf (C4-Raf) blocked differentiation by bFGF, suggesting that Ras and probably Raf are required. Expression of dominant-negative Src (pcSrc295Arg) or microinjection of an anti-Src antibody blocked differentiation by bFGF in H19-7 cells, indicating that bFGF also signals through a Src kinase-mediated pathway. Although neither constitutively activated MEK (MEK-2E) nor v-Src was sufficient individually to differentiate the H19-7 cells, coexpression of constitutively activated MEK and v-Src induced neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that (i) activation of MAP kinase (ERK1 and ERK2) is neither necessary nor sufficient for differentiation by bFGF; (ii) activation of Src kinases is necessary but not sufficient for differentiation by bFGF; and (iii) differentiation of H19-7 neuronal cells by bFGF requires at least two signaling pathways activated by Ras and Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Kuo
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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38
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Li L, Krantz ID, Deng Y, Genin A, Banta AB, Collins CC, Qi M, Trask BJ, Kuo WL, Cochran J, Costa T, Pierpont ME, Rand EB, Piccoli DA, Hood L, Spinner NB. Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1. Nat Genet 1997; 16:243-51. [PMID: 9207788 DOI: 10.1038/ng0797-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 846] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormal development of liver, heart, skeleton, eye, face and, less frequently, kidney. Analyses of many patients with cytogenetic deletions or rearrangements have mapped the gene to chromosome 20p12, although deletions are found in a relatively small proportion of patients (< 7%). We have mapped the human Jagged1 gene (JAG1), encoding a ligand for the developmentally important Notch transmembrane receptor, to the Alagille syndrome critical region within 20p12. The Notch intercellular signalling pathway has been shown to mediate cell fate decisions during development in invertebrates and vertebrates. We demonstrate four distinct coding mutations in JAG1 from four Alagille syndrome families, providing evidence that it is the causal gene for Alagille syndrome. All four mutations lie within conserved regions of the gene and cause translational frameshifts, resulting in gross alterations of the protein product Patients with cytogenetically detectable deletions including JAG1 have Alagille syndrome, supporting the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency for this gene is one of the mechanisms causing the Alagille syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195 USA
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39
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Hwang S, Kuo WL, Cochran JF, Guzman RC, Tsukamoto T, Bandyopadhyay G, Myambo K, Collins CC. Assignment of HMAT1, the human homolog of the murine mammary transforming gene (MAT1) associated with tumorigenesis, to 1q21.1, a region frequently gained in human breast cancers. Genomics 1997; 42:540-2. [PMID: 9205133 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Hwang
- MS74-157 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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40
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Chang CH, Scott GK, Kuo WL, Xiong X, Suzdaltseva Y, Park JW, Sayre P, Erny K, Collins C, Gray JW, Benz CC. ESX: a structurally unique Ets overexpressed early during human breast tumorigenesis. Oncogene 1997; 14:1617-22. [PMID: 9129154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The >30 known members of the Ets multigene family of transcriptional regulators are increasingly being recognized for their involvement in early embryonic development and late tissue maturation, directing stage-specific and tissue-restricted programs of target gene expression. Identifiable primarily by their 85 amino acid ETS DNA-binding domain and dispersed across all metazoan lineages into distinct subfamilies, Ets genes also produce malignancies in humans and other vertebrates when overexpressed or rearranged into chimeras retaining the ETS domain, suggesting that their oncogenic potential is determined by the program of target genes they regulate. Searching for Ets factors that regulate expression of the HER2/neu (c-erbB2) oncogene in human breast cancer, we identified a new epithelium-restricted Ets encoding an ETS domain homologous to the Drosophila E74/human Elf-1 subfamily, an amino-terminal region (A-region or Pointed domain) homologous to the distantly related Ets-1 subfamily, and a serine-rich box homologous to the transactivating domain of the lymphocyte-restricted High Mobility Group (HMG) protein, SOX4. Recombinant protein encoded by ESX (for epithelial-restricted with serine box) exhibits Ets-like DNA binding specificity in electrophoretic mobility shift assays and, in transient transfection assays, transactivates Ets-responsive promoter elements including that found in the HER2/neu oncogene. ESX is located at chromosome 1q32 in a region known to be amplified in 50% of early breast cancers, is heregulin-inducible and overexpressed in HER2/neu activated breast cancer cells. Tissue hybridization suggests that ESX becomes overexpressed at an early stage of human breast cancer development known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chang
- Cancer Research Institute and Division of Oncology-Hematology, University of California at San Francisco, 94143, USA
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41
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Karpova AY, Abe MK, Li J, Liu PT, Rhee JM, Kuo WL, Hershenson MB. MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation and DNA synthesis in tracheal myocytes. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:L558-65. [PMID: 9124614 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1997.272.3.l558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) is required and sufficient for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in airway smooth muscle cells. First, we transiently cotransfected bovine tracheal myocytes with an epitope-tagged ERK2 and a dominant-negative or a constitutively active form of the gene encoding MEK1 and assessed ERK2 activation by in vitro phosphorylation assay. Expression of the dominant-negative MEK1 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced ERK2 activation, whereas expression of the constitutively active MEK1 induced ERK2 activation, suggesting that MEK1 is required and sufficient for ERK activation in these cells. Next, we assessed the effect of PD-98059, a synthetic MEK inhibitor, on PDGF-induced MEK1 and ERK activation. PD-98059 (10 microM) inhibited MEK1 and ERK activation, confirming that MEK1 is required for ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes. PD-98059 had no effect on Src or Raf-1 activity, evidence that PD-98059 is a specific inhibitor of MEK in this system. Finally, PD-98059 reduced PDGF-induced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that catalytic activation of MEK1 and ERKs is required for DNA synthesis. We conclude that MEK1 is required for PDGF-induced ERK activation in bovine tracheal myocytes and that MEK1 and ERKs are required for PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Karpova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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42
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Nehlin JO, Hara E, Kuo WL, Collins C, Campisi J. Genomic organization, sequence, and chromosomal localization of the human helix-loop-helix Id1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 231:628-34. [PMID: 9070860 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The helix-loop-helix protein Id-1 regulates growth and differentiation in many mammalian cells. In human fibroblasts, Id1 and Id1', a putative splicing variant, are cell cycle regulated, essential for proliferation, repressed by senescence, and overexpressed by some tumor cells. To better understand Id1, we determined the complete sequence, transcriptional start, and localization of the human Id1 gene. Human Id1 has two exons (426 bp and 42 bp), separated by an intron (239 bp). Id1' results from failure to splice the intron, which encodes 7 amino acids prior to a stop codon. Thus, Id1 and Id1' proteins differ only at the extreme C-terminus. Id1 transcription initiated 96 bp upstream of the initiation AUG; 2 kb of upstream sequence stimulated transcription of a reporter gene. Human Id1 maps to chromosome 20 at q11, very close to the centromere but outside the amplicons frequently found in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Nehlin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Molecular Cytogenetics Resource, Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California 94720, USA
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43
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Collins C, Nehlin JO, Stubbs JD, Kowbel D, Kuo WL, Parry G. Mapping of a newly discovered human gene homologous to the apoptosis associated-murine mammary protein, MFG-E8, to chromosome 15q25. Genomics 1997; 39:117-8. [PMID: 9027496 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Collins
- Berkeley National Laboratory, California 94720, USA.
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44
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Brzoska PM, Chen H, Levin NA, Kuo WL, Collins C, Fu KK, Gray JW, Christman MF. Cloning, mapping, and in vivo localization of a human member of the PKCI-1 protein family (PRKCNH1). Genomics 1996; 36:151-6. [PMID: 8812426 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here the complete cDNA sequence, genomic mapping, and immunolocalization of the first human member of the protein kinase C inhibitor (PKCI-1) gene family. The predicted human protein (hPKCI-1) is 96% identical to bovine and 53% identical to maize members, indicating the great evolutionary conservation of this protein family. The hPKCI-1 gene (HGMV-approved symbol PRKCNH1) maps to human chromosome 5q31.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Indirect immunofluorescence shows that hPKCI-1 localizes to cytoskeletal structures in the cytoplasm of a human fibroblast cell line and is largely excluded from the nucleus. The cytoplasmic localization of hPKCI-1 is consistent with a postulated role in mediating a membrane-derived signal in response to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Brzoska
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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45
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Ma T, Yang B, Kuo WL, Verkman AS. cDNA cloning and gene structure of a novel water channel expressed exclusively in human kidney: evidence for a gene cluster of aquaporins at chromosome locus 12q13. Genomics 1996; 35:543-50. [PMID: 8812490 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 1.8-kb cDNA clone (designed hKID, gene symbol AQP2L) with homology to the aquaporins was isolated from a human kidney cDNA library. The longest open reading frame of 846 bp encoded a 282-amino-acid hydrophobic protein that contained the conserved NPA motifs of MIP family members. Cell-free translation produced a nonglycosylated protein migrating at 29 kDa. Amino acid alignment showed the greatest homology of hKID to human MIP (48% identity) and AQP-2 (52%), with lesser homology to human MIWC (AQP-4, 34%), CHIP28 (AQP-1, 38%), and GLIP (AQP-3, 22%). Northern blot analysis revealed a 2.2-kb transcript expressed only in human kidney. PCR/Southern blot analysis of human kidney cDNA using primers flanking the hKID coding sequence revealed expression of a full-length mRNA and short transcripts with partial exon 1 and partial exon 4 deletions. Expression of hKID cRNA in Xenopus oocytes did not increase glycerol or urea permeability, but increased osmotic water permeability from (2.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(-4) to (7.4 +/- 0.7) x 10(-4) cm/s (10 degrees C) in a mercurial-sensitive manner. Sequence comparison of hKID cDNA with a cloned 21-kb genomic DNA indicated three introns (lengths 0.7, 0.25, and 0.4 kb) separating four exons with boundaries at amino acids 121, 174, and 201. The hKID promoter was identified and contained TATA, SP1, E-box, and AP1 and AP2 elements; primer extension revealed hKID transcription initiation 654 bp upstream from the translational initiation site. Genomic Southern blot indicated a single-copy hKID gene. PCR analysis of a human/rodent somatic hybrid panel localized the hKID gene to chromosome 12. Chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the hKID (AQP2L) gene to chromosome locus 12q13, the same location as the AQP. 2 and MIP genes. The high sequence homology, similar genomic structure, and identical chromosomal loci of hKID, MIP, and AQP-2 suggest a MIP family gene cluster at chromosome locus 12q13. Further work is needed to establish the physiological significance of hKID.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0521, USA
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Kahn M, Ishii K, Kuo WL, Piper M, Connolly A, Shi YP, Wu R, Lin CC, Coughlin SR. Conserved structure and adjacent location of the thrombin receptor and protease-activated receptor 2 genes define a protease-activated receptor gene cluster. Mol Med 1996; 2:349-57. [PMID: 8784787 PMCID: PMC2230143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin is a serine protease that elicits a variety of cellular responses. Molecular cloning of a thrombin receptor revealed a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a novel proteolytic mechanism. Recently, a second protease-activated receptor was discovered and dubbed PAR2. PAR2 is highly related to the thrombin receptor by sequence and, like the thrombin receptor, is activated by cleavage of its amino terminal exodomain. Also like the thrombin receptor, PAR2 can be activated by the hexapeptide corresponding to its tethered ligand sequence independent of receptor cleavage. Thus, functionally, the thrombin receptor and PAR2 constitute a fledgling receptor family that shares a novel proteolytic activation mechanism. To further explore the relatedness of the two known protease-activated receptors and to examine the possibility that a protease-activated gene cluster might exist, we have compared the structure and chromosomal locations of the thrombin receptor and PAR2 genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genomic structures of the two protease-activated receptor genes were determined by analysis of lambda phage, P1 bacteriophage, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) genomic clones. Chromosomal location was determined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes, and the relative distance separating the two genes was evaluated both by means of two-color FISH and analysis of YACs and BACs containing both genes. RESULTS Analysis of genomic clones revealed that the two protease-activated receptor genes share a two-exon genomic structure in which the first exon encodes 5'-untranslated sequence and signal peptide, and the second exon encodes the mature receptor protein and 3'-untranslated sequence. The two receptor genes also share a common locus with the two human genes located at 5q13 and the two mouse genes at 13D2, a syntenic region of the mouse genome. These techniques also suggest that the physical distance separating these two genes is less than 100 kb. CONCLUSIONS The fact that the thrombin receptor and PAR2 genes share an identical structure and are located within approximately 100 kb of each other in the genome demonstrates that these genes arose from a gene duplication event. These results define a new protease-activated receptor gene cluster in which new family members may be found.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Conserved Sequence
- Exons
- Female
- Genomic Library
- Humans
- Introns
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Placenta/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pregnancy
- Receptor, PAR-2
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/chemistry
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Receptors, Thrombin/metabolism
- Restriction Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0524, USA
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Kuo WL, Abe M, Rhee J, Eves EM, McCarthy SA, Yan M, Templeton DJ, McMahon M, Rosner MR. Raf, but not MEK or ERK, is sufficient for differentiation of hippocampal neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:1458-70. [PMID: 8657119 PMCID: PMC231130 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.4.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate signal transduction pathways leading to neuronal differentiation, we have investigated a conditionally immortalized cell line from rat hippocampal neurons (H19-7) that express a temperature sensitive simian virus 40 large T antigen. Treatment of H19-7 cells with the differentiating agent basic fibroblast growth factor at 39 degrees C, the nonpermissive temperature for T function, resulted in the activation of c-Raf-1, MEK, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (ERK1 and -2). To evaluate the role of Raf-1 in neuronal cell differentiation, we stably transfected H19-7 cells with v-raf or an oncogenic human Raf-1-estrogen receptor fusion gene (deltaRaf-1:ER). deltaRaf-1:ER transfectants in the presence of estradiol for 1 to 2 days expressed a differentiation phenotype only at the nonpermissive temperature. However, extended exposure of the deltaRaf-1:ER transfectants to estradiol or stable expression of the v-raf construct yielded cells that extended processes at the permissive as well as the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that cells expressing the large T antigen are capable of responding to the Raf differentiation signal. deltaRaf-1:ER, MEK, and MAP kinase activities in the deltaRaf-1:ER cells were elevated constitutively for up to 36 h of estradiol treatment at the permissive temperature. At the nonpermissive temperature, MEK and ERKs were activated to a significantly lesser extent, suggesting that prolonged MAP kinase activation may not be sufficient for differentiation. To test this possibility, H19-7 cells were transfected or microinjected with constitutively activated MEK. The results indicate that prolonged activation of MEK or MAP kinases (ERK1 and -2) is not sufficient for differentiation of H19-7 neuronal cells and raise the possibility that an alternative signaling pathway is required for differentiation of H19-7 cells by Raf.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Kuo
- Ben May Institute, University of Chicago, Ilinois 60637, USA
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Kuo WL, Hirschhorn R, Huie ML, Hirschhorn K. Localization and ordering of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) and thymidine kinase (TK1) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 1996; 97:404-6. [PMID: 8786092 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genomic DNA clones of human acid alpha glucosidase (GAA) and thymidine kinase (TK1) were used to map the exact location and order of these genes on human chromosome 17. Both genes were localized to the 17q25-qter band (17q25.2-q25.3), with GAA distal to TK1. They were also shown to be, respectively, distal and proximal to an anonymous cosmid (cK17.71) previously mapped to this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Kuo
- Division of Molecular Cytometry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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Zhu W, Dahmen J, Bulfone A, Rigolet M, Hernandez MC, Kuo WL, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL, Israel MA. Id gene expression during development and molecular cloning of the human Id-1 gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1995; 30:312-26. [PMID: 7637581 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00017-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Id genes encode helix-loop-helix proteins that inhibit transcription by forming inactive heterodimers with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. bHLH proteins normally form either homodimers or heterodimers with other bHLH proteins and bind to a DNA sequence element activating transcription. Id-containing heterodimers are inactive because Id proteins lack the basic amino acid region necessary to form a DNA-binding domain. We have examined the relative levels of Id-1 and Id-2 mRNA during normal development and in malignant tissues. In the course of these experiments we cloned and sequenced the human Id-1 cDNA. Two related cDNA molecules encoding human Id-1 mRNAs were identified. Id-1a is a cDNA of 958 nucleotides and can encode a protein of 135 amino acids. Id-1b cDNA is 1145 nucleotides, can encode a protein of 149 amino acids, and appears to be a splice variant of Id-1a. The amino acid sequence of human Id-1 is greater than 90% homologous to that of mouse Id-1. The patterns of Id-1 and Id-2 expression during mouse development vary widely, and we detected Id-1 expression in human fetal and adult tissues from lung, liver, and brain. High Id-1 mRNA expression was found in many human tumor cell lines, including those isolated from nervous system tumors. We mapped Id-2 to human chromosome 2p25.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Preuss Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Stokke T, Collins C, Kuo WL, Kowbel D, Shadravan F, Tanner M, Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi OP, Pinkel D, Deaven L. A physical map of chromosome 20 established using fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital image analysis. Genomics 1995; 26:134-7. [PMID: 7782072 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The physical locations of 46 cosmid clones and 21 P1 clones were determined along the chromosome 20 axis relative to the p terminus (FLpter) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital image microscopy. The cosmid clones were selected from the chromosomally enriched library LA20NC01. Nine P1 clones were selected from a pooled DuPont genomic library using PCR with primer pairs selected to amplify genetically mapped sequence-tagged sites. This information was used to relate the physical map to the genetic map. Twelve P1 clones were selected from the same library using PCR primer pairs that amplified known genes. Two of these, E2F and BCLX, had not been mapped previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stokke
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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