[Progress on microneedle drug delivery systems for the treatment of corneal diseases]

Corneal diseases are prevalent eye conditions in China, and the lack of effective treatment in the short term can lead to blindness. However, delivering drugs to the cornea safely and effectively poses a significant challenge due to the presence of ocular barriers and clearance mechanisms. Conventional drug delivery methods exhibit low bioavailability, making it difficult to achieve therapeutic effects. Microneedles, with their ability to penetrate ocular surface barriers effectively, offer a low-invasive and highly promising drug delivery technology. This article introduces the main delivery barriers on the ocular surface, classifies microneedles, and highlights the latest developments in the treatment of corneal diseases. Finally, the potential challenges of applying microneedle delivery systems to the ocular surface are analyzed, aiming to provide insights for the clinical application of microneedles in corneal diseases.

Commensal Bacillus siamensis LF4 ameliorates β-conglycinin induced inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells of Lateolabrax maculatus

β-conglycinin and glycinin, two major heat-stable anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal (SM), have been suggested as the key inducers of intestinal inflammation in aquatic animals. In the present study, a spotted seabass intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were used to compare the inflammation-inducing effects of β-conglycinin and glycinin. The results showed that IECs co-cultured with 1.0 mg/mL β-conglycinin for 12 h or 1.5 mg/mL glycinin for 24 h significantly decreased the cell viability (P < 0.05), and overstimulated inflammation and apoptosis response by significantly down-regulating anti-inflammatory genes (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1) expressions and significantly up-regulated pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) and apoptosis genes (caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9) expressions (P < 0.05). Subsequently, a β-conglycinin based inflammation IECs model was established and used for demonstrating whether commensal probiotic B. siamensis LF4 can ameliorate the adverse effects of β-conglycinin. The results showed β-conglycinin-induced cell viability damage was completely repaired by treated with 10⁹ cells/mL heat-killed B. siamensis LF4 for ≥12 h. At the same time, IECs co-cultured with 10⁹ cells/mL heat-killed B. siamensis LF4 for 24 h significantly ameliorated β-conglycinin-induced inflammation and apoptosis by up-regulating anti-inflammatory genes (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1) expressions and down-regulated pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) and apoptosis genes (caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9) expressions (P < 0.05). In summary, both β-conglycinin and glycinin can lead to inflammation and apoptosis in spotted seabass IECs, and β-conglycinin is more effective; commensal B. siamensis LF4 can efficiently ameliorate β-conglycinin induced inflammation and apoptosis in IECs.

Precision Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation at Kilometer-Scale Baselines by Daya Bay

We present a new determination of the smallest neutrino mixing angle θ_{13} and the mass-squared difference Δm_{32}^{2} using a final sample of 5.55×10^{6} inverse beta-decay (IBD) candidates with the final-state neutron captured on gadolinium. This sample is selected from the complete dataset obtained by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in 3158 days of operation. Compared to the previous Daya Bay results, selection of IBD candidates has been optimized, energy calibration refined, and treatment of backgrounds further improved. The resulting oscillation parameters are sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0851±0.0024, Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.466±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the normal mass ordering or Δm_{32}^{2}=-(2.571±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the inverted mass ordering.

[Progress in research of prophylactic therapy in contacts of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients]

Tuberculosis (TB) prophylactic therapy for latent infection, which can reduce the risk for the development of active TB, is an important measure in TB control. China recommends prophylactic therapy for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in some key populations to reduce the risk for TB. Contacts of patients with multi-drug and rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) are at high risk for the infection with drug-resistant pathogen, however, no unified prophylactic therapy regimen has been recommended for LTBI due to exposure to MDR/RR-TB patients. This paper summarizes the current MDR/RR-TB prophylactic therapy regimen and its protection effect based on the results of the retrieval of literature, guidelines, expert consensus and technical specifications to provide reference for the prevention and control of LTBI.

Autochthonous Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis improved liver health, immune response, mucosal microbiota and red-head disease resistance of yellow drum (Nibea albiflora)

Yellow drum (Nibea albiflora), a commercially important fish species in the coastal regions of southeast China, is highly susceptible to red-head disease caused by Vibrio harveyi B0003. Probiotics have been shown to enhance disease resistance in fish, but whether commensal probiotics could improve of the resistance to red-head disease in yellow drum and possible mechanisms has yet not been reported. A six-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the red-head disease resistance potentials of five probiotic candidates (Bacillus megaterium B1M2, B. subtilis B0E9, Enterococcus faecalis AT5, B. velezensis DM5 and B. siamensis B0E14), and the liver health, serum and skin immunities, gut and skin mucosal microbiota of yellow drum were determined to illustrate the possible mechanisms. The results showed that autochthonous B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5, P < 0.05) effectively improved red-head disease resistance in yellow drum. Furthermore, B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5) efficiently improve liver health by improving liver morphology and decreasing serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic propylic transaminase activities pre and post challenged with V. harveyi B0003 (P < 0.05). B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 led to significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the serum complement 3 content (un-detected after challenged with V. harveyi B0003), lysozyme activity and skin mucosal immunity (such as IL-6, IL-10 and lysozyme expression) pre and post challenged with V. harveyi B0003, which was generally consistent with the cumulative mortality after challenged with V. harveyi B0003. This induced activations of serum and skin mucosal immunities were consistent with the microbiota data showing that B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 modulated the overall structure of intestinal and skin mucosal microbiota, and in particular, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Achromobacter decreased while beneficial Streptococcus, Rothia, and Lactobacillus increased in fish fed with B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5. Overall, autochthonous B. subtilis B0E9 and E. faecalis AT5 (particularly E. faecalis AT5) can improve liver health, serum and skin immunities (especially up-regulated lysozyme activity and inflammation-related genes expression), positively shape gut and skin mucosal microbiota, and enhance red-head disease resistance of yellow drum.

[Influence of dietary pattern on human immunity]

Objective: To systematically review the relationship between dietary patterns and human immunity and health. Methods: Chinese and English search terms, including "dietary pattern", "dietary structure", "nutrients", "food", "protein", "fat", "vitamins", "dietary fiber", "immunity", "inflammatory", "inflammation", "oxidative stress", were searched for relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang and National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from the collection start date to January 10, 2020. Results: A total of 1 Chinese article and 22 English articles were included, including 9 cross-sectional studies, 7 intervention studies, 6 cohort studies and 1 nested case-control study. Common evaluation methods for dietary patterns included dietary inflammatory index (DII), inflammatory score of the diet (ISD), empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP), dietary compliance score, and healthy eating index. There were 13 studies on Mediterranean dietary patterns and healthy dietary patterns with higher intake of vegetables, fruits, bean products, fish and dairy products in the included articles. The Mediterranean diet can reduce the levels of inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-6, Hcy, WBC, and fibrinogen, as well as the levels of metabolic indicators such as vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial function score, improve chronic inflammatory diseases and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The higher the healthy diet score was, the lower the level of pro-inflammatory factors was. Even if the dietary recommendation was not met, the healthier the diet was, the lower the level of inflammatory factors was. Western dietary patterns were positively correlated with CRP, IL-6, E-selectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and other inflammatory factors, and can increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, one study did not found the relationship between them and hs-CRP. Conclusions: Dietary patterns are closely related to human immune function. Different dietary patterns have different inflammatory potentials according to the characteristics of food intake, which can directly or indirectly affect immune function.

[Effect of nutrition on human inflammatory and oxidative stress markers]

Objective: To systematically review the effects of nutrients, food and diet patterns on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Nutrients, nutrition, food, diet, dietary structure, dietary patterns, protein, fat, vitamin, dietary fiber, inflammatory, inflammation, oxidative stress, immunity were used as search terms, and systematic retrieval of the literature in Wanfang Database, National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science was carried out from the establishment of the database to January 10, 2020, and a systematic review of the literature meeting the requirements was conducted. Results: A total of 3 Chinese and 46 English articles were included. Literature showed that β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids, some amino acids, dietary fiber, isoflavones, choline, betaine and resveratrol and other nutrients can reduce plasma inflammatory factors or oxidative stress marker levels, and nutrients such as cholesterol and trans fatty acids can increase their levels. Foods such as fish, lean meat, fruits, soybeans, cruciferous vegetables and nuts can reduce plasma inflammatory factors or oxidative stress marker levels, while foods such as milk and sugary beverages can increase plasma inflammatory factors or oxidative stress markers. Mediterranean dietary patterns and other healthy dietary patterns can reduce plasma levels of inflammatory factors or oxidative stress markers, while Western dietary patterns can increase their levels. Conclusion: Nutrients, food and dietary patterns can influence levels of plasma inflammatory factors or oxidative stress markers.

[Influence of nutrients on human immunity]

Objective: To systematically review the studies on impact of macronutrients and micronutrients on human's immunity including cell-meditated immunity and humoral immunity as well as disease outcome. Methods: The database searched included Wan Fang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed and Web of Science. "Nutrients" , "food" , "diet structure" , "diet pattern" , "protein" , "fat" , "vitamin" , "mineral" etc. were searched in Chinese and English for nutrition related terms, and "inflammation" , "inflammatory" , "oxidative stress" , "immune" , "immunity" etc. were searched for immunity related terms in Chinese and English respectively for published articles till Jan. 10th, 2020. Results: A total of 53 articles including 18 Chinese articles and 35 English articles were included in this review. Studies mainly focused on the relationship between nutrients such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and fatty acids and immunity. In a summary, insufficiency or deficiency of nutrients would impact immunity of humans which was mostly reflected in changes of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+), IgA and IgG levels. Furthermore, nutrient intake level or serum level was associated with disease outcomes such as prevalence, occurring risk or severity of symptoms. Interventions studies on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA), zinc and vitamin A confirmed the positive effects of such nutrients on immunity and disease outcome. Conclusions: The intake level or serum level of nutrients is associated with cell-meditated immunity and humoral immunity. Optimal status of nutrients plays an important role in effectively strengthening immune system and disease defense of humans.

[Selection of the cutoff value on tuberculin skin test in diagnosing tuberculosis infection: a population-based cross-sectional study in Eastern China]

Objective: To confirm the cutoff induration diameter of tuberculin skin test (TST) so as to decrease the false positive of the TST. Methods: Fasting blood glucose test, TST and Quanti FERON-TB (QFT) Gold In-Tube test were administered to recruit participants at the baseline stage. QFT was used as the gold standard to determine the cutoff of the TST test. Results: Overall, 5 405 participants were enrolled in this study, of whom 1 104 (20.4%) were QFT positive. Among all the 5 405 participants that without stratification, diagnostic value reached the highest when the induration diameter was 10.25 mm with sensitivity and specificity as 0.731 and 0.727, respectively. When the participants were divided into groups as nondiabetics, confirmed diabetics, undiagnosed diabetics, the sensitivities and specificities appeared as 0.701, 0.837, 0.824 and 0.805, 0.821, 0.778 with induration diameters as 11.25 mm, 10.25 mm and 11.25 mm, respectively. Conclusions: Findings of this study confirmed that the specificity of tuberculin test could be significantly improved by using 10-12 mm as the cutoff value for diagnosing the latent tuberculosis infection.

Clinical practice guideline for image-guided multimode tumour ablation therapy in hepatic malignant tumours

Multimode tumour ablation therapy is a treatment method that combines cryoablation with radiofrequency ablation, guided by medical imaging technology and based on precise planning, targeting, monitoring, and control of the thermal energy delivered, with the aim of achieving a whole-body antitumour immune response to malignant tumours. To develop standardized criteria for the application of multimode tumour ablation therapy to malignant hepatic tumours, to facilitate actualization of the criteria in various hospitals, and to ensure therapeutic efficacy and safety, the Society of Interventional Therapy of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and the Solid Tumor Theranostics Committee of the Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association assembled experts who specialize in oncology to discuss this treatment method and to arrive at a clinical practice consensus guideline for the indications, contraindications, and techniques of multimode tumour ablation therapy for malignant hepatic tumours.

MicroRNA-363-3p/p21(Cip1/Waf1) axis is regulated by HIF-2α in mediating stemness of melanoma cells

Melanoma is a malignant tumor. The acquisition of stemness of melanoma cells aggravates the malignant transformation, which can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs, miR). MiR-363-3p is a key tumor-related miRNA, but its role in stemness and melanoma cells is still unknown. Presently, miR-363-3p, induced by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α, played a positive role in the stemness of melanoma cells. The levels of miR-363-3p and HIF-2α were upregulated in melanoma cell lines. Overexpression of HIF-2α significantly increased the levels of miR-363-3p. However, both HIF-2α knockdown and miR-363-3p inhibition inhibited the levels of the stemness markers (CD133, CD271, Jarid1B, and Nanog). Furthermore, the levels of miR-363-3p and HIF-2α were upregulated in fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted CD271high/+ cells. Whereas miR-363-3p depletion reduced the proportion and the spheroidization of the CD271high/+ cells, decreased the levels of CD133, CD271, Jarid1B and Nanog with restrained proliferative activity of CD271high/+ cells. Additionally, miR-363-3p was confirmed a key downstream of HIF-2α. Intriguingly, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [CDKN1A, p21(Cip1/Waf1)], a key inhibitor of S-phase DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression, was confirmed a target gene of miR-363-3p by luciferase reporter gene assay. The protein levels of CD133, CD271, Jarid1B and Nanog were upregulated with enhanced proliferative activity of CD271high/+ cells by inhibition of p21 in melanoma cells. In conclusion, miR-363-3p is induced by HIF-2α to promote the stemness of melanoma cells via inhibiting p21. The present study provides novel insights that HIF-2α/miR-363-3p/p21 signaling may be a potential target of research and therapy of melanoma.

[The combination of percutaneous iohexol-ethanol injection with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of primary liver cancer in high-risk locations]

Objective: To investigate the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with percutaneous iohexol-ethanol injection (PIEI), compared with RFA plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for patients with primary liver cancer(PLC)in high-risk locations. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2014, 54 patients with PLC in high-risk locations were enrolled. They were divided into Group A (RFA combined with PIEI) and Group B (RFA plus TACE). The efficacy and adverse events were assessed. Results: 54 patients had 74 lesions in high-risk locations. There were 26 cases with 40 lesions in Group A, and 28 cases with 34 lesions in Group B. The complete ablation rate of Group A was significantly higher than that of Group B (92.5% vs 70.6%, P=0.014). The two-year local tumor progressionrateand two-year overall survival rate were similar between these two groups (Group A 20.0% vs Group B 38.2%, P=0.083; 90.3% vs 84.3%, P=0.523). Furthermore, the surgery-related severe adverse events of Group A (7.1%, one case of liver abscess and one case ofhematobilia) were more common than that of Group B (0%, P=0.491). No significant differences were found in common adverse events including fever, pain, elevation of aminotransferase and bilirubin. Conclusions: Compared with RFA plus TACE, RFA plus PIEI resulted inbetter complete ablation rate in patients with primary liver cancer in high risk locations. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials are warranted for further evaluation.

[Retrospective analysis of outcomes of selectively or spontaneously reduced multiple pregnancies out of 6 917 in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer pregnancy cycles]

Objective: To analyze the effects of fetal reduction in early pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes of spontaneously or selectively reduced multiple pregnancies produced by in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Methods: Retrospective study of 6 917 clinical pregnancies from IVF-ET cycles, including 754 multiple pregnancies divided into two groups according to the remaining fetus number: reduced singleton group (n=599) and reduced twin group (n=155); and maternal and neonatal outcomes of two groups were compared to primary singleton group (n=3 589) and primary twin group (n=2 574). Results: The rate of pregnancy complication [9.85%(59/599) versus 6.21%(223/3 589)], preterm birth [19.37%(116/599) versus 10.73%(385/3 589)], low birth weight [9.71%(56/577) versus 4.57% (152/3 324)], perinatal death [0.69%(4/577) versus 0.12%(4/3 324)] and malformation [2.95%(17/577) versus 1.02%(34/3 324)] in reduced singleton group were significantly higher than those in primary singleton group (all P<0.01). There were no significant differences between reduced twin group and primary twin group (all P>0.05). In reduced singleton group, birth defect rate was 2.95%, which was higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05), in this group spontaneous pregnancy reduction accounted for 89.3% (535/599). Conclusions: (1) The rate of pregnancy complication, preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal death and malformation in reduced singleton group are still higher than primary singletons, suggesting embryo reduction only is a compensated method in multiple pregnancies. Limiting the number of embryos transferred is the essential solution. (2) The rate of birth defect in spontaneous pregnancy reduction group is higher, so prenatal examination should be reinforced in this group.

Identification of cervical cancer markers using cDNA subtraction approach

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION

Cervical cancer markers are not well known for accurate detection of the disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the present study, cervical cancer samples were collected from the 42 patients in the Department of Surgery and Medicine of Weifang People's Hospital and Medical College, Shandong, China. The cDNA subtraction approach was performed to find out the specific transcripts, which are responsible for cervical cancer. The specific differentially expressed transcripts were identified by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis and the results were validated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Following differentially expressed specific transcripts, such as ID-1, Hif 1a, and the Y-box were usefully employed as a marker to accurately detect cervical cancer. CONCLUSION. The identified markers are promising in the accurate detection of cervical cancer in terms of its molecular basis and management of the disease.

Biomarkers of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis identified by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight

OBJECTIVES

This work aims to detect the peritoneal fluid proteomic patterns in endometriosis patients, build diagnostic models, and evaluate its clinical significance.

STUDY DESIGN

The authors used SELDI-TOF-MS protein chip array technology to detect biomarkers of peritoneal fluid in endometriosis patients. Fourteen endometriosis patients and 16 persons without endometriosis as control group were tested.

RESULTS

Four potential biomarkers (4428m/z, 6891m/z, 13766m/z, and 6427m/z) were found.

CONCLUSIONS

This method showed great potential in screening better biomarkers for endometriosis.

Docetaxel-cisplatin might be superior to docetaxel-capecitabine in the first-line treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) may be more sensitive to platinum. This study was to compare platinum-based regimen with nonplatinum regimen in the first-line treatment of advanced TNBC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eligible metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) women without prior treatment for advanced disease were randomized (1 : 1) to receive either docetaxel-cisplatin (TP) or docetaxel -capecitabine (TX) q3w for up to 6 cycles, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) and the secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In total 53 patients were enrolled.

RESULTS

The median follow-up was 24 months. ORR was higher in the TP group than in the TX group (63.0% versus 15.4%, P = 0.001). PFS was more than doubled (10.9 months versus 4.8 months, P < 0.001) and median OS was also greatly improved (32.8 months versus 21.5 months, P = 0.027). Toxic effects were not different except G3/4 vomiting and G2/3 hand-foot syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested that cisplatin-based chemotherapy was superior to capecitabine-based regimen in the first-line treatment of mTNBC, as measured by ORR, PFS and OS. Further large-scale study should be warranted. These results are not sufficient to change clinical practice.

Identification of target cells for Goose parvovirus infection in the immune system organs

Target cells for Goose parvovirus (GPV) in natural infection are still unknown. In this study, immune system organs namely the spleen, bone marrow, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and blood of experimentally GPV-infected goslings were examined by an immunoassay and flow cytometry for the presence of viral antigen and by a PCR for viral genome. The results indicated that the virus replicated in some cells of the spleen and bone marrow, but not in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). These data suggested that some cell populations in the spleen and bone marrow were targets for GPV infection. In addition, the immunoassay used for the detection of GPV was found comparable with a PCR in reliability and sensitivity.

Identification of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 isolated from cattle in China

The identification and characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) strain SD-06 isolated from cattle in China is reported. We performed sequence analysis of 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) and E2 sequences and the identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level indicated that the isolate was closely related to BVDV-2. The BVDV-2 strain New York'93 showed the highest sequence homology with the isolate SD-06. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate SD-06 belonged to BVDV-2a subtype. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assay with the monoclonal antibody specific for BVDV-2 glycoprotein E2 confirmed this identification. Thus, the strain SD-06 was the first isolate of BVDV-2 identified in China.

Genomic sequencing and characterization of a Chinese isolate of Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2

The complete genomic sequencing and characterization of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolate XJ-04 originated from cattle in China was described. The genomic RNA of the isolate was 12,284 nt long and contained short 5'- untranslated region (UTR), 3'-non-coding regions (NCR), and one open reading frame (ORF) encoding a large polyprotein of 3,895 amino acids with 20 potential N-glycosylation sites. The identity of the isolate XJ-04 with reference strains NADL (BVDV-1) and 890 (BVDV-2) in autoprotease (N(pro)) gene and structural genes (C, E(rns), E1, E2) was analyzed. The percentage of nt and aa identity in analyzed genes indicated that the isolate XJ-04 was closer to the reference strain 890 (BVDV-2) than to NADL (BVDV-1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to BVDV-2a subtype. Furthermore, comparison analysis indicated that the isolate XJ-04 did not contain any genomic insertions that can be directly related to the cytopathic phenotype.

Clinical features of patients with multiple sclerosis from a survey in Shanghai, China

Objective

To describe clinical features of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Shanghai, China.

Methods

Prevalent patients with MS were identified and investigated by a network of physicians in 11 districts of Shanghai during the period from 1 September 2004 to 31 August 2005. Admission registries of each hospital in the study area were checked systematically for patients with a diagnosis of MS, neuromyelitis optica or other demyelinating disorders. All patients with collected information were evaluated by four senior neurologists according to the McDonald criteria.

Results

There were 249 (146 female and 103 male) patients with a confirmed MS diagnosis, at a female-to-male ratio of 1.4. The mean age at onset of MS was 37.4 years for the 249 patients with MS and, on the prevalence day, 42.7 years. The most frequent location of clinical MS lesions in the central nervous system was the spinal cord (61%), followed by the cerebrum (55%) and optic nerves (41%). Nearly all (96%) of the patients with MS had been examined by magnetic resonance imaging, and 226 (94%) patients of those examined were suggestive of MS. No family history of MS was found in any of the patients. Most (86%) of the patients had no or mild disability on the prevalence day (31 December 2004). Almost all (96%) patients with MS had been treated with corticosteroids.

Conclusion

Clinical features of patients with MS are described based on the information from the largest case series reported among Chinese. Comparisons and discussions are made with findings from the other populations.

[Intracerebral radiation-induced cavernous angiomas]

We present four cases of cerebral cavernous angioma that developed after radiatherapy for brain tumor in three cases and for cavernous angioma in one case. The time interval between irradiation and the detection of the cavernous angioma varied from three to nine years and the doses from 24 to 60 Grays. Brain hemorrhage appeared in two cases. Explanation for the formation of cavernous malformations is unclear but is probably related to proliferation and dilatation of the vascular endothelium with formation of capillary telangiectasis with evolution to cavernous angiomas. The pediatric brain appears particularly vulnerable to radiation injury. The risk of hemorrhage appears higher than with spontaneous cavernous malformations.

[Expression, purification and identification of human matrix metalloproteinase-2]

The expression sequence of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) has been obtained by PCR amplifying, restriction enzyme cut and sequencing analysis demonstrate that the sequence is correct. The recombinant expression plasmid pPIC9/MMP-2 containing MMP-2 is constructed and transformed the yeast Pichia pastoris. Recombinant matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris in great deal after induction by methanol. The purity of the recombinant MMP-2 filtrated through Sephacryl S-200 reached to electrophoresis purity. With the ability to degrade gelatin and IV type collagen, recombinant MMP-2 has the similar substrate specificity with natural MMP-2. The recombinant MMP-2 with 50 kD molecular weight is smaller than natural MMP-2, which suggested degradation occurred to it.

[rDNA its sequencing of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao)]

AIM

To study the genetic diversity of ITS sequences of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao) and analyze the utility of ITS sequences in molecular authentication of Herba Dendrobii (Huangcao) and phylogenetic of Dendrobium.

METHODS

The ITS gene fragment was amplified using a pair of primers. The PCR products were purified and sequenced by the methods of Sanger Dideoxy.

RESULTS

The DNA sequence of 228-233 bp ITS 1, 242-247 bp ITS 2 gene fragments and 5.8S rDNA were obtained from 14 samples of Dendrobium. The interspecific substitution varies from 11.79% to 31.58% at ITS 1 and 10.29% to 25.30% at ITS 2. The intraspecific substitution of D. nobile is 0.87% at ITS 1 and without difference at ITS 2. The substitution between Dendrobium and outgroup varies from 23.56% to 36.89% at ITS 1 and 26.52% to 33.31% at ITS 2. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS 1 and ITS 2 data was set up.

CONCLUSION

The ITS 1 and ITS 2 gene fragments were highly conservative at intraspecific level in Dendrebium, while they were less conservative at interspecific level in D. nobile. They were least conservative between Dendrobium and outgroup. Hence, the sequence of this fragment is a good molecular marker for authentication of the Huangcao. But, further study is necessary for the phylogenetic of Dendrobium.

[Study on mechanical properties of titanius alloy samples fabricated with vacuum-sintered powder metallurgy]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate mechanical properties of titanium alloy samples with vacuum-sintered powder metallurgy.

METHODS

Titanium based metal powder mixtures were compacted into green bodies in the double action press and sintered at 1000 degrees centigrade for 15 minutes in a vacuum furnace at 0.025Pa. Then the mechanical properities of the sintered compacts were evaluated.

RESULTS

Compressive strength of sintered bodies were 111-921MPa when compacted pressure increased from 100MPa to 300MPa. Compressive strength of sintered bodies increased with compacted pressure. Three particle sizes of titanium powder, -160 mesh, -200/+300 mesh, -300 mesh, did not affect the mechanical properties of sintered bodies. The compressive strength of sintered bodies with the plating of copper and tin were higher than those without the plating. Three-point bending strength and elastic modulus of sintered bodies were respectively 102-182MPa and 12193-26630 when compacted pressure affect the mechanical properties pf sintered compacts. Titanium powder plated with copper and tin is compacted and sintered easily, the mechanical properties of sintered compacts are greatly improved.

Evidence for a mouse brain-specific variant of alpha-tubulin

While studying the neural precursor cell intermediate filament protein known as nestin in the developing mouse brain, we observed a strong cross-reaction of our nestin antibody with a 50 kDa protein that appeared on embryonic day 10 and continued to accumulate until postnatal day 1. Here we report evidence that this protein is a brain-specific variant form of alpha-tubulin and discuss its implications.

Cloning and analysing of 5' flanking region of Xenopus organizer gene noggin

Xenopus organizer specific gene Noggin possesses nearly all the characteristic properties of the action of organizer to specify the embryonic body axis. To analyze how the maternal inherited factors control its expression pattern, we cloned the 5' regulatory region of noggin gene. The 1.5 kb upstream sequence could direct reporter gene to express in vivo and data from deletion analysis indicated that a 229 base pair fragment is essential for activating noggin expression. We further demonstrated that the response elements within this regulatory region were indeed under the control of growth factor activin and Wnt signaling pathway components.

[Tissue specific differentiation of dorsal mesoderm in Xenopus mid-gastrula embryos]

Genes involved in differentiation of notochord or muscle are expressed in specific regions of the involuted dorsal mesoderm in mid-gastrula Xenopus embryo. The presumptive notochord or the presomitic mesoderm have been cultured either in isolation or recombination to investigate whether these tissues have been determined. Cell differentiation was checked by specific markers of notochord (Shh) or muscle cell (desmin, myosin). The results show that the presumptive notochord can differentiate into vacuolated notochord with a weak expression of Shh, while the presomitic mesoderm differentiate into muscle cells with a normal expression of desmin and myosin in vitro. The same result was obtained when the two tissues have been cocultured. These data suggest that the cell fate of the involuted dorsal mesoderm in mid-gastrula has been determined, cells can differentiate according to their fates without further signals from the adjacent tissues, but no functional structures can be formed by these tissues in vitro.

Level of postoperative analgesia is a critical factor in regulation of myometrial contractility after laparotomy in the pregnant baboon: implications for human fetal surgery

OBJECTIVES

We used 2 dosage levels of postoperative opioid administration to determine whether the degree of postoperative analgesia after laparotomy during the last third of baboon pregnancy alters maternal pituitary-adrenal function, androgen secretion, and placental estrogen production. We also determined the relationship of estrogen production to surgery-induced increase in myometrial contraction activity.

STUDY DESIGN

After laparotomy under halothane general anesthesia at 0.75 gestation, 10 pregnant baboons were administered intra-arterially either a normal dose or a double dose of the opioid analgesic buprenorphine for 48 hours. Maternal plasma samples for steroid hormone and oxytocin analyses were obtained at circadian time 1000 hours and at circadian time 1800 hours, 4 hours before and 4 hours after the lights went off, respectively. Myometrial electromyographic contraction activity was quantified for the 6 hours from circadian time 1100 hours to circadian time 1700 hours.

RESULTS

Maternal plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were lower in the dark period (at circadian time 1800 hours) than during daylight (at circadian time 1000 hours) in the double-dose group but not the normal dose group. In contrast, maternal plasma estradiol level was higher at circadian time 1800 hours than at circadian time 1000 hours in the normal dose group but not in the double-dose group. Maternal plasma estrogen level was higher during the hours of darkness in the normal dose group than in the double-dose group. Furthermore the number of myometrial contractions around the onset of darkness was greater in the normal dose group than in the double-dose group.

CONCLUSIONS

The double dose of analgesia results in lower maternal nighttime plasma estradiol concentrations and significantly less nocturnal contraction activity. These observations further confirm an association between increased maternal plasma estrogen concentrations and increased myometrial contractility in the nonhuman primate. In addition, they suggest that adjustment of the level of postoperative analgesia may be of importance in preventing premature labor after chuman intrauterine fetal surgery.

Ni2+ treatment causes cement gland formation in ectoderm explants of Xenopus laevis embryo

We found T-type calcium channel blocker Ni2+ can efficiently induce the formation of cement gland in Xenopus laevis animal cap explants. Another T-type specific calcium channel blocker Amiloride can also induce the formation of cement gland, while L-type specific calcium channel blocker Nifedipine has no inductive effect. These results may offer us an new approach to study the differentiation of cement gland through the change of intracelluar calcium concentration.

Blood pressure and heart rate in the ovine fetus: ontogenic changes and effects of fetal adrenalectomy

Ontogenic changes in baseline and 24-h rhythms of fetal arterial blood pressure (FABP) and heart rate (FHR) and their regulation by the fetal adrenal were studied in 18 fetal sheep chronically instrumented at 109-114 days gestation (GA). In the long-term study, FABP and FHR were continuously recorded from 120 days GA to spontaneous term labor (>145 days GA) in five animals. Peak times (PT) and amplitudes (Amp) of cosinor analysis were compared at 120-126, 127-133, and 134-140 days GA. Consistent, significant linear increases in FABP and linear decreases in FHR were observed in all fetuses. Significant 24-h rhythms in FABP and FHR were observed during all the time windows. In the adrenalectomy study, to test the hypothesis that fetal cortisol plays a key role in cardiovascular maturation, fetal adrenals were removed in eight animals (ADX); sham fetal adrenalectomy was performed on five animals (Con). Cortisol (4 microgram/min) was infused intravenously in four ADX fetuses from day 7 postsurgery for 7 days (ADX+F). No significant changes in PT and Amp in FABP and FHR were observed. Plasma cortisol levels remained low in Con and ADX fetuses (<4.9 ng/ml). Cortisol infusion increased fetal plasma cortisol to 22.3 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) on day 13 in ADX+F fetuses. FABP increased in control and ADX+F but not ADX fetuses; FHR decreased in control and ADX but rose in ADX+F fetuses. These results suggest that, in chronically instrumented fetal sheep at late gestation, 1) increases in FABP and decreases in FHR are maintained consistently from 120 to 140 days GA, with distinct 24-h rhythms, the PT and Amp of which remain unchanged, and 2) the physiological increase in FABP is dependent on the fetal adrenal; bilateral removal of the fetal adrenals does not prevent the ability of cortisol to produce a sustained increase in FABP.

Changes in fetal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone during androstenedione-induced labor in the rhesus monkey: lack of an effect on the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

Androstenedione infusion to pregnant monkeys leads to premature labor and live delivery. Androstenedione-induced labor also increased placental CRH messenger RNA and peptide to concentrations observed at term in pregnant monkeys. Placental CRH may modulate fetal pituitary-adrenal function during pregnancy in primates. This study tested the hypothesis that androstenedione-induced premature delivery in pregnant monkeys results from androstenedione-induced increases in placental CRH, which stimulate premature activation of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis. The hypothesis was tested by comparing fetal umbilical vein (FUV) plasma CRH, ACTH, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cortisol concentrations at cesarean section in fetuses from mothers undergoing spontaneous, term labor (group I), with those in fetuses from mothers undergoing androstenedione-induced, premature labor (group II) and with those from mothers not in labor (group III). In addition, gestation-related changes in maternal plasma CRH concentrations were investigated, and CRH immunoactivity was characterized by Sephadex G50 chromatography in pooled maternal plasma extracts. FUV CRH concentrations were similarly elevated in group I and group II fetuses, compared with group III fetuses. Despite similar FUV blood gases in all fetuses, FUV ACTH and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were higher in group I fetuses than in group II or group III fetuses. The majority of CRH immunoactivity coeluted with synthetic human CRH. Maternal plasma CRH concentrations showed a modest increase with gestation in the rhesus monkey. These data: 1) demonstrate that androstenedione treatment of pregnant monkeys at 0.8 of gestation elevates fetal plasma CRH to similar concentrations measured at term; 2) do not support the hypothesis that androstenedione-induced delivery in the monkey results from premature activation of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis by placental CRH; but 3) do support a role for activation of the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in association with spontaneous term labor in the monkey; and 4) demonstrate important interprimate species differences in maternal CRH physiology.

The effects of fetal adrenalectomy at 110 days gestational age on AVP and CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the ovine fetus

AVP and CRH produced in the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have both been implicated in the regulation of anterior pituitary ACTH synthesis and secretion. In sheep, fetal ACTH secretion increases around 120 days gestational age (dGA). Little is known about adrenal regulation of AVP and CRH immediately prior to this critical period. We investigated the effects of adrenalectomy and subsequent cortisol (F) administration on PVN AVP and CRH mRNA in the fetal sheep PVN at 109-125 dGA. At 109-113 dGA, fetal sheep adrenals were removed (ADX)(n = 8); or sham surgery performed (CONT)(n = 4). From day 6 post ADX, maternal plasma cortisol and fetal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were determined daily by radioimmunoassays. From day 7 post ADX, cortisol (4 micrograms/min) was continuously infused intravenously to four ADX fetuses (ADX + F). Fetal hypothalami were collected at 123-125 dGA, and studied by in-situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography for AVP and CRH mRNA. Plasma cortisol levels remained low in CONT and ADX fetuses (< 4.9 ng/ml), while during cortisol infusion to ADX + F fetuses, plasma F increased to 16.4 +/- 2.2 and 22.3 +/- 3.2 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.) on day 10 and 13, respectively. Plasma ACTH levels increased significantly in ADX compared with CONT fetuses. This ACTH increase was completely suppressed in ADX + F fetuses. AVP mRNA abundance in the whole PVN was the same in all three groups, however, a separate analysis of AVP mRNA abundance in parvocellular and magnocellular regions of the PVN revealed that AVP mRNA in the parvocellular PVN showed a significant increase in ADX and suppression in ADX + F fetuses when compared to CONT. AVP mRNA in the magnocellular PVN remained unchanged. PVN CRH mRNA expression was augmented in ADX and suppressed in ADX + F when compared to CONT fetuses. We conclude that in fetal sheep at 109-125 dGA: AVP and CRH mRNA abundance in the parvocellular region of the PVN are increased by adrenalectomy and that cortisol inhibits this increase.

[An antibody recognizing neuron specific tubulin]

A 20-residue peptide corresponding to the C-terminal amino acid sequence of rat nestin was synthesized by the solid phase method. The anti-peptide antibody (designated Anti-Nes-2) against nestin was prepared. Western blots showed that Anti-Nes-2 recognized not only mouse nestin with a MW of 240 kD but also a band with a MW of 50 kD. N-terminal amino acid sequence showed that this 50 kD protein is alpha-tubulin. Western blots with Anti-Nes-2 and with monoclonal antibodies against alpha- and beta-tubulin revealed that this 50 kD band could only be detected in different stages of mouse brain and in the primary culture of neural precursor cells (NPCs), with higher expression during the development of mouse brain and the maturation of NPCs; whereas alpha- and beta-tubulin were expressed in different cell lines and tissues of adult mouse. Taken together, these results indicate that 50 kD protein recognized by Anti-Nes-2 is a neuron-specific alpha-tubulin and could be a neuron-specific posttranslational modification isotype of alpha-tubulin.

Changes in adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responsiveness after repeated partial umbilical cord occlusions in the late gestation ovine fetus

Despite many studies reporting fetal ACTH and cortisol (F) responses to acute fetal hypoxemia induced by several methods, effects of repeated short-term fetal hypoxia produced by umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) on ACTH and F are unknown. We examined fetal ACTH and F responses to repeated, controlled, 50% reductions in common umbilical arterial blood flow (CUBF) produced by an inflatable cord occluder. Ten sheep fetuses were instrumented at 123-128 days gestation (dGA) with arterial, venous, and amniotic catheters. A common umbilical artery transit-time ultrasound flow probe was implanted to measure CUBF. An inflatable occluder was placed around the proximal portion of the umbilicus. In five fetuses (group I) at 131 +/- 1 dGA (mean +/- SEM), 12 UCOs (CUBF reduced by 50%), each lasting 5 min separated by 15 min recovery, were performed. Changes in fetal arterial blood gases, pH and plasma ACTH, and F concentrations were determined before, during, and after the 1st, 6th, and 12th UCOs. Sham experiments were conducted on the other five fetuses at 130 +/- 1 dGA (group II). In group I, CUBF decreased to 49 +/- 1% (mean +/- SEM of 12 UCOs). After each UCO, CUBF returned to baseline within 5 min. A modest fall in fetal arterial PO2 and arterial pH (21.2 +/- 0.2 to 16.8 +/- 0.2 mmHg and 7.33 +/- 0 to 7.29 +/- 0, respectively) and a mild increase in fetal PaCO2 (49.9 +/- 0.5 to 54.9 +/- 0.4 mmHg; mean +/- SEM of 12 UCOs) occurred with each UCO. Whereas preocclusion fetal ACTH concentrations increased by the 12th UCO, F remained unchanged. Fetal ACTH increased after the 1st, 6th, and 12th UCOs. Fetal F increased after the 1st and 6th UCOs but not after the 12th UCO. Fetal plasma ACTH and F remained unchanged throughout the experiments in group II fetuses. We conclude that: 1) partial reductions in CUBF induce significant activation of the fetal anterior pituitary-adrenocortical axis in late-gestation fetal sheep; 2) after repeated UCOs, fetal ACTH responsiveness is maintained, but fetal F responses become attenuated.

Effects of repeated administration of cocaine to the fetal sheep in the last days of pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

There are no reports on the direct effects of repeated cocaine administration to the fetus in late pregnancy. The aim of our study was therefore to examine the effects of repeated fetal exposure to cocaine on fetal development.

STUDY DESIGN

Ten fetal sheep were instrumented at 123 +/- 1 days' gestation. Five fetuses received a single daily intravenous injection of cocaine (2 mg/kg) commencing at 130 to 131 days of gestation until delivery at 132 to 144 days of gestation; those fetuses were compared with fetuses that did not receive cocaine (n = 5).

RESULTS

Basal fetal arterial blood gas values, blood pressure, heart rate, and nuchal and diaphragmatic activities did not change in the days preceding labor. Fetal arterial PO2 fell after cocaine administration, but this was significant only on the first day. Cocaine induced consistent significant alterations in fetal pH and PCO2, blood pressure, and heart rate. During labor cocaine stimulated diaphragmatic and nuchal muscle activity when compared with the other days. There was no increase in diaphragmatic and nuchal muscle activity in the controls.

CONCLUSION

Our studies indicate that in fetal sheep the cardiovascular and blood gas response to cocaine in late pregnancy is not altered by repeated exposure to cocaine and that cocaine stimulates fetal breathing during labor.

[The effect of transfused marrow monocytes on Masugi nephritis in rabbits with radiation injury]

Sheep anti-rabbit glomerular basement membrane serum (NTS) was given to 2 groups of rabbits with a dosage of 0.8ml/kg for establishing model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Seven days after the inoculation each rabbit received 800 rad whole body gamma-radiation in order to deplete the circulating leukocytes. Another 2 days later, all of the rabbits in group 1 received 10(8) cultivated rabbit marrow monocytes, while in group 2 nothing was given. In group 1, predominant infiltration of macrophages and cellularly crescents were obtained in the glomeruli 7 days after the administration of the cultivated cells. The Bowman's capsules were broken with crescents formation. In rabbits of group 2, there were swellings of some epithelia and endothelial cells and crescents were scanty. The result proves that the macrophages are the main factors during the formation of crescent.

Prostaglandin production in the umbilical and uterine circulations in pregnant sheep at 129-136 days gestation

Prostaglandins circulating in the maternal and foetal blood have been implicated in important physiological systems. These functions include foetal adrenal function, maintenance of patency of the ductus arteriosus, regulation of uterine and umbilical circulations, and labor and delivery type myometrial contractions. The placenta is a major site of prostaglandin production in pregnancy. Limited data are available which combine measurements of veno-arterial differences across the uterine and umbilical circulations with blood flow in these circulations to enable calculation of umbilical-placental and utero-placental production rates for the prostaglandins. In chronically instrumented pregnant ewes, between 129 and 136 days of gestation, prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2 alpha), 13, 14 dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in the maternal carotid artery and uterine vein. Foetal PGE2, and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) (the major metabolite of prostacyclin) were measured in umbilical venous and foetal descending aorta arterial plasma. Umbilical and uterine blood flow were measured using the diffusion-equilibrium technique. Uterine blood flow was 1693 +/- 137 ml.min-1 (mean +/- SEM); uterine production rates were 480 +/- 88 ng.min-1 for PGF2 alpha, 517 +/- 144 ng.min-1 for PGFM, and 165 +/- 27 ng.min-1 for PGE2. Umbilical blood flow was 147 +/- 17 ml.min-1.kg-1 foetal body weight. Umbilical production rates into the foetal circulation were 11 +/- 2 ng.min-1.kg-1 for PGE2 and 6 +/- 2 ng. ng.min-1.kg-1 foetal body weight for PGI2.

Effect of fetal adrenalectomy on messenger ribonucleic acid for proopiomelanocortin in the anterior pituitary and for corticotropin-releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus of the ovine fetus

In the ovine fetus, adrenalectomy at 90-120 days gestational age (dGA) results in a gradual increase in basal concentrations of fetal plasma ACTH beginning at approximately 122 dGA. Bilateral adrenalectomy at 116-119 dGA also results in an increase in POMC mRNA in the fetal pituitary. It is not known whether both the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary of the ovine fetus are responsive in late gestation to the removal of cortisol negative feedback. The purpose of this study was to determine the subsequent effect of fetal adrenalectomy at 118-121 dGA on the CRH mRNA content in fetal PVN and on POMC mRNA in the fetal anterior pituitary at 134 dGA. Mature Rambouellet-Columbia cross-bred ewes (n = 10), bred on a single occasion only and carrying fetuses of known gestational ages, were used. Both fetal adrenal glands were exposed via a retroperitoneal approach and removed [adrenalectomized (ADX); n = 5]. In control fetuses (CONT; n = 5) adrenal glands were exposed and isolated, but not removed. At 134 dGA, fetal plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly greater in CONT fetuses (7.2 +/- 2.5 ng/ml) than in ADX fetuses (mean +/- SD, 1.97 +/- 0.9 ng/ml; P less than 0.025). At 134 dGA the fetal PVN was removed by micropunching, and the anterior pituitary was separated from neurointermediate and posterior lobes after necropsy. Total RNA was prepared by the guanidium isothiocyanate-cesium chloride method and subjected to Northern analysis using specific cDNA probes to CRH and POMC. After autoradiography, quantification of mRNA was performed by scanning densitometry. Quantities of specific hybridization signal for POMC and CRH were normalized to the content of actin mRNA in each individual sample. RNA prepared from PVN exhibited a single specifically hybridizing band for CRH of approximately 1300 nucleotides. RNA prepared from anterior pituitary exhibited a single specifically hybridizing band for POMC at approximately 1300 nucleotides. Anterior pituitary POMC mRNA was significantly increased (P less than 0.025) in ADX fetuses (236 +/- 32% of CONT). CRH mRNA in PVN was greater in ADX fetuses than in CONT fetuses (P less than 0.05; mean +/- SEM, 179 +/- 21% of CONT). Adrenalectomy in fetal sheep significantly increased expression of CRH and POMC. We conclude that the increased levels of mRNA for CRH and POMC indicate that both the fetal PVN (CRH) and the anterior pituitary (POMC) are responsive to removal of the primary source of circulating glucocorticoid at this gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Insulin induced fetal hypoglycaemia and fetal and maternal plasma prostaglandin concentrations in sheep in late gestation

Fetal hypoglycaemia consequent on food withdrawal for 48 h in sheep in late pregnancy is accompanied by an increase in fetal PGE2 plasma concentrations and myometrial contractility. To assess the contribution of fetal hypoglycaemia and related cellular glucopenia in the increased production of fetal PGE2 we studied the effect of 48 h insulin infusion to the fetus. Fetal whole blood glucose was lowered from 19 +/- 2 to 9 +/- 1 mg.dl-1. This experimental regimen maintains glucose availability to those fetal cells in which insulin increases glucose uptake. Fetal umbilical venous and femoral arterial PGE2 concentrations and umbilical veno-arterial PGE2 difference were unchanged, but maternal uterine veno-arterial difference for PGFM increased during the insulin induced fetal hypoglycaemia. Myometrial activity was also unchanged. We conclude that the increased fetal PGE concentration previously reported during food withdrawal is due to a deficiency of glucose to specific insulin dependent cells within vascular beds served by the fetal cardiovascular system. In addition, the findings suggest a need for a supply of glucose of fetal origin for cells that are responsible for increased PGFM concentrations in the maternal uteroplacental circulation.

Lack of effect of fetal administration of cocaine on maternal and fetal plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and lactate concentrations at 127-138 days gestational age

Few in vivo studies have attempted to characterize the effects of cocaine on the maternal and fetal pituitary-adrenal axis during pregnancy. We, therefore, administered cocaine (2 mg.kg-1) intravenously to 6 fetal sheep at 127-138 days of gestation. There was a transient reduction in fetal arterial pO2 with a concomitant increase in pCO2 and a prolonged fall in pH (p less than 0.05) following cocaine injection. No changes were seen in maternal pO2, pCO2 or pH. Maternal plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and lactate were not affected by fetal administration of cocaine. Although there was a tendency for fetal plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and lactate to rise after administering cocaine, the increases were not statistically significant. Previous studies have shown that cocaine administration to the ewe at a similar stage of pregnancy results in increased fetal plasma adrenocorticotropin concentrations. The results of the present study indicate that cocaine administration to the fetus compromises fetal gas exchange and acid base balance, but the effects on the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis are less pronounced than after maternal administration of cocaine.

[Immunocytochemical studies on the appearance and distribution of desmin during myogenesis in the embryos of Cynops orientalis]

Indirect immunofluorescence was used to study the temporal appearance and spatial distribution of desmin during the myogenesis of the embryos of Cynops orientalis. Desmin is undetectable until stage 25. In stage 25 embryo, it can be seen that desmin is restrictively distributed at both ends of columnar cells, near the boundary between two somites and intense in the cells near by the notochord. From stage 26 to stage 30, the amount of desmin is increased and its distribution pattern shows little change (Plate I, Figs. 1-2). At stage 32 desmin can be detected in the cells more distal to the notochord and forms filaments on the inside of the cell membrane parallel to the long axis of the cell (Plate I, Fig. 3 and 5). Desmin filaments extend gradually from the both ends toward the mid-part of the cell (Plate I, Fig. 6 and Plate II, Figs. 7, 11-13). At about stage 40 the whole cell is filled with desmin filaments and the attachment of desmin to Z line can occasionally be detected (Plate II, Fig. 8). Desmin attached to Z line is increased at stage 41 (Plate II, Fig. 9) and at stage 43 most of the desmin is found attached to Z line (Plate II, Fig.10). According to EM observation, Z line structure can be seen in stage 33 embryo (Wang[18]), but desmin remains in the filament form till stage 40. The transference of desmin distribution pattern from filament to Z line occurs somewhat later than the appearance of scattered sarcomeres. The possibility that notochord may be the main factor which influences the spatial localization of desmin was analyzed. The relationship between the transference of desmin from filament to Z line attached form and the quantitative changes of both desmin and sarcomere was discussed.