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Hernández-Ayala LF, Toledano-Magaña Y, Ortiz-Frade L, Flores-Alamo M, Galindo-Murillo R, Reina M, García-Ramos JC, Ruiz-Azuara L. Heteroleptic Ni II complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, computational studies and amoebicidal activity evaluation. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:111043. [PMID: 32109662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies, DFT calculations, and in vitro amoebicidal effect of seven new heteroleptic NiII coordination compounds. The crystal structures of [H2(pdto)](NO3)2 and [Ni(pdto)(NO3)]PF6 are presented, pdto = 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis-(sulfanediyl-2,1-ethanediyl)]dipyridine. The rest of the compounds have general formulae: [Ni(pdto)(NN)](PF6) where N-N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (44dmbpy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (55dmbpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (47dmphen) and 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (56dmphen). The size of NN ligand and its substituents modulate the compound electronic features and influence their antiproliferative efficiency against Entamoeba histolytica. 56dmphen derivative, shows the biggest molar volume and presents a powerful amoebicidal activity (IC50 = 1.2 μM), being seven times more effective than the first-line drug for human amoebiasis metronidazole. Also, increases the reactive oxygen species concentration within the trophozoites. This could be the trigger of the E. histolytica growth inhibition. The antiparasitic effect is described using NiII electron density, molar volume, estimated by DFT, as well as the experimental redox potential and diffusion coefficients. In general, amoebicidal efficiency is directly proportional to the increment of the molar volume and decreases when the redox potential becomes more positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Hernández-Ayala
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Ortiz-Frade
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Sanfandila, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Galindo-Murillo
- College of Pharmacy, L.S. Skaggs Pharmacy Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lena Ruiz-Azuara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Nuclear, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Shi D, Chahal KK, Oto P, Nothias LF, Debnath A, McKerrow JH, Podust LM, Abagyan R. Identification of Four Amoebicidal Nontoxic Compounds by a Molecular Docking Screen of Naegleria fowleri Sterol Δ8-Δ7-Isomerase and Phenotypic Assays. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2029-2038. [PMID: 31583882 PMCID: PMC7085920 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a rapid-onset brain infection in humans with over 97% mortality rate. Despite some progress in the treatment of the disease, there is no single, proven, evidence-based treatment with a high probability of cure. Here we report the chemical library screening and experimental identification of four new compounds with amoebicidal effects against N. fowleri. The chemical library was screened by molecular docking against a homology model of sterol Δ8-Δ7 isomerase (NfERG2). Thirty top-ranking hits were then tested in a cell-based assay for antiproliferative/amoebicidal activities. Eight chemicals exhibited nearly 100% inhibition of N. fowleri at 50 μM, with the EC50 values ranging from 6 to 25 μM. A cell toxicity assay using human HEK-293 cells was also performed. Four of the compounds preferentially kill amoeba cells with no apparent human cell toxicities. These compounds fall into two distinct chemical scaffolds with druglike properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Kirti Kandhwal Chahal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Delhi Bypass Road, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Patricia Oto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Louis-Felix Nothias
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States of America
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Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Hussain MA, Ahmed D, Shah MR, Khan NA. Silver nanoparticle conjugation affects antiacanthamoebic activities of amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:265-271. [PMID: 29218442 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, killing more than 15 million people worldwide. This is despite our advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. Nanoparticles offer a promising technology to enhance drug efficacy and formation of effective vehicles for drug delivery. Here, we conjugated amphotericin B, nystatin (macrocyclic polyenes), and fluconazole (azole) with silver nanoparticles. Silver-conjugated drugs were synthesized successfully and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Conjugated and unconjugated drugs were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype using amoebicidal assay and host cell cytotoxicity assay. Viability assays revealed that silver nanoparticles conjugated with amphotericin B (Amp-AgNPs) and nystatin (Nys-AgNPs) exhibited significant antiamoebic properties compared with drugs alone or AgNPs alone (P < 0.05) as determined by Trypan blue exclusion assay. In contrast, conjugation of fluconazole with AgNPs had limited effect on its antiamoebic properties. Notably, AgNP-coated drugs inhibited amoebae-mediated host cell cytotoxicity as determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release. Overall, here we present the development of a new formulation of more effective antiamoebic agents based on AgNPs coated with drugs that hold promise for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asim Hussain
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dania Ahmed
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Zouaghi G, Najar A, Chiboub O, Sifaoui I, Abderrabba M, Lorenzo Morales J. The effect of viroid infection of citrus trees on the amoebicidal activity of 'Maltese half-blood' (Citrus sinensis) against trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:182-186. [PMID: 28916460 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to promote a local Tunisian product, this study was designed to examine, for the first time, the anti-Acanthamoeba activity (Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff) of the essential oils of Tunisian Citrus sinensis peels (Maltese half-blood) and the effect of viroid plant infection on this activity. To do so, three samples of peels' essential oils were studied: from a healthy plant (Control), a plant inoculated with Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and one inoculated with hot stunt cachexia viroid (HSVd). The samples were extracted by hydrodistillation from dried peels and characterized by GC-MS. Limonene was the major component with a percentage ranging from 90.76 to 93.34% for (CEVd) sample and (Control), respectively. Anti-Acanthamoeba activity of the tested oils was determined by the Alamar Blue® assay. Primary results showed a strong potential anti-Acanthamoeba activity with an IC50 ranging from 36.6 to 54.58 μg/ml for (HSVd) and (CEVd) samples, respectively. In terms of the effect of viroid infection, a strong positive correlation was observed between different chemical classes and anti-Acanthamoeba activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaya Zouaghi
- Laboratory Materials, Molecules, Applications, IPEST (Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies), University of Carthage, La Marsa 2070, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Asma Najar
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia, Rue Hédi Karray, 1004 El 9 Menzah, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Chiboub
- Laboratory Materials, Molecules, Applications, IPEST (Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies), University of Carthage, La Marsa 2070, Tunis, Tunisia; University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Avda Francisco Sanchez s/n, Campus de Anchieta, 38271 La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Laboratory Materials, Molecules, Applications, IPEST (Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies), University of Carthage, La Marsa 2070, Tunis, Tunisia; University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Avda Francisco Sanchez s/n, Campus de Anchieta, 38271 La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manef Abderrabba
- Laboratory Materials, Molecules, Applications, IPEST (Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies), University of Carthage, La Marsa 2070, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jacob Lorenzo Morales
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Avda Francisco Sanchez s/n, Campus de Anchieta, 38271 La Laguna. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Sánchez García JJ, Toledano-Magaña Y, Flores-Alamo M, Martínez-Klimova E, Galindo-Murillo R, Hernández-Ayala LF, Ortiz-Frade L, García-Ramos JC, Klimova EI. Polycyclic ferrocenyl(dihydro)thiazepine derivatives: Diastereo-selective synthesis, characterization, electrochemical behavior, theoretical and biological investigation. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 166:141-149. [PMID: 27863300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of E-2-ferrocenylmethylidenetetralones and E,E-2,6-bis-(ferrocenylmethylidene)-cyclohexanone with 2-aminothiophenol proceed with high diastereoselectivity, forming the ~4.5:1 mixture of trans- and cis-isomers of polycyclic ferrocenylthiazepines, respectively. The reactions of E,E-2,5-bis-(ferrocenylmethylidene)cyclopentanone and E,E-3,5-bis-(ferrocenylmethylidene)-1-methyl-4-piperidone with 2-aminothiophenol take place stereo specifically to form the diastereomeric tricyclic thiazepines of cis- and trans-configuration, respectively. The structures of the obtained compounds were established by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry. The structures of the trans-tetralino[1,2a]-, trans-5,7-dimethyltetralino[1,2a]-2-ferrocenyl [1,5]benzo-2,3-dihydrothiazepines and cis-5-ferrocenyl-methylidenecyclopentano[1,2a]-2-ferrocenyl- [1,5]benzo-2,3-dihydrothiazepine were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. An electrochemical study reveals that the diferrocenyl derivatives belong to a Class I compounds of the Robin-Day classification. This behavior is explained by the analysis of frontier orbitals as calculated by density functional theory, showing that only one ferrocenyl unit participates in the generation of HOMO and LUMO orbitals. Compounds 4a and 4c showed similar capacity to inhibit the proliferation of HM1: IMSS trophozoite cultures than the first choice drug for human amoebiasis treatment, metronidazole. Morphological changes induced in the trophozoites after drug exposure suggest a redox in balance as the probable mechanism of the parasite death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CD.MX, 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Luis Ortiz-Frade
- Departamento de Electroquímica, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C., Querétaro, 76703, Mexico
| | - Juan C García-Ramos
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CD. MX, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Elena I Klimova
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CD.MX, 04510, Mexico.
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Shohaib HM, Nawaz S, Matin A. Methanolic extract of Peganum harmala exhibit potent activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and its encystment in vitro. Pak J Pharm Sci 2016; 29:1993-1996. [PMID: 28375115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is member of free living amoeba that may cause painful sight-threatening keratitis and life threatening encephalitis which involves central nervous system. Treatments for both infections are problematic because of the amoebic cysts resistance to therapeutic agents. Here we evaluated in vitro strength of methanolic seed extract of Peganum harmala on Acanthamoeba cysts and its encystment mechanism. Our results revealed seed extracts (1 to 30mg/ml) exhibited amoebicidal effects against Acanthamoeba cysts. Furthermore Acanthamoeba encystment was also inhibited in concentration dependent manner with maximum inhibition at 2µg/ml after 48h incubation. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that methanolic extracts exhibit remarkable inhibition of Acanthamoeba cysts and encystment in vitro which could serve a potential new natural agent against Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Shohaib
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Hattar Road, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Salik Nawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Matin
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Hattar Road, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia
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Elkhoudary MM, Abdel Salam RA, Hadad GM. Comparative artificial neural network and partial least squares models for analysis of Metronidazole, Diloxanide, Spiramycin and Cliquinol in pharmaceutical preparations. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 130:222-229. [PMID: 24792195 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MNZ) is a widely used antibacterial and amoebicide drug. Therefore, it is important to develop a rapid and specific analytical method for the determination of MNZ in mixture with Spiramycin (SPY), Diloxanide (DIX) and Cliquinol (CLQ) in pharmaceutical preparations. This work describes simple, sensitive and reliable six multivariate calibration methods, namely linear and nonlinear artificial neural networks preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) and principle component analysis (PCA-ANN) as well as partial least squares (PLS) either alone or preceded by genetic algorithm (GA-PLS) for UV spectrophotometric determination of MNZ, SPY, DIX and CLQ in pharmaceutical preparations with no interference of pharmaceutical additives. The results manifest the problem of nonlinearity and how models like ANN can handle it. Analytical performance of these methods was statistically validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. The developed methods indicate the ability of the previously mentioned multivariate calibration models to handle and solve UV spectra of the four components' mixtures using easy and widely used UV spectrophotometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elkhoudary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El Arish, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Randa A Abdel Salam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Hadad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Boonman N, Prachya S, Boonmee A, Kittakoop P, Wiyakrutta S, Sriubolmas N, Warit S, Dharmkrong-At Chusattayanond A. In vitro acanthamoebicidal activity of fusaric acid and dehydrofusaric acid from an endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. Tlau3. Planta Med 2012; 78:1562-1567. [PMID: 22864988 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living protozoa that can cause sight- and life-threatening diseases in man. Its control is still problematic due to the lack of effective and nontoxic acanthamoebicidal agents. Herein, we report the first finding of an in vitro killing effect of fusaric acid and dehydrofusaric acid, isolated from metabolites of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex Tlau3, on Acanthamoeba trophozoites isolated from two clinical (AS, AR) and two soil (S3, S5) samples. AS, AR, and S3 were classified as members of the T4 genotype, whereas S5 belongs to T5. The fungal extract was found to exhibit acanthamoebicidal activity, and activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation and identification of active principles, fusaric acid and dehydrofusaric acid. Their effects were in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Fusaric acid and dehydrofusaric acid showed IC₅₀ values against AS trophozoites of 0.31 and 0.34 µM, respectively. Commercial fusaric acid displayed the same acanthamoebicidal activity as that of the isolated fusaric acid, and therefore, commercial fusaric acid was used throughout this study. IC₅₀ values of commercial fusaric acid against AR, S3, and S5 trophozoites were 0.33, 0.33, and 0.66 µM, respectively. Fusaric acid calcium salt has a history of usage as a hypotensive agent in humans with no observed toxicity. The present study suggests that fusaric acid may serve as a starting point for the development towards therapeutic and environmental acanthamoebicides with low toxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumon Boonman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Nagpal I, Raj I, Subbarao N, Gourinath S. Virtual screening, identification and in vitro testing of novel inhibitors of O-acetyl-L-serine sulfhydrylase of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30305. [PMID: 22355310 PMCID: PMC3280239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosive epidemicity of amoebiasis caused by the facultative gastrointestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is a major public health problem in developing countries. Multidrug resistance and side effects of various available antiamoebic drugs necessitate the design of novel antiamobeic agents. The cysteine biosynthetic pathway is the critical target for drug design due to its significance in the growth, survival and other cellular activities of E. histolytica. Here, we have screened 0.15 million natural compounds from the ZINC database against the active site of the EhOASS enzyme (PDB ID. 3BM5, 2PQM), whose structure we previously determined to 2.4 Å and 1.86 Å resolution. For this purpose, the incremental construction algorithm of GLIDE and the genetic algorithm of GOLD were used. We analyzed docking results for top ranking compounds using a consensus scoring function of X-Score to calculate the binding affinity and using ligplot to measure protein-ligand interactions. Fifteen compounds that possess good inhibitory activity against EhOASS active site were identified that may act as potential high affinity inhibitors. In vitro screening of a few commercially available compounds established their biological activity. The first ranked compound ZINC08931589 had a binding affinity of ∼8.05 µM and inhibited about 73% activity at 0.1 mM concentration, indicating good correlation between in silico prediction and in vitro inhibition studies. This compound is thus a good starting point for further development of strong inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Raj
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SG); (NS)
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SG); (NS)
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Leitsch D, Kolarich D, Wilson IBH, Altmann F, Duchêne M. Nitroimidazole action in Entamoeba histolytica: a central role for thioredoxin reductase. PLoS Biol 2008; 5:e211. [PMID: 17676992 PMCID: PMC1933457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole drug, has been the gold standard for several decades in the treatment of infections with microaerophilic protist parasites, including Entamoeba histolytica. For activation, the drug must be chemically reduced, but little is known about the targets of the active metabolites. Applying two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we searched for protein targets in E. histolytica. Of all proteins visualized, only five were found to form adducts with metronidazole metabolites: thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, superoxide dismutase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and a previously unknown protein. Recombinant thioredoxin reductase carrying the modification displayed reduced enzymatic activity. In treated cells, essential non-protein thiols such as free cysteine were also affected by covalent adduct formation, their levels being drastically reduced. Accordingly, addition of cysteine allowed E. histolytica to survive in the presence of otherwise lethal metronidazole concentrations and reduced protein adduct formation. Finally, we discovered that thioredoxin reductase reduces metronidazole and other nitro compounds, suggesting a new model of metronidazole activation in E. histolytica with a central role for thioredoxin reductase. By reducing metronidazole, the enzyme renders itself and associated thiol-containing proteins vulnerable to adduct formation. Because thioredoxin reductase is a ubiquitous enzyme, similar processes could occur in other eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms. The protist parasites Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Giardia intestinalis grow in environments with low oxygen concentration. Infections with these parasites are commonly treated with metronidazole, a nitroimidazole drug that must be reduced for activation, resulting in several toxic metabolites. We examined the soluble proteome of metronidazole-treated E. histolytica cells for target proteins of these metabolites, applying two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Of about 1,500 proteins visualized, only five formed covalent adducts with metronidazole metabolites, including thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and superoxide dismutase. Metronidazole-bound thioredoxin reductase displayed diminished activity. In addition to these proteins, small thiol molecules, including cysteine, formed adducts with metronidazole. Supplementation with cysteine allowed the cells to survive otherwise lethal metronidazole concentrations. Finally, we discovered that one of the modified proteins, thioredoxin reductase, reduces metronidazole, suggesting a central role for this enzyme with regard to metronidazole toxicity. Taken together, our work reveals a new area of molecular interactions of activated metronidazole with cellular components. Because thioredoxin reductase is a ubiquitous enzyme, similar processes could also occur in other eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms. Metronidazole is used for treatment of infections with microaerophilic protist parasites. Here, a new model of metronidazole activation is proposed, with a central role for thioredoxin reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leitsch
- Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B. H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Duchêne
- Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Husain K, Abid M, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity of new indole-3-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones and their Pd(II) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1300-8. [PMID: 17442460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our research on thiosemicarbazones and their metal complexes as antiamoebic agents, a new series of indole-3-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (TSC) 1-7 were prepared by condensing indole-3-carboxaldehyde with cycloalkylaminothiocarbonyl hydrazines. Their palladium(II) complexes of the [Pd(TSC)Cl2] type, were synthesized upon coordination with [Pd(DMSO)2Cl2]. The chemical structures of all the compounds were established by elemental analyses, electronic, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectral data. The structure of the complexes was further established by thermogravimetric analysis and FAB MS. Spectroscopic data revealed that thiosemicarbazones act as bidentate ligands, making use of thione sulphur and azomethine nitrogen atom for coordination to the Pd(II) ion. Among all the compounds evaluated for antiamoebic activity using HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica, all palladium complexes were found to be more active than their respective ligands. Moreover, ligand 5 and complexes 1a-3a, 5a and 7a showed antiamoebic activity, at lower IC(50) doses when compared to the reference drug metronidazole with IC(50)=1.81 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakul Husain
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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12
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Budakoti A, Abid M, Azam A. Syntheses, characterization and in vitro antiamoebic activity of new Pd(II) complexes with 1-N-substituted thiocarbamoyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:544-51. [PMID: 17156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of neutral NS bidentate ligands, 1-N-substituted thiocarbamoyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-pyrazolines, isolated by cyclization of chalcone with N-4-substituted thiosemicarbazide of aromatic amines (1-8), with [Pd(DMSO)(2)Cl(2)] (DMSO=dimethylsulfoxide) leads to the formation of new complexes of the type [Pd(L)Cl(2)] (1a-8a). The structures of the compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and ESI-MS spectral data and thermogravimetric analysis and their purities were confirmed by elemental analyses. The antiamoebic activity of these complexes was evaluated by microdilution method against HM1:IMSS strain of Entameoba histolytica and the results were compared with the standard drug, metronidazole. Generally palladium complexes showed better activity than their corresponding ligands. Compound 3a showed better IC(50)=0.05 microM as compared to metronidazole IC(50)=1.82 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Budakoti
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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13
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Athar F, Husain K, Abid M, Agarwal SM, Coles SJ, Hursthouse MB, Maurya MR, Azam A. Synthesis and anti-amoebic activity of gold(I), ruthenium(II), and copper(II) complexes of metronidazole. Chem Biodivers 2007; 2:1320-30. [PMID: 17191933 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of Au, Ru, and Cu complexes of metronidazole (= [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole; 1) were prepared as highly potent anti-amoebic drugs. The complexes [Au(PPh3)(1)]PF6 (2), [Ru(1)2(Cl)2(H2O)2] (3), and [Cu(1)2(mu-Cl)(H2O)]2Cl2 (4) were readily synthesized from [Au(PPh3)Cl], RuCl3 x 3 H2O, and CuCl2 x 2 H2O, respectively. All complexes were thoroughly characterized by IR, UV/VIS, 1H-NMR, FAB-MS, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and, in the case of 4, also by X-ray crystallography (Fig. 1). All complexes were evaluated in vitro as growth inhibitors of Entamoeba histolytica (HM1:IMSS strain). Their IC50 values were in the range of 0.10-0.51 microM (Table 2), which makes these drugs, especially the Cu(II) complex 4, considerably more potent than uncomplexed metronidazole (1; IC50 = 1.81 microM), the current standard drug for the worldwide treatment of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeda Athar
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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14
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Matin A, Jeong SR, Stins M, Khan NA. Effects of human serum on Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:30-35. [PMID: 17172513 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba and a causative agent of fatal granulomatous encephalitis. In the transmission of B. mandrillaris into the central nervous system (CNS), haematogenous spread is thought to be the primary step, followed by blood–brain barrier penetration. The objectives of the present study were (i) to determine the effects of serum from healthy individuals on the viability of B. mandrillaris, and (ii) to determine the effects of serum on B. mandrillaris-mediated blood–brain barrier perturbations. It was determined that normal human serum exhibited limited amoebicidal effects, i.e. ∼40 % of trophozoites were killed. The residual subpopulation, although viable, remained static over longer incubations. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which form the blood–brain barrier, it was observed that B. mandrillaris exhibited binding (>80 %) and cytotoxicity (>70 %) to HBMEC. However, normal human serum exhibited more than 60 % inhibition of B. mandrillaris binding and cytotoxicity to HBMEC. ELISAs showed that both serum and saliva samples exhibit the presence of anti-B. mandrillaris antibodies. Western blots revealed that normal human serum reacted with several B. mandrillaris antigens with approximate molecular masses of 148, 115, 82, 67, 60, 56, 44, 42, 40 and 37 kDa. Overall, the results demonstrated that normal human serum has inhibitory effects on B. mandrillaris growth and viability, as well as on their binding and subsequent cytotoxicity to HBMEC. A complete understanding of B. mandrillaris pathogenesis is crucial to develop therapeutic interventions and/or to design preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Matin
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Seok Ryoul Jeong
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Monique Stins
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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15
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Singh S, Athar F, Maurya MR, Azam A. Cyclooctadiene Ru(II) complexes of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde-derived thiosemicarbazones: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:592-8. [PMID: 16545496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones (TSC) 1-10 were synthesized by condensing substituted thiosemicarbazide with thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde. These thiosemicarbazones were further reacted with [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(CH3CN)2Cl2] to form complexes of the type [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(TSC)Cl2] 1a-10a. Thiosemicarbazones exhibited antiamoebic activity in the range IC50=1.09-5.42 microM. In vitro assessment of antiamoebic activity indicated that the thiosemicarbazones 3, IC50=1.67 microM, 4, IC50=1.11 microM and 6, IC50=1.09 microM showed substantially less IC50 value than metronidazole (IC50=1.87 microM), a commonly used drug against amoebiasis. Cyclooctadiene Ru(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones showed significant improvement in antiamoebic activity (IC50=0.30-1.39 microM). All the complexes possess noteworthy potencies and showed less IC50 values than metronidazole against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica. Among all the complexes, the most promising antiamoebic activities was shown by the complexes 4a and 6a (IC50=0.31 microM of 4a and IC50=0.30 microM of 6a versus metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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16
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Sharma S, Athar F, Maurya MR, Azam A. Copper(II) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against E. histolytica. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1414-9. [PMID: 16129515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop potent antiamoebic agents, a series of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) ligands 1-5 derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and N4-substituted thiosemicarbazides has been prepared and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Treatment of the ligands with cupric chloride produced the copper(II) complexes [Cu(TSC)2Cl2] 1a-5a where ligand bind through thionic sulfur and the azomethine nitrogen. The possible geometries of the complexes were assigned on the basis of magnetic moment, electronic and thermal patterns as well as infrared spectral studies. The thiosemicarbazones and their copper complexes were tested for their in vitro antiamoebic activity against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica and showed significant growth inhibition. The results revealed that these complexes are effective chemicals in inhibiting amoebal growth, with compound 5 (having -N(CH3)(C6H5) substituent at N4) and complexes 1a-5a being more effective than the commercial antiamoebic drug, metronidazole, based on IC50 values. These data also indicated that the compounds 3a and 5a are most effective among the complexes studied (IC50=0.26 microM of 3a and IC50=0.21 microM of 5a versus IC50=1.81 microM of metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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17
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Abid M, Azam A. Synthesis and antiamoebic activities of 1-N-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2213-20. [PMID: 15727873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 21 new 1-N-substituted cyclised pyrazoline analogues of thiosemicarbazones were synthesised by cyclisation of Mannich bases with thiosemicarbazides of variegated nature. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by UV, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The antiamoebic activities of these compounds were evaluated by microdilution method against HM1:1MSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. It was found that 3-chloro and 3-bromo substituents on the phenyl ring at position 3 of the pyrazoline ring enhanced the antiamoebic activity as compared to unsubstituted phenyl ring. Compounds 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 showed less IC(50) value than metronidazole. Moreover, compound 21 have shown the most promising antiamoebic activity (IC(50)=0.6 microM vs IC(50)=1.8 microM of metronidazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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18
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Singh S, Husain K, Athar F, Azam A. Synthesis and antiamoebic activity of 3,7-dimethyl-pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,2,4] triazin-4-yl thiosemicarbazide derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:255-62. [PMID: 15911221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,7-dimethyl-pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl thiosemicarbazide derivatives 3-22 were prepared and evaluated in vitro against HM1:1MSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica, to identify the compounds for antiamoebic activity. They exhibited antiamoebic activity in the range (IC50=0.81-7.31microM). The results were compared to the activity of known drug metronidazole. It is inferred from the in vitro studies that the compounds 10, 11, 17 and 18 were found to be significantly better inhibitors of E. histolytica since IC50 values in the muM range elicited by these compounds are much lower than metronidazole. Besides, compounds 11 and 17 have shown the most promising antiamoebic activity (IC50=0.81microM of 11, IC50=0.84 microM of 17 versus IC50=1.81microM of metronidazole). The study suggests the possibility of developing triazine analogues as potential drug candidates for antiamoebic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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19
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Kopańska K, Najda A, Zebrowska J, Chomicz L, Piekarczyk J, Myjak P, Bretner M. Synthesis and activity of 1H-benzimidazole and 1H-benzotriazole derivatives as inhibitors of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2617-24. [PMID: 15110843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloro-, bromo- and methyl- analogues of 1H-benzimidazole and 1H-benzotriazole and their N-alkyl derivatives have been synthesized and tested in vitro against the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results indicate that 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole (11) and 5,6-dibromo-1H-benzotriazole (14) have higher efficacy than the antiprotozoal agent chlorohexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kopańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5a Pawińskiego, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Singh S, Bharti N, Naqvi F, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro Antiamoebic Activity of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones and their Palladium (II) and Ruthenium (II) Complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:459-65. [PMID: 15110972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Revised: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of new Palladium(II) and Ruthenium(II) complexes of the type, [Pd(L)Cl(2)] and [Ru(eta(4)-C(8)H(12))(L)Cl(2)] [where, L = thiosemicarbazones derived from 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and cycloalkylaminothiocarbonyl hydrazines] have been isolated by the reaction of [Pd(DMSO)(2)Cl(2)] and [Ru(eta(4)-C(8)H(12))(CH(3)CN)(2)Cl(2)] with 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. The spectral data revealed that the thiosemicarbazones act as bidentate ligands, making use of thionic sulphur and the azomethine nitrogen atom for coordination to the central metal ion. Microdilution method was used for the assessment of antiamoebic activity of all the compounds against HK-9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica. Among all the thiosemicarbazones, 5-NT-4-BPTSCN (3) showed significant antiamoebic activity (IC(50) - 2.56 microM). Enhancement of antiamoebic activity resulted by introducing palladium and ruthenium metals in the thiosemicarbazone moiety. All the Pd(II) and Ru(II) complexes of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones were found more active then their respective ligands. The complexes 1a-4a, 1b and 3b showed antiamoebic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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21
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Agner G, Gyórbíró A, Valkó I, Vasvári-Debreczy L, Szabó A, Farkas G, Halász J, Podányi B, Brlik J, Simon K, Hermecz I. [Light- and temperature-induced degradation of fumagillin]. Acta Pharm Hung 2003; 73:41-5. [PMID: 12891898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic fumagillin with amebicidal and fungicidal effects isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus is the only presently known agent for the treatment of life threatening serious microsporidiosis occurring in patients with AIDS. Fumagillin and its degradation products were measured by HPLC at given time intervals after storage under defined conditions (temperature, relative humidity). Significant degradation took place even in samples stored in freezer; therefore fumagillin drug substance should be stored below -60 degrees C. Light also induced a degradation process in fumagillin, thus it is proposed to be stored and transported in brown glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Agner
- Chinoin Gyógyszer és Vegyészeti Termékek Gyára Rt., Budapest, Tó u. 1-5.-1045
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22
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Bharti SN, Naqvi F, Azam A. Synthesis, spectral studies and screening for amoebicidal activity of new palladium(II) complexes derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:689-92. [PMID: 12639559 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In view of the antiamoebic properties observed for many thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones, a series of N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones metal complexes derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde was prepared for evaluation against Entamoeba histolytica. Reaction of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with cycloalkylaminothiocarbonylhydrazines having different amines gave the corresponding thiosemicarbazones. Reaction of latter with [Pd(DMSO)(2)Cl(2)] gave requisite palladium thiosemicarbazone complexes of the type [Pd(TSC)Cl(2)] (where TSC=thiosemicarbazones). Screening of antiamoebic activity of these compounds was assayed in vitro against (HM-1:1MSS) strain of E. histolytica. Enhancement of antiamoebic resulted from introducing palladium metal in the thiosemicarbazone moiety. Among the studied compounds, [Pd(2-TCA-1,2,3,4-THQTSC)Cl(2)] (2a) showed better activity.
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23
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Sondhi SM, Rajvanshi S, Johar M, Bharti N, Azam A, Singh AK. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antiamoebic activity evaluation of pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazole derivatives synthesized by the reaction of ketoisothiocyanates with mono and diamines. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:835-43. [PMID: 12446042 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(UN) substituted o-phenylenediamines 1a-g reacted with 3-isothiocyanatobutanal to give pyrimidobenzimidazole derivatives, 2a-g, respectively. Products 4, 6 and 8, 10 were obtained by condensation of 3-isothiocyanatobutanal with 2,3-diaminopyridine, 1,4-diaminobutane and 3-isothiocyanatopropanal with 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine, o-nitroaniline, respectively. S-Methylation of 2f and 11b gave products 12a and 12b, respectively. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity evaluations of 2a-g and 12b were carried out at 50 mg kg(-1) p.o. Compound 2c exhibited good anti-inflammatory (46%) and mild analgesic activity (50%). Antiamoebic activity evaluations (using microdilution method) of 2a-g against Entamoeba-histolytica (strain HM1: IMSS) were carried out and compounds 2a, 2b, 2d and 2g exhibited good antiamoebic activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham M Sondhi
- Department of Chemistry, I.I.T. Roorkee, Roorkee 247667 (UA), India.
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24
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Adagu IS, Nolder D, Warhurst DC, Rossignol JF. In vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49:103-11. [PMID: 11751773 DOI: 10.1093/jac/49.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of the N-(nitrothiazolyl) salicylamide nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide were compared with metronidazole in vitro in microplates against six axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis. Tizoxanide was eight times more active than metronidazole against metronidazole-susceptible isolates and twice as active against a resistant isolate. In 10 axenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica, while tizoxanide was almost twice as active as metronidazole against more susceptible isolates, it was more than twice as active against less susceptible isolates. Fourteen metronidazole-susceptible isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis were 1.5 times more susceptible to tizoxanide, which was nearly five times as active against resistant isolates. Two highly metronidazole-resistant isolates retained complete susceptibility to tizoxanide, and one moderately resistant isolate showed reduced susceptibility. In all three organisms, nitazoxanide results paralleled those of tizoxanide. Analogues lacking the reducible nitro-group had similar low activities against susceptible G. intestinalis, E. histolytica and T. vaginalis, indicating that nitro-reduction and free radical production was a probable mode of action. Nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide are more active in vitro than metronidazole against G. intestinalis, E. histolytica and T. vaginalis. Although, like metronidazole, they depend on the presence of a nitro-group for activity, they retain some activity against metronidazole-resistant strains, particularly of T. vaginalis. The results suggest that resistance mechanisms for metronidazole can be bypassed by nitazoxanide and tizoxanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sullayman Adagu
- Romark Research Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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25
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Wright CW, Marshall SJ, Russell PF, Anderson MM, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Schiff PL. In vitro antiplasmodial, antiamoebic, and cytotoxic activities of some monomeric isoquinoline alkaloids. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:1638-1640. [PMID: 11141105 DOI: 10.1021/np000144r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one alkaloids have been assessed for activities against Plasmodium falciparum (multidrug- resistant strain K1) in vitro; 18 of these are reported for the first time. Two protoberberine alkaloids, dehydrodiscretine and berberine, were found to have antiplasmodial IC(50) values less than 1 M, while seven alkaloids-allocrytopine, columbamine, dehydroocoteine, jatrorrhizine, norcorydine, thalifendine, and ushinsunine-had values between 1 and 10 M. These results are discussed in the context of structure-activity relationships. Compounds were also assessed for antiamoebic and cytotoxic activities, but none was significantly active except for berberine, which was moderately cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wright
- The School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK.
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26
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Bharti N, Maurya MR, Naqvi F, Azam A. Synthesis and antiamoebic activity of new cyclooctadiene ruthenium(II) complexes with 2-acetylpyridine and benzimidazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2243-5. [PMID: 11055329 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of [Ru(eta4-C8H12) (CH3CN)2 Cl2] with 2-(2-pyridyl) benzimidazole or Schiff bases derived from 2-acetylpyridine and S-methyldithiocarbazate, S-benzyldithiocarbazate and thiosemicarbazide leads to form new complexes of the type [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(L)Cl2] (where L=ligand). In vitro, most of the compounds exhibited potent activity and the Ru derivatives 1a [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(2-Acpy-SMDT)Cl2], 2a [Ru(eta4-C8H12)(2-Acpy-SBDT)Cl2] and 3a [Ru(eta4-CsH12)(2-Acpy-TSC)Cl2] were found more active than metronidazole against (HK-9) strain of Entamoeba histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bharti
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Ondarza RN, Iturbe A, Hernández E, Tamayo EM, Hurtado G. In vivo inhibition of reduced thiol compounds from Entamoeba histolytica HK9 by phenothiazines and related tricyclic drugs. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S12-6. [PMID: 11070205 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Ondarza
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Neelam B, Mannar M, Fehmida N, Alok B, Sudha B, Amir A. Palladium(II) complexes of NS donor ligandsderived from S-methyl-dithiocarbazate, S-benzyldithiocarbazateand thiosemicarbazide as antiamoebic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:481-6. [PMID: 10889327 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of palladium(II) complexes of the type [PdLCl(2)] (where L = Schiff bases derived from 2-acetylpyridine and S-methyldithiocarbazate, S-benzyldithiocarbazate or thiosemicarbazide) have been isolated by the reaction of [Pd(DMSO)(2)C1(2)] and respective ligands. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, electronic spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. It is concluded that the thionic sulphur and the azomethine nitrogen atoms of the ligands are bonded to the metal ion. Assessment of antiamoebic activity against Entamoeba histolytica (strain HK-9) was done by using a microdilution method. [Pd(2-Acpy-SMDT)C1(2)] and Pd(2-Acpy-SBDT)C1(2)] have shown greater activity, whereas [Pd(2-Acpy-TSC)C1(2)] showed similar activity as metronidazole in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Neelam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, - 110025, New Delhi, India
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Snook CF, Woolley GA, Oliva G, Pattabhi V, Wood SF, Blundell TL, Wallace BA. The structure and function of antiamoebin I, a proline-rich membrane-active polypeptide. Structure 1998; 6:783-92. [PMID: 9655831 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiamoebin is a member of the peptaibol family of polypeptides and has a unique antibiotic activity: it acts as an antiamoebic agent, but does not effectively haemolyze erythrocytes even though it does exhibit membrane-modifying activity. RESULTS The structure of antiamoebin I has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.4 A resolution. The molecule forms a helical structure, which, as a result of the presence of a number of proline and hydroxyproline residues, has a deep bend in the middle. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, single-channel conductance studies and fluorescence diffusion studies suggest a mode of ion transport that is entirely different from that of the other two members of the peptaibol family (alamethicin and zervamicin) whose structures and functions have been examined in detail. CONCLUSIONS The structure of the polypeptide has been determined and a functional model for its mode of action in membranes is presented. Although under some conditions antiamoebin may form ion channels, unlike the closely related alamethicin and zervamicin polypeptides, its major membrane-modifying activity appears to be as an ion carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Snook
- Department of Crystallography Birkbeck College University of London London, WC1E 7HX, UK
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Abstract
Results from the in vitro antiamoebic activity of some Congolese plant extracts used as antidiarrhoeic in traditional medicine indicated that of 45 plant extracts tested, 35 (77.78%) exhibited an antiamoebic activity and 10 (22.22%) were inactive. The highest activity (MIC < 100 microg/ml) was obtained with extracts from root bark of Paropsia brazzeana, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Alchornea cordifolia, Hensia pulchella, Maprounea africana, Rauwolfia obscura and Voacanga africana, leaves and stem bark of Psidium guajava, stem bark of Dialum englerianum, Harungana madagascariensis and Mangifera indica, mature seeds of Carica papaya, and leaves of Morinda morindoides and Tithonia diversifolia. Metronidazole used as reference product showed a more pronounced activity than that of all plant extracts tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kinshasa, Congo
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Sengupta M, Sengupta O. Correlation of biological activity (therapeutic and toxic) with solvochromic properties of metronidazole, emetine hydrochloride and diloxanide furoate. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1995; 32:302-7. [PMID: 8713754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Goat blood, when incubated for different periods with diloxanide furoate, metronidazole and emetine hydrochloride, underwent changes in fatty acid constituents and their peroxidation products measured as malonaldehyde. These findings, together with the changes noted in the drug-lipid partition coefficient, are discussed in an attempt to correlate the lipid constitution and biological activity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
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Abstract
Three antibiotic peptides with amoebolytic activity have been purified from culture supernatants of Bacillus licheniformis M-4 (amoebicins m4-A, m4-B, and m4-C). They were hydrophilic peptides consisting of six different amino acids (Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr, Pro, Tyr). Their molecular weights ranged from 3,000 to 3,200. Purified amoebicins were active against human pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Naegleria. They also showed a broad antifungal spectrum, but a narrow antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebbadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Cordovilla P, Martínez-Bueno M, Lebbadi M, Valdivia E. Characterization and biological activity against Naegleria fowleri of amoebicins produced by Bacillus licheniformis D-13. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1314-9. [PMID: 8092831 PMCID: PMC188204 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.6.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The strain Bacillus licheniformis D-13 produces three hydrophobic peptides (amoebicins d13-A, d13-B, and d13-C) that elicit antiamoebic activity against human-pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Naegleria and have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The three amoebicins have the same amino acid composition (three Asp, two Glu, two Val, and nine Leu residues) and molecular weight (1,870). Amoebicin d13-B causes lysis of amoebae through disorganization of the cell membrane. It also induces permeability to 86Rb and membrane disruption in asolectin vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gálvez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Gálvez A, Valdivia E, González-Segura A, Lebbadi M, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M. Purification, characterization, and lytic activity against Naegleria fowleri of two amoebicins produced by Bacillus licheniformis A12. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1480-6. [PMID: 8517742 PMCID: PMC182107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1480-1486.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis A12 produces two amoebolytic substances (amoebicins A12-A and A12-B) in liquid media during sporulation. Both substances have been purified and characterized. They are heat- and protease-resistant peptides containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, proline, and tyrosine in a molar ratio of 5:2:2:2:2. No fatty acids or carbohydrates have been detected. Their molecular weight is 1,430. Purified amoebicins A12-A and A12-B exhibit amoebolytic action against Naegleria fowleri. They also exhibit antibiotic action against yeasts (Saccharomyces heterogenicus and Cryptococcus neoformans) and several fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis, Mucor plumbeus, and Trychophyton mentagrophytes). Their antibacterial spectrum appears to be restricted to Bacillus megaterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Sarcina sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gálvez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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Quetin-Leclercq J, Dupont L, Wright CW, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC, Angenot L. [Molecular modelling of usambarensine, tubulosine and emetine, cytotoxic amebicide alkaloids]. J Pharm Belg 1991; 46:85-92. [PMID: 1895202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The analyses of the different possible conformations of usambarensine, tubulosine and emetine, which possess interesting cytotoxic and amoebicide properties showed us that they cannot take the planar conformation proposed to explain the activity of this type of molecules on protein synthesis. Nevertheless, a common (non planar) conformation exists where the angles between the two plans containing the aromatic rings are nearly the same for the three compounds. This fact could confirm the hypothesis of a common receptor which would be slightly different in amoebae because of its higher sensitivity to usambarensine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Quetin-Leclercq
- Service de Pharmacognosie, Institut de Pharmacie, Universitè de Liège, Belgium
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GERMANO C. [On the chromatography of chlorphenoxamide (Mebinol)]. Boll Chim Farm 1962; 101:20-5. [PMID: 13897999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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SURREY AR, MAYER JR. New amoebacides. VI. The preparation of some N,N' -disubstituted-N,N' -bis (haloacyl)-1,4-xylylenediamines. J Med Pharm Chem 1961; 3:409-17. [PMID: 13918490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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AGARWAL KP, PAUL B. Studies in potential amoebicides. XII. Synthesis of some p,p'-bis-(dialkyl,acylorarylamino)-m,m'-dimethyldiphenyl methanes. J Sci Ind Res (C) 1961; 20C:147-50. [PMID: 14448236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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PATHAK KL, PATHAK B. Search for new amoebicides. V. Ann Biochem Exp Med 1960; 20(Suppl):515-8. [PMID: 14484334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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