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Toft PB, Yashiro H, Erion DM, Gillum MP, Bäckhed F, Arora T. Microbial dietary protein metabolism regulates GLP-1 mediated intestinal transit. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23201. [PMID: 37732618 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300982r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of gut microbiota is associated with inefficient energy extraction and reduced production of short-chain fatty acids from dietary fibers, which regulates colonic proglucagon (Gcg) expression and small intestinal transit in mice. However, the mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences dietary protein metabolism and its corresponding effect on the host physiology is poorly understood. Enteropeptidase inhibitors block host protein digestion and reduce body weight gain in diet-induced obese rats and mice, and therefore they constitute a new class of drugs for targeting metabolic diseases. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are dispersed throughout the gut and possess the ability to sense dietary proteins and protein-derived metabolites. Despite this, it remains unclear if enteropeptidase inhibition affects EECs function. In this study, we fed conventional and antibiotic treated mice a western style diet (WSD) supplemented with an enteropeptidase inhibitor (WSD-ETPi), analyzed the expression of gut hormones along the length of the intestine, and measured small intestinal transit under different conditions. The ETPi-supplemented diet promoted higher Gcg expression in the colon and increased circulating Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, but only in the microbiota-depleted mice. The increase in GLP-1 levels resulted in slower small intestinal transit, which was subsequently reversed by administration of GLP-1 receptor antagonist. Interestingly, small intestinal transit was normalized when an amino acid-derived microbial metabolite, p-cresol, was supplemented along with WSD-ETPi diet, primarily attributed to the reduction of colonic Gcg expression. Collectively, our data suggest that microbial dietary protein metabolism plays an important role in host physiology by regulating GLP-1-mediated intestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Baumann Toft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA
| | - Matthew Paul Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tulika Arora
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Yu S, Ericson M, Fanjul A, Erion DM, Paraskevopoulou M, Smith EN, Cole B, Feaver R, Holub C, Gavva N, Horman SR, Huang J. Genome-wide CRISPR Screening to Identify Drivers of TGF-β-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:918-929. [PMID: 35274923 PMCID: PMC9016707 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis progression in chronic liver disease leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma and often ends in liver transplantation. Even with an increased understanding of liver fibrogenesis and many attempts to generate therapeutics specifically targeting fibrosis, there is no approved treatment for liver fibrosis. To further understand and characterize the driving mechanisms of liver fibrosis, we developed a high-throughput genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening platform to identify hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived mediators of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced liver fibrosis. The functional genomics phenotypic screening platform described here revealed the novel biology of TGF-β-induced fibrogenesis and potential drug targets for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew Ericson
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maria Paraskevopoulou
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erin N. Smith
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Banumathi Cole
- HemoShear Therapeutics, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22902, United States
| | - Ryan Feaver
- HemoShear Therapeutics, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia 22902, United States
| | - Corine Holub
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Narender Gavva
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shane R. Horman
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jie Huang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, United States
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3
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Tamura YO, Sugama J, Iwasaki S, Sasaki M, Yasuno H, Aoyama K, Watanabe M, Erion DM, Yashiro H. Selective acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 inhibitor improves hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in a pre-clinical NASH model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:280-289. [PMID: 34535562 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 and ACC2 are essential rate-limiting enzymes that synthesize malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) from acetyl-CoA. ACC1 is predominantly expressed in lipogenic tissues and regulates the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) flux. It is upregulated in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ultimately leading to the formation of fatty liver. Therefore, selective ACC1 inhibitors may prevent the pathophysiology of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by reducing hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis. Many studies have suggested ACC1/2 dual inhibitors for treating NAFLD/NASH; however, reports on selective ACC1 inhibitors are lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of compound-1, a selective ACC1 inhibitor for treating NAFLD/NASH, using pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo models. Compound-1 reduced M-CoA content and inhibited the incorporation of [14C] acetate into fatty acids in HepG2 cells. Additionally, it reduced hepatic M-CoA content and inhibited DNL in C57BL/6J mice after a single dose. Further, compound-1 treatment for 8 weeks in western diet-fed melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) knockout mice-NAFLD/NASH mouse model-improved liver hypertrophy and reduced hepatic triglyceride content. The reduction of hepatic M-CoA by the selective ACC1 inhibitor was highly correlated with reduction in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. These findings support further investigations of the use of this ACC1 inhibitor as a new treatment for NFLD/NASH. Significance Statement This is the first study to demonstrate that a novel selective inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) has anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) effects in pre-clinical models. Treatment with this compound significantly improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a mouse model. These findings support the use of this ACC1 inhibitor as a new treatment for NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Okano Tamura
- Strategy Planning Office, Takeda Development Center Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, United States
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4
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Gutierrez JA, Liu W, Perez S, Xing G, Sonnenberg G, Kou K, Blatnik M, Allen R, Weng Y, Vera NB, Chidsey K, Bergman A, Somayaji V, Crowley C, Clasquin MF, Nigam A, Fulham MA, Erion DM, Ross TT, Esler WP, Magee TV, Pfefferkorn JA, Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ, Tesz GJ. Pharmacologic inhibition of ketohexokinase prevents fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction. Mol Metab 2021; 48:101196. [PMID: 33667726 PMCID: PMC8050029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies suggest that excess dietary fructose contributes to metabolic dysfunction by promoting insulin resistance, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and hepatic steatosis, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and related comorbidities. Whether this metabolic dysfunction is driven by the excess dietary calories contained in fructose or whether fructose catabolism itself is uniquely pathogenic remains controversial. We sought to test whether a small molecule inhibitor of the primary fructose metabolizing enzyme ketohexokinase (KHK) can ameliorate the metabolic effects of fructose. Methods The KHK inhibitor PF-06835919 was used to block fructose metabolism in primary hepatocytes and Sprague Dawley rats fed either a high-fructose diet (30% fructose kcal/g) or a diet reflecting the average macronutrient dietary content of an American diet (AD) (7.5% fructose kcal/g). The effects of fructose consumption and KHK inhibition on hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia were evaluated, along with the activation of DNL and the enzymes that regulate lipid synthesis. A metabolomic analysis was performed to confirm KHK inhibition and understand metabolite changes in response to fructose metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the effects of administering a single ascending dose of PF-06835919 on fructose metabolism markers in healthy human study participants were assessed in a randomized placebo-controlled phase 1 study. Results Inhibition of KHK in rats prevented hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia from fructose feeding. Supraphysiologic levels of dietary fructose were not necessary to cause metabolic dysfunction as rats fed the American diet developed hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis, which were all reversed by KHK inhibition. Reversal of the metabolic effects of fructose coincided with reductions in DNL and inactivation of the lipogenic transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). We report that administering single oral doses of PF-06835919 was safe and well tolerated in healthy study participants and dose-dependently increased plasma fructose indicative of KHK inhibition. Conclusions Fructose consumption in rats promoted features of metabolic dysfunction seen in metabolic diseases such as T2D and NASH, including insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis, which were reversed by KHK inhibition. PF-06835919 is a potent inhibitor of fructose metabolism in rats and humans. Rats fed fructose at levels consistent with the typical American diet develop hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and steatosis. KHK inhibition reverses fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction by blocking ChREBP activation. Due to the global dietary prevalence of fructose, KHK inhibition is a potential pharmacotherapy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemy A Gutierrez
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gabriele Sonnenberg
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kou Kou
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Matt Blatnik
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Richard Allen
- Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kristin Chidsey
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Collin Crowley
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Michelle F Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Anu Nigam
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Melissa A Fulham
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Thomas V Magee
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gregory J Tesz
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
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5
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Shepherd EL, Saborano R, Northall E, Matsuda K, Ogino H, Yashiro H, Pickens J, Feaver RE, Cole BK, Hoang SA, Lawson MJ, Olson M, Figler RA, Reardon JE, Nishigaki N, Wamhoff BR, Günther UL, Hirschfield G, Erion DM, Lalor PF. Ketohexokinase inhibition improves NASH by reducing fructose-induced steatosis and fibrogenesis. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100217. [PMID: 33490936 PMCID: PMC7807164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Increasing evidence highlights dietary fructose as a major driver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis, the majority of which is cleared on first pass through the hepatic circulation by enzymatic phosphorylation to fructose-1-phosphate via the ketohexokinase (KHK) enzyme. Without a current approved therapy, disease management emphasises lifestyle interventions, but few patients adhere to such strategies. New targeted therapies are urgently required. Methods We have used a unique combination of human liver specimens, a murine dietary model of NAFLD and human multicellular co-culture systems to understand the hepatocellular consequences of fructose administration. We have also performed a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic tracing of the fate of isotopically labelled fructose upon administration to the human liver. Results Expression of KHK isoforms is found in multiple human hepatic cell types, although hepatocyte expression predominates. KHK knockout mice show a reduction in serum transaminase, reduced steatosis and altered fibrogenic response on an Amylin diet. Human co-cultures exposed to fructose exhibit steatosis and activation of lipogenic and fibrogenic gene expression, which were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of KHK activity. Analysis of human livers exposed to 13C-labelled fructose confirmed that steatosis, and associated effects, resulted from the accumulation of lipogenic precursors (such as glycerol) and enhanced glycolytic activity. All of these were dose-dependently reduced by administration of a KHK inhibitor. Conclusions We have provided preclinical evidence using human livers to support the use of KHK inhibition to improve steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation in the context of NAFLD. Lay summary We have used a mouse model, human cells, and liver tissue to test how exposure to fructose can cause the liver to store excess fat and become damaged and scarred. We have then inhibited a key enzyme within the liver that is responsible for fructose metabolism. Our findings show that inhibition of fructose metabolism reduces liver injury and fibrosis in mouse and human livers and thus this may represent a potential route for treating patients with fatty liver disease in the future.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related cirrhosis
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- BEC, biliary epithelial cells
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CT, computed tomography
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- FIB4, fibrosis-4
- Fibrosis
- Fructose
- G/F, glucose/fructose
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- HSECs, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells
- HSQC, heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- KHK, ketohexokinase
- KO, knockout
- LGLI, low glucose and insulin
- Metabolism
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- TG, triglyceride
- TGFB, transforming growth factor beta
- TIMP-1, Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase-1
- Treatment
- WT, wild-type
- aLMF, activated liver myofibroblasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Raquel Saborano
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellie Northall
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kae Matsuda
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogino
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pickens
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nobuhiro Nishigaki
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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6
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Funata M, Nio Y, Erion DM, Thompson WL, Takebe T. The promise of human organoids in the digestive system. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:84-94. [PMID: 33204011 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of organoid technology has enabled scientists and clinicians to utilize cells from primary tissues or pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to grow self-organizing tissue systems, thus attaining cellular diversity, spatial organization, and functionality as found within digestive tracts. The development of human gastrointestinal (GI) and hepato-biliary-pancreatic organoids as an in-a-dish model present novel opportunities to study humanistic mechanisms of organogenesis, regeneration and pathogenesis. Herein, we review the recent portfolios of primary tissue-derived and PSC-derived organoids in the digestive systems. We also discuss the promise and challenges in disease modeling and drug development applications for digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Funata
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nio
- T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan.,Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Derek M Erion
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program, Fujisawa City, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA. .,Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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7
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Matsumoto M, Yashiro H, Ogino H, Aoyama K, Nambu T, Nakamura S, Nishida M, Wang X, Erion DM, Kaneko M. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and 2 inhibition ameliorates steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in a MC4R knockout murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228212. [PMID: 31990961 PMCID: PMC6986730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo lipogenesis, which is increased in the livers of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. GS-0976 (firsocostat), an inhibitor of isoforms ACC1 and ACC2, reduced hepatic steatosis and serum fibrosis biomarkers such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a randomized controlled trial, although the impact of this improvement on fibrosis has not fully been evaluated in preclinical models. Here, we used Western diet-fed melanocortin 4 receptor-deficient mice that have similar phenotypes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients including progressively developed hepatic steatosis as well as fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of ACC1/2 inhibition on hepatic fibrosis. After the confirmation of significant hepatic fibrosis with a 13-week pre-feeding, GS-0976 (4 and 16 mg/kg/day) treatment for 9 weeks lowered malonyl-CoA and triglyceride content in the liver and improved steatosis, histologically. Furthermore, GS-0976 reduced the histological area of hepatic fibrosis, hydroxyproline content, mRNA expression level of type I collagen in the liver, and plasma tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor 1, suggesting an improvement of hepatic fibrosis. The treatment with GS-0976 was also accompanied by reductions of plasma ALT and AST levels. These data demonstrate that improvement of hepatic lipid metabolism by ACC1/2 inhibition could be a new option to suppress fibrosis progression as well as to improve hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Department of Integrated Biology, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hitomi Ogino
- Department of Integrated Biology, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Aoyama
- Department of Drug Disposition & Analysis, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Nambu
- Department of Nonclinical Safety Research, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nakamura
- Department of Nonclinical Safety Research, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishida
- Department of Integrated Biology, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Xiaolun Wang
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manami Kaneko
- Department of Integrated Biology, Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Vera NB, Chen Z, Pannkuk E, Laiakis EC, Fornace AJ, Erion DM, Coy SL, Pfefferkorn JA, Vouros P. Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) reveals the elevation of urinary acetylcarnitine in non-human primates (NHPs) exposed to radiation. J Mass Spectrom 2018; 53:548-559. [PMID: 29596720 PMCID: PMC6030448 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcarnitine has been identified as one of several urinary biomarkers indicative of radiation exposure in adult rhesus macaque monkeys (non-human primates, NHPs). Previous work has demonstrated an up-regulated dose-response profile in a balanced male/female NHP cohort. As a contribution toward the development of metabolomics-based radiation biodosimetry in human populations and other applications of acetylcarnitine screening, we have developed a quantitative, high-throughput method for the analysis of acetylcarnitine. We employed the Sciex SelexIon DMS-MS/MS QTRAP 5500 platform coupled to flow injection analysis (FIA), thereby allowing for fast analysis times of less than 0.5 minutes per injection with no chromatographic separation. Ethyl acetate is used as a DMS modifier to reduce matrix chemical background. We have measured NHP urinary acetylcarnitine from the male cohorts that were exposed to the following radiation levels: control, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10 Gy. Biological variability, along with calibration accuracy of the FIA-DMS-MS/MS method, indicates LOQ of 20 μM, with observed biological levels on the order of 600 μM and control levels near 10 μM. There is an apparent onset of intensified response in the transition from 6 to 10 Gy. The results demonstrate that FIA-DMS-MS/MS is a rapid, quantitative technique that can be utilized for the analysis of urinary biomarker levels for radiation biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Vera
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhidan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Evan Pannkuk
- Georgetown University, 3700 O Street NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | - Albert J Fornace
- Georgetown University, 3700 O Street NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Coy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paul Vouros
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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9
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Corbit KC, Camporez JPG, Edmunds LR, Tran JL, Vera NB, Erion DM, Deo RC, Perry RJ, Shulman GI, Jurczak MJ, Weiss EJ. Adipocyte JAK2 Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity Independently of Body Composition, Liver Lipid Content, and Hepatic Insulin Signaling. Diabetes 2018; 67:208-221. [PMID: 29203511 PMCID: PMC5780061 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of hepatocyte growth hormone (GH) signaling through disruption of Jak2 (JAK2L) leads to fatty liver. Previously, we demonstrated that development of fatty liver depends on adipocyte GH signaling. We sought to determine the individual roles of hepatocyte and adipocyte Jak2 on whole-body and tissue insulin sensitivity and liver metabolism. On chow, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and severe whole-body and hepatic insulin resistance. However, concomitant deletion of Jak2 in hepatocytes and adipocytes (JAK2LA) completely normalized insulin sensitivity while reducing liver lipid content. On high-fat diet, JAK2L mice had hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance despite protection from diet-induced obesity. JAK2LA mice had higher liver lipid content and no protection from obesity but retained exquisite hepatic insulin sensitivity. AKT activity was selectively attenuated in JAK2L adipose tissue, whereas hepatic insulin signaling remained intact despite profound hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, JAK2 in adipose tissue is epistatic to liver with regard to insulin sensitivity and responsiveness, despite fatty liver and obesity. However, hepatocyte autonomous JAK2 signaling regulates liver lipid deposition under conditions of excess dietary fat. This work demonstrates how various tissues integrate JAK2 signals to regulate insulin/glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Corbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Lia R Edmunds
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA
| | - Rahul C Deo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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10
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Mottillo EP, Desjardins EM, Fritzen AM, Zou VZ, Crane JD, Yabut JM, Kiens B, Erion DM, Lanba A, Granneman JG, Talukdar S, Steinberg GR. FGF21 does not require adipocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to mediate improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:471-481. [PMID: 28580278 PMCID: PMC5444097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) shows great potential for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as its long-acting analogue reduces body weight and improves lipid profiles of participants in clinical studies; however, the intracellular mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important energy sensor of the cell and a molecular target for anti-diabetic medications. This work examined the role of AMPK in mediating the glucose and lipid-lowering effects of FGF21. Methods Inducible adipocyte AMPK β1β2 knockout mice (iβ1β2AKO) and littermate controls were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and treated with native FGF21 or saline for two weeks. Additionally, HFD-fed mice with knock-in mutations on the AMPK phosphorylation sites of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)1 and ACC2 (DKI mice) along with wild-type (WT) controls received long-acting FGF21 for two weeks. Results Consistent with previous studies, FGF21 treatment significantly reduced body weight, adiposity, and liver lipids in HFD fed mice. To add, FGF21 improved circulating lipids, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. These effects were independent of adipocyte AMPK and were not associated with changes in browning of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Lastly, we assessed whether FGF21 exerted its effects through the AMPK/ACC axis, which is critical in the therapeutic benefits of the anti-diabetic medication metformin. ACC DKI mice had improved glucose and insulin tolerance and a reduction in body weight, body fat and hepatic steatosis similar to WT mice in response to FGF21 administration. Conclusions These data illustrate that the metabolic improvements upon FGF21 administration are independent of adipocyte AMPK, and do not require the inhibitory action of AMPK on ACC. This is in contrast to the anti-diabetic medication metformin and suggests that the treatment of obesity and diabetes with the combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators merits consideration. FGF21 reduces adiposity and improves insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis independent of adipocyte AMPK. FGF21 treatment does not elicit an increase in browning of BAT or WAT. In contrast to metformin, FGF21's intracellular mechanism is not through AMPK/ACC. Findings suggest that combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators could be of benefit.
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Key Words
- ACC
- ACC DKI, ACC1-S79A and ACC2-S212A double knock-in
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Adipocyte
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- Brown fat
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CreERT2, Cre recombinase – estrogen receptor T2
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FGFR1c, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- KLB, beta klotho
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Obesity
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WT, wildtype
- gWAT, gonadal white adipose tissue
- iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
- iβ1β2AKO, inducible AMPK β1β2 adipocyte knockout
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio P Mottillo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vito Z Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Derek M Erion
- Liver Disease Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories South San Francisco LLC, 630 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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11
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Abstract
In the past decade, the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has rapidly increased, along with the associated cardiovascular complications. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology underlying T2D, the associated complications and the impact of therapeutics on the T2D development has critical importance for current and future therapeutics. The prevailing feature of T2D is hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production, insulin resistance, and insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas. These contribute to increased fatty acid influx into the liver and muscle causing accumulation of lipid metabolites. These lipid metabolites cause dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which ultimately contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk in T2D. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance and the specific role of liver lipids is critical in selecting and designing the most effective therapeutics for T2D and the associated co-morbidities, including dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Herein, we review the effects and molecular mechanisms of conventional anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering drugs on glucose and lipid metabolism. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(3): 139-148].
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals 350 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hyun-Jun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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12
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Pajor AM, de Oliveira CA, Song K, Huard K, Shanmugasundaram V, Erion DM. Molecular Basis for Inhibition of the Na+/Citrate Transporter NaCT (SLC13A5) by Dicarboxylate Inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:755-765. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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13
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Kazierad DJ, Bergman A, Tan B, Erion DM, Somayaji V, Lee DS, Rolph T. Effects of multiple ascending doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:795-802. [PMID: 27059951 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Patients were randomized to oral PF-06291874 or placebo on a background of either metformin (Part A, Cohorts 1-5: 5-150 mg once daily), or metformin and sulphonylurea (Part B, Cohorts 1-2: 15 or 30 mg once daily) for 14-28 days. A mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) was administered on days -1 (baseline), 14 and 28. Assessments were conducted with regard to pharmacokinetics, various pharmacodynamic variables, safety and tolerability. Circulating amino acid concentrations were also measured. RESULTS PF-06291874 exposure was approximately dose-proportional with a half-life of ∼19.7-22.7 h. Day 14 fasting plasma glucose and mean daily glucose values were reduced from baseline in a dose-dependent manner, with placebo-corrected decreases of 34.3 and 42.4 mg/dl, respectively, at the 150 mg dose. After the MMTT, dose-dependent increases in glucagon and total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were observed, although no meaningful changes were noted in insulin, C-peptide or active GLP-1 levels. Small dose-dependent increases in LDL cholesterol were observed, along with reversible increases in serum aminotransferases that were largely within the laboratory reference range. An increase in circulating gluconeogenic amino acids was also observed on days 2 and 14. All dose levels of PF-06291874 were well tolerated. CONCLUSION PF-06291874 was well tolerated, has a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once-daily dosing, and results in reductions in glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B Tan
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Talukdar S, Zhou Y, Li D, Rossulek M, Dong J, Somayaji V, Weng Y, Clark R, Lanba A, Owen BM, Brenner MB, Trimmer JK, Gropp KE, Chabot JR, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Goodwin B, Calle RA. A Long-Acting FGF21 Molecule, PF-05231023, Decreases Body Weight and Improves Lipid Profile in Non-human Primates and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Cell Metab 2016; 23:427-40. [PMID: 26959184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 plays a central role in energy, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. To characterize the pharmacologic effects of FGF21, we administered a long-acting FGF21 analog, PF-05231023, to obese cynomolgus monkeys. PF-05231023 caused a marked decrease in food intake that led to reduced body weight. To assess the effects of PF-05231023 in humans, we conducted a placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose study in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. PF-05231023 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, improved plasma lipoprotein profile, and increased adiponectin levels. Importantly, there were no significant effects of PF-05231023 on glycemic control. PF-05231023 treatment led to dose-dependent changes in multiple markers of bone formation and resorption and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1. The favorable effects of PF-05231023 on body weight support further evaluation of this molecule for the treatment of obesity. Longer studies are needed to assess potential direct effects of FGF21 on bone in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Rossulek
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Dong
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ronald Clark
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Martin B Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Trimmer
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn E Gropp
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Chabot
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Li Z, Erion DM, Maurer TS. Model-Based Assessment of Plasma Citrate Flux Into the Liver: Implications for NaCT as a Therapeutic Target. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:132-9. [PMID: 27069776 PMCID: PMC4809623 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic citrate serves as an important regulator of gluconeogenesis and carbon source for de novo lipogenesis in the liver. For this reason, the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT), a plasma membrane transporter that governs hepatic influx of plasma citrate in human, is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. As cytoplasmic citrate also originates from intracellular mitochondria, the relative contribution of these two pathways represents critical information necessary to underwrite confidence in this target. In this work, hepatic influx of plasma citrate was quantified via pharmacokinetic modeling of published clinical data. The influx was then compared to independent literature estimates of intracellular citrate flux in human liver. The results indicate that, under normal conditions, <10% of hepatic citrate originates from plasma. Similar estimates were determined experimentally in mice and rats. This suggests that NaCT inhibition will have a limited impact on hepatic citrate concentrations across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D M Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - T S Maurer
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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16
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Wilson CG, Tran JL, Erion DM, Vera NB, Febbraio M, Weiss EJ. Hepatocyte-Specific Disruption of CD36 Attenuates Fatty Liver and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in HFD-Fed Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:570-85. [PMID: 26650570 PMCID: PMC4733118 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD36/FAT (fatty acid translocase) is associated with human and murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but it has been unclear whether it is simply a marker or whether it directly contributes to disease pathogenesis. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2L mice) have increased circulating free fatty acids (FAs), dramatically increased hepatic CD36 expression and profound fatty liver. To investigate the role of elevated CD36 in the development of fatty liver, we studied two models of hepatic steatosis, a genetic model (JAK2L mice) and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatosis model. We deleted Cd36 specifically in hepatocytes of JAK2L mice to generate double knockouts and from wild-type mice to generate CD36L single-knockout mice. Hepatic Cd36 disruption in JAK2L livers significantly improved steatosis by lowering triglyceride, diacylglycerol, and cholesterol ester content. The largest differences in liver triglycerides were in species comprised of oleic acid (C18:1). Reduction in liver lipids correlated with an improvement in the inflammatory markers that were elevated in JAK2L mice, namely aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase. Cd36 deletion in mice on HFD (CD36L-HFD) reduced liver lipid content and decreased hepatic 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-FA uptake as compared with CON-HFD. Additionally, CD36L-HFD mice had improved whole-body insulin sensitivity and reduced liver and serum inflammatory markers. Therefore, CD36 directly contributes to development of fatty liver under conditions of elevated free FAs by modulating the rate of FA uptake by hepatocytes. In HFD-fed animals, disruption of hepatic Cd36 protects against associated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camella G Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
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17
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Huard K, Gosset JR, Montgomery JI, Gilbert A, Hayward MM, Magee TV, Cabral S, Uccello DP, Bahnck K, Brown J, Purkal J, Gorgoglione M, Lanba A, Futatsugi K, Herr M, Genung NE, Aspnes G, Polivkova J, Garcia-Irizarry CN, Li Q, Canterbury D, Niosi M, Vera NB, Li Z, Khunte B, Siderewicz J, Rolph T, Erion DM. Optimization of a Dicarboxylic Series for in Vivo Inhibition of Citrate Transport by the Solute Carrier 13 (SLC13) Family. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1165-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R. Gosset
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Justin I. Montgomery
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adam Gilbert
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew M. Hayward
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas V. Magee
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Uccello
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Bahnck
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Julie Purkal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kentaro Futatsugi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Herr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathan E. Genung
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary Aspnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carmen N. Garcia-Irizarry
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qifang Li
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel Canterbury
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicholas B. Vera
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhenhong Li
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagyashree Khunte
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jaclyn Siderewicz
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy Rolph
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, and ⊥Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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18
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Khatun I, Clark RW, Vera NB, Kou K, Erion DM, Coskran T, Bobrowski WF, Okerberg C, Goodwin B. Characterization of a Novel Intestinal Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Pathway and Its Role in Lipid Homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2602-15. [PMID: 26644473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary triglycerides (TG) are absorbed by the enterocytes of the small intestine after luminal hydrolysis into monacylglycerol and fatty acids. Before secretion on chylomicrons, these lipids are reesterified into TG, primarily through the monoacylglycerol pathway. However, targeted deletion of the primary murine monoacylglycerol acyltransferase does not quantitatively affect lipid absorption, suggesting the existence of alternative pathways. Therefore, we investigated the role of the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway in dietary lipid absorption. The expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT3) was examined throughout the small intestine. To evaluate the role for GPAT3 in lipid absorption, mice harboring a disrupted GPAT3 gene (Gpat3(-/-)) were subjected to an oral lipid challenge and fed a Western-type diet to characterize the role in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. Additional mechanistic studies were performed in primary enterocytes. GPAT3 was abundantly expressed in the apical surface of enterocytes in the small intestine. After an oral lipid bolus, Gpat3(-/-) mice exhibited attenuated plasma TG excursion and accumulated lipid in the enterocytes. Electron microscopy studies revealed a lack of lipids in the lamina propria and intercellular space in Gpat3(-/-) mice. Gpat3(-/-) enterocytes displayed a compensatory increase in the synthesis of phospholipid and cholesteryl ester. When fed a Western-type diet, hepatic TG and cholesteryl ester accumulation was significantly higher in Gpat3(-/-) mice compared with the wild-type mice accompanied by elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver injury. Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism was also evident in Gpat3-null mice. These studies identify GPAT3 as a novel enzyme involved in intestinal lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irani Khatun
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Ronald W Clark
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Kou Kou
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Derek M Erion
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
| | - Timothy Coskran
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Walter F Bobrowski
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Carlin Okerberg
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- From the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and
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19
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Huard K, Brown J, Jones JC, Cabral S, Futatsugi K, Gorgoglione M, Lanba A, Vera NB, Zhu Y, Yan Q, Zhou Y, Vernochet C, Riccardi K, Wolford A, Pirman D, Niosi M, Aspnes G, Herr M, Genung NE, Magee TV, Uccello DP, Loria P, Di L, Gosset JR, Hepworth D, Rolph T, Pfefferkorn JA, Erion DM. Discovery and characterization of novel inhibitors of the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT or SLC13A5). Sci Rep 2015; 5:17391. [PMID: 26620127 PMCID: PMC4664966 DOI: 10.1038/srep17391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate is a key regulatory metabolic intermediate as it facilitates the integration of the glycolysis and lipid synthesis pathways. Inhibition of hepatic extracellular citrate uptake, by blocking the sodium-coupled citrate transporter (NaCT or SLC13A5), has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach to treat metabolic disorders. NaCT transports citrate from the blood into the cell coupled to the transport of sodium ions. The studies herein report the identification and characterization of a novel small dicarboxylate molecule (compound 2) capable of selectively and potently inhibiting citrate transport through NaCT, both in vitro and in vivo. Binding and transport experiments indicate that 2 specifically binds NaCT in a competitive and stereosensitive manner, and is recognized as a substrate for transport by NaCT. The favorable pharmacokinetic properties of 2 permitted in vivo experiments to evaluate the effect of inhibiting hepatic citrate uptake on metabolic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Janice Brown
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Jessica C Jones
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | | | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Cecile Vernochet
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Angela Wolford
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - David Pirman
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Mark Niosi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Gary Aspnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michael Herr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Nathan E Genung
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Thomas V Magee
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daniel P Uccello
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Paula Loria
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Eastern Point road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - James R Gosset
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Timothy Rolph
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic &Endocrine Disease Research Unit, 610 Main street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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20
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Futatsugi K, Kung DW, Orr STM, Cabral S, Hepworth D, Aspnes G, Bader S, Bian J, Boehm M, Carpino PA, Coffey SB, Dowling MS, Herr M, Jiao W, Lavergne SY, Li Q, Clark RW, Erion DM, Kou K, Lee K, Pabst BA, Perez SM, Purkal J, Jorgensen CC, Goosen TC, Gosset JR, Niosi M, Pettersen JC, Pfefferkorn JA, Ahn K, Goodwin B. Discovery and Optimization of Imidazopyridine-Based Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). J Med Chem 2015; 58:7173-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Futatsugi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary Aspnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott Bader
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jianwei Bian
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven B. Coffey
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S. Dowling
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael Herr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wenhua Jiao
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sophie Y. Lavergne
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Qifang Li
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ronald W. Clark
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kou Kou
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kyuha Lee
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brandon A. Pabst
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sylvie M. Perez
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Julie Purkal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Csilla C. Jorgensen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Theunis C. Goosen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R. Gosset
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John C. Pettersen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kay Ahn
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, and §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, ⊥Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, #Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, ∇Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ○Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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21
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Bernardo B, Lu M, Bandyopadhyay G, Li P, Zhou Y, Huang J, Levin N, Tomas EM, Calle RA, Erion DM, Rolph TP, Brenner M, Talukdar S. FGF21 does not require interscapular brown adipose tissue and improves liver metabolic profile in animal models of obesity and insulin-resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11382. [PMID: 26153793 PMCID: PMC4495598 DOI: 10.1038/srep11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 is a key metabolic regulator modulating physiological processes and its pharmacological administration improves metabolic profile in preclinical species and humans. We used native-FGF21 and a long-acting FGF21 (PF-05231023), to determine the contribution of liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) towards metabolic improvements in Zucker rats and DIO mice (DIOs). FGF21 improved glucose tolerance and liver insulin sensitivity in Zuckers without affecting BW and improved liver function by decreased lipogenesis, increased fatty acid oxidation and improved insulin signaling. Through detailed lipidomic analyses of liver metabolites in DIOs, we demonstrate that FGF21 favorably alters liver metabolism. We observed a dose-dependent increase of [(18)F]-FDG-glucose uptake in interscapular BAT (iBAT) of DIOs upon FGF21 administration. Upon excision of iBAT (X-BAT) and administration of FGF21 to mice housed at 80 °F or 72 °F, the favorable effects of FGF21 on BW and glucose excursion were fully retained in both sham and X-BAT animals. Taken together, we demonstrate the liver as an organ that integrates the actions of FGF21 and provide metabolic benefits of FGF21 in Zucker rats and DIOs. Finally, our data demonstrates iBAT does not play a role in mediating favorable metabolic effects of FGF21 administration in DIOs housed at 80 °F or 72 °F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bernardo
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Min Lu
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA [2] CovX Research, Pfizer WRD, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pingping Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Eva M Tomas
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto A Calle
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy P Rolph
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin Brenner
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED) Pfizer, Inc. 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Hall AM, Soufi N, Chambers KT, Chen Z, Schweitzer GG, McCommis KS, Erion DM, Graham MJ, Su X, Finck BN. Abrogating monoacylglycerol acyltransferase activity in liver improves glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling in obese mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:2284-96. [PMID: 24595352 PMCID: PMC4066334 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) enzymes convert monoacylglycerol to diacylglycerol (DAG), a lipid that has been linked to the development of hepatic insulin resistance through activation of protein kinase C (PKC). The expression of genes that encode MGAT enzymes is induced in the livers of insulin-resistant human subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but whether MGAT activation is causal of hepatic steatosis or insulin resistance is unknown. We show that the expression of Mogat1, which encodes MGAT1, and MGAT activity are also increased in diet-induced obese (DIO) and ob/obmice. To probe the metabolic effects of MGAT1 in the livers of obese mice, we administered antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against Mogat1 to DIO and ob/ob mice for 3 weeks. Knockdown of Mogat1 in liver, which reduced hepatic MGAT activity, did not affect hepatic triacylglycerol content and unexpectedly increased total DAG content. Mogat1 inhibition also increased both membrane and cytosolic compartment DAG levels. However, Mogat1 ASO treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling in obese mice. In summary, inactivation of hepatic MGAT activity, which is markedly increased in obese mice, improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin signaling independent of changes in body weight, intrahepatic DAG and TAG content, and PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Hall
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nisreen Soufi
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kari T Chambers
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - George G Schweitzer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Xiong Su
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MODepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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23
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Erion DM, Lapworth A, Amor PA, Bai G, Vera NB, Clark RW, Yan Q, Zhu Y, Ross TT, Purkal J, Gorgoglione M, Zhang G, Bonato V, Baker L, Barucci N, D’Aquila T, Robertson A, Aiello RJ, Yan J, Trimmer J, Rolph TP, Pfefferkorn JA. The hepatoselective glucokinase activator PF-04991532 ameliorates hyperglycemia without causing hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97139. [PMID: 24858947 PMCID: PMC4032240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the main cause of diabetic complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy. A reduction in hyperglycemia has been shown to prevent these associated complications supporting the importance of glucose control. Glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and determines glucose flux into the β-cells and hepatocytes. Since activation of glucokinase in β-cells is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia, we hypothesized that selectively activating hepatic glucokinase would reduce fasting and postprandial glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycemia. Previous studies have shown that hepatic glucokinase overexpression is able to restore glucose homeostasis in diabetic models; however, these overexpression experiments have also revealed that excessive increases in hepatic glucokinase activity may also cause hepatosteatosis. Herein we sought to evaluate whether liver specific pharmacological activation of hepatic glucokinase is an effective strategy to reduce hyperglycemia without causing adverse hepatic lipids changes. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, PF-04991532, in Goto-Kakizaki rats. In these studies, PF-04991532 reduced plasma glucose concentrations independent of changes in insulin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner both acutely and after 28 days of sub-chronic treatment. During a hyperglycemic clamp in Goto-Kakizaki rats, the glucose infusion rate was increased approximately 5-fold with PF-04991532. This increase in glucose infusion can be partially attributed to the 60% reduction in endogenous glucose production. While PF-04991532 induced dose-dependent increases in plasma triglyceride concentrations it had no effect on hepatic triglyceride concentrations in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Interestingly, PF-04991532 decreased intracellular AMP concentrations and increased hepatic futile cycling. These data suggest that hepatoselective glucokinase activation may offer glycemic control without inducing hepatic steatosis supporting the evaluation of tissue specific activators in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda Lapworth
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Amor
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guoyun Bai
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas B. Vera
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Clark
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trenton T. Ross
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Purkal
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vinicius Bonato
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Levenia Baker
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Barucci
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Theresa D’Aquila
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan Robertson
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Aiello
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiangli Yan
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jeff Trimmer
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Rolph
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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24
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Neuschäfer-Rube F, Lieske S, Kuna M, Henkel J, Perry RJ, Erion DM, Pesta D, Willmes DM, Brachs S, von Loeffelholz C, Tolkachov A, Schupp M, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Pfeiffer AF, Shulman GI, Püschel GP, Birkenfeld AL. The mammalian INDY homolog is induced by CREB in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1048-57. [PMID: 24222346 PMCID: PMC3968437 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the INDY (I'm not dead yet) tricarboxylate carrier increased the life span in different species by mechanisms akin to caloric restriction. Mammalian INDY homolog (mIndy, SLC13A5) gene expression seems to be regulated by hormonal and/or nutritional factors. The underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The current study revealed that mIndy expression and [(14)C]-citrate uptake was induced by physiological concentrations of glucagon via a cAMP-dependent and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent mechanism in primary rat hepatocytes. The promoter sequence of mIndy located upstream of the most frequent transcription start site was determined by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. In silico analysis identified a CREB-binding site within this promoter fragment of mIndy. Functional relevance for the CREB-binding site was demonstrated with reporter gene constructs that were induced by CREB activation when under the control of a fragment of a wild-type promoter, whereas promoter activity was lost after site-directed mutagenesis of the CREB-binding site. Moreover, CREB binding to this promoter element was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in rat liver. In vivo studies revealed that mIndy was induced in livers of fasted as well as in high-fat-diet-streptozotocin diabetic rats, in which CREB is constitutively activated. mIndy induction was completely prevented when CREB was depleted in these rats by antisense oligonucleotides. Together, these data suggest that mIndy is a CREB-dependent glucagon target gene that is induced in fasting and in type 2 diabetes. Increased mIndy expression might contribute to the metabolic consequences of diabetes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neuschäfer-Rube
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuna
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Diana M. Willmes
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian von Loeffelholz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Tolkachov
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerhard P. Püschel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
- Corresponding author: Gerhard P. Püschel,
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Vatner DF, Weismann D, Beddow SA, Kumashiro N, Erion DM, Liao XH, Grover GJ, Webb P, Phillips KJ, Weiss RE, Bogan JS, Baxter J, Shulman GI, Samuel VT. Thyroid hormone receptor-β agonists prevent hepatic steatosis in fat-fed rats but impair insulin sensitivity via discrete pathways. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E89-100. [PMID: 23651850 PMCID: PMC3725564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver-specific thyroid hormone receptor-β (TRβ)-specific agonists are potent lipid-lowering drugs that also hold promise for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic insulin resistance. We investigated the effect of two TRβ agonists (GC-1 and KB-2115) in high-fat-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 10 days. GC-1 treatment reduced hepatic triglyceride content by 75%, but the rats developed fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, attributable to increased endogenous glucose production (EGP) and diminished hepatic insulin sensitivity. GC-1 also increased white adipose tissue lipolysis; the resulting increase in glycerol flux may have contributed to the increase in EGP. KB-2115, a more TRβ- and liver-specific thyromimetic, also prevented hepatic steatosis but did not induce fasting hyperglycemia, increase basal EGP rate, or diminish hepatic insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose disposal was diminished because of a decrease in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Skeletal muscle insulin signaling was unaffected. Instead, KB-2115 treatment was associated with a decrease in GLUT4 protein content. Thus, although both GC-1 and KB-2115 potently treat hepatic steatosis in fat-fed rats, they each worsen insulin action via specific and discrete mechanisms. The development of future TRβ agonists must consider the potential adverse effects on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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26
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Kumashiro N, Yoshimura T, Cantley JL, Majumdar SK, Guebre-Egziabher F, Kursawe R, Vatner DF, Fat I, Kahn M, Erion DM, Zhang XM, Zhang D, Manchem VP, Bhanot S, Gerhard GS, Petersen KF, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Role of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 on lipid-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in rats. Hepatology 2013; 57:1763-72. [PMID: 23175050 PMCID: PMC3597437 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genome-wide array studies have associated the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene polymorphisms with hepatic steatosis. However, it is unclear whether PNPLA3 functions as a lipase or a lipogenic enzyme and whether PNPLA3 is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic insulin resistance. To address these questions we treated high-fat-fed rats with specific antisense oligonucleotides to decrease hepatic and adipose pnpla3 expression. Reducing pnpla3 expression prevented hepatic steatosis, which could be attributed to decreased fatty acid esterification measured by the incorporation of [U-(13) C]-palmitate into hepatic triglyceride. While the precursors for phosphatidic acid (PA) (long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and lysophosphatidic acid [LPA]) were not decreased, we did observe an ∼20% reduction in the hepatic PA content, ∼35% reduction in the PA/LPA ratio, and ∼60%-70% reduction in transacylation activity at the level of acyl-CoA:1-acylglycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase. These changes were associated with an ∼50% reduction in hepatic diacylglycerol (DAG) content, an ∼80% reduction in hepatic protein kinase Cε activation, and increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, as reflected by a 2-fold greater suppression of endogenous glucose production during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Finally, in humans, hepatic PNPLA3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was strongly correlated with hepatic triglyceride and DAG content, supporting a potential lipogenic role of PNPLA3 in humans. CONCLUSION PNPLA3 may function primarily in a lipogenic capacity and inhibition of PNPLA3 may be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kumashiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Toru Yoshimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer L Cantley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Sachin K Majumdar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | - Romy Kursawe
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Ioana Fat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Derek M Erion
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWest Haven CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9812, New Haven, CT, 06536-8012. ; fax: 203-737-4059
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27
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Erion DM, Kotas ME, McGlashon J, Yonemitsu S, Hsiao JJ, Nagai Y, Iwasaki T, Murray SF, Bhanot S, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Gillum MP. cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) promotes glucagon clearance and hepatic amino acid catabolism to regulate glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16167-76. [PMID: 23595987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) regulates transcription of gluconeogenic genes by specifying targets for the transcription factor CREB in response to glucagon. We used an antisense oligonucleotide directed against CRTC2 in both normal rodents and in rodent models of increased gluconeogenesis to better understand the role of CRTC2 in metabolic disease. In the context of severe hyperglycemia and elevated hepatic glucose production, CTRC2 knockdown (KD) improved glucose homeostasis by reducing endogenous glucose production. Interestingly, despite the known role of CRTC2 in coordinating gluconeogenic gene expression, CRTC2 KD in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes resulted in surprisingly little alteration of glucose production. However, CRTC2 KD animals had elevated circulating concentrations of glucagon and a ∼80% reduction in glucagon clearance. When this phenomenon was prevented with somatostatin or a glucagon-neutralizing antibody, endogenous glucose production was reduced by CRTC2 KD. Additionally, CRTC2 inhibition resulted in reduced expression of several glucagon-induced pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes that convert amino acids to gluconeogenic intermediates, suggesting that it may control substrate availability as well as gluconeogenic gene expression. CRTC2 is an important regulator of gluconeogenesis with tremendous impact in models of elevated hepatic glucose production. Surprisingly, it is also part of a previously unidentified negative feedback loop that degrades glucagon and regulates amino acid metabolism to coordinately control glucose homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Erion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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28
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Erion DM, Popov V, Hsiao JJ, Vatner D, Mitchell K, Yonemitsu S, Nagai Y, Kahn M, Gillum MP, Dong J, Murray SF, Manchem VP, Bhanot S, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Samuel VT. The role of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein in male fructose-fed rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:36-44. [PMID: 23161873 PMCID: PMC3529388 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By 2030, nearly half of Americans will have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In part, this epidemic is fueled by the increasing consumption of caloric sweeteners coupled with an innate capacity to convert sugar into fat via hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In addition to serving as substrates, monosaccharides also increase the expression of key enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis via the carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). To determine whether ChREBP is a potential therapeutic target, we decreased hepatic expression of ChREBP with a specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a high-fructose or high-fat diet. ChREBP ASO treatment decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations compared with control ASO treatment in both diet groups. The reduction was more pronounced in the fructose-fed group and attributed to decreased hepatic expression of ACC2, FAS, SCD1, and MTTP and a decrease in the rate of hepatic triglyceride secretion. This was associated with an increase in insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake, as assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In contrast, ChREBP ASO did not alter hepatic lipid content or hepatic insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, fructose-fed rats treated with ChREBP ASO had increased plasma uric acid, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. This was associated with decreased expression of fructose aldolase and fructokinase, reminiscent of inherited disorders of fructose metabolism. In summary, these studies suggest that targeting ChREBP may prevent fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia but without the improvements in hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Erion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-8012, USA
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Gillum MP, Kotas ME, Erion DM, Kursawe R, Chatterjee P, Nead KT, Muise ES, Hsiao JJ, Frederick DW, Yonemitsu S, Banks AS, Qiang L, Bhanot S, Olefsky JM, Sears DD, Caprio S, Shulman GI. SirT1 regulates adipose tissue inflammation. Diabetes 2011; 60:3235-45. [PMID: 22110092 PMCID: PMC3219953 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue is a reproducible feature of obesity. However, the events that result in chemokine production and macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue during states of energetic excess are not clear. Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) is an essential nutrient-sensing histone deacetylase, which is increased by caloric restriction and reduced by overfeeding. We discovered that SirT1 depletion causes anorexia by stimulating production of inflammatory factors in white adipose tissue and thus posit that decreases in SirT1 link overnutrition and adipose tissue inflammation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used antisense oligonucleotides to reduce SirT1 to levels similar to those seen during overnutrition and studied SirT1-overexpressing transgenic mice and fat-specific SirT1 knockout animals. Finally, we analyzed subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from two independent cohorts of human subjects. RESULTS We found that inducible or genetic reduction of SirT1 in vivo causes macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue, whereas overexpression of SirT1 prevents adipose tissue macrophage accumulation caused by chronic high-fat feeding. We also found that SirT1 expression in human subcutaneous fat is inversely related to adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of adipose tissue SirT1 expression, which leads to histone hyperacetylation and ectopic inflammatory gene expression, is identified as a key regulatory component of macrophage influx into adipose tissue during overnutrition in rodents and humans. Our results suggest that SirT1 regulates adipose tissue inflammation by controlling the gain of proinflammatory transcription in response to inducers such as fatty acids, hypoxia, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Gillum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maya E. Kotas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Romy Kursawe
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paula Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevin T. Nead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Jennifer J. Hsiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David W. Frederick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shin Yonemitsu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexander S. Banks
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Qiang
- Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Corresponding author: Gerald I. Shulman,
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Horvath TL, Erion DM, Elsworth JD, Roth RH, Shulman GI, Andrews ZB. GPA protects the nigrostriatal dopamine system by enhancing mitochondrial function. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:152-62. [PMID: 21406233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinopropionic acid (GPA) increases AMPK activity, mitochondrial function and biogenesis in muscle and improves physiological function, for example during aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Here we tested whether GPA prevents neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in MPTP-treated mice. Mice were fed a diet of 1% GPA or normal chow for 4 weeks and then treated with either MPTP or saline. Indices of nigrostriatal function were examined by HPLC, immunohistochemistry, stereology, electron microscopy and mitochondrial respiration. MPTP intoxication decreased TH neurons in the SNpc of normal chow-fed mice; however GPA-fed mice remarkably exhibited no loss of TH neurons in the SNpc. MPTP caused a decrease in striatal dopamine of both normal chow- and GPA-fed mice, although this effect was significantly attenuated in GPA-fed mice. GPA-fed mice showed increased AMPK activity, mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial number in nigrostriatal TH neurons, suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of GPA involved AMPK-dependent increases in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. MPTP treatment produced a decrease in mitochondrial number and volume in normal chow-fed mice but not GPA-fed mice. Our results show the neuroprotective properties of GPA in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease are partially mediated by AMPK and mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common problem in neurodegeneration and thus GPA may slow disease progression in other models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas L Horvath
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
The exact mechanisms through which ghrelin promotes lipogenesis are unknown. Uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 is a mitochondrial protein important in regulating reactive oxygen species; however, recent research shows that it may play an important role fat metabolism. Given that ghrelin increases UCP2 mRNA in white adipose tissue, we examined whether the lipogenic actions of ghrelin are modulated by UCP2 using ucp2(+/+) and ucp2(-/-) mice. Chronic ghrelin treatment either via osmotic minipumps or daily ip injections induced body weight gain in both ucp2(+/+) and ucp2(-/-) mice; however, body weight gain was potentiated in ucp2(-/-) mice. Increased body weight gain was completely due to increased body fat as a result of decreased fat oxidation in ucp2(-/-) mice. Ghrelin treatment of ucp2(-/-) mice resulted in a gene expression profile favoring lipogenesis. In a calorie-restriction model of negative energy balance, ghrelin to ucp2(+/+) mice did not increase body weight; however, ghrelin to ucp2(-/-) mice still induced body weight. These results show that UCP2 plays an important role in fat metabolism by promoting fat oxidation and restricts ghrelin-induced lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane B Andrews
- Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Andrews ZB, Liu ZW, Walllingford N, Erion DM, Borok E, Friedman JM, Tschöp MH, Shanabrough M, Cline G, Shulman GI, Coppola A, Gao XB, Horvath TL, Diano S. Erratum: UCP2 mediates ghrelin’s action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals. Nature 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nie Y, Erion DM, Yuan Z, Dietrich M, Shulman GI, Horvath TL, Gao Q. STAT3 inhibition of gluconeogenesis is downregulated by SirT1. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:492-500. [PMID: 19295512 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fasting-activated longevity protein sirtuin 1 (SirT1, ref. 1) promotes gluconeogenesis in part, by increasing transcription of the key gluconeogenic genes pepck1 and g6pase, through deacetylating PGC-1alpha and FOXO1 (ref. 4). In contrast, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits glucose production by suppressing expression of these genes. It is not known whether the inhibition of gluconeogenesis by STAT3 is controlled by metabolic regulation. Here we show that STAT3 phosphorylation and function in the liver were tightly regulated by the nutritional status of an animal, through SirT1-mediated deacetylation of key STAT3 lysine sites. The importance of the SirT1-STAT3 pathway in the regulation of gluconeogenesis was verified in STAT3-deficient mice in which the dynamic regulation of gluconeogenic genes by nutritional status was disrupted. Our results reveal a new nutrient sensing pathway through which SirT1 suppresses the inhibitory effect of STAT3, while activating the stimulatory effect of PGC-1alpha and FOXO1 on gluconeogenesis, thus ensuring maximal activation of gluconeogenic gene transcription. The connection between acetylation and phosphorylation of STAT3 implies that STAT3 may have an important role in other cellular processes that involve SirT1.
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Nagai Y, Yonemitsu S, Erion DM, Iwasaki T, Stark R, Weismann D, Dong J, Zhang D, Jurczak MJ, Löffler MG, Cresswell J, Yu XX, Murray SF, Bhanot S, Monia BP, Bogan JS, Samuel V, Shulman GI. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 beta in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2009; 9:252-64. [PMID: 19254570 PMCID: PMC3131094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 beta (PGC-1beta) is known to be a transcriptional coactivator for SREBP-1, the master regulator of hepatic lipogenesis. Here, we evaluated the role of PGC-1beta in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced insulin resistance by using an antisense oligonucletoide (ASO) to knockdown PGC-1beta in liver and adipose tissue. PGC-1beta ASO improved the metabolic phenotype induced by fructose feeding by reducing expression of SREBP-1 and downstream lipogenic genes in liver. PGC-1beta ASO also reversed hepatic insulin resistance induced by fructose in both basal and insulin-stimulated states. Furthermore, PGC-1beta ASO increased insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal due to a threefold increase in glucose uptake in white adipose tissue. These data support an important role for PGC-1beta in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced insulin resistance and suggest that PGC-1beta inhibition may be a therapeutic target for treatment of NAFLD, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance associated with increased de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nagai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536-8012, USA
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Andrews ZB, Liu ZW, Walllingford N, Erion DM, Borok E, Friedman JM, Tschöp MH, Shanabrough M, Cline G, Shulman GI, Coppola A, Gao XB, Horvath TL, Diano S. UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals. Nature 2008; 454:846-51. [PMID: 18668043 DOI: 10.1038/nature07181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-derived hormone ghrelin exerts its effect on the brain by regulating neuronal activity. Ghrelin-induced feeding behaviour is controlled by arcuate nucleus neurons that co-express neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP neurons). However, the intracellular mechanisms triggered by ghrelin to alter NPY/AgRP neuronal activity are poorly understood. Here we show that ghrelin initiates robust changes in hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration in mice that are dependent on uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Activation of this mitochondrial mechanism is critical for ghrelin-induced mitochondrial proliferation and electric activation of NPY/AgRP neurons, for ghrelin-triggered synaptic plasticity of pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons, and for ghrelin-induced food intake. The UCP2-dependent action of ghrelin on NPY/AgRP neurons is driven by a hypothalamic fatty acid oxidation pathway involving AMPK, CPT1 and free radicals that are scavenged by UCP2. These results reveal a signalling modality connecting mitochondria-mediated effects of G-protein-coupled receptors on neuronal function and associated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane B Andrews
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Parcher BW, Erion DM, Dang Q. An efficient synthesis of 5-aminoimidazol-2-ones via cyclization reactions of 2-aminoacetonitriles and isocyanates. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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