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Shi N, Zhou Y, Ma H. A network pharmacology study of mechanism and efficacy of Jiawei Huanglian-Wendan decoction in polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32057. [PMID: 36482532 PMCID: PMC9726404 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive metabolic disorder, normally accompanied by insulin resistance (IR). The specific pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. To identify the underlying pathogenesis of PCOS with IR and explore the potential efficacy and mechanism of Jiawei Huanglian-Wendan decoction (JHWD) by a network pharmacology approach. The effective components and the potential drug and disease-related targets are retrieved. Drug-disease overlapped targets are being obtained by Venny analysis. The construction of protein-protein interaction network relied on Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database (STRING), after uploading drug-disease overlapped targets. The drug-component-target-disease interaction network map was displayed , after importing their data into Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Bioinformatics analyses are being performed by Metascape and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. Further, molecular docking analysis was carried out using AutoDock software. Finally, the influence of JHWD is verified by means of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score, the rate of resumption of normal menstrual cycles and regular ovulation, the blood lipid levels, the blood glucose and insulin levels, and the inflammatory cytokines in PCOS with IR patients. Four primary interaction networks of JHWD are constructed. The enrichment analysis of PCOS-IR-related targets demonstrated that the top enriched pathways in the development of PCOS with IR are pathways in cancer, metabolic, phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling, lipid and atherosclerosis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding interactions of the key targets with the active components. Further confirmations showed that the active components of JHWD exhibited significant clinical efficacy in improving the clinical syndromes, menstrual cyclicity and ovulatory function, and significantly reducing the blood lipid levels, blood glucose and insulin levels, and inflammatory cytokines in PCOS with IR patients. The combination of the network pharmacological analysis and clinical validation stated that the active compounds in JHWD could regulate glycolipid metabolism, reduce IR, and exert anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of PCOS with IR, promoting Chinese classical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhe Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Takata T, Kotoku J, Maejima H, Kumagai S, Arai N, Kobayashi T, Shiraishi K, Yamamoto M, Kondo H, Furui S. Fast skin dose estimation system for interventional radiology. J Radiat Res 2018; 59:233-239. [PMID: 29136194 PMCID: PMC5951074 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To minimise the radiation dermatitis related to interventional radiology (IR), rapid and accurate dose estimation has been sought for all procedures. We propose a technique for estimating the patient skin dose rapidly and accurately using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with a graphical processing unit (GPU, GTX 1080; Nvidia Corp.). The skin dose distribution is simulated based on an individual patient's computed tomography (CT) dataset for fluoroscopic conditions after the CT dataset has been segmented into air, water and bone based on pixel values. The skin is assumed to be one layer at the outer surface of the body. Fluoroscopic conditions are obtained from a log file of a fluoroscopic examination. Estimating the absorbed skin dose distribution requires calibration of the dose simulated by our system. For this purpose, a linear function was used to approximate the relation between the simulated dose and the measured dose using radiophotoluminescence (RPL) glass dosimeters in a water-equivalent phantom. Differences of maximum skin dose between our system and the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) were as high as 6.1%. The relative statistical error (2 σ) for the simulated dose obtained using our system was ≤3.5%. Using a GPU, the simulation on the chest CT dataset aiming at the heart was within 3.49 s on average: the GPU is 122 times faster than a CPU (Core i7-7700K; Intel Corp.). Our system (using the GPU, the log file, and the CT dataset) estimated the skin dose more rapidly and more accurately than conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takata
- Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Jun’ichi Kotoku
- Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Central Radiology Division, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Maejima
- Central Radiology Division, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kumagai
- Central Radiology Division, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Norikazu Arai
- Central Radiology Division, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan
| | - Takenori Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Shiraishi
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondo
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shigeru Furui
- Graduate School of Medical Care and Technology, Teikyo University Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Bloino J, Biczysko M, Barone V. Anharmonic Effects on Vibrational Spectra Intensities: Infrared, Raman, Vibrational C ircular Dichroism, and Raman Optical Activity. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11862-74. [PMID: 26580121 PMCID: PMC5612400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is 2-fold. First, we want to report the extension of our virtual multifrequency spectrometer (VMS) to anharmonic intensities for Raman optical activity (ROA) with the full inclusion of first- and second-order resonances for both frequencies and intensities in the framework of the generalized second-order vibrational perturbation theory (GVPT2) for all kinds of vibrational spectroscopies. Then, from a more general point of view, we want to present and validate the performance of VMS for the parallel analysis of different vibrational spectra for medium-sized molecules (IR, Raman, VCD, ROA) including both mechanical and electric/magnetic anharmonicity. For the well-known methyloxirane benchmark, careful selection of density functional, basis set, and resonance thresholds permitted us to reach qualitative and quantitative agreement between experimental and computed band positions and shapes. Next, the whole series of halogenated azetidinones is analyzed, showing that it is now possible to interpret different spectra in terms of mass, electronegativity, polarizability, and hindrance variation between closely related substituents, chiral spectroscopies being particular effective in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bloino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei
Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G.
Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei
Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), UOS di Pisa, Area della Ricerca CNR, Via G.
Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures,
College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444
China
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa,
Italy
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Wang Q, Ru Y, Zhong D, Zhang J, Yao L, Li X. Engineered ubiquitin ligase PTB-U-box targets insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor for degradation and coordinately inhibits cancer malignancy. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4945-58. [PMID: 24970814 PMCID: PMC4148113 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a promising target for cancer therapy with antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) which have been actively tested clinically. Evidences have demonstrated that insulin receptor (IR), which is implicated in tumorigenesis, conveys resistance to IGF-1R targeted therapy. This provided the compelling rationale for co-targeting IGF-1R and IR. Herein we have developed an approach to simultaneously down-regulate IGF-1R and IR in protein levels. By generating and screening several engineered ubiquitin ligases, we have identified that, PTB-U-box, which is composed of an IGF-1R/IR-binding domain and a functional E3 ubiquitin ligase domain, binds activated IGF-1R/IR and targets their ubiquitination and degradation. When ectopically expressed in HepG2 and HeLa cells, PTB-U-box inhibits cell proliferation and invasion, increases chemo-sensitivity, as well as interrupts glucose metabolism. Finally, intratumoral injection of adenovirus carrying PTB-U-box dramatically retards the growth of HepG2 xenograft. Therefore, well-designed engineered ubiquitin ligase represents an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the cancers with co-expressed IGF-1R/IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daixing Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Experiment Teaching Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Libo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Slusher TM, Vreman HJ, Olusanya BO, Wong RJ, Brearley AM, Vaucher YE, Stevenson DK. Safety and efficacy of filtered sunlight in treatment of jaundice in African neonates. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e1568-74. [PMID: 24864170 PMCID: PMC4531268 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate safety and efficacy of filtered-sunlight phototherapy (FS-PT). METHODS Term/late preterm infants #14 days old with clinically significant jaundice, assessed by total bilirubin (TB) levels, were recruited from a maternity hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Sunlight was filtered with commercial window-tinting films that remove most UV and significant levels of infrared light and transmit effective levels of therapeutic blue light. After placing infants under an FS-PT canopy, hourly measurements of axillary temperatures, monitoring for sunburn, dehydration, and irradiances of filtered sunlight were performed. Treatment was deemed safe and efficacious if infants were able to stay in FS-PT for $5 hours and rate of rise of TB was ,0.2 mg/dL/h for infants #72 hours of age or TB decreased for infants .72 hours of age. RESULTS A total of 227 infants received 258 days of FS-PT. No infant developed sunburn or dehydration. On 85 (33%) of 258 treatment days, infants were removed briefly from FS-PT due to minor temperature-related adverse events. No infant met study exit criteria. FS-PT was efficacious in 92% (181/197) of evaluable treatment days. Mean 6 SD TB change was –0.06 6 0.19 mg/dL/h. The mean 6 SD (range) irradiance of FS-PT was 38 6 22 (2–115) mW/cm2/nm, measured by the BiliBlanket Meter II. CONCLUSIONS With appropriate monitoring, filtered sunlight is a novel, practical, and inexpensive method of PT that potentially offers safe and efficacious treatment strategy for management of neonatal jaundice in tropical countries where conventional PT treatment is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Ronald J. Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ann M. Brearley
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Yvonne E. Vaucher
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
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Żakowski W, Równiak M, Robak A. Colocalization pattern of calbindin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the mammillary body-anterior thalamic nuclei axis of the guinea pig. Neuroscience 2013; 260:98-105. [PMID: 24342567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study describes for the first time the colocalization pattern of calbindin (CB) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the mammillary body (MB) and anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) - structures connected in a topographically organized manner by the mammillothalamic tract (mtt). Immunohistochemical study was performed on fetal (E40, E50, E60), newborn (P0) and postnatal (P20, P80) brains of the guinea pig, but the coexistence pattern of the substances was invariable throughout the examined developmental stages. CB and CART colocalized in the perikarya of the lateral part of the medial mammillary nucleus (MMl), whereas in its medial part (MMm) only CB was detected. In the mtt, which originates from the MB, both the substances were present and colocalized in single fibers. Next, fibers from the mtt spread toward the ATN in a particular way: fibers containing CB ran to both the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AM) and anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV), while fibers containing CART ran mostly to the latter one. In the ventral part of AV, CB and CART colocalized vastly in the neuropil. The lateral mammillary nucleus and anterodorsal thalamic nucleus were virtually devoid of CB- and CART-positive structures. Based on the known connections between the MB and ATN, we conclude that the studied substances may cooperate in the MMl-AV part of the axis and CB plays a significant role in the MMm-AM part.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Żakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - M Równiak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - A Robak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Barna BF, Takakura AC, Moreira TS. Acute exercise-induced activation of Phox2b-expressing neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats may involve the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2013; 258:355-63. [PMID: 24286756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains neurons that have a well-defined phenotype characterized by the presence of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA and a paired-like homeobox 2b (Phox2b)-immunoreactive (ir) nucleus and the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). These neurons are important to chemoreception. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the chemically-coded RTN neurons (ccRTN) (Phox2b(+)/TH(-)) are activated during an acute episode of running exercise. Since most RTN neurons are excited by the activation of perifornical and lateral hypothalamus (PeF/LH), a region that regulates breathing during exercise, we also tested the hypothesis that PeF/LH projections to RTN neurons contribute to their activation during acute exercise. In adult male Wistar rats that underwent an acute episode of treadmill exercise, there was a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) in PeF/LH neurons and RTN neurons that were Phox2b(+)TH(-) (p<0.05) compared to rats that did not exercise. Also the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold that was injected into RTN was detected in c-Fos-ir PeF/LH (p<0.05). In summary, the ccRTN neurons (Phox2b(+)TH(-)) are excited by running exercise. Thus, ccRTN neurons may contribute to both the chemical drive to breath and the feed-forward control of breathing associated with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Barna
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Bhattacherjee A, Liao Z, Smith PG. Trophic factor and hormonal regulation of neurite outgrowth in sensory neuron-like 50B11 cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 558:120-5. [PMID: 24269872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sensory axon integrity and regenerative capacity are important considerations in understanding neuropathological conditions characterized by hyper- or insensitivity. However, our knowledge of mechanisms regulating axon outgrowth are limited by an absence of suitable high-throughput assay systems. The 50B11 cell line generated from rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons offers a promising model for screening assays. Prior characterization shows that these cells express cytoskeletal proteins and genes encoding ion channels and neurotrophin receptors in common with sensory nociceptor neurons. In the present study we further characterized 50B11 cells in regard to their phenotypes and responsiveness to neurotrophic and hormonal factors. 50B11 cells express neuronal cytoplasmic proteins including beta-3 tubulin, peripherin (a marker of unmyelinated neurons), and the pan-neuronal ubiquitin hydrolase, PGP9.5. Only PGP9.5 immunoreactivity was uniformly distributed throughout soma and axons, and therefore presents the best means for visualizing the entire axon arbor. All cells co-express both NGF and GDNF receptors and addition of ligands increased neurite length. 50B11 cells also showed immunoreactivity for the estrogen receptor-α and the angiotensin receptor type II, and both 17-β estradiol and angiotensin II increased outgrowth by differentiated cells. 50B11 cells therefore show features reported previously for primary unmyelinated nociceptor neurons, including responsiveness to classical neurotrophins and hormonal modulators. Coupled with their ease of culture and predictable differentiation, 50B11 cells represent a promising cell line on which to base assays that more clearly reveal mechanisms regulating axon outgrowth and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Bhattacherjee
- Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Zhaohui Liao
- Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Peter G Smith
- Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Liu Y, Liang X, Ren WW, Li BM. Expression of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors in different subtypes of interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice. Neuroscience 2013; 257:149-57. [PMID: 24215978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenaline acting via β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) in the CNS plays an important role in learning/memory and cognitive functions. β-ARs have been shown to be expressed in cortical pyramidal and subcortical principal cells. However, little is known about β-AR expression in different subtypes of GABAergic neurons. Here, we report that both β1- and β2-ARs are expressed in a majority of GABAergic interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice, including parvalbumin (PV)-, calretinin (CR)-, calbindin D-28k (CB)-, somatostatin (SST)- and Reelin-immunoreactive (ir) interneurons. Relative to PV-, CB-, SST- and Reelin-ir interneurons, CR-ir interneurons are less likely to express β1- and β2-ARs. SST-ir interneurons are more likely to express β2-AR compared with the other subtypes of interneurons. The present results are of significance for understanding the role of β-ARs in prefrontal cortical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - X Liang
- Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W-W Ren
- Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - B-M Li
- Institute of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
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10
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Steinman MQ, Valenzuela AE, Siopes TD, Millam JR. Tuberal hypothalamic expression of the glial intermediate filaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin across the turkey hen (Meleagris gallopavo) reproductive cycle: Further evidence for a role of glial structural plasticity in seasonal reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:141-8. [PMID: 23948371 PMCID: PMC3812377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glia regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in birds and mammals. This is accomplished mechanically by ensheathing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone I (GnRH) nerve terminals thereby blocking access to the pituitary blood supply, or chemically in a paracrine manner. Such regulation requires appropriate spatial associations between glia and nerve terminals. Female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) use day length as a primary breeding cue. Long days activate the HPG-axis until the hen enters a photorefractory state when previously stimulatory day lengths no longer support HPG-axis activity. Hens must then be exposed to short days before reactivation of the reproductive axis occurs. As adult hens have discrete inactive reproductive states in addition to a fertile state, they are useful for examining the glial contribution to reproductive function. We immunostained tuberal hypothalami from short and long-day photosensitive hens, plus long-day photorefractory hens to examine expression of two intermediate filaments that affect glial morphology: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. GFAP expression was drastically reduced in the central median eminence of long day photosensitive hens, especially within the internal zone. Vimentin expression was similar among groups. However, vimentin-immunoreactive fibers abutting the portal vasculature were significantly negatively correlated with GFAP expression in the median eminence, which is consistent with our hypothesis for a reciprocal relationship between GFAP and vimentin expression. It appears that up-regulation of GFAP expression in the central median eminence of turkey hens is associated with periods of reproductive quiescence and that photofractoriness is associated with the lack of a glial cytoskeletal response to long days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Q Steinman
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Liu Q, Wong-Riley MTT. Postnatal development of glycine receptor subunits α1, α2, α3, and β immunoreactivity in multiple brain stem resp iratory-related nuclear groups of the rat. Brain Res 2013; 1538:1-16. [PMID: 24080401 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system is immature at birth and significant development occurs postnatally. A critical period of respiratory development occurs in rats around postnatal days 12-13, when enhanced inhibition dominates over suppressed excitation. The mechanisms underlying the heightened inhibition are not fully understood. The present study tested our hypothesis that the inhibition is marked by a switch in glycine receptor subunits from neonatal to adult form around the critical period. An in-depth immunohistochemical and single neuron optical densitometric study was undertaken on four respiratory-related nuclear groups (the pre-Bötzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, and ventrolateral subnucleus of solitary tract nucleus), and a non-respiratory cuneate nucleus in P2-21 rats. Our data revealed that in the respiratory-related nuclear groups: (1) the expressions of GlyRα2 and GlyRα3 were relatively high at P2, but declined after 1-1½ weeks to their lowest levels at P21; (2) the expression of GlyRα1 increased with age and reached significance at P12; and (3) the expression of GlyRβ rose from P2 to P12 followed by a slight decline until P21. No distinct increase in GlyRα1 at P12 was noted in the cuneate nucleus. Thus, there is a switch in dominance of expression from neonatal GlyRα2/α3 to the adult GlyRα1 and a heightened expression of GlyRα1 around the critical period in all respiratory-related nuclear groups, thereby supporting enhanced inhibition at that time. The rise in the expression of GlyRβ around P12 indicates that it plays an important role in forming the mature heteropentameric glycine receptors in these brain stem nuclear groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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12
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Drugan RC, Hibl PT, Kelly KJ, Dady KF, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Prior cold water swim stress alters immobility in the forced swim test and associated activation of serotonergic neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 253:221-34. [PMID: 23999122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior adverse experience alters behavioral responses to subsequent stressors. For example, exposure to a brief swim increases immobility in a subsequent swim test 24h later. In order to determine if qualitative differences (e.g. 19°C versus 25°C) in an initial stressor (15-min swim) impact behavioral, physiological, and associated neural responses in a 5-min, 25°C swim test 24h later, rats were surgically implanted with biotelemetry devices 1 week prior to experimentation then randomly assigned to one of six conditions (Day 1 (15 min)/Day 2 (5 min)): (1) home cage (HC)/HC, (2) HC/25°C swim, (3) 19°C swim/HC, (4) 19°C swim/25°C swim, (5) 25°C swim/HC, (6) 25°C swim/25°C swim. Core body temperature (Tb) was measured on Days 1 and 2 using biotelemetry; behavior was measured on Day 2. Rats were transcardially perfused with fixative 2h following the onset of the swim on Day 2 for analysis of c-Fos expression in midbrain serotonergic neurons. Cold water (19°C) swim on Day 1 reduced Tb, compared to both 25°C swim and HC groups on Day 1, and, relative to rats exposed to HC conditions on Day 1, reduced the hypothermic response to the 25°C swim on Day 2. The 19°C swim on Day 1, relative to HC exposure on Day 1, increased immobility during the 5-min swim on Day 2. Also, 19°C swim, relative to HC conditions, on Day 1 reduced swim (25°C)-induced increases in c-Fos expression in serotonergic neurons within the dorsal and interfascicular parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus. These results suggest that exposure to a 5-min 19°C cold water swim, but not exposure to a 5-min 25°C swim alters physiological, behavioral and serotonergic responses to a subsequent stressor.
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Van Kempen TA, Kahlid S, Gonzalez AD, Spencer-Segal JL, Tsuda MC, Ogawa S, McEwen BS, Waters EM, Milner TA. Sex and estrogen receptor expression influence opioid peptide levels in the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber pathway. Neurosci Lett 2013; 552:66-70. [PMID: 23933204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The opioid peptides, dynorphin (DYN) and enkephalin (L-ENK) are contained in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway where they modulate synaptic plasticity. In rats, the levels of DYN and L-ENK immunoreactivity (-ir) are increased when estrogen levels are elevated (Torres-Reveron et al., 2008, 2009). Here, we used quantitative immunocytochemistry to examine whether opioid levels are similarly regulated in wildtype (WT) mice over the estrous cycle, and how these compared to males. Moreover, using estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta knock-out mice (AERKO and BERKO, respectively), the present study examined the role of ERs in rapid, membrane-initiated (6 h), or slower, nucleus-initiated (48 h) estradiol effects on mossy fiber opioid levels. Unlike rats, the levels of DYN and L-ENK-ir did not change over the estrous cycle. However, compared to males, females had higher levels of DYN-ir in CA3a and L-ENK-ir in CA3b. In WT and BERKO ovariectomized (OVX) mice, neither DYN- nor L-ENK-ir changed following 6 or 48 h estradiol benzoate (EB) administration. However, DYN-ir significantly increased 48 h after EB in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3b of AERKO mice only. These findings suggest that cyclic hormone levels regulate neither DYN nor L-ENK levels in the mouse mossy fiber pathway as they do in the rat. This may be due to species-specific differences in the mossy fiber pathway. However, in the mouse, DYN levels are regulated by exogenous EB in the absence of ERα possibly via an ERβ-mediated pathway requiring new gene transcription.
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Handa RJ, Kudwa AE, Donner NC, McGivern RF, Brown R. Central 5-alpha reduction of testosterone is requ ired for testosterone's inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response to restraint stress in adult male rats. Brain Res 2013; 1529:74-82. [PMID: 23880372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is controlled by a precise regulatory mechanism that is influenced by circulating gonadal and adrenal hormones. In males, gonadectomy increases the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) response to stressors, and androgen replacement returns the response to that of the intact male. Testosterone (T) actions in regulating HPA activity may be through aromatization to estradiol, or by 5α-reduction to the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To determine if the latter pathway is involved, we assessed the function of the HPA axis response to restraint stress following hormone treatments, or after peripheral or central treatment with the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. Initially, we examined the timecourse whereby gonadectomy alters the CORT response to restraint stress. Enhanced CORT responses were evident within 48 h following gonadectomy. Correspondingly, treatment of intact male rats with the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, for 48 h, enhanced the CORT and ACTH response to restraint stress. Peripheral injections of gonadectomized male rats with DHT or T for 48 h reduced the ACTH and CORT response to restraint stress. The effects of T, but not DHT, could be blocked by the third ventricle administration of finasteride prior to stress application. These data indicate that the actions of T in modulating HPA axis activity involve 5α-reductase within the central nervous system. These results further our understanding of how T acts to modulate the neuroendocrine stress responses and indicate that 5α reduction to DHT is a necessary step for T action.
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Colborn JM, Smith KA, Townsend J, Damian D, Nasci RS, Mutebi JP. West Nile v irus outbreak in Phoenix, Arizona--2010: entomological observations and epidemiological correlations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2013; 29:123-32. [PMID: 23923326 PMCID: PMC7269164 DOI: 10.2987/13-6326r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, Arizona experienced an unusually early and severe outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) centered in the southeast section of Maricopa County. Entomological data were collected before and during the outbreak, from May 25 through July 31, 2010, using the CO2-baited light trap monitoring system maintained by Maricopa County Vector Control. In the outbreak area, the most abundant species in the Town of Gilbert and in the area covered by the Roosevelt Water Conservation District was Culex quinquefasciatus, constituting 75.1% and 71.8% of the total number of mosquitoes collected, respectively. Vector index (VI) profiles showed that the abundance of infected Cx. quinquefasciatus peaked prior to human cases, suggesting that this species was involved in the initiation of the outbreak. In contrast, the VI profiles for Cx. tarsalis were consistently low, suggesting limited involvement in initiating and sustaining transmission. Taken together, the higher abundance and the VI profiles strongly suggest that Cx. quinquefasciatus was the primary vector for this outbreak. The VI profiles consistently showed that the abundance of infected mosquitoes peaked 1 to 2 wk before the peaks of human cases, suggesting that VI could have successfully been utilized to predict the WNV outbreak in Maricopa County, AZ, in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Colborn
- President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), Malaria Branch, CDC/CGH/DPDM
| | - Kirk A. Smith
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln. Bldg. 1531, Suite 500, Phoenix, AZ 85009
| | - John Townsend
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln. Bldg. 1531, Suite 500, Phoenix, AZ 85009
| | - Dan Damian
- Maricopa County Regional Development Services Agency, 501 N. 44 Street, Suite 100, Phoenix AZ 85009
| | - Roger S. Nasci
- Centers for Disease Control and prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO, 80521
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- Centers for Disease Control and prevention, 3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO, 80521
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Maney DL. The incentive salience of courtship vocalizations: hormone-mediated 'wanting' in the auditory system. Hear Res 2013; 305:19-30. [PMID: 23665125 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific vocalizations differ from many other sounds in that they have natural incentive salience. Our thinking about auditory responses to vocalizations may therefore benefit from models originally developed to understand reward. According to those models, the brain attributes incentive salience to rewarding stimuli via the activity of monoaminergic neuromodulators. These neuromodulators, in turn, mediate the effects of experience and internal state. Songbirds lend themselves well to this discussion because the natural incentive salience of song is clearly modulated by both factors. Their auditory responses have been well-studied, particularly the song-induced expression of plasticity-associated genes such as ZENK. Here I review evidence that ZENK responses to song are regulated by monoamine neuromodulators, and I interpret this evidence in the context of incentive salience. First, hearing conspecific song engages monoaminergic activity in the auditory system and elsewhere. Second, in females this activity may be regulated by the same hormones that regulate behavioral preferences for song. Finally, much of the evidence thought to implicate neuromodulators in song discrimination and memory suggests that they may affect incentive salience. Expanding the study of incentive salience beyond the mesolimbic reward system may reveal some new ways of thinking about its underlying neural basis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives".
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Asakawa M, Ito K, Kajihara H. Highly toxic ribbon worm Cephalothrix simula containing tetrodotoxin in H iroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:376-95. [PMID: 23430577 PMCID: PMC3640541 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1998, during a toxicological surveillance of various marine fouling organisms in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, specimens of the ribbon worm, Cephalothrix simula (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) were found. These ribbon worms contained toxins with extremely strong paralytic activity. The maximum toxicity in terms of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was 25,590 mouse units (MU) per gram for the whole worm throughout the monitoring period. The main toxic component was isolated and recrystallized from an acidified methanolic solution. The crystalline with a specific toxicity of 3520 MU/mg was obtained and identified as TTX by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescent detection (FLD) (HPLC-FLD), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest toxicity of C. simula exceeded the human lethal dose per a single worm. A toxicological surveillance of C. simula from 1998 to 2005 indicated approximately 80% of the individuals were ranked as "strongly toxic" (≥1000 MU/g). Forty-eight percent of the specimens possessed toxicity scores of more than 2000 MU/g. Seasonal variations were observed in the lethal potency of C. simula. Specimens collected on January 13, 2000 to December 26, 2000 showed mean toxicities of 665-5300 MU/g (n = 10). These data prompted a toxicological surveillance of ribbon worms from other localities with different habitats in Japan, including Akkeshi Bay (Hokkaido) under stones on rocky intertidal beaches, as well as Otsuchi (Iwate) among calcareous tubes of serpulid polychaetes on rocky shores. Within twelve species of ribbon worms examined, only C. simula possessed extremely high toxicity. Therefore, C. simula appears to show generally high toxicity irrespective of their locality and habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Asakawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hiroshi Kajihara
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan; E-Mail:
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Pessetto ZY, Yan Y, Bessho T, Natarajan A. Inhibition of BRCT(BRCA1)-phosphoprotein interaction enhances the cytotoxic effect of olaparib in breast cancer cells: a proof of concept study for synthetic lethal therapeutic option. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:511-517. [PMID: 22562176 PMCID: PMC3402595 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2079-4#page-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy using poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation has shown promise in clinical settings. Since <5 % of patients are BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, small molecules that functionally mimic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations will extend the synthetic lethal therapeutic option for non-mutation carriers. Here we provide proof of principle for this strategy using a BRCA1 inhibitor peptide 2 that targets the BRCT(BRCA1)-phosphoprotein interaction and mimics the M177R/K BRCA1 mutation. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of BRCA1 and Abraxas was used to demonstrate inhibitor 2 targets BRCT(BRCA1)-Abraxas interface. Immunostaining of γH2AX, cell cycle analysis and homologous recombination (HR) assays were conducted to confirm that inhibitor 2 functionally mimics a chemosensitizing BRCA1 mutation. The concept of synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy with the BRCA1 inhibitor 2 and the PARP inhibitor Olaparib was explored in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1937 cell lines. The results show that inhibition of BRCA1 by 2 sensitizes HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells but not HCC1937 to Olaparib mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis. These results provide the basis for developing high affinity BRCT(BRCA1) inhibitors as adjuvants to treat sporadic breast and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yuan Pessetto
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198
| | - Ying Yan
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198, (402) 559-3036
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198, (402) 559-7018
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198, Telephone: (402) 559 3793, Fax number: (402) 559 8270
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Richardson AE, Hamilton N, Davis W, Brito C, De León D. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) activates estrogen receptor-α and -β via the IGF-1 and the insulin receptors in breast cancer cells. Growth Factors 2011; 29:82-93. [PMID: 21410323 PMCID: PMC3092021 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.565003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a primary target for breast cancer (BC) treatment. As BC progresses to estrogen-independent growth, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the ER interact in synergistic cross-talk mechanisms, which result in enhanced activation of both receptors' signaling cascades. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) is critical in BC progression and its actions are mediated by the IGF-1R. Our previous studies showed that IGF-2 regulates survival genes that protect the mitochondria and promote chemoresistance. In this study, we analyzed BC cells by subcellular fractionation, Western-Blot, qRT-PCR, and siRNA analysis. Our results demonstrate that IGF-2 activates ER-α and ER-β, and modulates their translocation to the nucleus, membrane organelles, and the mitochondria. IGF-2 actions are mediated by the IGF-1R and the insulin receptor. This novel mechanism of IGF-2 synergistic cross-talk signaling with ER-α and ER-β can promote estrogen-independent BC progression and provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Richardson
- School of Medicine, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Sáiz JL, López-Zumel C, Monterroso B, Varea J, Arrondo JLR, Iloro I, García JL, Laynez J, Menéndez M. Characterization of Ejl, the cell-wall amidase coded by the pneumococcal bacteriophage Ej-1. Protein Sci 2002; 11:1788-99. [PMID: 12070331 PMCID: PMC2373657 DOI: 10.1110/ps.4680102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Ejl amidase is coded by Ej-1, a temperate phage isolated from the atypical pneumococcus strain 101/87. Like all the pneumococcal cell-wall lysins, Ejl has a bimodular organization; the catalytic region is located in the N-terminal module, and the C-terminal module attaches the enzyme to the choline residues of the pneumococcal cell wall. The structural features of the Ejl amidase, its interaction with choline, and the structural changes accompanying the ligand binding have been characterized by CD and IR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and FPLC. According to prediction and spectroscopic (CD and IR) results, Ejl would be composed of short beta-strands (ca. 36%) connected by long loops (ca. 17%), presenting only two well-predicted alpha-helices (ca. 12%) in the catalytic module. Its polypeptide chain folds into two cooperative domains, corresponding to the N- and C-terminal modules, and exhibits a monomer <--> dimer self-association equilibrium. Choline binding induces small rearrangements in Ejl secondary structure but enhances the amidase self-association by preferential binding to Ejl dimers and tetramers. Comparison of LytA, the major pneumococcal amidase, with Ejl shows that the sequence differences (15% divergence) strongly influence the amidase stability, the organization of the catalytic module in cooperative domains, and the self-association state induced by choline. Moreover, the ligand affinity for the choline-binding locus involved in regulation of the amidase dimerization is reduced by a factor of 10 in Ejl. Present results evidence that sequence differences resulting from the natural variability found in the cell wall amidases coded by pneumococcus and its bacteriophages may significantly alter the protein structure and its attachment to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Sáiz
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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