Decomposition Mueller matrix polarimetry for enhanced miRNA detection with antimonene-based surface plasmon resonance sensor and DNA-linked gold nanoparticle signal amplification

A decomposition Mueller matrix method is proposed for detection of miRNA and enhanced by using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In the proposed approach, a Mueller matrix decomposition method is employed to extract the linear birefringence (LB) and circular dichroism (CD) properties of the miRNA sample. The accuracy of the LB and CD measurements is enhanced through the use of a high-resolution antimonene-based SPR prism coupler with DNA-linked gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by measuring the LB orientation angle (α) and CD property (R) of two miRNA aqueous solutions (hsa-miR-125-5p and hsa-miR-21-5p) over the concentration range of 0∼1000 fM in both cases. The results show that, for both samples, α and R vary linearly with the change in the miRNA concentration. Furthermore, the values of α and R obtained for the two samples are quantifiably different, and hence the selectivity of the proposed SPR sensor is confirmed. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the proposed sensor as a valuable tool for miRNA detection with prospective applications in cancer diagnosis.

The Efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Supplementation in Managing Body Weight and Blood Lipids of People with Overweight: A Randomized Pilot Trial

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) in improving body weight, obesity-related outcomes, and lipid profiles of overweight people. Thirty-six overweight participants were randomly assigned to either a probiotic or a placebo group. A placebo powder or L. bulgaricus powder (containing 1 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU) of the probiotic) was administered daily for 12 weeks. Body composition was determined, and blood tests were performed before and after the intervention. L. bulgaricus supplementation under the present condition did not affect the body weight, fat percentage, or body mass index (BMI) of the participants, while it resulted in a notable decrease in blood triglyceride (TG) levels, which corresponded to a lowering of the TG proportion in the composition of large VLDL (L-XXL sized fractions) and HDL (M and L fractions) in the probiotic-treated group. These results suggest that L. bulgaricus supplementation under the current conditions may not be helpful for losing weight, but it has the potential to decrease blood TG levels by modulating TG accumulation in or transport by VLDL/HDL in obese patients. L. bulgaricus supplements may have health-promoting properties in preventing TG-related diseases in overweight people.

Effects of Citrus depressa Hayata juice on high-fat diet-induced obesity in HBV transgenic mice

The present study investigated the potential anti-obesity properties of Citrus depressa Hayata (CDH) juice in HBV transgenic mice, as well as the impact of fermentation on the effectiveness of the juice. The results revealed that fermentation increased the levels of polyphenols and hesperidin in CDH juice. The animal study demonstrated that both juices were effective in mitigating the weight gain induced by a high-fat diet by correcting metabolic parameter imbalances, reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, and reversing hepatic immune suppression. Furthermore, fermented juice exhibited superior efficacy in managing body weight and inhibiting the expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). Fermented juice significantly enhanced adiponectin production and PPARγ expression in WAT, while also reducing hypertrophy. This study offers valuable insights into the potential role of CDH juices in combating obesity associated with high fat consumption and underscores the promise of CDH juice as a functional beverage.

The jigsaw puzzle of pedigree: whole-genome resequencing reveals genetic diversity and ancestral lineage in Sunong black pigs

The Sunong black pig is a new composite breed under development generated from Chinese indigenous pig breeds (i.e., Taihu and Huai) and intensive pig breeds (i.e., Landrace and Berkshire), which is an important genetic material for studying breeding mechanisms. However, there is currently limited knowledge about the genetic structure and germplasm characteristics of Sunong black pigs. To comprehensively understand their genetic composition and ancestry proportions, we performed population structure and local ancestry inference analysis based on whole-genome sequencing information. The results showed that Sunong black pigs could be clustered independently into a group, whose pedigree was intermediate between indigenous and commercial pig breeds, but closer to commercial pigs. Furthermore, local ancestry inference analysis revealed that Sunong black pigs inherited immune and reproductive traits from indigenous pig breeds, including CC and CXC chemokine family, Toll-like receptor family, IFN gene family, ESR1, AREG and EREG gene, while growth and development-related traits were inherited from commercial pig breeds, including IGF1 and GSY2 gene. Overall, Sunong black pigs have formed a relatively stable genome structure with some advantageous traits inherited from their ancestral breeds. This study deepened the understanding of the breeding mechanism of Sunong black pigs and provided a reference for cross-breeding programmes in livestock.

[Expert consensus on the biobank development of oral genetic diseases and rare diseases and storage codes of related biological samples from craniofacial and oral region]

The biological samples of oral genetic diseases and rare diseases are extremely precious. Collecting and preserving these biological samples are helpful to elucidate the mechanisms and improve the level of diagnose and treatment of oral genetic diseases and rare diseases. The standardized construction of biobanks for oral genetic diseases and rare diseases is important for achieving these goals. At present, there is very little information on the construction of these biobanks, and the standards or suggestions for the classification and coding of biological samples from oral and maxillofacial sources, and this is not conducive to the standardization and information construction of biobanks for special oral diseases. This consensus summarizes the background, necessity, principles, and key points of constructing the biobank for oral genetic diseases and rare diseases. On the base of the group standard "Classification and Coding for Human Biomaterial" (GB/T 39768-2021) issued by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Biological Samples, we suggest 76 new coding numbers for different of biological samples from oral and maxillofacial sources. We hope the consensus may promote the standardization, and smartization on the biobank construction as well as the overall research level of oral genetic diseases and rare diseases in China.

[Prickle planar cell polarity protein 1 involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion]

Objective: To explore the mechanisms of prickle planar cell polarity protein 1 (PRICKLE1) involved in the occurrence of skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. Methods: After extracting the genomic DNA of all family members of the skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion pedigree with maxillary hypoplasia collected in the Department of Orthodontics at the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in October 2021, whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to screen pathogenic genes/mutation sites and validate the mutations. Jaw tissue was collected during the operation of orthognathic patients who were treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the same hospital from October 2021 to December 2022. Following the extraction of human jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and transfection with overexpressing lentivirus (lentiviruses overexpressing the gene of interest served as the wild group, lentiviruses overexpressing mutation site served as the mutant group) and knockdown lentivirus (divided into knockdown group 1 and 2, with transfection interference negative lentiviruses as the control group). Various assays including real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting, proliferation and Transwell assays, alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining were performed. Construction of zebrafish animal model, morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) were injected to knock down the expression of prickle1a and prickle1b in zebrafish (co-knocking group), and the control group was injected with standardized MO as a reference. Transcriptome sequencing, enrichment analysis and co-expression analysis were performed on the zebrafish craniofacial tissues of the two groups. Results: Two patients of this family carried this mutation PRICKLE1 c.113C>T. The transfection experiments showed that compared with the wild group (relative expression of PRICKLE1 was 21.97±0.60), the relative expression of mutant group (5.05±0.05) was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and cell proliferation and migration ability significantly enhanced (P<0.05), and osteogenic differentiation ability was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the proliferation and migration ability of cells in the two knockdown groups were significantly enhanced (P<0.05), and the osteogenic differentiation ability was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Zebrafish model experiments showed the width of the ethmoid plate was significantly reduced in the co-knocking group (282.50±61.77, t=5.29, P<0.001) compared with the control group (338.80±24.92). Transcriptome data and enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway after the simultaneous knockdown of prickle1a and prickle1b in zebrafish. Conclusions: PRICKLE1 c.113C>T mutation might suppress the osteoblastic differentiation ability of jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby involving the development of skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion.

Genome-wide scans for selection signatures in indigenous pigs revealed candidate genes relating to heat tolerance

Heat stress is a major problem that constrains pig productivity. Understanding and identifying adaptation to heat stress has been the focus of recent studies, and the identification of genome-wide selection signatures can provide insights into the mechanisms of environmental adaptation. Here, we generated whole-genome re-sequencing data from six Chinese indigenous pig populations to identify genomic regions with selection signatures related to heat tolerance using multiple methods: three methods for intra-population analyses (Integrated Haplotype Score, Runs of Homozygosity and Nucleotide diversity Analysis) and three methods for inter-population analyses (Fixation index (F_ST), Cross-population Composite Likelihood Ratio and Cross-population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity). In total, 1 966 796 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in this study. Genetic structure analyses and F_ST indicated differentiation among these breeds. Based on information on the location environment, the six breeds were divided into heat and cold groups. By combining two or more approaches for selection signatures, outlier signals in overlapping regions were identified as candidate selection regions. A total of 163 candidate genes were identified, of which, 29 were associated with heat stress injury and anti-inflammatory effects. These candidate genes were further associated with 78 Gene Ontology functional terms and 30 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways in enrichment analysis (P < 0.05). Some of these have clear relevance to heat resistance, such as the AMPK signalling pathway and the mTOR signalling pathway. The results improve our understanding of the selection mechanisms responsible for heat resistance in pigs and provide new insights of introgression in heat adaptation.

[Influence factors of poor efficacy after flap repair operation in patients with pressure ulcers]

Objective: To investigate the influence factors of poor efficacy after flap repair operation in patients with pressure ulcers. Methods: The retrospective case series study was conducted. From January 2011 to June 2021, 125 patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ pressure ulcers treated in Hainan General Hospital met the inclusion criteria. There were 82 males and 43 females, aged 15-90 (57±20) years. According to the postoperative effects, the patients were divided into poor efficacy group (47 cases) and good efficacy group (78 cases). The clinical data of patients in the two groups were collected, including the age, gender, location, stage, size, and bone exposure of pressure ulcers, preoperative microorganism culture results of wound exudate sample, whether combined with osteomyelitis, diabetes, lower limb paroxysmal myospasm, and gatism or not, the number of surgical debridement combined with negative-pressure wound therapy, type of surgical flap, postoperative position, and preoperative albumin, leukocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), and hemoglobin. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test. The binary multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to screen the independent risk factors influencing the poor efficacy after flap repair operation in 125 patients with stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ pressure ulcers. Results: The ratio of patients with lower limb paroxysmal myospasm in poor efficacy group was 22/47, which was significantly higher than 3/78 in good efficacy group (χ2=33.83, P<0.01). The preoperative hemoglobin level of patients in poor efficacy group was (102±17) g/L, which was significantly lower than (113±20) g/L in good efficacy group (t=-3.24, P<0.01). The preoperative CRP level of patients was 39.1 (14.1, 91.6) mg/L in poor efficacy group, which was significantly higher than 15.3 (6.6, 42.0) mg/L in good efficacy group (Z=-3.04, P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in other indexes between patients in the two groups (P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, lower limb paroxysmal myospasm, and preoperative hemoglobin level were the independent risk factors for poor efficacy after flap repair operation in patients with pressure ulcers (with odds ratios of 1.03, 40.69, and 0.97, 95% confidence intervals of 1.00-1.06, 9.18-180.39, and 0.95-1.00, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: Poor efficacy after flap repair operation in patients with pressure ulcers is affected by many factors, among which the age, lower limb paroxysmal myospasm, and preoperative hemoglobin level are the independent risk factors.

[Research advances on stem cell therapy for diabetic foot wounds]

Diabetic foot wound repair is a challenging issue in clinical practice. Due to the influence of multiple factors including the damage and regeneration failure of local tissue, the impaired pathways of wound repairing through blood vessels and nerve nutrition, and disorders of a variety of cellular factors, traditional treatment methods are often difficult to achieve good therapeutic effects. Stem cells are a type of cells with potentials of multidirectional differentiation, which also possess functions such as regulating immunity and paracrine to facilitate the comprehensive wound repair, so they have promising application prospect at present for the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. Because the relevant parameters of stem cell treatment are in the exploratory phase, there were no standardized data. This paper reviews the application of stem cells in the research of diabetic foot wound treatment over the past 6 years, analyzing and summarizing the contents in focused aspects including the types and sources of stem cells, effects of donor age and gender on stem cells, mode of administration, transplantation survival rate and safety, which may provide a reference for further application of stem cells in the clinical treatment of diabetic foot wound.

Potential natural products that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein identified by structure-based virtual screening, isothermal titration calorimetry and lentivirus particles pseudotyped (Vpp) infection assay

Background and aim

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters cells through the binding of the viral spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), resulting in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, few antiviral drugs are available that can effectively block viral infection. This study aimed to identify potential natural products from Taiwan Database of Extracts and Compounds (TDEC) that may prevent the binding of viral spike proteins with human ACE2 proteins.

Methods

The structure-based virtual screening was performed using the AutoDock Vina program within PyRX software, the binding affinities of compounds were verified using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), the inhibitions of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection efficacy were examined by lentivirus particles pseudotyped (Vpp) infection assay, and the cell viability was tested by 293T cell in MTT assay.

Results and conclusion

We identified 39 natural products targeting the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in silico. In ITC binding assay, dioscin, celastrol, saikosaponin C, epimedin C, torvoside K, and amentoflavone showed dissociation constant (K _d) = 0.468 μM, 1.712 μM, 6.650 μM, 2.86 μM, 3.761 μM and 4.27 μM, respectively. In Vpp infection assay, the compounds have significantly and consistently inhibition with the 50-90% inhibition of viral infection efficacy. In cell viability, torvoside K, epimedin, amentoflavone, and saikosaponin C showed IC₅₀ > 100 μM; dioscin and celastrol showed IC₅₀ = 1.5625 μM and 0.9866 μM, respectively. These natural products may bind to the viral spike protein, preventing SARS-CoV-2 from entering cells.

Section 1

Natural Products.

Taxonomy classification by evise

SARS-CoV-2, Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Lentivirus Particles Pseudotyped (Vpp) Infection Assay, in silico and in vitro study.

Relationship Between the Serotypes and Hemagglutinin Gene Sequences of Avibacterium paragallinarum

Avibacterium paragallinarum has been subtyped into three serogroups (A, B, and C) and nine serovars (A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, B-1, C-1, C-2, C-3, and C-4) according to the Page and Kume schemes. Both schemes use the hemagglutination inhibition test for serotyping. However, the relationship between the hemagglutinin gene (HMTp210) sequences and serotypes of A. paragallinarum is still unclear. This problem is partly due to the lack of information on the complete HMTp210 sequence from the formal reference strain of Page serogroup B (strain 0222 or Spross). In this study, we determined the complete HMTp210 sequence of strain Spross. The sequence of Spross and those of other HMTp210 sequences retrieved from GenBank were used to conduct phylogenetic analyses to investigate the relationship between the serotypes and HMTp210 sequences of A. paragallinarum. Four phylogenetic clusters, designated clusters A-1, A-2, B, and C, were identified. Clustering based on complete HMTp210 sequences correlates with serotyping based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Serovar A-2 was found to contain a chimeric HMTp210 gene that might have resulted from recombination between serovar A-1 and serovar C-1. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences (approximately nucleotides 1-1200) of HMTp210 was sufficient to discriminate between serogroups A, B, and C. These findings could be valuable for developing a molecular method for serotyping of A. paragallinarum.

Crayfish plague Aphanomyces astaci detected in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus in Taiwan

Between December 2013 and January 2014, five outbreaks of an unknown disease with moderate to high cumulative mortality were observed among the freshwater redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) populations at four crayfish farms in Miaoli and Changhua counties (northern Taiwan) and at one crayfish farm in Pingtung County (southern Taiwan). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis allowed the detection of Aphanomyces astaci DNA in dead crayfish. Histopathological examination revealed an infection of host tissue by fungal hyphae that presented as typical non-septate hyphae within the soft abdominal cuticle from the first to second segment and in the tail fan. In PCR assays completed for the detection of crayfish plague, an expected 568-bp product, specific for the A. astaci ITS gene, was obtained from all sub-adults and adults examined. In a comparison of our strains with the known strains of A. astaci in Europe, nucleotide sequence identities were very similar, with 99.8-100% sequence similarity in that gene region. Positive reactions to in situ hybridization, using a digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled DNA probe, further confirmed A. astaci as the causative agent. This is the first report concerning natural infection of A. astaci in freshwater redclaw crayfish in Asia.

Yeast CUP1 protects HeLa cells against copper-induced stress

As an essential trace element, copper can be toxic in mammalian cells when present in excess. Metallothioneins (MTs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins that avidly bind copper and thus play an important role in detoxification. YeastCUP1 is a member of the MT gene family. The aim of this study was to determine whether yeast CUP1 could bind copper effectively and protect cells against copper stress. In this study,CUP1 expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and copper content was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Cellular viability was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the cell cycle distribution of CUP1 was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The data indicated that overexpression of yeast CUP1 in HeLa cells played a protective role against copper-induced stress, leading to increased cellular viability (P<0.05) and decreased ROS production (P<0.05). It was also observed that overexpression of yeast CUP1 reduced the percentage of G1 cells and increased the percentage of S cells, which suggested that it contributed to cell viability. We found that overexpression of yeast CUP1 protected HeLa cells against copper stress. These results offer useful data to elucidate the mechanism of the MT gene on copper metabolism in mammalian cells.

[Clinical outcome evaluation of midpalatal mini-implant anchorage system in orthodontic treatment]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of midpalatal mini-implant anchorage system in fixed appliance treatment.

METHODS

In this study, 14 adolescents who had skeletal class I or II malocclusions were involved. Maximal anchorage was required during orthodontic treatment. Maxillary first premolars of the selected individuals were extracted and the individuals were treated by fixed appliance. One mini-implant was inserted in the midpalatal suture region and a transpalatal arch (TPA) made of 0.019 inch×0.022 inch(1 inch=2.54 cm) stainless steel was adhered to the mini-implant and upper first molars. Cephalometric radiographs taken after mini-implants inserted (T0) and before mini-implants removing (T1) were traced and measured. SN-7 plane and PP plane were used as reference planes. Student's t-test was used.

RESULTS

The successful rate of midpalatal mini-implant was 73.9%. All the items measured were found with no significant difference between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

This mini-implant system as orthodontic anchorage in midpalatal region can be an alternative method of maximal anchorage during orthodontic treatment.

Molecular characteristics and expression profiles of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) gene in pig

The cytosolic activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1, EC 1.1.1.8) plays an important role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol and in the transport of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. Here we report the full-length genomic sequence of porcine GPD1 gene including promoter region. Porcine GPD1 gene contains eight exons and seven introns. Using the ImpRH, the GPD1 gene was mapped on chromosome 5. Sub-cellular localization of the pig GPD1 was localized in cytoplasm by GFP reporter gene. The full-length CDS of porcine GPD1 gene comprises 1050 nucleotides and it encodes 349 amino acids. Using the CDS sequences of 17 species, we built the phylogeny tree of GPD1 gene. We investigated the expression level of the gene in 13 different tissues and time course from birth to postnatal day 28 in longissinus doris muscle (LD) and in cerebrum. The result shows that porcine GPD1 gene is expressed in almost all tissues we tested but its levels of expression varies widely over 2 orders of magnitude. LD and the cerebrum have similar expression pattern that is at a low level at birth and increasing with aging to the highest level at postnatal day 8 in LD and postnatal day 14 in cerebrum. But weaning decreased the expression level of the GPD1 gene. This may partially explains the effects of weaning on energy metabolism.

Inhibition of gene expression directed by small interfering RNAs in infectious bronchitis virus

In this study, fourteen small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were synthesized for targeting of coding gene sequences, specific 5'-leader sequence of mRNA and 3'-end sequence of the Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genome. The expression of viral genes in Vero-E6 cells was detected by real-time PCR. Obtained results indicated that the majority of siRNAs could effectively inhibit the expression of viral genes. The inhibition effect of siRNAs significantly differed among various genes and sites on the virus genome.

[Repair of flexor-tendon injury in children's finger using microsurgical technique]

OBJECTIVE

To improve the clinical result of repair on flexor tendon injury, and recover the defected finger function in children as far as possible.

METHODS

From January 1990 to October 1997, 12 cases with flexor tendon injury were repaired by microsurgical technique, sutured by modified Kessler method with 3/0 or 5/0 nontraumatic thread and followed by invering suture of the gap edge with 7/0 or 8/0 nontraumatic thread after debridement. Appropriate functional practice was performed postoperatively.

RESULTS

All the defected fingers were healed by first intention. Followed up 6 months to 1 year, there was excellent in 7 cases, better in 4 cases, moderate in 1 case and 91.67% in excellent rate according to the TAM standard of International Hand Committee.

CONCLUSION

The important measures to improve the clinical result in children's flexor tendon injury are prompt and accurate diagnosis and repair of the injured tendon by microsurgical technique, and effective postoperative functional practice.

Increased axonal regeneration through a biodegradable amnionic tube nerve conduit: effect of local delivery and incorporation of nerve growth factor/hyaluronic acid media

The authors emphasize the possible pharmacological enhancement of axonal regeneration using a specific growth factor/ extracellular media incorporated in a biodegradable nonneural nerve conduit material. They investigated the early effects on nerve regeneration of continuous local delivery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and the local incorporation of hyaluronic acid (HA) inside a newly manufactured nerve conduit material from fresh human amnionic membrane. Human amnionic membrane contains important biochemical factors that play a major neurotrophic role in the nerve regeneration process. The process of manufacturing a nerve conduit from fresh human amnionic membrane is described. This nerve conduit system was used in rabbits to bridge a 25-mm nerve gap over 3 months. NGF was released locally, over 28 days, at the distal end of the tube via a system of slow release, and HA was incorporated inside the lumen of the tube at the time of surgery. NGF/HA treatment promoted axonal regeneration across the amnionic tube nerve conduit (8,962 +/- 383 myelinated axons) 45% better than the nontreated amnionic tube group (6,180 +/- 353 myelinated axons). The authors demonstrate that NGF/HA media enhances additional axonal regeneration in the amnionic tube nerve conduit. This result is secondary to the effect of the amnion promoting biochemical factors, in combination with the NGF/HA effect on facilitating early events in the nerve regeneration process.

Using native gel in two-dimensional PAGE for the detection of protein interactions in protein extract

A two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis system in which native and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) are performed subsequently to analyze protein mixtures is described. Reasonably good resolution and excellent reproducibility was obtained when the proteins in the soluble protein extract from E. coli cells were separated using this procedure. Perhaps more importantly, the relevance of this native/SDS-2-D PAGE for the detection of protein interactions in a complicated protein mixture was examined using the interaction between interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ralpha) in the E. coli protein extract as a model system. Native gel was used to preserve the interactions between the two molecules and SDS gel was used to maximize the separation of the denatured proteins. Mobility changes of these two proteins on 2-D maps resulted from the formation of IL-2/IL-2-2Ralpha complex were clearly observed despite of the presence of a large number of other protein spots. Thus, this approach is a useful complement to the standard 2-D gel electrophoresis system for analyzing complicated protein mixture, especially for the study of protein interactions.

Results of laser tissue soldering in vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy: experience in the rat animal model

The use of microsurgical techniques (vasovasostomy and epididymovasostomy) for vasectomy reversal has now enabled surgeons to perform both procedures with certainly acceptable success rates. However, these operations are technically demanding and require special training in microsurgery.

PURPOSE

A new method of performing these procedures using laser tissue soldering is described and results are evaluated. Laser tissue soldering is different from laser welding in that it involves the laser activation of a protein solder with a dye specific for the specific wavelength of laser light; therefore, surrounding tissue is not affected by the laser.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten rats underwent bilateral vasovasostomy and eleven underwent bilateral epididymovasostomy. In each rat, a sutured anastomosis was performed on one side while laser tissue soldering was performed on the other. Animals were sacrificed after one month and anastomoses were evaluated for patency and presence of sperm granulomas. Histologic analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

Patency rates were 8/10 (80%) for sutured vasovasostomy versus 9/10 (90%) for the laser technique. Epididymovasostomy patency rates were 8/11 (73%) for sutured versus 9/11 (82%) for the laser technique. Mean operative times were significantly shorter for lasered anastomoses when compared to controls. The frequency of granuloma formation did not significantly differ between laser and control groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Laser tissue soldering resulted in similar patency when compared to a conventional 2 layered sutured anastomosis while decreasing operative time. In addition, since fewer sutures are placed, the laser method is less technically demanding.

Positional isomers of monopegylated interferon alpha-2a: isolation, characterization, and biological activity

The success of recombinant interferon alpha in the clinic in part is limited by two properties of the protein: short serum half-life and immunogenicity. To improve these properties, interferon alpha-2a was conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-5000). A homogeneous preparation of monopegylated interferon alpha-2a was subjected to vigorous analytical and activity characterization. A newly developed ampholyte-free chromatofocussing-like cation-exchange HPLC method utilizing a sulfopropyl resin was used to separate the monopegylated protein into 11 species. Peptide mapping, sequencing, and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that these species are positional isomers where each isomer represents a single polymer molecule conjugated to one specific lysine residue. No species with a modification at the amino terminus was observed. All 11 isomers show antiviral and antiproliferative activities in the same range as the parent monopegylated interferon alpha-2a.

Gene expression and apoptosis in the spinal cord neurons after sciatic nerve injury

To demonstrate a dependence of spinal cord motoneurons on the communication with their targets, the expression of immediate early gene c-fos and neurotrophin genes in the lumbar (L3-L6) spinal cord neurons was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats (male > or = 9-weeks-old) with unilateral sciatic nerve transection. Using in situ hybridization, we detected the expression of c-fos mRNA in the motoneurons of the spinal cord segments within 45 min to 3 h of peripheral nerve transection (n = 4 in each time point). The expression of c-fos mRNA was also correlated positively with the expression of Fos antigen using immunohistochemistry, while no change in calbindin and parvalbumin antigens were noted. The expression of BDNF mRNA increased at 90 min after sciatic nerve transection. However, no detectable enhancement in the expression of NGF mRNA was observed. DNA fragmentation in neurons was observed using the incorporation of digoxigenin-dUTP by terminal transferase into 3'-OH terminals of DNA fragments in the ipsilateral section of the spinal cords 48h after nerve injury. Nuclei that exhibited DNA fragmentation were not observed in the spinal cord of the control animals. Lastly, we observed that the majority of astrocytes did not have DNA fragmentation. Because the detection of DNA fragmentation using this assay is one of early detections of apoptosis or programmed cell death, the result suggested we could detect early cell death in spinal cord, and indicated a target dependence of the neurons in the spinal cord after transection of sciatic nerve.

Functional assessment of tibial-nerve recovery in the cat using gait analysis: preliminary study

The purpose of this study was to investigate gait-pattern changes after complete tibial nerve lesion in the cat, and to observe whether nerve repair could reverse some of the changes. In six cats, a 5-cm segment of the tibial nerve was transected. The nerve gap was then repaired with nerve autograft in three animals and was unrepaired in three as controls. The walking patterns of the cats were videotaped, and the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal joint angles were measured at the beginnings of the F, E1, E2, and E3 phases of the step cycle. Two weeks after surgery, abnormal gait patterns were observed, and four gait parameters (E3.Hip, E3.Ankle, E3.M-P, and F.Ankle) were found to be statistically significantly different from normal. Six months after surgery, the nerve-graft group had gait-parameter values approaching normal, while the control group showed no measurable improvement. Correspondingly, electrophysiologic testing revealed considerable nerve regeneration in the nerve-graft group but not in the control group. It was concluded that these gait parameters can be used as valid functional indices to evaluate the degree of tibial nerve recovery in the cat model.

Elevated expression of the neutrophil calcium-binding protein, MRP-14, in metastasis-enhancing neutrophils

Tumor-elicited neutrophils (tcPMN) purified from 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma tumor-bearing rats enhanced metastasis of syngeneic cells when co-injected intravenously; whereas, circulating (cPMN) and phorbol esteractivated (PMA-PMN) neutrophils did not [Welch et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:5859-63]. We hypothesized that differential protein expression was responsible for functional differences between the neutrophil subtypes. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare neutrophils (cPMN, PMA-PMN) purified from the peripheral blood of healthy, syngeneic nontumor-bearing rats, to tcPMN collected from rats with highly metastatic [clone MTLn3, subclone MTLn3(T44).5] or poorly metastatic [subclone MTLn3(T44).11] tumors growing in the mammary fat pads. Quantitative differences in polypeptide expression were observed between these functionally distinct PMN populations. Compared to cPMN, expression of a M(r) approximately 38.8 kDa (pl approximately 8) polypeptide was similar in tcPMN collected from poorly metastatic tumor-bearing rats, higher in PMA-PMN, and further increased in tcPMN from rats with highly metastatic tumors. Expression of two polypeptides, M(r) approximately 14.1 kDa (pl approximately 6) and M(r) approximately 43.3 kDa (pl approximately 5), was greater in tcPMN from rats with highly metastatic tumors compared to cPMN, PMA-PMN, or tcPMN from rats bearing poorly metastatic tumors. The latter two polypeptides thus appeared to be specifically increased in tcPMN from rats bearing highly metastatic tumors. Because it was most abundant and displayed the greatest differences between PMN subtypes, the M(r) approximately 14.1 kDa protein was further analyzed. Tryptic digests followed by internal sequence analyses of resulting peptide fragments revealed that the M(r) approximately 14.1 kDa contained amino acid sequences that were identical to those of MRP-14, a 14 kDa neutrophil calcium-binding protein belonging to the S-100 protein family of calcium-binding proteins. These results suggest a novel function for MRP-14 and suggest that MRP-14 may represent a marker for distinguishing phenotypically distinct subpopulations of neutrophils, particularly tcPMN with metastasis-enhancing abilities.

Ankle stance angle: a functional index for the evaluation of sciatic nerve recovery after complete transection

This study attempted to develop a motor functional index, ankle stance angle (ASA), to assess rat sciatic nerve regeneration subsequent to autografting. ASA, 50 degrees in normal rats, is the ankle joint angle at the mid-stance phase of the gait cycle. In a nerve graft group, a 1-cm segment of the right sciatic nerve was transected and then repaired with nerve autograft. In an ungrafted group, the nerve gap was left unrepaired. ASA measured 4 months after surgery was statistically significantly larger in the nerve graft group (36 degrees) than in the ungrafted group (22 degrees). The results suggest that ASA is more sensitive than sciatic function index in detecting functional recovery after a complete sciatic nerve lesion. ASA also showed a significant correlation with the passive range of ankle joint motion and gastrocnemius muscle weight. The study concluded that ASA is a reliable index for assessment of regeneration of rat sciatic nerve after a complete lesion. The intra-rater reliability (r = 0.97 and 0.90) and inter-rater reliability (r = 0.85) tests performed support the conclusions.

Immunoregulatory effects of indomethacin on rats with trauma

In this article, we investigated changes of immune functions and immunoregulatory effects of indomethacin on rats with trauma. The results show that spontaneous suppressor T cell activity of spleen significantly increased and Interleukin I production and DNA synthesis capacity of splenocytes markedly decreased in rats with trauma. Indomethacin could markedly improve immune function, decreased spontaneous suppressor T cell activity and prompted Interleukin 2 production and DNA synthesis capacity of splenocytes.

Experimental orthotopic transplantation of vascularized skeletal allografts: functional assessment and long-term survival

Vascularized skeletal tissue allografts would greatly expand the domain of reconstructive surgery. Few studies to date have examined the functional aspects of these allografts or their long-term fate. An orthotopic transplant model of rat distal femur and surrounding muscular cuff was developed to assess graft function in fracture healing and weight bearing. Isografts (RT1l to RT1l, n = 40), weak-barrier allografts (RT1l to RT1lv, n = 40), and strong-barrier allografts (RT1l to RT1n, n = 40) were transplanted. As the histocompatibility barrier increased between the donor and recipient animals, the graft viability and performance deteriorated according to radiographic, histologic, and immunologic analyses. Administration of cyclosporine led to survival of strong-barrier allografts similar to that of isografts. A long-term study of these allografts (RT1l to RT1n) was then performed on various immunosuppressive regimens. After an initial 10-week course of cyclosporine to achieve bony union and remodeling, subsequent cessation (n = 20) or intermittent "pulsing" (n = 20) of the immunosuppressant was insufficient in maintaining graft survival. However, graft viability and function were preserved through 1 year on continuous daily cyclosporine (n = 32). There was no evidence of host renal or hepatic toxicity by serum chemistry or histologic sections. Thus long-term survival of functional skeletal allografts was achieved in this orthotopic model without significant host toxicity from immunosuppression.

Human IL-12 p40 homodimer binds to the IL-12 receptor but does not mediate biologic activity

IL-12, a heterodimeric cytokine, consists of two disulfide-linked subunits, p40 and p35. We investigated the role of p40 in ligand binding and signal transduction by expressing this subunit alone in COS cells. Culture media of the transfected COS cells exhibited specific dose-dependent binding to KIT225/K6 cells, a human T cell line that expresses IL-12R. Analysis of the culture media by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting demonstrated the presence of 40-kDa monomers and 80-kDa disulfide-linked homodimers. The two p40 species were purified and identified by N-terminal sequencing and proteolytic peptide mapping. Characterization of the p40 proteins for binding and bioactivity showed that both the p40 monomer and dimer inhibited 125I-labeled IL-12 binding to IL-12R, but the 80-kDa species, having a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20 to 70 ng/ml, was at least 20-fold more effective than the monomer. Although neither the monomer nor the dimer stimulated human PHA-blast proliferation, the 80-kDa dimer inhibited IL-12-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 65 ng/ml. The results suggest that the IL-12 p40 subunit contains the essential epitopes for receptor binding. However, a proper conformation required for high affinity binding is achieved only when p40 is associated with a p35 subunit or another p40 subunit. When p40 is associated with a p35 subunit, the heterodimer acts as an agonist mediating biologic activity. However, when p40 associates with another p40, the homodimer behaves as an antagonist in vitro.

Human IL-12 p40 homodimer binds to the IL-12 receptor but does not mediate biologic activity

IL-12, a heterodimeric cytokine, consists of two disulfide-linked subunits, p40 and p35. We investigated the role of p40 in ligand binding and signal transduction by expressing this subunit alone in COS cells. Culture media of the transfected COS cells exhibited specific dose-dependent binding to KIT225/K6 cells, a human T cell line that expresses IL-12R. Analysis of the culture media by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting demonstrated the presence of 40-kDa monomers and 80-kDa disulfide-linked homodimers. The two p40 species were purified and identified by N-terminal sequencing and proteolytic peptide mapping. Characterization of the p40 proteins for binding and bioactivity showed that both the p40 monomer and dimer inhibited 125I-labeled IL-12 binding to IL-12R, but the 80-kDa species, having a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20 to 70 ng/ml, was at least 20-fold more effective than the monomer. Although neither the monomer nor the dimer stimulated human PHA-blast proliferation, the 80-kDa dimer inhibited IL-12-induced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 65 ng/ml. The results suggest that the IL-12 p40 subunit contains the essential epitopes for receptor binding. However, a proper conformation required for high affinity binding is achieved only when p40 is associated with a p35 subunit or another p40 subunit. When p40 is associated with a p35 subunit, the heterodimer acts as an agonist mediating biologic activity. However, when p40 associates with another p40, the homodimer behaves as an antagonist in vitro.

Electrophoresis of proteins and protein-protein complexes in native polyacrylamide gels using a horizontal gel apparatus

Electrophoresis of proteins and protein-protein complexes in polyacrylamide gels under native conditions using a horizontal gel apparatus is described. The advantage of this system is that it permits the detection of both negatively and positively charged proteins as well as protein-protein complexes in the same gel. During electrophoresis, a continuous gel sandwiched between two glass plates is placed horizontally on the platform and submerged in a reservoir buffer. The sample wells are made along the center of the gel, allowing positively and negatively charged proteins to migrate toward the cathode and anode, respectively. Several proteins with varying molecular weights and isoelectric point (pI) values and pairs of proteins capable of forming protein-protein complexes were chosen as model systems to illustrate the methodology. The effects of several parameters on the performance of the gel system including protein molecular weight, pI, and gel concentration were also examined and the results obtained by this method are comparable to those obtained by the vertical system. Following electrophoresis, both negatively and positively charged proteins as well as protein-protein complexes can be transferred by electroblotting onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for further analyses.

Purification and characterization of a high-molecular-weight form of recombinant human interleukin-2

During purification of recombinant Interleukin-2 (rIL-2) by reversed-phase HPLC, early fractions are discarded due to the presence of an unidentified form of rIL-2. A procedure has been developed to isolate and purify this unidentified form of rIL-2. The purification process involves two chromatography steps and utilizes a Bakerbond Carboxy-Sulfon (CS) column under two different conditions. This material, designated as a high-molecular-weight form of rIL-2 (HMWrIL-2), exhibits lower mobility during SDS-PAGE and has a pI which is approximately one unit less than that of rIL-2, but has similar bioactivity to rIL-2. Structural analysis through enzymatic cleavage, HPLC peptide mapping, mass spectrometry, sequencing, and amino acid composition revealed that the difference between these two proteins is a C-terminal extension of 11 amino acids. This extension could be the result of a nonstandard translation event.

A novel accessory subunit for vacuolar H(+)-ATPase from chromaffin granules

Three subunits, Ac115, Ac39, and the proteolipid, were positively identified in the membrane sectors of V-ATPases from different sources. We searched for organelle-specific protein in purified preparations of V-ATPase from bovine chromaffin granules. A diffused protein band at a position of about 45 kDa was identified in SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the above preparation. Following digestion with endopeptidase Glu-C (V-8), a polypeptide of about 10 kDa was isolated and subjected to amino acid sequencing. Hence, the cDNA encoding the protein Ac45 was cloned from a bovine adrenal medulla library. The cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 468 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 51,786 daltons. A potential signal sequence comprised of the first 35 amino acids and a potential transmembrane domain at the C terminus of the protein were identified. There exist seven potential glycosylation sites between the aforementioned protein motifs. Experiments with a specific antibody against Ac45 demonstrated that it is copurifying with the V-ATPase from chromaffin granules. Immunological cross-reactivity was observed with purified V-ATPase from bovine kidney microsomes but not from plasma membranes of epithelial cells. Cell-free expression of the protein from synthetic mRNA produced a single protein band at about 50 kDa on SDS gels. Upon inclusion of dog pancreas microsomes in the reaction mixture, a slow migrating band sensitive to peptide:N-glycosidase F was observed.

Electroblotting proteolytic products from native gel for direct N-terminal sequence analysis: an approach for studying protein-protein interaction

Proteins which are electroblotted from native gels onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes are suitable for detailed structural analysis. This method, in conjunction with limited proteolysis and N-terminal sequencing, has been used to study the molecular interactions between native protein molecules. The interaction between recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and its receptor (rIL-2R alpha) was examined as a model system. The working strategy consists of (i) proteolysis of rIL-2R alpha and rIL-2R alpha/rIL-2 complex, (ii) separation of the major proteolytic products by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroblotting onto PVDF membrane, and (iii) sequence analysis of the blotted protein bands for the identification of peptide regions sensitive to proteolysis. Results have indicated that the exon 3 encoded region in rIL-2R alpha is sensitive to proteolysis regardless whether it is complexed with rIL-2 or not. This suggests that no major conformational changes occur in rIL-2R alpha during interaction with rIL-2. This electroblotting approach is, therefore, useful for studying protein-protein interaction in solution.

[Analysis of keratin filament structural transformation in human epithelial cells]

Upon 2-3 hours cold treatment (0 degrees C), the keratin filaments of some PcaSE-1 cells and BEL-7404 cells are partly transformed into granular aggregates. But such structural transformation does not occur in HeLa cells and CNE cells. By rewarming (37 degrees C) cells within 15-30 minutes, this structural changes of keratin filaments in PcaSE-1 cells and BEL-7404 cells are readily reversed. In contrast, in HeLa cells and CNE cells, keratin filaments are transformed into granula aggregates during mitosis, but the keratin filament network in PcaSE-1 cells and BEL-7404 cells remained intact and encircled the developing mitotic spindle as the cells entered mitosis. Results suggest that the above two types of keratin filament structural transformation might be induced by different factors. Our results also indicate that: (1) PcaSE-1 cells treated with colchicine alone or with combination of colchicine and cytochalasin D does not cause granular aggregates of keratin filaments. However, after depolymerization of microtubules with colchicine, the response of the cells to cold treatment is intensified. (2) The aggregate formation during cold treatment is unrelated to whether epithelial cells contain two different type intermediate filaments or not. (3) Epithelial cells preextracted with Triton X-100 do not induce granular aggregate formation of keratin filaments upon cold treatment. (4) The structural transformation upon cold treatment may be a characteristic of keratin filaments of certain epithelial cell lines.

Limited tryptic digestion of recombinant human interleukin-2: structure-binding relationships with the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor

The surface topography and structural features of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in relation to its interaction with the alpha subunit of its receptor (IL-2R alpha) have been probed by limited tryptic digestion followed by detailed structural analyses. Four sensitive cleavage sites in IL-2 (Lys8, Lys9, Lys35, and Arg38) were identified as surface amino acids, suggesting that they are potential binding sites for IL-2R alpha. To examine the involvement of these residues in IL-2R alpha binding, a truncated IL-2 molecule lacking the amino-terminal residues through Arg38 was generated and it was found to be incapable of binding IL-2R alpha in a solid-phase receptor binding sequencing assay. These studies have led to the conclusion that the IL-2R alpha contact region of IL-2 includes residues Lys35 and Arg38. This finding is supported by the refined three-dimensional structure of IL-2 in which these residues are located outside of the compact bundle of four helices and thus are readily available for interaction with IL-2R alpha.

A simple technique for harvesting standardized skin grafts in the rodent

A simple technique for harvesting skin grafts of predetermined size, shape, and thickness in rodents is described. In this technique, the donor skin is immobilized and tensed by means of a tongue depressor, or similar template, inserted into the loose areolar tissue below the panniculus, stretching the overlying skin to permit easy dermatome harvesting of a skin graft.

Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II. A novel tumor-derived polypeptide that activates host-response mechanisms

An important means by which tumor cells influence the vasculature is through the production of soluble mediators altering vascular properties. A approximately 22-kDa polypeptide was purified to homogeneity from conditioned medium of murine methylcholanthrene A (meth A) fibrosarcoma cells by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), based on its ability to induce tissue factor procoagulant activity in endothelial cells (ECs). The final product migrated as a broad band on reduced and nonreduced SDS-PAGE and had an unique amino-terminal sequence. This meth A-derived polypeptide modulated EC coagulant properties through the induction of tissue factor, induced monocyte migration and tissue factor expression, and was also chemotactic for granulocytes. Injection of the polypeptide into mouse footpads resulted in an inflammatory response with tissue swelling and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. The ability of this mediator to activate ECs and monocytes has led us to name it EMAP II (endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide). EMAP II is distinct from a previously described approximately 40-kDa meth A-derived polypeptide termed EMAP I. Through its potential to activate host effector mechanisms, EMAP II could contribute to the biology of immunogenic tumors, such as the meth A fibrosarcoma.

Redox activation of Fos-Jun DNA binding activity is mediated by a DNA repair enzyme

The DNA binding activity of Fos and Jun is regulated in vitro by a post-translational mechanism involving reduction-oxidation. Redox regulation occurs through a conserved cysteine residue located in the DNA binding domain of Fos and Jun. Reduction of this residue by chemical reducing agents or by a ubiquitous nuclear redox factor (Ref-1) recently purified from Hela cells, stimulates AP-1 DNA binding activity in vitro, whereas oxidation or chemical modification of the cysteine has an inhibitory effect on DNA binding activity. Here we demonstrate that the protein product of the ref-1 gene stimulates the DNA binding activity of Fos-Jun heterodimers, Jun-Jun homodimers and Hela cell AP-1 proteins as well as that of several other transcription factors including NF-kappa B, Myb and members of the ATF/CREB family. Furthermore, immunodepletion analysis indicates that Ref-1 is the major AP-1 redox activity in Hela nuclear extracts. Interestingly, Ref-1 is a bifunctional protein; it also possesses an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease DNA repair activity. However, the redox and DNA repair activities of Ref-1 can, in part, be distinguished biochemically. This study suggests a novel link between transcription factor regulation, oxidative signalling and DNA repair processes in higher eukaryotes.

Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins

Advanced glycosylation end products of proteins (AGEs) are nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins which accumulate in vascular tissue in aging and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. A approximately 35-kDa polypeptide with a unique NH2-terminal sequence has been isolated from bovine lung and found to be present on the surface of endothelial cells where it mediates the binding of AGEs (receptor for advanced glycosylation end product or RAGE). Using an oligonucleotide probe based on the amino-terminal sequence of RAGE, an apparently full-length cDNA of 1.5 kilobases was isolated from a bovine lung cDNA library. This cDNA encoded a 394 amino acid mature protein comprised of the following putative domains: an extracellular domain of 332 amino acids, a single hydrophobic membrane spanning domain of 19 amino acids, and a carboxyl-terminal domain of 43 amino acids. A partial clone encoding the human counterpart of RAGE, isolated from a human lung library, was found to be approximately 90% homologous to the bovine molecule. Based on computer analysis of the amino acid sequence of RAGE and comparison with databases, RAGE is a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules and shares significant homology with MUC 18, NCAM, and the cytoplasmic domain of CD20. Expression of the RAGE cDNA in 293 cells allowed them to bind 125I-AGE-albumin in a saturable and dose-dependent manner (Kd approximately 100 nM), blocked by antibody to RAGE. Western blots of 293 cells transfected with RAGE cDNA probed with anti-RAGE IgG demonstrated expression of immunoreactive protein compared to its absence in mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that RAGE functions as a cell surface receptor for AGEs, which could potentially mediate cellular effects of this class of glycosylated proteins.

Degradation of aspartic acid and asparagine residues in human growth hormone-releasing factor

Products of the degradation of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) in aqueous solutions (15-200 microM) have been isolated and fully characterized. The cleavage product, GRF(4-44)-NH2, and the isomerization product, [beta-Asp3]GRF(1-44)-NH2, from the degradation of GRF(1-44)-NH2 in acidic solution and the corresponding products, GRF(4-29)-NH2 and [beta-Asp3]GRF(1-29)-NH2, from the degradation of GRF(1-29)-NH2 have been isolated and characterized. The products, [beta-Asp8]GRF(1-44)-NH2 and [Asp8]GRF(1-44)-NH2, from the deamidation of GRF(1-44)-NH2 at pH 8.0 and the corresponding products, [beta-Asp8]GRF(1-29)-NH2 and [Asp8]GRF(1-29)-NH2, from the deamidation of GRF(1-29)-NH2 have been isolated and characterized. All the degradation products of GRF(1-44)-NH2 and GRF(1-29)-NH2 were evaluated for biological activity and found to have much lower in vitro potencies than the parent peptides. Degradation occurs at Asp3 and Asn8 and the kinetics of these various transformations versus pH and temperature have been studied. GRF is most stable at pH 4-5. At pH below the pKa of the Asp3 side-chain (pH less than 4), cleavage at Asp3-Ala4 is the major route of degradation. For pH greater than 4, isomerization of Asp3 to beta-Asp3 (iso-Asp3) predominates. The rates of cleavage and isomerization are simple first order and vary with pH, independent of buffer concentration, such that the protonated (COOH) form of Asp3 undergoes cleavage while the ionized (COO-) form isomerizes. The more rapid deamidation of Asn8 to generate beta-Asp8 and Asp8 in about a 4:1 ratio, presumably via a cyclic imide intermediate, occurs at pH greater than or equal to 5 and is general base-catalyzed. Evidence was also obtained for direct hydrolysis of protonated Asn8 in GRF(1-29)-NH2 at pH less than or equal to 2 to give exclusively [Asp8]GRF(1-29)-NH2. The deamidation of Asn8 in GRF(1-29)-NH2 at pH 8.0, 22-55 degrees C, is relatively insensitive to temperature for T less than 37 degrees C, possibly due to conformational constraints. Asp25 and Asn35 are sterically, conformationally, or otherwise hindered with respect to these changes as no degradation at these sites was observed under the conditions employed.

Molecular characterization of interleukin 12

Interleukin 12 (IL-12), formerly known as cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor and natural killer cell stimulatory factor, is a cytokine secreted by a human B lymphoblastoid (NC-37) cell line when induced in culture with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. This factor has been purified to homogeneity and shown to synergize with low concentrations of interleukin 2 in causing the induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells. In addition, purified IL-12 stimulated the proliferation of human phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphoblasts by itself and exerted additive effects when used in combination with suboptimal amounts of interleukin 2. The protein is a heterodimer composed of a 40- and a 35-kDa subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis confirmed predicted sequences from the cloned cDNAs of each subunit. Chemical and enzymatic deglycosylation of the heterodimer demonstrated that the 40- and 35-kDa subunits contain 10 and 20% carbohydrate, respectively. Structural analysis of IL-12 using site-specific chemical modification revealed that intact disulfide bonds are essential for bioactivity. The 40-kDa subunit of IL-12 was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and confirmed by immunoblotting as being present in NC-37 cell supernatant solutions in relatively large amounts uncomplexed to the 35-kDa subunit. Previously it had been shown that the 40-kDa subunit alone does not cause the proliferation of activated human T lymphocytes or enhance the cytolytic activity of human natural killer cells. However, results obtained by site-specific chemical modification suggesting that a tryptophan residue is at or near the active site of IL-12 may imply a direct role of the subunit in interacting with the IL-12 receptor. These data may support the recent proposal (D.P. Gearing and D. Cosman (1991) Cell 66, 9-10) that IL-12 consists of a complex of cytokine and soluble receptor.

Cloning and mutational analysis of the gene encoding subunit C of yeast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase

A DNA fragment containing the gene encoding subunit C of vaculor H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) was cloned from a yeast library. The predicted amino acid sequence indicated that the C subunit consists of 373 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 42,287 Da. The protein from yeast is 37% identical in its amino acid sequence to the C subunit of bovine V-ATPase. The DNA fragment that was cloned in this study contained two additional reading frames. At the 5' end an amino acid sequence that is homologous to Artemia elongation factor 1 was detected. At the 3' end the N-terminal part of a kinesin-like protein was observed. The gene encoding subunit C of the V-ATPase was interrupted, and the resulting mutant could not grow at high pH and was sensitive to low and high Ca2+ concentrations in the growth medium. Transformation of the mutant by a plasmid containing the gene encoding subunit C repaired the phenotype of the mutant. Substitution of more than half of the coding region by a corresponding DNA fragment encoding the bovine subunit C resulted in a phenotype indistinguishable from wild type. Immunological studies with the disruptant mutant revealed that subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme.

Identification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of three insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in porcine serum

Three distinct species of IGFBP in porcine serum were identified by NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The IGFBPs identified include pIGFBP-2 (34 kDa), three isoforms of pIGFBP-3 (43, 40 and 30 kDa) and two isoforms of pIGFBP-4 (30 and 26 kDa). The three isoforms of pIGFBP-3 were found to have a common NH2-terminal amino acid sequence, as were the two isoforms of pIGFBP-4. These results indicate that porcine serum contains a truncated form of IGFBP-3 and two forms of pIGFBP-4, similar to those previously isolated from human and rat serum. Furthermore, the presence of a truncated form(s) of the GH-dependent IGFBP-3 in porcine serum suggests that elucidating its origin and function may be important in understanding how IGFBPs affect the somatogenic actions of GH.