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Gu G, Liu C, Lee SH, Chun Choi LS, Wilson MT, Pfeiffer DU, Go YY. Detection of a reassortant swine H1N2 influenza A virus from pigs in Hong Kong. Virol Sin 2024; 39:343-346. [PMID: 38309471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Congnuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song Hao Lee
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lewis Sze Chun Choi
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael T Wilson
- Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Center for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Bhatta TR, Ryt-Hansen P, Nielsen JP, Larsen LE, Larsen I, Chamings A, Goecke NB, Alexandersen S. Infection Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus in a Danish Pig Herd Reveals Recurrent Infections with Different Variants of the H1N2 Swine Influenza A Virus Subtype. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091013. [PMID: 32927910 PMCID: PMC7551734 DOI: 10.3390/v12091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, so-called swine influenza A virus (swIAV), causes respiratory illness in pigs around the globe. In Danish pig herds, a H1N2 subtype named H1N2dk is one of the main circulating swIAV. In this cohort study, the infection dynamic of swIAV was evaluated in a Danish pig herd by sampling and PCR testing of pigs from two weeks of age until slaughter at 22 weeks of age. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify and characterize the complete genome of swIAV circulating in the herd, and to examine the antigenic variability in the antigenic sites of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. Overall, 76.6% of the pigs became PCR positive for swIAV during the study, with the highest prevalence at four weeks of age. Detailed analysis of the virus sequences obtained showed that the majority of mutations occurred at antigenic sites in the HA and NA proteins of the virus. At least two different H1N2 variants were found to be circulating in the herd; one H1N2 variant was circulating at the sow and nursery sites, while another H1N2 variant was circulating at the finisher site. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that individual pigs had recurrent swIAV infections with the two different H1N2 variants, but re-infection with the same H1N2 variant was also observed. Better understandings of the epidemiology, genetic and antigenic diversity of swIAV may help to design better health interventions for the prevention and control of swIAV infections in the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarka Raj Bhatta
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
| | - Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Inge Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
| | - Anthony Chamings
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nicole B. Goecke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (P.R.-H.); (J.P.N.); (L.E.L.); (I.L.); (N.B.G.)
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Correspondence: (T.R.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +61-0-452199095 (T.R.B.); +61-0-342159635 (S.A.)
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Rambo-Martin BL, Keller MW, Wilson MM, Nolting JM, Anderson TK, Vincent AL, Bagal UR, Jang Y, Neuhaus EB, Davis CT, Bowman AS, Wentworth DE, Barnes JR. Influenza A Virus Field Surveillance at a Swine-Human Interface. mSphere 2020; 5:e00822-19. [PMID: 32024713 PMCID: PMC7002310 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00822-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While working overnight at a swine exhibition, we identified an influenza A virus (IAV) outbreak in swine, Nanopore sequenced 13 IAV genomes from samples we collected, and predicted in real time that these viruses posed a novel risk to humans due to genetic mismatches between the viruses and current prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). We developed and used a portable IAV sequencing and analysis platform called Mia (Mobile Influenza Analysis) to complete and characterize full-length consensus genomes approximately 18 h after unpacking the mobile lab. Exhibition swine are a known source for zoonotic transmission of IAV to humans and pose a potential pandemic risk. Genomic analyses of IAV in swine are critical to understanding this risk, the types of viruses circulating in swine, and whether current vaccines developed for use in humans would be predicted to provide immune protection. Nanopore sequencing technology has enabled genome sequencing in the field at the source of viral outbreaks or at the bedside or pen-side of infected humans and animals. The acquired data, however, have not yet demonstrated real-time, actionable public health responses. The Mia system rapidly identified three genetically distinct swine IAV lineages from three subtypes, A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and A(H1N2). Analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of the A(H1N2) viruses identified >30 amino acid differences between the HA1 of these viruses and the most closely related CVV. As an exercise in pandemic preparedness, all sequences were emailed to CDC collaborators who initiated the development of a synthetically derived CVV.IMPORTANCE Swine are influenza virus reservoirs that have caused outbreaks and pandemics. Genomic characterization of these viruses enables pandemic risk assessment and vaccine comparisons, though this typically occurs after a novel swine virus jumps into humans. The greatest risk occurs where large groups of swine and humans comingle. At a large swine exhibition, we used Nanopore sequencing and on-site analytics to interpret 13 swine influenza virus genomes and identified an influenza virus cluster that was genetically highly varied to currently available vaccines. As part of the National Strategy for Pandemic Preparedness exercises, the sequences were emailed to colleagues at the CDC who initiated the development of a synthetically derived vaccine designed to match the viruses at the exhibition. Subsequently, this virus caused 14 infections in humans and was the dominant U.S. variant virus in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Keller
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Malania M Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Neuhaus
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bravo-Vasquez N, Karlsson EA, Jimenez-Bluhm P, Meliopoulos V, Kaplan B, Marvin S, Cortez V, Freiden P, Beck MA, Hamilton-West C, Schultz-Cherry S. Swine Influenza Virus (H1N2) Characterization and Transmission in Ferrets, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:241-251. [PMID: 28098524 PMCID: PMC5324791 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (HA) has suggested that commercial pigs in Chile harbor unique human seasonal H1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. We isolated influenza virus (H1N2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in Central Chile and demonstrated that the HA gene was identical to that in a previous report. Its HA and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human H1 and N2 viruses from the early 1990s and internal segments were similar to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The virus replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo and transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Antigenically, it was distinct from other swine viruses. Hemagglutination inhibition analysis suggested that antibody titers to the swine Chilean H1N2 virus were decreased in persons born after 1990. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential risk to humans, as well as the ecology of influenza in swine in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Bryan Kaplan
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Shauna Marvin
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Valerie Cortez
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Pamela Freiden
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
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Grgić H, Costa M, Friendship RM, Carman S, Nagy É, Poljak Z. Genetic Characterization of H1N1 and H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Ontario Pigs in 2012. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127840. [PMID: 26030614 PMCID: PMC4452332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize H1N1 and H1N2 influenza A virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in Ontario (Canada) in 2012. Six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. In five H1N1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). One H1N2 isolate had hemagglutinin (HA), polymerase A (PA) and non-structural (NS) genes closely related to A(H1N1)pdm09, and neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), polymerase B1 (PB1), polymerase B2 (PB2), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes originating from a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus (tr H3N2). The HA gene of five Ontario H1 isolates exhibited high identity of 99% with the human A(H1N1)pdm09 [A/Mexico/InDRE4487/09] from Mexico, while one Ontario H1N1 isolate had only 96.9% identity with this Mexican virus. Each of the five Ontario H1N1 viruses had between one and four amino acid (aa) changes within five antigenic sites, while one Ontario H1N2 virus had two aa changes within two antigenic sites. Such aa changes in antigenic sites could have an effect on antibody recognition and ultimately have implications for immunization practices. According to aa sequence analysis of the M2 protein, Ontario H1N1 and H1N2 viruses can be expected to offer resistance to adamantane derivatives, but not to neuraminidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Grgić
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcio Costa
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M. Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susy Carman
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Schneider-Bühl L, Polley B, Süss-Dombrowski C, Müller S, Harder T, Hoferer M, Sting R. [Detection of the new influenza A subtype H1pdmN2 in a pig holding with severe respiratory symptoms]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2015; 128:20-23. [PMID: 25876280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Early in 2012 fattening pigs in a pig holding in northern Baden-Württemberg developed serious respiratory disease. After detecting Influenza A specific RNA by Real time-RT-PCR in the lung of an euthanized pig, virus isolation was achieved in embryonated chicken eggs. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test performed on this isolate showed a reaction with H1N1 specific serum, so the strain was initially characterised as subtype H1N1. However, serum samples from convalescent pigs of the same stock four and six weeks later did not show any antibodies to H1N1 in HI test. However, using an ELISA, selected serum samples showed positive reactions against the highly conserved nucleocapsid protein. Performing an HI test using the isolated virus as antigen, significantly positive titers between 1:80 and 1:160 were obtained. The virus isolate was finally identified by molecular methods as a subtype H1pdmN2, a reassortant between the human pandemic (pdm) subtype H1N1/2009 virus and a swine influenza virus of the subtype HxN2.
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Schaefer R, Rech RR, Gava D, Cantão ME, da Silva MC, Silveira S, Zanella JRC. A human-like H1N2 influenza virus detected during an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in swine in Brazil. Arch Virol 2014; 160:29-38. [PMID: 25209152 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Passive monitoring for detection of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in pigs has been carried out in Brazil since 2009, detecting mostly the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus. Since then, outbreaks of acute respiratory disease suggestive of influenza A virus infection have been observed frequently in Brazilian pig herds. During a 2010-2011 influenza monitoring, a novel H1N2 influenza virus was detected in nursery pigs showing respiratory signs. The pathologic changes were cranioventral acute necrotizing bronchiolitis to subacute proliferative and purulent bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Lung tissue samples were positive for both influenza A virus and A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus based on RT-qPCR of the matrix gene. Two IAVs were isolated in SPF chicken eggs. HI analysis of both swine H1N2 influenza viruses showed reactivity to the H1δ cluster. DNA sequencing was performed for all eight viral gene segments of two virus isolates. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the HA and NA genes clustered with influenza viruses of the human lineage (H1-δ cluster, N2), whereas the six internal gene segments clustered with the A(H1N1)pdm09 group. This is the first report of a reassortant human-like H1N2 influenza virus derived from pandemic H1N1 virus causing an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs in Brazil. The emergence of a reassortant IAV demands the close monitoring of pigs through the full-genome sequencing of virus isolates in order to enhance genetic information about IAVs circulating in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Genetic and Animal Health Laboratory, Rodovia BR153, Km 110, Concórdia, SC, CEP 89700-000, Brazil,
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Abstract
Emergence and ongoing reassortment of these viruses among animals and humans suggest potential for pandemics. The emergence and transition to pandemic status of the influenza A(H1N1)A(H1N1)pdm09) virus in 2009 illustrated the potential for previously circulating human viruses to re-emerge in humans and cause a pandemic after decades of circulating among animals. Within a short time of the initial emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, novel reassortants were isolated from swine. In late 2011, a variant (v) H3N2 subtype was isolated from humans, and by 2012, the number of persons infected began to increase with limited person-to-person transmission. During 2012 in the United States, an A(H1N2)v virus was transmitted to humans from swine. During the same year, Australia recorded its first H1N2 subtype infection among swine. The A(H3N2)v and A(H1N2)v viruses contained the matrix protein from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, raising the possibility of increased transmissibility among humans and underscoring the potential for influenza pandemics of novel swine-origin viruses. We report on the differing histories of A(H1N2) viruses among humans and animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/history
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Swine
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Lange J, Groth M, Schlegel M, Krumbholz A, Wieczorek K, Ulrich R, Köppen S, Schulz K, Appl D, Selbitz HJ, Sauerbrei A, Platzer M, Zell R, Dürrwald R. Reassortants of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and establishment of a novel porcine H1N2 influenza virus, lineage in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:345-56. [PMID: 24139631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incursion of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) into the German pig population was investigated in a serosurvey and by virological means between June 2009 and December 2012. Analysis of 23,116 pig sera from a total of 2,666 herds revealed 224 herds that reacted with pdmH1N1 but not with the prevalent avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus. Sixty-six pdmH1N1 strains and their reassortant derivatives (pdmH1huN2, huH3pdmN1) have been collected since November 2009. Sequencing of three pdmH1N1, 20 pdmH1huN2 and one huH3pdmN1 strains with conventional and next generation sequencing techniques and subsequent phylogenetic analyses with available sequence data revealed the emergence of five distinct reassortant genotypes in Europe. The most frequent genotype emerged at least three times independently, one of which (Papenburg lineage) established a stable infection chain and became more prevalent in pigs than pdmH1N1 in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Lange
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Peng Y, Xie ZX, Guo J, Zhou CY, Liu JB, Pang YS, Deng XW, Xie ZQ, Xie LJ, Fan Q, Luo SS. [Visual detection of H1 subtype and identification of N1, N2 subtype of avian influenza virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2013; 29:154-161. [PMID: 23757846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to visually detect H1, N1 and N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV), three reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays were developed. According to the sequences of AIV gene available in GenBank, three degenerate primer sets specific to HA gene of H1 subtype AIV, NA gene of N1 and N2 subtype AIV were designed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that all the assays had no cross-reaction with other subtype AIV and other avian respiratory pathogens, and the detection limit was higher than that of conventional RT-PCR. These assays were performed in water bath within 50 minutes. Without opening tube, the amplification result could be directly determined by inspecting the color change of reaction system as long as these assays were fin-ished. Fourteen specimens of H1N1 subtype and eight specimens of H1N2 subtype of AIV were identified from the 120 clinical samples by RT-LAMP assays developed, which was consistent with that of virus isolation. These results suggested that the three newly developed RT-LAMEP assays were simple, specific and sensitive and had potential for visual detection of H1, N1 and N2 subtype of AIV in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Guangxi Key Lahoratory of Animal Vaccines and New Technology, Guangrxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China.
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Ali A, Khatri M, Wang L, Saif YM, Lee CW. Identification of swine H1N2/pandemic H1N1 reassortant influenza virus in pigs, United States. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:60-8. [PMID: 22397932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In October and November 2010, novel H1N2 reassortant influenza viruses were identified from pigs showing mild respiratory signs that included cough and depression. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel H1N2 reassortants possesses HA and NA genes derived from recent H1N2 swine isolates similar to those isolated from Midwest. Compared to the majority of reported reassortants, both viruses preserved human-like host restrictive and putative antigenic sites in their HA and NA genes. The four internal genes, PB2, PB1, PA, and NS were similar to the contemporary swine triple reassortant viruses' internal genes (TRIG). Interestingly, NP and M genes of the novel reassortants were derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1. The NP and M proteins of the two isolates demonstrated one (E16G) and four (G34A, D53E, I109T, and V313I) amino acid changes in the M2 and NP proteins, respectively. Similar amino acid changes were also noticed upon incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 NP in other reassortant viruses reported in the U.S. Thus the role of those amino acids in relation to host adaptation need to be further investigated. The reassortments of pandemic H1N1 with swine influenza viruses and the potential of interspecies transmission of these reassortants from swine to other species including human indicate the importance of systematic surveillance of swine population to determine the origin, the prevalence of similar reassortants in the U.S. and their impact on both swine production and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Ohio State University, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Abstract
The emergence of pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza demonstrated that pandemic viruses could be generated in swine. Subsequent reintroduction of H1N1/2009 to swine has occurred in multiple countries. Through systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in swine from a Hong Kong abattoir, we characterize a reassortant progeny of H1N1/2009 with swine viruses. Swine experimentally infected with this reassortant developed mild illness and transmitted infection to contact animals. Continued reassortment of H1N1/2009 with swine influenza viruses could produce variants with transmissibility and altered virulence for humans. Global systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in swine is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Abattoirs
- Animals
- Disease Outbreaks
- Genes, Viral
- Genotype
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hong Kong
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Population Surveillance
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Swine/virology
- Swine Diseases/epidemiology
- Swine Diseases/transmission
- Swine Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. K. Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - O. T. W. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C. L. Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G. J. D. Smith
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. M. Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y. Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infections Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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