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Robert M. Crafting British medicine in the Empire: the establishment of medical schools in India and Canada, 1763-1837. Med Hist 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38606628 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, medical schools became a growing means of regulating medicine in the British Empire, both in the metropole and in two colonies: India and Canada. By examining the establishment of medical schools in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Quebec City, Montreal and Toronto between the end of the Seven Years' War and the beginning of the Victorian era, this article argues that the rise of the British Empire was a key factor in the gradual replacement of private medical apprenticeships with institutional medical education. Although the imperial state did not implement a uniform medical policy across the British Empire, the medical schools established under its jurisdiction were instrumental in devising a curriculum that emphasised human dissection, bedside training in hospitals and organic chemistry as criteria of medical competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Robert
- Banting Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
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Milot É, Couvrette R, Marthouret B, Caouette M, Beauchamp J. [Points de vue d'adultes vieillissants ayant une déficience intellectuelle à l'égard de leur participation sociale]. Can J Aging 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38602185 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980824000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Au cours du vieillissement, les adultes ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) vivent de nombreux changements susceptibles d'influencer leurs possibilités d'exercer leurs activités quotidiennes et leurs rôles sociaux. Une bonne connaissance de leurs points de vue sur le sujet apparaît cruciale pour mieux adapter l'offre de services à leurs besoins. Cette recherche a pour but de mieux comprendre les points de vue des personnes ayant une DI à l'égard de leurs possibilités de participation sociale à travers l'avancée en âge. Des entrevues individuelles et un atelier participatif ont été réalisés avec des adultes âgés de 40 à 75 ans dans la ville de Québec. L'analyse de leurs propos a permis d'identifier leurs points de vue relatifs à trois thèmes, soit leurs capacités, les possibilités d'exercer leur participation sociale et les soutiens reçus. Pour conclure, des recommandations sont proposées afin que les pratiques soutiennent réellement leur participation sociale à travers l'avancée en âge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élise Milot
- Professeure titulaire à l'École de travail social et de criminologie de l'Université Laval, chercheure régulière au Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS), au Centre de recherche et d'expertise en gérontologie sociale (CREGÉS) et à l'Institut universitaire en déficience intellectuelle et trouble du spectre de l'autisme (IU-DI-TSA), Université Laval, École de travail social et de criminologie. Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, bureau 5444, 1030, av. des Sciences-Humaines, Québec G1V 0A6
| | - Romane Couvrette
- Maîtrise en Travail Social, étudiante au doctorat en travail social, Université Laval, École de travail social et de criminologie. Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, bureau 5444, 1030, av. des Sciences-Humaines, Québec G1V 0A6
| | - Bertille Marthouret
- Étudiante à la maîtrise en travail social, Université Laval, École de travail social et de criminologie. Pavillon Charles-De Koninck, bureau 5444, 1030, av. des Sciences-Humaines, Québec G1V 0A6
| | - Martin Caouette
- Professeur au département de psychoéducation et de travail social de l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières et chercheur régulier au CIRRIS et à l'IU-DI-TSA, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Département de psychoéducation et travail social. 3351, boul. des Forges, (Local 1024 M-S) C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières (Qc), G8Z 4M3
| | - Julie Beauchamp
- Professeure au département de psychiatrie et de neurosciences, Université Laval et chercheure régulière à Vitam - Centre de recherche en santé durable et au CREGÉS, Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6
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Massé J, Grignon S, Vigneault L, Olivier-D'Avignon G, Tremblay MC. Patients' perspectives on their motivations for participating in non-clinical medical teaching and what they gain from their experience: a qualitative study informed by critical theory. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2024; 29:217-243. [PMID: 37382856 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2019-2021, we engaged in a project aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating an educational intervention actively involving patient-teachers in undergraduate medical education at Université Laval, Quebec, Canada. Patient-teachers were invited to participate in small group discussion workshops during which medical students deliberate on legal, ethical, and moral issues arising from medical practice. Patients were expected to bring other perspectives, based on their experience with illness and the healthcare system. Little is still known about patients' perspectives on their participation experience in such context. Informed by critical theory, our qualitative study aims to document,: (i) the motivating factors for patients' participation in our intervention; and (ii) what patients gained from the experience. Data collection was based on 10 semi-structured interviews with patient-teachers. A thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software. Motivators for participation arose from: (i) perceived consistency between patients' individual characteristics and those of the project, and (ii) conceiving the project as a means to reach individual and social goals. What patients gained mainly refers to (1) the appreciation of a positive, enriching, motivating yet uncomfortable and destabilizing experience; (2) a deconstruction of biases against the medical field and critical thinking about their own experience; (3) new knowledge, with a potential impact on their future interactions with the healthcare system. Results reveal patients as non-neutral thinking and knowing subjects, engaged in the participation experience as active teachers and learners. They also highlight the empowering and emancipatory nature of the learning gained through patients' participation experience. These conclusions prompt us to promote transformative interventional approaches that question the pervasive power issues in medical teaching and value patients' specific knowledge in teaching and learning the Art of Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Massé
- Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
- Faculty of nursing, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
- Vitam, Centre de recherche en santé durable, 2480 chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sophie Grignon
- Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Patient-Partner, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Vigneault
- Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Vitam, Centre de recherche en santé durable, 2480 chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Patient-Partner, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Claude Tremblay
- Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
- Vitam, Centre de recherche en santé durable, 2480 chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
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Cimon-Paquet C, Véronneau MH, Mathys C. Beyond the Laws: Parental Monitoring, Perceived Acceptability of Underage Drinking and Alcohol Use Among Belgian Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-01948-1. [PMID: 38418748 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parental monitoring behaviors are negatively associated with adolescent substance use. Yet, the processes explaining these associations are still unclear. The current study examined adolescents' knowledge of minimum legal drinking age laws and their perceived acceptability of underage drinking as potential mediators of the links between parental monitoring behaviors and youth alcohol use. The sample included 1154 Belgian adolescents (Mage = 16.34, SD = 1.33; 71% girls), who were recruited in Wallonia (54.9%) and in Flanders (45.1%). Path analyses revealed that higher parental rule setting, but not solicitation, was related to lower alcohol use. Acceptability of underage drinking mediated this link, but not knowledge of the laws. Results suggest that beyond laws regulating the minimum legal drinking age, alcohol use prevention programs should consider the importance of parental rule setting and youth's perceived acceptability of underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cécile Mathys
- Department of Criminology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Harris-Glenville F, Cloos P. "I think they should give primary health care a little more priority". The primary health care in Caribbean SIDS: what can be said about adaptation to the changing climate? The case of Dominica- a qualitative study. BMC Prim Care 2024; 25:65. [PMID: 38388362 PMCID: PMC10882746 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to climate change (CC) is a priority for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Caribbean, as these countries and territories are particularly vulnerable to climate-related events. Primary health care (PHC) is an important contributor to CC adaptation. However, knowledge on how PHC is prepared for CC in Caribbean SIDS is very limited. The aim of this paper is to discuss health system adaptation to climate change, with a focus on PHC. METHODS We explored the perspectives of PHC professionals in Dominica on PHC adaptation to climate change. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in each of the seven health districts in Dominica, a Caribbean SIDS, between November 2021 and January 2022. The semi-structured interview guide was based on the Essential Public Health Functions: assessment, access to health care services, policy development and resource allocation. Data coding was organized accordingly. RESULTS Findings suggest that health care providers perceive climate change as contributing to an increase in NCDs and mental health problems. Climate-related events create barriers to care and exacerbate the chronic deficiencies within the health system, especially in the absence of high-level policy support. Healthcare providers need to take a holistic view of health and act accordingly in terms of disease prevention and health promotion, epidemiological surveillance, and ensuring the widest possible access to healthcare, with a particular focus on the environmental and social determinants of vulnerability. CONCLUSION The primary health care system is a key stakeholder in the design and operationalization of adaptation and transformative resilience. The Essential Public Health Functions should integrate social and climate and other environmental determinants of health to guide primary care activities to protect the health of communities. This study highlights the need for improved research on the linkages between climate events and health outcomes, surveillance, and development of plans informed by contextual knowledge in the SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Harris-Glenville
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, The University of the West Indies (Mona campus), Kingston, Jamaica.
| | - Patrick Cloos
- School of Social Work and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (School of Public Health); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
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Montiel C, Mishara BL. Evaluation of the outcomes of the Quebec provincial suicide prevention gatekeeper training on knowledge, recognition of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help, and helping behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024; 54:108-121. [PMID: 37987534 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gatekeeper (GK) training is a suicide prevention strategy in which community members learn to identify individuals at risk of suicide and refer them for appropriate help. Despite its widespread use, few studies have investigated its effects, including changes in helping behaviors. AIMS To assess the impact of GK training on participants' knowledge, recognition of the influence of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help and helping behaviors, and to identify variables associated with GK behaviors. METHODS Mixed linear effects and forward stepwise logistic regressions were used to analyze data from 159 participants receiving the Quebec Provincial GK Training program offered by five different suicide prevention centers using pretest, posttest and 6-month follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS Participants' knowledge of the GK role and suicide prevention, intention to help, self-efficacy, knowledge of services, and recognition of the influence of attitudes significantly increased following training. Most changes decreased at follow-up but remained higher than at pretest. Lower levels of education and higher intention to help were significant predictors of engaging in helping behaviors in the first 6 months after receiving training. CONCLUSIONS The Quebec GK training appears to be effective in preparing participants for their role but does not appear to significantly increase helping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Montiel
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-life Practices (CRISE), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian L Mishara
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-life Practices (CRISE), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Byers-Heinlein K, Gonzalez-Barrero AM, Schott E, Killam H. Sometimes larger, sometimes smaller: Measuring vocabulary in monolingual and bilingual infants and toddlers. First Lang 2024; 44:74-95. [PMID: 38283538 PMCID: PMC10810733 DOI: 10.1177/01427237231204167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Vocabulary size is a crucial early indicator of language development, for both monolingual and bilingual children. Assessing vocabulary in bilingual children is complex because they learn words in two languages, and there remains significant controversy about how to best measure their vocabulary size, especially in relation to monolinguals. This study compared monolingual vocabulary with different metrics of bilingual vocabulary, including combining vocabulary across languages to count either the number of words or the number of concepts lexicalized and assessing vocabulary in a single language. Data were collected from parents of 743 infants and toddlers aged 8-33 months learning French and/or English, using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. The results showed that the nature and magnitude of monolingual-bilingual differences depended on how bilinguals' vocabulary was measured. Compared with monolinguals, bilinguals had larger expressive and receptive word vocabularies, similarly sized receptive concept vocabularies and smaller expressive concept vocabularies. Bilinguals' single-language vocabularies were smaller than monolinguals' vocabularies. The study highlights the need to better understand the role of translation equivalents in bilingual vocabulary development and the potential developmental differences in receptive and expressive vocabularies.
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Guyon R, Fernet M, Couture S, Tardif M, Cousineau MM, Godbout N. "Finding My Worth as a Sexual Being": A Qualitative Gender Analysis of Sexual Self-Concept and Coping in Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Arch Sex Behav 2024; 53:341-357. [PMID: 37747584 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is likely to have impacts on adult survivors' sexuality, particularly on their sexual self-concept. However, little is known about how survivors cope with CSA-related sexual impacts, including sexual self-concept impairments. Thus, this study aimed to examine the interplay between sexual self-concept and coping strategies in CSA survivors by (1) documenting the manifestations of their impaired sexual self-concepts; (2) identifying their strategies to cope with the sexual impacts of CSA; and (3) examining gender differences on sexual self-concept impairments and coping strategies. Content analysis was conducted on semi-structured interviews with 25 women and 26 men adult survivors of CSA recruited via social networks and victim support organizations. Analyses yielded three conceptual categories: (1) Developing an unconsolidated and unfavorable sexual self-concept following CSA; (2) Avoiding CSA-related sexual impacts and impaired sexual self-concept; (3) Approaching CSA-related sexual impacts with more authenticity. Men often managed their suffering and compensated for their impaired sexual self-concept by engaging in sexual dominance and over-investment, by accepting their sexual difficulties and relying on medication to overcome them. Women tended to restrict themselves and disconnect sexually to avoid suffering, complied with their partners' sexual demands out of a sense of duty, prioritized sexual intimacy over orgasm, and seek professional help. Interventions with survivors should promote the development of approach strategies to cope with sexual difficulties, including self-concept impairments, and foster sexual authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Guyon
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mylène Fernet
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Couture
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Monique Tardif
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Natacha Godbout
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Trépanier SG, Peterson C, Fernet C, Austin S. How tyrannical leadership relates to workplace bullying and turnover intention over time: The role of coworker support. Scand J Psychol 2023. [PMID: 38140777 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In light of the deleterious consequences associated with workplace bullying, it is important to identify the work-related factors that can contribute to the presence of bullying behaviors over time. Up to now, most research on the topic has investigated job characteristics (presence of job demands, absence of job resources) as contributing factors of workplace bullying. Given the key role leadership plays in shaping employees' work environment, this study aims to better understand how harmful forms of leadership relate to bullying behaviors over time and, subsequently, to employee functioning. METHODS More specifically, this longitudinal study (two data collections over a 3-month period) conducted among a sample of Canadian employees (T1 n = 600, T2 n = 422) assesses the temporal relationship between tyrannical leadership, exposure to bullying behaviors, and turnover intention, as well as the moderating role of perceived coworker support in the relationship between tyrannical leadership and bullying behaviors. RESULTS Results from cross-lagged analyses show that, controlling for baseline effects, T1 tyrannical leadership positively predicts T2 exposure to bullying behaviors and that T1 bullying behaviors positively predict T2 turnover intention. T1 coworker support did not significantly buffer the relationship between T1 tyrannical leadership and T2 exposure to bullying behaviors, although it did significantly predict, negatively so, T2 turnover intention. CONCLUSION The present study provides valuable insight into the social contextual determinants of bullying behaviors and highlights the destructive nature of tyrannical leadership. Furthermore, this study illustrates the importance of fostering supportive behaviors between colleagues, as this important social resource can play a key role in reducing turnover intention over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Geneviève Trépanier
- Department of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clayton Peterson
- Department of Philosophy and Arts, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Fernet
- Department of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Austin
- Department of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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Deslauriers F, Léger C, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. Do Canadians have favourable attitudes towards reintroducing mask mandates? Can J Public Health 2023; 114:1017-1018. [PMID: 37566170 PMCID: PMC10661676 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Deslauriers
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Léger
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Descary G, Dupéré V, T Hebert S, Schoon I. Is Academic Agency Relevant for the School-to-Work Transition of Lower Attainers? Evidence from Canada and England. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2509-2525. [PMID: 37620684 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Academic agency is recognized as an important predictor of higher education attainment among the general population during the school-to-work transition. However, there is little evidence on whether (a) academic agency is associated with higher education attainment among young people facing education difficulties (i.e., lower attainers), (b) academic agency is associated with a smooth entry in a meaningful job among lower attainers, and (c) these associations vary across educational contexts. This study draws on longitudinal data from lower attainers in the province of Québec (Mage = 16.31, SD = 0.98; 48% females) and in England (Mage = 15.86, SD = 0.72; 42% females), two regions with similar education systems, yet different vocational training provision. In both samples, fewer than one in four participants reach higher education by age 20. Also, in both countries academic agency is associated with a greater likelihood of being in higher education compared to other employment and education outcomes at age 20, but not with rapid entry into meaningful employment. Thus, focussing on higher education attainment and academic-related factors such as academic agency is of limited relevance for understanding lower attainers' success over school-to work transitions. For them, understanding this transition also requires considering rapid entry in meaningful employment, as well as non-academic forms of agency supporting such work-oriented outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Descary
- École de psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3J3, Canada.
| | - Véronique Dupéré
- École de psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3J3, Canada.
| | - Sophie T Hebert
- Institut universitaire Jeunes en difficulté (IUJD), 1001 Boul. de Maisonneuve E, Montréal, H2L 4R5, Canada.
| | - Ingrid Schoon
- Institute of Education, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0AL, UK.
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Li S, Zheng J, Lajoie SP, Li H, Pu D, Wu H. The Relationship Between Self-Regulated Learning Competency and Clinical Reasoning Tendency in Medical Students. Med Sci Educ 2023; 33:1335-1345. [PMID: 38188392 PMCID: PMC10767173 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-023-01909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Self-regulated learning (SRL) is essential to professional learning and practice across disciplines. However, the literature provides limited insights into how medical educators could leverage the SRL framework to support trainees' strategic processes in clinical reasoning activities. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SRL competency and clinical reasoning tendency as 64 medical students diagnosed a virtual patient in a computer-simulated environment. We further examined whether students with different profiles of SRL competency and clinical reasoning tendency differed in their behavioral patterns and performance. The results suggested that SRL competency positively predicted clinical reasoning tendency. Enhancing medical students' SRL competency, especially their self-reflection skills, could increase the tendency toward relying on an analytic approach to clinical reasoning. Moreover, we identified two groups of students (i.e., analytic SRL learners, and non-analytic, low SRL learners) using K-means clustering analysis. The two groups of students differed in their behavioral patterns in clinical reasoning, as revealed by lag sequential analysis. Furthermore, analytic SRL learners ordered more relevant lab tests than non-analytic low SRL learners in clinical reasoning. This study has methodological and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Health/College of Education, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Juan Zheng
- College of Education, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA USA
| | - Susanne P. Lajoie
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Haichao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Office of Education, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Medical Education/National Center for Health Professions Education Development, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xueyuan road, Beijing, 100191 China
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Gilbert W, Bureau JS, Diallo A, Morin AJS, Guay F. Undergraduate students' motivational profiles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of educational climate and trait self-control. Br J Educ Psychol 2023; 93:1188-1206. [PMID: 37407288 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universities faced important and sudden changes following the lockdown measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional educational practices were disrupted as campuses were closed while distance learning was hastily adopted. AIMS This study documents the evolution of university students' autonomous and controlled motivation for their studies following campus closures by relying on a person-centred perspective. More specifically, it examines motivation profiles and their temporal stability across two time points taken before and during the pandemic, while also considering the role of educational climate, trait self-control and control variables (sex and age) as predictors of profile membership. SAMPLE A total of 1940 university students participated in this study by responding to online questionnaires at two time points, before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the pandemic. METHODS We relied on latent profile and latent transition analyses to estimate motivation profiles, their temporal stability and their predictors. RESULTS A four-profile solution (Self-Determined, Moderately Motivated, Extrinsically Motivated, Amotivated) was selected and replicated at both time points. We observed a low degree of variability in profile membership over time, especially for the Amotivated profile. A need-supportive educational climate and trait self-control consistently predicted a greater likelihood of membership into more adaptative profiles (Self-Determined, Moderately Motivated). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic did not drastically change the motivational profiles of university students. Nevertheless, educational climate and self-control appeared to 'protect' students against the endorsement of more problematic motivation profiles both before and during the pandemic, making them important targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilbert
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien S Bureau
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Abdoul Diallo
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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14
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Mongrain P. Suspicious Minds: Unexpected Election Outcomes, Perceived Electoral Integrity and Satisfaction With Democracy in American Presidential Elections. Polit Res Q 2023; 76:1589-1603. [PMID: 37916035 PMCID: PMC10615620 DOI: 10.1177/10659129231166679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A great amount of research has noted the existence of a gap between election winners and losers in relation to perceptions of electoral fairness and satisfaction with democracy. One aspect of the winner-loser gap that has been overlooked is the impact of citizens' expectations about election outcomes on these attitudes. More precisely, how do citizens react to unexpected defeats and victories? Are individuals on the losing side less critical of the electoral process or dissatisfied with democracy when they recognize beforehand that their favourite party or candidate was likely to be defeated? Does experiencing a surprise victory lead to a boost in perceived electoral integrity or democratic satisfaction? To answer these questions, I use data from the 1996, 2000, 2004, 2012, 2016 and 2020 ANES. While there is little evidence that expectations exert a major influence on post-election attitudes, outcome unexpectedness seems to have decreased confidence in the vote counting process among losers, independents and even winners in the 2020 election. The results show the considerable influence that fraud claims and conspiracy theories can have on public opinion when elected officials and candidates push a consistent story line of electoral malfeasance and corruption in an effort to denigrate political opponents.
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15
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Brault MC, Degroote E, Van Houtte M. Disparities in the prevalence of ADHD diagnoses, suspicion, and medication use between Flanders and Québec from the lens of the medicalization process. Health (London) 2023; 27:958-979. [PMID: 37855125 PMCID: PMC10588264 DOI: 10.1177/13634593221093492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnoses and medication use has increased over time around the world, but significant regional differences remain. This paper aims to determine and explain disparities in ADHD prevalence and medication use among school-aged children in two distinct school systems, in Flanders (Belgium) and Québec (Canada). We present detailed descriptive and comparative analyses of data from 35 schools, 114 teachers, and 1046 parents (children) that were collected as part of a comparative international project. The data concern teacher and parent suspicions, teachers' ratings of ADHD-related behaviors in children, teachers' views of medication use, and teachers' beliefs about ADHD. The results show that, compared with Flanders, Québec had significantly more children diagnosed with ADHD and more frequent suspicions of ADHD in children by teachers and parents. We refer to the conceptual, institutional, and interactional levels of medicalization to interpret our findings and conclude that social and cultural readings of children's behaviors differ greatly between regions. Medicalization of children's behaviors is more common in Québec than in Flanders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Degroote
- Department of Sociology, CuDOS, Ghent University, Belgium
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16
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Deslauriers F, Gosselin-Boucher V, Léger C, Vieira AM, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL. The impact of COVID-19 on the lives of Canadians with and without non-communicable chronic diseases: results from the iCARE Study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2106. [PMID: 37884921 PMCID: PMC10604733 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and its prevention policies have taken a toll on Canadians, and certain subgroups may have been disproportionately affected, including those with non-communicable diseases (NCDs; e.g., heart and lung disease) due to their risk of COVID-19 complications and women due to excess domestic workload associated with traditional caregiver roles during the pandemic. AIMS/OBJECTIVES We investigated the impacts of COVID-19 on mental health, lifestyle habits, and access to healthcare among Canadians with NCDs compared to those without, and the extent to which women with NCDs were disproportionately affected. METHODS As part of the iCARE study ( www.icarestudy.com ), data from eight cross-sectional Canadian representative samples (total n = 24,028) was collected via online surveys between June 4, 2020 to February 2, 2022 and analyzed using general linear models. RESULTS A total of 45.6% (n = 10,570) of survey respondents indicated having at least one physician-diagnosed NCD, the most common of which were hypertension (24.3%), chronic lung disease (13.3%) and diabetes (12.0%). In fully adjusted models, those with NCDs were 1.18-1.24 times more likely to report feeling lonely, irritable/frustrated, and angry 'to a great extent' compared to those without (p's < 0.001). Similarly, those with NCDs were 1.22-1.24 times more likely to report worse eating and drinking habits and cancelling medical appointments/avoiding the emergency department compared to those without (p's < 0.001). Moreover, although there were no sex differences in access to medical care, women with NCDs were more likely to report feeling anxious and depressed, and report drinking less alcohol, compared to men with NCDs (p's < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results suggest that people with NCDs in general and women in general have been disproportionately more impacted by the pandemic, and that women with NCDs have suffered greater psychological distress (i.e., feeling anxious, depressed) compared to men, and men with NCDs reported having increased their alcohol consumption more since the start of COVID-19 compared to women. Findings point to potential intervention targets among people with NCDs (e.g., prioritizing access to medical care during a pandemic, increasing social support for this population and mental health support).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Deslauriers
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord- de- l'Ile- de- Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Camille Léger
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord- de- l'Ile- de- Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariany Marques Vieira
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord- de- l'Ile- de- Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord- de- l'Ile- de- Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord- de- l'Ile- de- Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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17
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File D, File B, Bőthe B, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Investigating mental representations of psychoactive substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors using a data driven network-based clustering method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287564. [PMID: 37856517 PMCID: PMC10586681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of the present study was to examine the mental representations of the use of different substances and other potentially addictive behaviors in order to explore meaningful similarities and differences that may contribute to a better understanding of behavioral addictions' representations and diagnostic criteria. METHODS The authors mapped the mental and emotional representations of 661 participants (70.5% women; Mage = 35.2 years, SD = 11.7) to the concept "your most disturbing excessive activity" using free-word associations combined with a network-based clustering method. RESULTS The network analyses identified four distinct mental representations, three implicating dominantly negative (Guilt/Shame/Relief, Addiction/Health, and Procrastination/Boredom) and one dominantly positive emotion (Stress/Relaxation). The distribution of Addiction/Health and Procrastination/Boredom representations were different across substance use and problem behaviors, indicating meaningful differences in the underlying cognitive evaluation processes. The Addiction/Health representation was more frequent for substances, while for other addictive behaviors, the Procrastination/Boredom representation was more frequent, and its frequency increased with the self-reported intensity of the behavior. Guilt/Shame/Relief was equally common for both substances and behaviors, but importantly, for substances its' likelihood increased with the intensity of use. CONCLUSION The common part of representations for substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors supports the scientific viewpoint, that real addictions can exist even in the absence of psychoactive drugs. Based on the results, a novel proposition is posited, that a more appropriate indicator of tolerance for problem behaviors might be the perceived amount of time wasted on the activity rather than the actual time spent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos File
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint File
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
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18
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Dufour R, Breton É, Morin AJS, Côté SM, Dubois L, Vitaro F, Boivin M, Tremblay RE, Booij L. Childhood hyperactivity, eating behaviours, and executive functions: Their association with the development of eating-disorder symptoms in adolescence. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:183. [PMID: 37833803 PMCID: PMC10571422 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have shown that hyperactivity and impaired executive functioning are associated with symptoms of eating disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Whether hyperactivity and executive functions in early life can prospectively predict the emergence of eating disorder symptoms in adolescence remains unknown. The present study relies on a longitudinal design to investigate how hyperactivity at age 3, eating behaviours at age 3.5 and cognition at ages 3-6 were associated with the development of eating-disorder symptoms from 12 to 20 years old. METHODS Using archival data collected since 1997 from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development cohort (N = 2, 223), we used Latent Curve Models to analyse predictors of youth's trajectories of eating-disorder symptoms at four timepoints. RESULTS A quadratic (curvilinear) trajectory of eating-disorder symptoms was found to be most representative of the data. Higher hyperactivity at age 3 was associated with higher levels of eating-disorder symptoms at age 12, and this association was partially mediated by higher levels of overeating and cognitive inflexibility in childhood. Cognitive inflexibility in childhood also mediated the association between hyperactivity at age 3 and increases in eating-disorder symptoms during adolescence. Furthermore, working memory was indirectly related to eating-disorder symptoms via the mediational role of cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Hyperactivity, overeating, cognitive inflexibility, and working memory early in life might precede the onset of eating-disorder symptoms in adolescence. Early behavioural and cognitive screening may help to identify children who are most at risk for eating disorders. This, in turn, could guide preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dufour
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- Research centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Édith Breton
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sylvana M Côté
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lise Dubois
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Department of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Research centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal West Island Integrated University Health and Social Service Centre, 6603-05 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Gamache D, Maheux-Caron V, Théberge D, Côté A, Rancourt MA, Hétu S, Savard C. Revisiting the vulnerable dark triad hypothesis using a bifactor model. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:679-692. [PMID: 37096738 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Miller et al. (2010) previously suggested that borderline pathology, vulnerable narcissism, and Factor 2 psychopathy share a common "Vulnerable Dark Triad" (VDT) core. The present study (N = 1,023 community participants) aims to test that hypothesis using exploratory and confirmatory bifactor analyses. We found support for a bifactor model that obtained satisfactory fits and other adequate validity indices, which included a general VDT factor and three group factors (Reckless, Entitled, Hiding). The general VDT factor was mostly saturated with borderline symptoms items reflecting self-hatred and worthlessness, which did not form a group factor; these results add to previous research suggesting that features of borderline pathology may represent the core of personality pathology. The three group factors had distinctive relationships with Dark Triad traits, pathological trait domains, and aggression. In contrast with the three group factors, the general VDT factor more strongly incremented the prediction of negative affectivity and hostility; the group factors more strongly incremented the prediction of grandiosity, egocentrism, callousness, Machiavellianism, and direct (physical/verbal) aggression. Alignment of the retained bifactor model with influent models of personality pathology and conceptual/methodological implications of the present results for research on the hypothesized VDT are discussed, as well as some clinical implications of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick Gamache
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Maheux-Caron
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - David Théberge
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Côté
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Anne Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Hétu
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Savard
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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20
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Couture S, Fernet M, Hébert M, Guyon R, Lévesque S, Paradis A. "I Just Want to Feel Good Without Making You Feel Bad": Sexual Assertiveness Negotiation in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:3063-3079. [PMID: 37535265 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assertiveness is often conceptualized as an individual's ability to express one's own sexual needs, desires, and limits. Given that sexual assertiveness is embedded in interactions and can affect not only both partners' sexual well-being but also relationship satisfaction, dyadic approaches are needed to investigate sexual assertiveness negotiation within adolescent romantic relationships. This qualitative study aimed to document adolescents' ability to negotiate their sexual needs, desires, and limits with their partners during interactions where they discussed their sexual concerns. A directed content analysis, based on the life positions of the transactional analysis theory, was conducted on the interactions of 40 adolescent romantic dyads aged 14-19 years (M = 16.65; SD = 1.49). The results revealed four categories of strategies: (1) mutual assertiveness: negotiation of one's own sexual needs, desires, and limits with those of the partner; (2) singular passiveness: repression of one's own sexual needs, desires, and limits to privilege those of the partner; (3) singular aggressiveness: prioritization of one's own sexual needs, desires, and limits over those of the partner; and (4) mutual lack of negotiation skills: neglecting both partners' sexual needs, desires, and limits. Among other things, adolescents' ability to be sexually assertive was hindered by anticipations, including assumptions leading to disregarding one's own sexual needs, desires, and limits or fearing to ignore the partner's. To promote mutually rewarding sexual activities and prevent sexual violence, sexual education initiatives should support adolescents' ability to assertively negotiate their sexuality with their partner and avoid passiveness, aggressiveness, and lack of negotiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Couture
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mylène Fernet
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martine Hébert
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxanne Guyon
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lévesque
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alison Paradis
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Boucher VG, Haight BL, Léger C, Deslauriers F, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL, Puterman EM. Canadian healthcare workers' mental health and health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from nine representative samples between April 2020 and February 2022. Can J Public Health 2023; 114:823-839. [PMID: 37548891 PMCID: PMC10485207 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the context of COVID-19, Canadian healthcare workers (HCWs) worked long hours, both to respond to the pandemic and to compensate for colleagues who were not able to work due to infection and burnout. This may have had detrimental effects on HCWs' mental health, as well as engagement in health-promoting behaviours. This study aimed to identify changes in mental health outcomes and health behaviours experienced by Canadian HCWs throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Nine representative samples (Ntotal = 1615 HCWs) completed the iCARE survey using an online polling firm between April 2020 (Time 1) and February 2022 (Time 9). Participants were asked about the psychological effects of COVID-19 (e.g., feeling anxious) and about changes in their health behaviours (e.g., alcohol use, physical activity). RESULTS A majority of the HCWs identified as female (65%), were younger than 44 years old (66%), and had a university degree (55%). Female HCWs were more likely than male HCWs to report feeling anxious (OR = 2.68 [1.75, 4.12]), depressed (OR = 1.63 [1.02, 2.59]), and irritable (OR = 1.61 [1.08, 2.40]) throughout the first two years of the pandemic. Female HCWs were more likely than their male counterparts to report eating more unhealthy diets (OR = 1.54 [1.02, 2.31]). Significant differences were also revealed by age, education level, income, parental status, health status, and over time. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that the impacts of COVID-19 on HCWs' mental health and health behaviours were significant, and varied by sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., sex, age, income).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brook L Haight
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Camille Léger
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédérique Deslauriers
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kim L Lavoie
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Centre Intégré Universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eli M Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Morin MH, Proulx M. Tracking Needs-Based Community and Specialized Services of Young Adults and Their Parents Before and During a First Episode of Psychosis (FEP): Highlighting Intervention Trajectories in FEP. Health Serv Insights 2023; 16:11786329231200707. [PMID: 37791139 PMCID: PMC10542222 DOI: 10.1177/11786329231200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This article aims to document 10 service trajectories of young adults (YA) and their parents, informed by healthcare professionals (HP), before and during a first episode of psychosis (FEP). Design Based on a crisis model perspective of the Life Course Theory (Elder; Elder and Shanahan) developed by Carpentier and White, and adapted to the current context to track community and specialized services trajectories. Thematic analysis was used to code responses to open-ended questions around the need for help and accessing services by young adults affected by a psychotic disorder, and their parents. Setting In collaboration with FEP clinics, setting of choice by YA and their parents. Participants 5 YA, 12 parents, and 6 HP. Results 10 individual service trajectories grouped into 3 distinct types of trajectories (optimal, typical, and complex) based on grouping 5 similar characteristics, highlighting service access complexity and early intervention in FEP. Conclusion This study is the first of its kind to examine the experiences of those who seek needs-based community and specialized services leading up to and during a FEP. Findings provide key insights related to early intervention in FEP and recommendations on improving access to such services in Quebec.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryse Proulx
- Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
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23
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Bourkas S, Achille M. The psychosocial adjustment of kidney recipients across donation contexts. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1011-1023. [PMID: 36688379 PMCID: PMC10492421 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221149780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate kidney recipients' experiences within deceased and living donation contexts and, in the latter, by donor relationship type, to identify differences by context and mechanisms by which the relationship with the donor may impact recipients' psychosocial well-being. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 participants and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three themes emerged: (a) salience of and sensitivity toward sacrifice and loss, (b) honoring the sacrifice by honoring the gift, and (c) relational imbalance mirroring perceived burden of donation. Findings were contextualized in relation to the transplantation literature, and their clinical implications discussed.
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Harvey JF, Cromwell JR, Johnson KJ, Edmondson AC. The Dynamics of Team Learning: Harmony and Rhythm in Teamwork Arrangements for Innovation. Adm Sci Q 2023; 68:601-647. [PMID: 37560020 PMCID: PMC10406573 DOI: 10.1177/00018392231166635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Innovation teams must navigate inherent tensions between different learning activities to produce high levels of performance. Yet, we know little about how teams combine these activities-notably reflexive, experimental, vicarious, and contextual learning-most effectively over time. In this article, we integrate research on teamwork episodes with insights from music theory to develop a new theoretical perspective on team dynamics, which explains how team activities can produce harmony, dissonance, or rhythm in teamwork arrangements that lead to either positive or negative effects on overall performance. We first tested our theory in a field study using longitudinal data from 102 innovation teams at a Fortune Global 500 company; then, we replicated and elaborated our theory in a study of 61 MBA project teams at an elite North American university. Results show that some learning activities can occur within the same teamwork episode to have harmonious positive effects on team performance, while other activities combine to have dissonant negative effects when occurring in the same episode. We argue that dissonant activities must be spread across teamwork episodes to help teams achieve a positive rhythm of team learning over time. Our findings contribute to theory on team dynamics, team learning, and ambidexterity.
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Boisvert S, Poulin F, Dion J. Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Established Adulthood. Emerg Adulthood 2023; 11:947-958. [PMID: 37456135 PMCID: PMC10345993 DOI: 10.1177/21676968231174083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This 15-year longitudinal study investigated with follow-up data how romantic patterns from ages 16 to 24 are associated with romantic involvement and turnover (ages 25-30), romantic dispositions (age 30) and romantic relationships characteristics (age 30). A sample of 255 individuals (60.8% women) identified all their romantic partners between the ages of 16 and 24. Between ages 25 and 30, participants identified all their romantic partners and the length of each relationship. At age 30, they also completed a series of questionnaires regarding romantic dispositions and if it applied, characteristics of their current romantic relationship. Results indicated continuity in the romantic sphere from adolescence to established adulthood. At age 30, romantic patterns were associated with: avoidance of intimacy, jealousy, global romantic satisfaction, relationship status and the duration of the current romantic relationship. Together, these results bring new information on romantic development from adolescence to established adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boisvert
- Department of Health Local H5-1330, UQAC-Cégep de Jonquière’s Chair on Youth’s Lives and Health, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - François Poulin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Q, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Local H5-1330, UQAC-Cégep de Jonquière’s Chair on Youth’s Lives and Health, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
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Costes JM, Kairouz S, Fiedler I, Bartczuk RP, Lelonkek-Kuleta B, Minutillo A, Notari L. Online Gambling Practices and Related Problems in Five European Countries: Findings from the Electronic Gam(bl)ing Multinational Empirical Survey (E-GAMES) Project. J Gambl Stud 2023:10.1007/s10899-023-10229-8. [PMID: 37466781 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Online gambling has demonstrated a significant and growing impact on overall gambling involvement. To examine online gambling practices and associated problems, we conducted surveys with national samples of Internet users in several European countries. The objective of this paper is to provide a portrait of online gambling practices and problems in five European countries (i.e., France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Poland) with different online gambling regulatory systems. This paper is the first presenting national comparisons of online gambling practices. Participants reported on their gameplay patterns, demographic characteristics, gambling-related problems, gambling frequency, average spending on different online gambling activities, and offline gambling participation over the past 12 months. The Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to assess the severity of gambling problems in relation to online gambling (Ferris & Wynne, 2001 in The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2001). Pairwise logistic regressions examined the association between problem gambling and sociodemographic variables as well as gambling patterns and problem gambling. In all countries except Italy, the most popular online gambling activity was lotteries with nearly three quarters of participants reporting participation. The prevalence of at-risk and problem gambling was high in all countries with Poland reporting the highest prevalence and Switzerland the lowest. Gamblers who participated in gambling activities other than lottery were more likely to experience gambling-related problems. The rates in the present study are well above the levels usually found in surveys. High online gambling frequency, high spending, and participation in multiple online gambling activities were significantly associated with experiencing gambling-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Costes
- Research Chair on Gambling Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvia Kairouz
- Research Chair on Gambling Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Office S-H 1125-31, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - Ingo Fiedler
- Research Chair on Gambling Studies, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rafal P Bartczuk
- Department of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Luca Notari
- Research Institute, Addiction Switzerland, Vaud, Switzerland
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Bolduc G, Angleraux C. Claude Bernard's non reception of Darwinism. Hist Philos Life Sci 2023; 45:29. [PMID: 37382672 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain why, while Charles Darwin was well recognized as a scientific leader of his time, Claude Bernard never really regarded Darwinism as a scientific theory. The lukewarm reception of Darwin at the Académie des Sciences of Paris and his nomination to a chair only after 8 years contrasts with his prominence, and Bernard's attitude towards Darwin's theory of species evolution belongs to this French context. Yet we argue that Bernard rejects the scientific value of Darwinian principles mainly for epistemological reasons. Like Darwin, Bernard was interested in hereditary processes, and planned to conduct experiments on these processes that could lead to species transformation. But the potential creation of new forms of life would not vindicate Darwinism since biologists can only explain the origin of morphotypes and morphological laws by the means of untestable analogies. Because it can be the object neither of experiments nor of any empirical observation, phylogeny remains out of science's scope. Around 1878 Bernard foresaw a new general physiology based on the study of protoplasm, which he saw as the agent of all basic living phenomena. We will analyze why Bernard regarded Darwinism as part of metaphysics, yet still referred to Darwinians in his latter works in 1878. Basically, the absence of a scientific reception of Darwinism in Bernard's work should not obscure its philosophical reception, which highlights the main principles of Bernard's epistemology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghyslain Bolduc
- Edouard-Montpetit College, Longueuil, Canada.
- Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Caroline Angleraux
- iBrain U1253, Tours, France
- Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques, 13, rue du Four, 75006, Paris, France
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Lefrançois M, Sultan-Taïeb H, Webb J, Gervais MJ, Messing K, Blanchette-Luong V, Riel J, Saint-Charles J, Faust R, Vaillancourt C, Fillion M, Laberge M. How to carry out participatory research that takes account of sex and gender issues: a scoping review of guidelines targeting health inequities. Can J Public Health 2023; 114:404-421. [PMID: 36752980 PMCID: PMC10283498 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conducting participatory research (PR) aimed at improving health implies considering inequitable power relations, including those related to sex/gender (S/G). This necessitates specific skills and methods and may be challenging especially since guidelines are scarce. Our objective was to perform a scoping review to provide a typology of existing guidelines for researchers on how to take account of S/G in the context of PR in public health, with a focus on occupational and environmental health. METHODS All steps of the research were conducted with the collaboration of an advisory committee, following PR principles. Nineteen documents were retained from 513 references identified in nine scientific databases and grey literature between 2000 and 2020. Data on recommendations were extracted and coded qualitatively. Cluster analysis based on similarities in recommendations proposed in the documents identified four types: (1) empowerment-centered; (2) concrete action-centered; (3) macrosystem-centered; and (4) stakeholder-centered. SYNTHESIS Many sources gave pointers on how to include S/G during data collection and analysis or during the dissemination of findings, but there was a dearth of suggestions for building partnerships with stakeholders and producing sustainable S/G sociopolitical transformations. Occupational health PR showed less similarities with other public health subfields including environmental health PR. Power relationships with workplace stakeholders generated specific obstacles related to S/G integration that require further attention. Intersectionality and reflexive practices emerged as overarching themes. CONCLUSION This review provides helpful guidelines to researchers at different stages of planning PR, ranging from familiarizing themselves with S/G approaches to anticipating difficulties in their ongoing S/G-transformative PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lefrançois
- School of Management (ESG-UQAM), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Hélène Sultan-Taïeb
- School of Management (ESG-UQAM), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jena Webb
- CoPEH-Canada (Canadian Community of Practice in Ecosystem Approaches to Health), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu-Joël Gervais
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Messing
- Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jessica Riel
- School of Management (ESG-UQAM), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Saint-Charles
- Faculty of Communication, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rachel Faust
- School of Management (ESG-UQAM), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Fillion
- Department of Science and Technology, Université TÉLUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Laberge
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montreal, Ste-Justine UHC Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Potvin P, Chastenay P, Thibault F, Riopel M, Ahr E, Brault Foisy LM. An understanding of falling bodies across schooling and experience based on the conceptual prevalence framework. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res 2023; 5:8. [PMID: 37305217 PMCID: PMC10249391 DOI: 10.1186/s43031-023-00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a study conducted online with 953 participants of varying levels of education and, when applicable, science/physics teaching experience. These participants were asked to solve a cognitive task in which many different pairs of objects were presented and to identify which, if any, would touch the ground first when dropped (in atmospheric or non-atmospheric environments). Recorded accuracies and response times allowed us to conduct an analysis based on the conceptual prevalence framework, which posits that the coexistence of conceptual and/or misconceptual resources can produce interference in response production. The results show that the influence of some of them decreases or, more surprisingly, increases with training. In fact, secondary and college physics teachers seem to cultivate some of them, and most likely have contributed to their spread. The implications for teaching and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Potvin
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Pierre Chastenay
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - François Thibault
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Martin Riopel
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Ahr
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Lorie-Marlène Brault Foisy
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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Morin L, Laurin JC, Doucerain M, Grégoire S. Dyadic Association Between New Parents' Mindfulness and Relationship Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Perceived Stress. J Soc Pers Relat 2023; 40:1448-1470. [PMID: 37255719 PMCID: PMC10226006 DOI: 10.1177/02654075231156404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transition to parenthood is marked by increased potential stressors and relationship satisfaction declines among new parents. Recently, it has been suggested that people with greater mindfulness perceived their environment as less stressful during difficult times in life, which in turn, is associated with greater relationship satisfaction. Accordingly, this dyadic diary study evaluated if perceived stress explains the link between new parents' mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. A total of 78 new parent couples (N = 156 participants; M = 6 months postpartum) provided ecologically valid perceived stress and relationship satisfaction data by responding to a questionnaire on their smartphones, between 7 p.m. and midnight, for 14 consecutive days. Data were analyzed using Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM). Results revealed that parents with higher mindfulness reported lower perceived stress, which in turn was associated with them reporting higher relationship satisfaction. In addition, one's mindfulness was directly positively associated with their partner's relationship satisfaction. Lastly, when all partner effects between mindfulness, perceived stress and relationship satisfaction were tested together without defining specific partner paths, one's mindfulness was positively associated with their partners' relationship satisfaction. Our findings extend current knowledge on the dyadic association between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction during the transition to parenthood by highlighting perceived stress as a key variable underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Morin
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie C Laurin
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Doucerain
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Grégoire
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Corbeil O, Soulard M, Huot-Lavoie M, Béchard L, Fournier É, Brodeur S, Essiambre AM, Desmeules C, Thériault C, Abdel-Baki A, Jacques C, Giroux I, Dorval M, Roy MA, Demers MF. Problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis: protocol for a prospective multicenter cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:287. [PMID: 37098506 PMCID: PMC10127497 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limited available data suggest that the prevalence of problem gambling is increased among young adults with first-episode psychosis, possibly due in part to several risk factors for problem gambling that are common in this population. Aripiprazole, a widely used antipsychotic drug, has also been linked to cases of problem gambling, but causality remains uncertain. Although the consequences of problem gambling further hinder the recovery of people with first-episode psychosis, there is a paucity of research about this comorbidity and its risk factors. Additionally, to our knowledge, no screening instrument for problem gambling tailored to these individuals exists, contributing to its under-recognition. Further, treatment approaches for problem gambling adapted to this population are at an embryonic stage, while existing treatments effectiveness remains to be documented. Using an innovative screening and assessment procedure for problem gambling, this study aims to identify risk factors for problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis and to document the effectiveness of standard treatment approaches. METHODS This is a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in two first-episode psychosis clinics, including all patients admitted between November 1st, 2019, and November 1st, 2023, followed for up to 3 years until May 1st, 2024. These 2 clinics admit approximately 200 patients annually, for an expected sample size of 800 individuals. The primary outcome is the occurrence of a DSM-5 diagnosis of gambling disorder. All patients are screened and evaluated for problem gambling using a systematic procedure at admission, and every 6 months thereafter. Socio-demographic and clinical variables are prospectively extracted from the patients' medical records. The nature and effectiveness of treatments for problem gambling offered to affected individuals are also documented from medical records. Survival analyses with Cox regression models will be used to identify potential risk factors for problem gambling. Descriptive statistics will document the effectiveness of treatments for problem gambling in this population. DISCUSSION A better understanding of potential risk factors for problem gambling among people with first-episode psychosis will allow for better prevention and detection of this neglected comorbidity. Results of this study will also hopefully raise clinicians' and researchers' awareness and serve as the basis to adapted treatments that will better support recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05686772. Retrospectively registered, 9 January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corbeil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Av. de la Médecine Quebec City (QC), Québec, 1050, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, Canada.
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada.
| | - Manuel Soulard
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Huot-Lavoie
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Béchard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Av. de la Médecine Quebec City (QC), Québec, 1050, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | - Émilien Fournier
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Av. de la Médecine Quebec City (QC), Québec, 1050, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Brodeur
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Essiambre
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Desmeules
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Amal Abdel-Baki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal University Hospital Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Jacques
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre Québécois d'Excellence pour la Prévention et le Traitement du Jeu, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre Québécois d'Excellence pour la Prévention et le Traitement du Jeu, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Dorval
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Av. de la Médecine Quebec City (QC), Québec, 1050, G1V 0A6, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Roy
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-France Demers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Av. de la Médecine Quebec City (QC), Québec, 1050, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Mental Health University Institute, Québec, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada
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Morin-Martel A. Machine learning in bail decisions and judges' trustworthiness. AI Soc 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37358945 PMCID: PMC10120473 DOI: 10.1007/s00146-023-01673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of AI algorithms in criminal trials has been the subject of very lively ethical and legal debates recently. While there are concerns over the lack of accuracy and the harmful biases that certain algorithms display, new algorithms seem more promising and might lead to more accurate legal decisions. Algorithms seem especially relevant for bail decisions, because such decisions involve statistical data to which human reasoners struggle to give adequate weight. While getting the right legal outcome is a strong desideratum of criminal trials, advocates of the relational theory of procedural justice give us good reason to think that fairness and perceived fairness of legal procedures have a value that is independent from the outcome. According to this literature, one key aspect of fairness is trustworthiness. In this paper, I argue that using certain algorithms to assist bail decisions could increase three different aspects of judges' trustworthiness: (1) actual trustworthiness, (2) rich trustworthiness, and (3) perceived trustworthiness.
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De Sousa D, Paradis A, Fernet M, Couture S, Fortin A. "I felt imprisoned": A qualitative exploration of controlling behaviors in adolescent and emerging adult dating relationships. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 37005707 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION First dating relationships can elicit intense emotions that youth may attempt to alleviate by using control tactics that negatively impact the quality of their relationship and their partner's well-being. Despite the breadth of research on dating violence, studies examining control tactics in youth relationships are limited. The current qualitative study documented control tactics from the perspective of youth who are currently in dating relationships. METHOD Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 39 participants aged 15-22 years old to gather information regarding conflict management strategies used in their dating relationships. The participants were recruited from high schools and junior colleges across the province of Quebec, Canada. RESULTS Direct content analysis revealed three categories of control tactics, including, isolation, domination, and emotional manipulation. These findings highlight the importance of further examining control dynamics in adolescent and emerging adult dating relationships to improve dating violence prevention programs. CONCLUSIONS Educational programs can help prevent control from escalating to more direct forms of violence by supporting youth in identifying unhealthy relationship dynamics and providing them with tools to either safely end the relationship or communicate their concerns with their partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deziray De Sousa
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alison Paradis
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mylène Fernet
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Couture
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andréanne Fortin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Spoken word recognition depends on variations in fine-grained phonetics as listeners decode speech. However, many models of second language (L2) speech perception focus on units such as isolated syllables, and not on words. In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated how fine-grained phonetic details (i.e. duration of nasalization on contrastive and coarticulatory nasalized vowels in Canadian French) influenced spoken word recognition in an L2, as compared to a group of native (L1) listeners. Results from L2 listeners (English-native speakers) indicated that fine-grained phonetics impacted the recognition of words, i.e. they were able to use nasalization duration variability in a way similar to L1-French listeners, providing evidence that lexical representations can be highly specified in an L2. Specifically, L2 listeners were able to distinguish minimal word pairs (differentiated by the presence of phonological vowel nasalization in French) and were able to use variability in a way approximating L1-French listeners. Furthermore, the robustness of the French "nasal vowel" category in L2 listeners depended on age of exposure. Early bilinguals displayed greater sensitivity to some ambiguity in the stimuli than late bilinguals, suggesting that early bilinguals had greater sensitivity to small variations in the signal and thus better knowledge of the phonetic cue associated with phonological vowel nasalization in French, similarly to L1 listeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Desmeules-Trudel
- Félix Desmeules-Trudel, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, CCT Building, Room 4019, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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Nassar EL, Abdulkareem DA, Thombs BD. Results from a living systematic review of the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and factors associated with symptoms in systemic sclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5181. [PMID: 36997795 PMCID: PMC10063612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to synthesize evidence on (1) the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and (2) factors associated with symptoms in systemic sclerosis (SSc). We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO via an ongoing living systematic review with automated monthly searches. We identified 6 eligible studies through March 1, 2023. Based on 3 studies (N = 93 to 345), current or 30-day major depressive disorder prevalence was 4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2%, 6%) in a sample of Canadian outpatients (N = 345), 18% (95% CI 12%, 27%) in a study of Indian outpatients (N = 93), 10% (95% CI 4%, 21%) for French patient conference attendees (N = 51), and 29% (95% CI 18%, 42%) for French inpatients (N = 49). Current or 30-day prevalence of any anxiety disorder was 49% (95% CI 36%, 62%) for French conference attendees and 51% (95% CI 38%, 64%) for French inpatients; current or 30-day prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder was 3% for Indian outpatients (95% CI 1%, 9%; N = 93). In 3 studies (N = 114 to 376) that examined factors associated with depressive symptoms, higher education and being married or living as married were associated with lower symptoms and pulmonary involvement, breathing problems, and tender joint counts with higher symptoms; age and disease severity markers were not associated. Only 1 study (N = 114) assessed factors associated with anxiety symptoms and found no statistically significant associations. Limitations included heterogeneous populations and assessment methods, small samples, and substantial risk of bias concerns. Mood and anxiety disorder prevalence appear high in SSc, but estimates vary, and existing studies have important limitations. Future research should assess mood and anxiety prevalence and factors associated with symptoms using large representative samples and validated classification and assessment methods.Review registration: PROSPERO (CRD 42021251339).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa-Lynn Nassar
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Pavilion H4.83, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dalal A Abdulkareem
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Pavilion H4.83, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Brett D Thombs
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Ste Catherine Road, Pavilion H4.83, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Although numerous individual studies have attempted to link child-parent attachment and prosociality, a systematic picture of that relationship requires a meta-analytic approach that considers different dimensions of prosociality and potential moderators. The current meta-analysis examined 41 studies drawn primarily from North America and Europe and published between 1978 to 2020. Child age ranged from 12 to 53 months at the assessment of child-parent attachment and 12 to 108 months at the assessment of prosociality. Across 35 studies (100 effect sizes, N = 4,611), child-mother attachment security and child prosociality were significantly associated (r = .19, 95% CI [.14, .23]). No moderators were identified. Exploratory estimates were also derived for subtypes of child-mother attachment insecurity. Across six studies (eight effect sizes, N = 402), child-father attachment security was significantly associated with prosociality (r = .11, 95% CI [.02, .23]). The magnitude of effect sizes did not differ based on parent gender. The discussion considers areas of growth for attachment and prosociality research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Diverse bilingual experiences have implications for language comprehension, including pragmatic elements such as verbal irony. Irony comprehension is shaped by an interplay of linguistic, cognitive, and social factors, including individual differences in bilingual experience. We examined the relationship between individual differences related to bilingualism, specifically, the capacity to understand others' mental states and ambient exposure to language diversity, on irony comprehension. We tested 54 healthy bilingual adults, living in a linguistically diverse region-Montréal, Canada-on an irony comprehension task. This task involved reading positive and negative short stories that concluded with an ironic or literal statement, which were rated on appropriateness and perceived irony. While both irony forms were rated as less appropriate and more ironic than literal statements, ironic criticisms (following a negative context) were rated as more appropriate and higher in perceived irony than ironic compliments (following a positive context). As expected, these ratings varied as a function of individual differences in mentalizing and neighborhood language diversity. Greater mentalizing patterned with more appropriate ratings to ironic statements in high language diversity neighborhoods and with less appropriate ratings to ironic statements in low language diversity neighborhoods. Perceived irony ratings to ironic compliments increased with mentalizing as neighborhood language diversity increased. These results indicate that pragmatic language comprehension and its social cognitive underpinnings may be environmentally contextualized processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrgol Tiv
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada.
- Center for Economic Studies, Research and Methodology Directorate, U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland-Silver Hill, MD, USA.
| | - Elisabeth O'Regan
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Orthopedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Debra Titone
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G1, Canada.
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Afriat M, De France K, Stack DM, Serbin LA, Hollenstein T. Relationship Quality and Mental Health Implications for Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Longitudinal Study. J Child Fam Stud 2023; 32:544-554. [PMID: 36714376 PMCID: PMC9864497 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although parent-adolescent and peer-adolescent relationship quality are critical for adolescent wellbeing during typical stressful life events, the unique features of the COVID-19 pandemic put into question whether strong parent-adolescent and peer-adolescent relationship quality functioned as protective factors of adolescent mental health in this context. The current longitudinal study examined a community sample of adolescents across 3 time points, each 6 months apart (Time 1: Fall, 2019; n = 163, 50.9% male; mean age = 15.75 years, SD = 1.02). Results showed that increases in depression symptoms, perceived stress, and emotion dysregulation from Fall 2019 to Fall 2020 were predicted by changes in parent, but not peer relationship quality. The current study demonstrates that adolescent-parent relationship quality may be protective against mental health difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic, while adolescent-peer relationship quality may not. Identifying protective factors that may play a role in mitigating the impact of the pandemic, and other such widespread health crises, on youth mental health is critical in reducing the long-term psychological harm of the viral outbreak, as well as promoting adolescent wellbeing and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Afriat
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Kalee De France
- Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, 350 George St, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Dale M. Stack
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Lisa A. Serbin
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Tom Hollenstein
- Psychology Departmen, Queen’s University, 64 Arch St, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
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Burke A, Bisson M, Schilt F, Tolan S, Museba J, Drapeau MSM, Aleman JC, Peros MC. The archaeological potential of the northern Luangwa Valley, Zambia: The Luwumbu basin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0269209. [PMID: 36917590 PMCID: PMC10013907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Luangwa Basin, Zambia, which forms part of the Zambezi drainage, is strategically located between the Central African plateau and the East African Rift system. The Luangwa River and major tributaries, such as the Luwumbu River, are perennial water sources supporting essential resources that sustain human communities and a rich and diverse fauna and flora. The archaeological record of Luangwa is relatively unknown, despite early archaeological exploration hinting at its potential. Recent research in the southern Luangwa valley, however, suggests that it preserves a long record of hominin occupation spanning the Early to Late Stone Age. The research described here details fieldwork carried out in northeastern Luangwa, in the Luwumbu Basin, that confirms that a relatively deep package of Quaternary deposits, containing evidence of the Stone Age occupation of the region persists in the upper piedmont zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Burke
- Dept. d’Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Bisson
- Anthropology Dept., McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - F. Schilt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior (ICArEHB), FCHS, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - S. Tolan
- Chipembele Conservation Centre, Mfuwe, Zambia
| | - J. Museba
- National Heritage Conservation Commission, Northern Region, Kasama, Zambia
| | - M. S. M. Drapeau
- Dept. d’Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J. C. Aleman
- CNRS, IRD, INRA Coll France, CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - M. C. Peros
- Department of Environment and Geography, Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Mazzarello O, Gagné ME, Langevin R. Risk Factors for Sexual Revictimization and Dating Violence in Young Adults with a History of Child Sexual Abuse. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2022; 15:1113-1125. [PMID: 36439663 PMCID: PMC9684360 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal revictimization, through sexual violence and psychological or physical dating violence, is one of the many consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). This study examined how childhood maltreatment, sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, relational factors, and community factors are associated with 1) sexual revictimization 2) psychological dating violence victimization, and 3) physical dating violence victimization in a sample of young adults reporting a history of CSA. A sample of 190 young adults (18-25 y.o.) with self-reported experiences of CSA completed an online survey measuring childhood maltreatment (e.g. neglect, physical abuse, witness to domestic violence), sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. material deprivation, education), mental health (dissociation, posttraumatic stress symptoms), relational factors (e.g. insecure attachment style), and community factors (e.g. neighborhood disadvantage). Hierarchical logistic regressions indicated that once all risk factors were entered in the models, PTSD was positively associated with psychological dating violence, while dissociation was positively associated with physical dating violence. Physical abuse in childhood was positively associated with sexual revictimization. The present study shows the importance of simultaneously considering the impact of multiple characteristics surrounding CSA survivors when evaluating risks of revictimization. Additionally, it highlights the importance of providing CSA survivors with adequate mental health support for trauma-related disorders, as it may be crucial to prevent revictimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Emma Gagné
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rachel Langevin
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Kadhim N, Amiot CE. Investigating the impact of eating norms and collective autonomy support vs. collective control on unhealthy eating and its internalization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276162. [PMID: 36260609 PMCID: PMC9581406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our eating behaviors are highly influenced by those of individuals surrounding us and the groups we belong to. The first goal of this experiment was to determine how social norms that encourage (pro-) vs. discourage (anti-) unhealthy eating influence people’s intentions and motivations to eat unhealthily. Since these norms can be conveyed by one’s group in a manner that either promotes group members’ autonomy (i.e., collective autonomy support), or pressures them into eating certain foods (i.e., collective control), the experiment also tests which of these types of messages promotes the highest conformity to group norms. Hence, the second goal of this experiment was to investigate this synergetic effect of pro- vs anti-unhealthy eating norms and of collective autonomy support vs. collective control on participants’ unhealthy eating intentions and their motivations for unhealthy eating. An experimental study (N = 341) using a 2 (eating norm: pro-unhealthy eating norm vs. anti-unhealthy eating norm) x 3 (type of group support: collective autonomy support vs. collective control vs. no support) design was conducted. Results showed that pro-unhealthy eating norms increased participants’ intentions to eat salty and fatty food, but also their amotivation (i.e., lack of motivation) for unhealthy eating relative to anti-unhealthy eating norms. In addition, when pro-unhealthy eating was encouraged in a controlling (vs. in an autonomy supportive) manner, participants reported higher intentions to eat tofu tacos. Finally, when pro-unhealthy eating was promoted by supporting group members’ autonomy, participants reported higher integrated regulation, i.e., a highly internalized motivation, for unhealthy eating. These results demonstrate that eating norms do not impact all types of unhealthy food consumption in the same manner, and that collective control may be motivating in uncertain contexts; furthermore, when individuals’ autonomy is supported and promoted by other group members, they are more susceptible to integrate unhealthy eating in their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kadhim
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine E. Amiot
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Zdebik MA, Pascuzzo K, Bureau JF, Moss E. Childhood behavioral inhibition and attachment: Links to generalized anxiety disorder in young adulthood. Front Psychol 2022; 13:933213. [PMID: 36148103 PMCID: PMC9487417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is under-treated yet prevalent among young adults. Identifying early risk factors for GAD would contribute to its etiological model and identify potential targets for intervention. Insecure attachment patterns, specifically ambivalent and disorganized, have long been proposed as childhood risk factors for GAD. Similarly, childhood behavioral inhibition has been consistently associated with anxiety disorders in adulthood, including GAD. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), the tendency to react negatively to uncertain situations, has also been shown to be a crucial component of GAD. Furthermore, maternal anxiety is an important feature of developmental models of anxiety including GAD. Yet, to date, no study has examined, within a comprehensive model, how attachment and behavioral inhibition in childhood, maternal anxiety in adolescence, and IU in emerging adulthood contribute to GAD in adulthood. The present study thus examines these links using a longitudinal design with 62 Canadian participants and their mothers. At age 6, participants' attachment and behavioral inhibition were assessed observationally. Maternal anxiety was measured when participants were 14 years of age. IU and GAD were assessed when participants were 21 and 23 years of age, respectively. Structural equation modeling showed that IU mediates the relationships between behavioral inhibition and GAD, while controlling for maternal anxiety. Ambivalent and disorganized-controlling attachment patterns are also indirectly associated with increased GAD symptoms via greater IU scores. Furthermore, a direct and positive effect of behaviorally disorganized attachment was found on GAD symptoms. This longitudinal study supports integrating attachment, behavioral inhibition, and IU in a model of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. Zdebik
- Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Magdalena A. Zdebik
| | - Katherine Pascuzzo
- Département de psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Ellen Moss
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Balvardi S, Alhashemi M, Cipolla J, Lee L, Fiore JF, Feldman LS. The impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the exposure of general surgery trainees to operative procedures. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:6712-6718. [PMID: 34981225 PMCID: PMC8722743 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, the redeployment of operating room (OR) staff resulted in a significant ramp-down of elective surgery. To mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on surgical education, this study was planned to estimate the impact of the first wave of the pandemic on the participation of general surgery residency and fellowship trainees in operative procedures. METHODS This study is a retrospective review of all adult general surgery procedures performed at 3 sites of an academic health care network. Cases performed during the first wave of the pandemic (March-June 2020) were compared to the same period of the previous year pre-pandemic (March-June 2019). Trainees were categorized as junior (Post-Graduate-Year [PGY] 1-2), senior (PGY3-5), or fellows (PGY6-7). Operating exposure was defined as (1) the total number of cases attended by at least one trainee and (2) total time spent in the OR by all trainees (hours). The impact of the pandemic was estimated as percentage of baseline (2019). RESULTS During the first wave of the pandemic, a total of 914 cases were performed, compared to 1328 in the pre-pandemic period (69%). Junior trainees were more affected than senior trainees with reductions in both case volume (68% versus 78% of baseline attendance) and time (68% versus 77% of baseline operating time). Minimally invasive surgery fellows were most severely affected trainees and colorectal fellows were least affected (14% and 75% of baseline cases, respectively). Participation in emergency surgery cases and surgical oncology cases was relatively preserved (87% and 105% of baseline, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic reduced operative exposure for general surgery trainees by approximately 30%. Procedure-specific patterns reflected institutional policies for prioritizing cancer operations and emergency surgeries. These findings may inform the design of remediation activities to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on surgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Balvardi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohsen Alhashemi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josie Cipolla
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Lawrence Lee
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julio F Fiore
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liane S Feldman
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, D6-136, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
- Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Most nursing education programs prepare their students to embody humanism and caring as it is expected by several regulatory bodies. Ensuring this embodiment in students and nurses remains a challenge because there is a lack of evidence about its progressive development through education and practice. PURPOSE This manuscript provides a description of nursing students' and nurses' recommendations that can foster the development of humanistic caring. METHODS Interpretive phenomenology was selected as the study's methodological approach. Participants (n = 26) were recruited from a French-Canadian university and an affiliated university hospital. Data was collected through individual interviews. Data analysis consisted of an adaptation of Benner's (1994) phenomenological principles that resulted in a five-stage interpretative process. RESULTS The following five themes emerged from the phenomenological analysis of participants' recommendations: 1) pedagogical strategies, 2) educators' approach, 3) considerations in teaching humanistic caring, 4) work overload, and 5) volunteerism and externship. CONCLUSION The findings suggest the existence of a challenge when using mannikins in high-fidelity simulations with the intention of developing humanistic caring. The findings also reaffirm the importance of giving concrete and realistic exemplars of humanistic caring to students in order to prevent them from making "communication" synonymous to "humanization of care".
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Goldfeld S, Francis KL, O’Connor E, Ludvigsson J, Faresjö T, Nikiema B, Gauvin L, Yang-Huang J, Abu Awad Y, McGrath JJ, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Faresjo Å, Raat H, Kragt L, Mensah FK. Comparative inequalities in child dental caries across four countries: Examination of international birth cohorts and implications for oral health policy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268899. [PMID: 36044409 PMCID: PMC9432734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Child dental caries (i.e., cavities) are a major preventable health problem in most high-income countries. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of inequalities in child dental caries across four high-income countries alongside their child oral health policies. Coordinated analyses of data were conducted across four prospective population-based birth cohorts (Australia, n = 4085, born 2004; Québec, Canada, n = 1253, born 1997; Rotterdam, the Netherlands, n = 6690, born 2002; Southeast Sweden, n = 7445, born 1997), which enabled a high degree of harmonization. Risk ratios (adjusted) and slope indexes of inequality were estimated to quantify social gradients in child dental caries according to maternal education and household income. Children in the least advantaged quintile for income were at greater risk of caries, compared to the most advantaged quintile: Australia: AdjRR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.04–1.34; Québec: AdjRR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.36–2.10; Rotterdam: AdjRR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.36–2.04; Southeast Sweden: AdjRR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.10–1.71). There was a higher risk of caries for children of mothers with the lowest level of education, compared to the highest: Australia: AdjRR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.01–1.38; Southeast Sweden: AdjRR = 2.31, 95%CI = 1.81–2.96; Rotterdam: AdjRR = 1.98, 95%CI = 1.71–2.30; Québec: AdjRR = 1.16, 95%CI = 0.98–1.37. The extent of inequalities varied in line with jurisdictional policies for provision of child oral health services and preventive public health measures. Clear gradients of social inequalities in child dental caries are evident in high-income countries. Policy related mechanisms may contribute to the differences in the extent of these inequalities. Lesser gradients in settings with combinations of universal dental coverage and/or fluoridation suggest these provisions may ameliorate inequalities through additional benefits for socio-economically disadvantaged groups of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Goldfeld
- Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kate L. Francis
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elodie O’Connor
- Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children´s Hospital and Div of Pediatrics, Dept of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas Faresjö
- Dept of Health, Medicine and Caring Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Nikiema
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay [CBHSSJB], Department of Program Development and Support, Mistissini, Québec, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Junwen Yang-Huang
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yara Abu Awad
- PERFORM Centre & Department of Psychology, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Åshild Faresjo
- Dept of Health, Medicine and Caring Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Kragt
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona K. Mensah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Beauchet O, Matskiv J, Galery K, Goossens L, Lafontaine C, Sawchuk K. Benefits of a 3-month cycle of weekly virtual museum tours in community dwelling older adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:969122. [PMID: 36052331 PMCID: PMC9424501 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.969122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMuseums can be instrumental in fostering social inclusion and may improve the overall health of the older population. Over the course of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic, many older adults suffered as a result of confinement measures, which may have accelerated the processes that lead to physical frailty and increased mental health risks. This study aims to examine whether a 3-month cycle of weekly virtual tours of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA) may have improved feelings of social inclusion, wellbeing and quality of life, and reduced physical frailty in older adults living within the community of Montreal.Methods and designA total of 106 older adults, who were community-dwellers living in Montreal (Quebec, Canada), were recruited for a randomized controlled trial in two parallel groups (intervention with n = 53 vs control with n = 53) between January and April 2022. The intervention consisted of a 3-month cycle of weekly virtual museum tours of the MMFA. Social isolation, wellbeing, quality of life and frailty were evaluated using validated scales that were assessed on a web platform at baseline (M0) and after 3 months (M3) in the intervention group. The control group completed the same assessment according to the same schedule. The outcomes were the mean scores at M0 and M3, and changes in mean scores between M0 and M3.ResultsThe intervention group showed significant improvements in their social isolation, wellbeing, quality of life and frailty scores when compared to the control group, the highest benefits being observed with frailty.ConclusionThe results suggest that the 3-month cycle of weekly virtual MMFA tours may improve social inclusion, physical and mental health in community-dwelling older adults living in Montreal.Trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05046288, identifier NCT05046288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Beauchet
- Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
- Research Center of the Geriatric University Institute of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Olivier Beauchet
| | - Jacqueline Matskiv
- Research Center of the Geriatric University Institute of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Galery
- Research Center of the Geriatric University Institute of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Linda Goossens
- Education and Wellness Department of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kim Sawchuk
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Khalili-Mahani N, Woods S, Holowka EM, Pahayahay A, Roy M. Toward a digital citizen lab for capturing data about alternative ways of self-managing chronic pain: An attitudinal user study. Front Rehabilit Sci 2022; 3:942822. [PMID: 36188996 PMCID: PMC9397864 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.942822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMyriad psychosocial and cultural factors influence personal ways of coping with chronic pain (CP). Mobile health (mHealth) apps facilitate creation of citizen laboratories outside clinical frameworks. However, issues of safety, privacy and technostress must be addressed. This attitudinal user study aimed to assess whether persons with persistent pain (PwPP) would be open to sharing qualitative and quantitative data about their self-management of CP via mHealth platforms.MethodsIn March 2020, we invited PwPPs, their personal or medical caregivers, or those interested in the development of an app for researching alternative ways of self-managing CP to complete an anonymous survey. We formulated an attitudinal survey within the theoretical framework of stress to estimate whether the novelty, unpredictability, and risks of data-sharing via mHealth apps concerned users. Descriptive statistics (% Part/Group) were used to interpret the survey, and open comments were reflectively analyzed to identify emerging themes.ResultsOf 202 responses (June 2021), 127 identified as PwPPs (average age 43.86 ± 14.97; 100/127 female), and listed several primary and secondary CP diagnoses. In almost 90% of PwPPs, physical and emotional wellbeing were affected by CP. More than 90% of PwPPs used alternative therapies (acupuncture, homeopathy, massage therapy, etc.). Attitude toward mHealth apps were positive even though nearly half of PwPPs were unfamiliar with them. More than 72% of respondents were open to using a health-related app as a research tool for data collection in real life situations. Comprehensive data collection (especially about psychosocial factors) was the most important requirement. More respondents (especially medical professionals) were concerned about health hazards of misinformation communicated via health-related information and communication systems (maximum 80%) than about privacy (maximum 40%). Qualitative analyses revealed several promises and impediments to creation of data-sharing platforms for CP.ConclusionsThis study shows a general willingness among PwPPs to become partners in studying alternative pain management. Despite a generally positive attitude toward the concept of sharing complex personal data to advance research, heterogeneity of attitudes shaped by personal experiences must be considered. Our study underlines the need for any digital strategy for CP research to be person-centered and flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Khalili-Mahani
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Design and Computation Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Quebec Pain Research Network (QPRN), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Najmeh Khalili-Mahani
| | - Sandra Woods
- Quebec Pain Research Network (QPRN), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Patient Partner, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eileen Mary Holowka
- Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Arts and Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amber Pahayahay
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Roy
- Quebec Pain Research Network (QPRN), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Léger-Goodes T, Malboeuf-Hurtubise C, Mastine T, Généreux M, Paradis PO, Camden C. Eco-anxiety in children: A scoping review of the mental health impacts of the awareness of climate change. Front Psychol 2022; 13:872544. [PMID: 35959069 PMCID: PMC9359205 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Youth are increasingly aware of the negative effects of climate change on the planet and human health, but this knowledge can often come with significant affective responses, such as psychological distress, anger, or despair. Experiencing major "negative" emotions, like worry, guilt, and hopelessness in anticipation of climate change has been identified with the term eco-anxiety. Emerging literature focuses on adults' experience; however, little is known about the ways in which children and youth experience eco-anxiety. Objectives The aim of this review was to: (1) identify the available evidence on the topic of eco-anxiety in children, (2) clarify the mental health consequences brought by the awareness of climate change in this population, and (3) identify knowledge gaps in the literature and considerations for future research. Methods Given that the research on the topic of eco-anxiety in children is limited, that there are very few randomized controlled trials, and that the goal is not to analyze individual studies in-depth, a scoping review was used. Keywords pertaining to the themes of eco-anxiety, climate change and children (aged < 18 years) were used as search terms in five databases. Journal articles using qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as gray literature were examined by two independent reviewers. A descriptive-analytical method was used to chart the data that emerged from the literature. Eighteen articles were considered in the final analysis. Results Evidence confirms that children experience affective responses and eco-anxiety in reaction to then awareness of climate change. Mental health outcomes include depression, anxiety, and extreme emotions like sadness, anger, and fear. Youth from vulnerable communities, like indigenous communities, or those who have strong ties to the land are often identified as being emotionally impacted by climate change. The literature analyzed also describes how children and youth are coping with eco-anxiety, including maladaptive (e.g., denial) and adaptive responses (such as constructive hope, used as a positive coping mechanism). Preliminary considerations for parents, teachers and educators, mental health care providers, school systems, adults and people of power include adding age-appropriate climate education to the school curriculum, considering youth's emotions, and promoting healthy coping through empowerment. Important gaps exist in the definition of eco-anxiety in youth, as various characterizations of this emerging concept are found across articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra Léger-Goodes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Malboeuf-Hurtubise
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Trinity Mastine
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélissa Généreux
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Institut universitaire de première ligne en santé et services sociaux (IUPLSSS) du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Estrie, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Camden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Dal Ben R, Killam H, Pour Iliaei S, Byers-Heinlein K. Bilingualism Affects Infant Cognition: Insights From New and Open Data. Open Mind (Camb) 2022; 6:88-117. [PMID: 36439068 PMCID: PMC9692060 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilingualism has been hypothesized to shape cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Here, we examined the replicability of a seminal study that showed monolingual-bilingual differences in infancy (Kovács & Mehler, 2009a) by collecting new data from 7-month-olds and 20-month-olds and reanalyzing three open datasets from 7- to 9-month-olds (D'Souza et al., 2020; Kalashnikova et al., 2020, 2021). Infants from all studies (N = 222) were tested in an anticipatory eye-tracking paradigm, where they learned to use a cue to anticipate a reward presented on one side of a screen during Training, and the opposite side at Test. To correctly anticipate the reward at Test, infants had to update their previously learned behavior. Across four out of five studies, a fine-grained analysis of infants' anticipations showed that bilinguals were better able to update the previously learned response at Test, which could be related to bilinguals' weaker initial learning during Training. However, in one study of 7-month-olds, we observed the opposite pattern: bilinguals performed better during Training, and monolinguals performed better at Test. These results show that bilingualism affects how infants process information during learning. We also highlight the potential of open science to advance our understanding of language development.
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Toupin R, Millerand F, Larivière V. Who tweets climate change papers? investigating publics of research through users’ descriptions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268999. [PMID: 35657791 PMCID: PMC9165795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As social issues like climate change become increasingly salient, digital traces left by scholarly documents can be used to assess their reach outside of academia. Our research examine who shared climate change research papers on Twitter by looking at the expressions used in profile descriptions. We categorized users in eight categories (academia, communication, political, professional, personal, organization, bots and publishers) associated to specific expressions. Results indicate how diverse publics may be represented in the communication of scholarly documents on Twitter. Supplementing our word detection analysis with qualitative assessments of the results, we highlight how the presence of unique or multiple categorizations in textual Twitter descriptions provides evidence of the publics of research in specific contexts. Our results show a more substantial communication by academics and organizations for papers published in 2016, whereas the general public comparatively participated more in 2015. Overall, there is significant participation of publics outside of academia in the communication of climate change research articles on Twitter, although the extent to which these publics participate varies between individual papers. This means that papers circulate in specific communities which need to be assessed to understand the reach of research on social media. Furthermore, the flexibility of our method provide means for research assessment that consider the contextuality and plurality of publics involved on Twitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Toupin
- Laboratory for Communication and the Digital (LabCMO), Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Florence Millerand
- Laboratory for Communication and the Digital (LabCMO), Département de Communication Sociale et Publique (DCSP), Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Larivière
- École de Bibliothéconomie et des Sciences de l’Information (EBSI), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Observatoire des Sciences et des Technologies (OST), Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie (CIRST), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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