1
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Williams KL, Guerrero S, Flores-Garcia Y, Kim D, Williamson KS, Siska C, Smidt P, Jepson SZ, Li K, Dennison SM, Mathis-Torres S, Chen X, Wille-Reece U, MacGill RS, Walker M, Jongert E, King CR, Ockenhouse C, Glanville J, Moon JE, Regules JA, Tan YC, Cavet G, Lippow SM, Robinson WH, Dutta S, Tomaras GD, Zavala F, Ketchem RR, Emerling DE. A candidate antibody drug for prevention of malaria. Nat Med 2024; 30:117-129. [PMID: 38167935 PMCID: PMC10803262 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Over 75% of malaria-attributable deaths occur in children under the age of 5 years. However, the first malaria vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for pediatric use, RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), has modest efficacy. Complementary strategies, including monoclonal antibodies, will be important in efforts to eradicate malaria. Here we characterize the circulating B cell repertoires of 45 RTS,S/AS01 vaccinees and discover monoclonal antibodies for development as potential therapeutics. We generated >28,000 antibody sequences and tested 481 antibodies for binding activity and 125 antibodies for antimalaria activity in vivo. Through these analyses we identified correlations suggesting that sequences in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, the target antigen in RTS,S/AS01, may induce immunodominant antibody responses that limit more protective, but subdominant, responses. Using binding studies, mouse malaria models, biomanufacturing assessments and protein stability assays, we selected AB-000224 and AB-007088 for advancement as a clinical lead and backup. We engineered the variable domains (Fv) of both antibodies to enable low-cost manufacturing at scale for distribution to pediatric populations, in alignment with WHO's preferred product guidelines. The engineered clone with the optimal manufacturing and drug property profile, MAM01, was advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongkyoon Kim
- Atreca, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
- Initium Therapeutics, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kan Li
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shamika Mathis-Torres
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- BioNTech US, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- PATH Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - C Richter King
- PATH Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - James E Moon
- Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jason A Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yann Chong Tan
- Atreca, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
- Nuevocor Pte. Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guy Cavet
- Atreca, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
- Paramune, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | | | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Li K, Dodds M, Spreng RL, Abraha M, Huntwork RHC, Dahora LC, Nyanhete T, Dutta S, Wille-Reece U, Jongert E, Ewer KJ, Hill AVS, Jin C, Hill J, Pollard AJ, Munir Alam S, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM. A tool for evaluating heterogeneity in avidity of polyclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1049673. [PMID: 36875126 PMCID: PMC9978818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1049673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity in specificity of polyclonal antibody (pAb) responses is extensively investigated in vaccine efficacy or immunological evaluations, but the heterogeneity in antibody avidity is rarely probed as convenient tools are lacking. Here we have developed a polyclonal antibodies avidity resolution tool (PAART) for use with label-free techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry, that can monitor pAb-antigen interactions in real time to measure dissociation rate constant (kd ) for defining avidity. PAART utilizes a sum of exponentials model to fit the dissociation time-courses of pAb-antigens interactions and resolve multiple kd contributing to the overall dissociation. Each kd value of pAb dissociation resolved by PAART corresponds to a group of antibodies with similar avidity. PAART is designed to identify the minimum number of exponentials required to explain the dissociation course and guards against overfitting of data by parsimony selection of best model using Akaike information criterion. Validation of PAART was performed using binary mixtures of monoclonal antibodies of same specificity but differing in kd of the interaction with their epitope. We applied PAART to examine the heterogeneity in avidities of pAb from malaria and typhoid vaccinees, and individuals living with HIV-1 that naturally control the viral load. In many cases, two to three kd were dissected indicating the heterogeneity of pAb avidities. We showcase examples of affinity maturation of vaccine induced pAb responses at component level and enhanced resolution of heterogeneity in avidity when antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are used instead of polyclonal IgG antibodies. The utility of PAART can be manifold in examining circulating pAb characteristics and could inform vaccine strategies aimed to guide the host humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Dodds
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard H. C. Huntwork
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay C. Dahora
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tinashe Nyanhete
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Katie J. Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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3
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Samuels AM, Ansong D, Kariuki SK, Adjei S, Bollaerts A, Ockenhouse C, Westercamp N, Lee CK, Schuerman L, Bii DK, Osei-Tutu L, Oneko M, Lievens M, Attobrah Sarfo MA, Atieno C, Morelle D, Bakari A, Sang T, Jongert E, Kotoh-Mortty MF, Otieno K, Roman F, Buabeng PBY, Ntiamoah Y, Ofori-Anyinam O, Agbenyega T, Sambian D, Agordo Dornudo A, Nana Badu L, Akoi K, Antwi E, Onoka K, K'Orimba K, Ndaya Oloo P, Leakey E, Gvozdenovic E, Cravcenco C, Vandoolaeghe P, Vekemans J, Ivinson K. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine administered according to different full, fractional, and delayed third or early fourth dose regimens in children aged 5–17 months in Ghana and Kenya: an open-label, phase 2b, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022; 22:1329-1342. [PMID: 35753316 PMCID: PMC9420828 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Das J, Fallon JK, Yu TC, Michell A, Suscovich TJ, Linde C, Natarajan H, Weiner J, Coccia M, Gregory S, Ackerman ME, Bergmann-Leitner E, Fontana L, Dutta S, Lauffenburger DA, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Alter G. Delayed fractional dosing with RTS,S/AS01 improves humoral immunity to malaria via a balance of polyfunctional NANP6- and Pf16-specific antibodies. Med 2021; 2:1269-1286.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Seaton KE, Spreng RL, Abraha M, Reichartz M, Rojas M, Feely F, Huntwork RHC, Dutta S, Mudrak SV, Alam SM, Gregory S, Jongert E, Coccia M, Ulloa-Montoya F, Wille-Reece U, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM. Subclass and avidity of circumsporozoite protein specific antibodies associate with protection status against malaria infection. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:110. [PMID: 34462438 PMCID: PMC8405700 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01 is an advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate with demonstrated vaccine efficacy up to 86.7% in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies; however, reproducible immune correlates of protection (CoP) are elusive. To identify candidates of humoral correlates of vaccine mediated protection, we measured antibody magnitude, subclass, and avidity for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) by multiplex assays in two CHMI studies with varying RTS,S/AS01B vaccine dose and timing regimens. Central repeat (NANP6) IgG1 magnitude correlated best with protection status in univariate analyses and was the most predictive for protection in a multivariate model. NANP6 IgG3 magnitude, CSP IgG1 magnitude, and total serum antibody dissociation phase area-under-the-curve for NANP6, CSP, NPNA3, and N-interface binding were also associated with protection status in the regimen adjusted univariate analysis. Identification of multiple immune response features that associate with protection status, such as antibody subclasses, fine specificity and avidity reported here may accelerate development of highly efficacious vaccines against P. falciparum.
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Grants
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- United States Department of Defense | United States Army | Army Medical Command | Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative
- GlaxoSmithKline (GlaxoSmithKline plc.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Milite Abraha
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Reichartz
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Frederick Feely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard H C Huntwork
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Gregory
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- GSK, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Suscovich TJ, Fallon JK, Das J, Demas AR, Crain J, Linde CH, Michell A, Natarajan H, Arevalo C, Broge T, Linnekin T, Kulkarni V, Lu R, Slein MD, Luedemann C, Marquette M, March S, Weiner J, Gregory S, Coccia M, Flores-Garcia Y, Zavala F, Ackerman ME, Bergmann-Leitner E, Hendriks J, Sadoff J, Dutta S, Bhatia SN, Lauffenburger DA, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Alter G. Mapping functional humoral correlates of protection against malaria challenge following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eabb4757. [PMID: 32718991 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has the potential to be accelerated by coupling tools such as systems immunology analyses and controlled human infection models to define the protective efficacy of prospective immunogens without expensive and slow phase 2b/3 vaccine studies. Among human challenge models, controlled human malaria infection trials have long been used to evaluate candidate vaccines, and RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced malaria vaccine candidate, reproducibly demonstrating 40 to 80% protection in human challenge studies in malaria-naïve individuals. Although antibodies are critical for protection after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination, antibody concentrations are inconsistently associated with protection across studies, and the precise mechanism(s) by which vaccine-induced antibodies provide protection remains enigmatic. Using a comprehensive systems serological profiling platform, the humoral correlates of protection against malaria were identified and validated across multiple challenge studies. Rather than antibody concentration, qualitative functional humoral features robustly predicted protection from infection across vaccine regimens. Despite the functional diversity of vaccine-induced immune responses across additional RTS,S/AS01 vaccine studies, the same antibody features, antibody-mediated phagocytosis and engagement of Fc gamma receptor 3A (FCGR3A), were able to predict protection across two additional human challenge studies. Functional validation using monoclonal antibodies confirmed the protective role of Fc-mediated antibody functions in restricting parasite infection both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that these correlates may mechanistically contribute to parasite restriction and can be used to guide the rational design of an improved vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jishnu Das
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allison R Demas
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caitlyn H Linde
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashlin Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Claudia Arevalo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Broge
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Linnekin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Meghan Marquette
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sandra March
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Scott Gregory
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | | | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., 2333CN Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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Young WC, Carpp LN, Chaudhury S, Regules JA, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Ockenhouse C, Wille-Reece U, deCamp AC, Hughes E, Mahoney C, Pallikkuth S, Pahwa S, Dennison SM, Mudrak SV, Alam SM, Seaton KE, Spreng RL, Fallon J, Michell A, Ulloa-Montoya F, Coccia M, Jongert E, Alter G, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R. Comprehensive Data Integration Approach to Assess Immune Responses and Correlates of RTS,S/AS01-Mediated Protection From Malaria Infection in Controlled Human Malaria Infection Trials. Front Big Data 2021; 4:672460. [PMID: 34212134 PMCID: PMC8239149 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2021.672460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01 (GSK) is the world’s first malaria vaccine. However, despite initial efficacy of almost 70% over the first 6 months of follow-up, efficacy waned over time. A deeper understanding of the immune features that contribute to RTS,S/AS01-mediated protection could be beneficial for further vaccine development. In two recent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in malaria-naïve adults, MAL068 and MAL071, vaccine efficacy against patent parasitemia ranged from 44% to 87% across studies and arms (each study included a standard RTS,S/AS01 arm with three vaccine doses delivered in four-week-intervals, as well as an alternative arm with a modified version of this regimen). In each trial, RTS,S/AS01 immunogenicity was interrogated using a broad range of immunological assays, assessing cellular and humoral immune parameters as well as gene expression. Here, we used a predictive modeling framework to identify immune biomarkers measured at day-of-challenge that could predict sterile protection against malaria infection. Using cross-validation on MAL068 data (either the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm alone, or across both the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm and the alternative arm), top-performing univariate models identified variables related to Fc effector functions and titer of antibodies that bind to the central repeat region (NANP6) of CSP as the most predictive variables; all NANP6-related variables consistently associated with protection. In cross-study prediction analyses of MAL071 outcomes (the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm), top-performing univariate models again identified variables related to Fc effector functions of NANP6-targeting antibodies as highly predictive. We found little benefit–with this dataset–in terms of improved prediction accuracy in bivariate models vs. univariate models. These findings await validation in children living in malaria-endemic regions, and in vaccinees administered a fourth RTS,S/AS01 dose. Our findings support a “quality as well as quantity” hypothesis for RTS,S/AS01-elicited antibodies against NANP6, implying that malaria vaccine clinical trials should assess both titer and Fc effector functions of anti-NANP6 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chad Young
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jason A Regules
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ellis Hughes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S Munir Alam
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jon Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ashlin Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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8
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Moon JE, Ockenhouse C, Regules JA, Vekemans J, Lee C, Chuang I, Traskine M, Jongert E, Ivinson K, Morelle D, Komisar JL, Lievens M, Sedegah M, Garver LS, Sikaffy AK, Waters NC, Ballou WR, Ofori-Anyinam O. A Phase IIa Controlled Human Malaria Infection and Immunogenicity Study of RTS,S/AS01E and RTS,S/AS01B Delayed Fractional Dose Regimens in Malaria-Naive Adults. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1681-1691. [PMID: 32687161 PMCID: PMC7552430 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A previous RTS,S/AS01B vaccine challenge trial demonstrated that a 3-dose (0-1-7–month) regimen with a fractional third dose can produce high vaccine efficacy (VE) in adults challenged 3 weeks after vaccination. This study explored the VE of different delayed fractional dose regimens of adult and pediatric RTS,S/AS01 formulations. Methods A total of 130 participants were randomized into 5 groups. Four groups received 3 doses of RTS,S/AS01B or RTS,S/AS01E on a 0-1-7–month schedule, with the final 1 or 2 doses being fractional (one-fifth dose volume). One group received 1 full (month 0) and 1 fractional (month 7) dose of RTS,S/AS01E. Immunized and unvaccinated control participants underwent Plasmodium falciparum–infected mosquito challenge (controlled human malaria infection) 3 months after immunization, a timing chosen to potentially discriminate VEs between groups. Results The VE of 3-dose formulations ranged from 55% (95% confidence interval, 27%–72%) to 76% (48%–89%). Groups administered equivalent formulations of RTS,S/AS01E and RTS,S/AS01B demonstrated comparable VE. The 2-dose group demonstrated lower VE (29% [95% confidence interval, 6%–46%]). All regimens were well tolerated and immunogenic, with trends toward higher anti-circumsporozoite antibody titers in participants protected against infection. Conclusions RTS,S/AS01E can provide VE comparable to an equivalent RTS,S/AS01B regimen in adults, suggesting a universal formulation may be considered. Results also suggest that the 2-dose regimen is inferior to the 3-dose regimens evaluated. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03162614
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jason A Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Lee
- PATH-Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ilin Chuang
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Karen Ivinson
- PATH-Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jack L Komisar
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Martha Sedegah
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - April K Sikaffy
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Norman C Waters
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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9
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Moris P, Bellanger A, Ofori-Anyinam O, Jongert E, Yarzabal Rodriguez JP, Janssens M. Whole blood can be used as an alternative to isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measure in vitro specific T-cell responses in human samples. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112940. [PMID: 33493551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinology is confronted with diseases for which the control of T-cell responses by the vaccine is essential. Among the assays that have been designed to assess T-cell responses, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) combined with flow cytometry is well-suited in the frame of clinical trials. This assay can be used starting from isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or from whole blood (WB), but firm equivalence between the two sample preparation methods has yet to be established. Therefore, we compared both methods by analyzing the frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells expressing at least two of four immune markers in human samples taken from two independent clinical trials (NCT00397943 and NCT00805389) with a qualified ICS assay. In the first study, M72-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed using WB-ICS and PBMC-ICS in 293 samples. Of these, 128 were double positive (value ≥ lower limit of quantification [LLOQ] with both methods), 130 were double negative and only 35 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 88.05%. When analyzing the 128 double positive samples, it was found that the geometric mean of ratios (GMR) for paired observations was 0.98, which indicates a very good alignment between the two methods. The Deming regression fitted between the methods also showed a good correlation with an estimated slope being 1.1085. In the second study, HBsAg-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed in 371 samples. Of these, 100 were double positive, 195 were double negative and 76 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 79.51%. The GMR for paired observations was equal to 1.20, caused by a trend for overestimation in favor of the WB samples in the very high frequencies. The estimated slope of the Deming regression was 1.3057. In conclusion, we demonstrated that WB and PBMC methods of sample collection led to statistically concordant ICS results, indicating that WB-ICS is a suitable alternative to PBMC-ICS to analyze clinical trial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Jongert
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
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10
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Dennison SM, Reichartz M, Abraha M, Spreng RL, Wille-Reece U, Dutta S, Jongert E, Alam SM, Tomaras GD. Magnitude, Specificity, and Avidity of Sporozoite-Specific Antibodies Associate With Protection Status and Distinguish Among RTS,S/AS01 Dose Regimens. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01, demonstrated an enhanced efficacy (86.7%) in a delayed third fractional dose (0.1.7Fx) regimen in controlled human malaria infection trials compared with a standard full-dose (0.1.2) regimen (62.5%). To understand the humoral component of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine-induced protection against sporozoite infection in these 2 regimens, we investigated the serum antibody dynamics of 0.1.2 and 0.1.7Fx groups vaccinees.
Methods
The specific binding responses (magnitude) and dissociation rates (avidity) of serum antibodies interaction with a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and peptides corresponding to the central repeat region (NANP6), the C-terminal region (PF16), and the N-terminal junction (N-interface) of CSP, respectively, were measured using a Biolayer Interferometry assay.
Results
On the day of challenge, higher NANP6-specific antibody responses were associated with protection in the 0.1.2 group. In contrast, slower antibody dissociation rates for CSP and PF16 binding were observed in the protected 0.1.7Fx group. Protected vaccinees of both groups exhibited 2- to 3-fold higher N-interface peptide binding antibody responses.
Conclusions
Unlike the standard dose, the delayed-fractional third dose of RTS,S/AS01 induced higher avidity CSP and PF16 binding antibodies that were associated with protection against sporozoite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Reichartz
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Tapia MD, Sow SO, Mbaye KD, Thiongane A, Ndiaye BP, Ndour CT, Mboup S, Keshinro B, Kinge TN, Vernet G, Bigna JJ, Oguche S, Koram KA, Asante KP, Gobert P, Hogrefe WR, De Ryck I, Debois M, Bourguignon P, Jongert E, Ballou WR, Koutsoukos M, Roman F, Amusu S, Ayuk L, Bilong C, Boahen O, Camara M, Cheick Haidara F, Coly D, Dièye S, Dosoo D, Ekedi M, Eneida Almeida Dos Santos I, Kaali S, Kokogho A, Levine M, Opoku N, Owusu-Agyei S, Pitmang S, Sall F, Seydi M, Sztein M, Tejiokem M, Traore A, Vernet MA, Yawson AK. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a chimpanzee adenovirus vectored Ebola vaccine in children in Africa: a randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020; 20:719-730. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Pallikkuth S, Chaudhury S, Lu P, Pan L, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Pahwa S. A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses. eLife 2020; 9:51889. [PMID: 32342859 PMCID: PMC7213985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-071, a controlled human malaria infection trial, demonstrated that administration of three doses of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine given at one-month intervals was inferior to a delayed fractional dose (DFD) schedule (62.5% vs 86.7% protection, respectively). To investigate the underlying immunologic mechanism, we analyzed the B and T peripheral follicular helper cell (pTfh) responses. Here, we show that protection in both study arms was associated with early induction of functional IL-21-secreting circumsporozoite (CSP)-specific pTfh cells, together with induction of CSP-specific memory B cell responses after the second dose that persisted after the third dose. Data integration of key immunologic measures identified a subset of non-protected individuals in the standard (STD) vaccine arm who lost prior protective B cell responses after receiving the third vaccine dose. We conclude that the DFD regimen favors persistence of functional B cells after the third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, United States
| | - Pinyi Lu
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, United States
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | | | | | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
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13
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Du Y, Thompson EG, Muller J, Valvo J, Braun J, Shankar S, van den Berg RA, Jongert E, Dover D, Sadoff J, Hendriks J, Gardner MJ, Ballou WR, Regules JA, van der Most R, Aderem A, Ockenhouse CF, Hill AV, Wille-Reece U, Zak DE. The Ratiometric Transcript Signature MX2/GPR183 Is Consistently Associated With RTS,S-Mediated Protection Against Controlled Human Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:669. [PMID: 32411130 PMCID: PMC7199517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine provides partial protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection but determinants of protection and/or disease are unclear. Previously, anti-circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibody titers and blood RNA signatures were associated with RTS,S/AS01 efficacy against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). By analyzing host blood transcriptomes from five RTS,S vaccination CHMI studies, we demonstrate that the transcript ratio MX2/GPR183, measured 1 day after third immunization, discriminates protected from non-protected individuals. This ratiometric signature provides information that is complementary to anti-CSP titer levels for identifying RTS,S/AS01 immunized people who developed protective immunity and suggests a role for interferon and oxysterol signaling in the RTS,S mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Joseph Valvo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jackie Braun
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Smitha Shankar
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Drew Dover
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Malcolm J. Gardner
- Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Jason A. Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel E. Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Pallikkuth S, Chaudhury S, Lu P, Pan L, Jongert E, Wille-reece U, Pahwa S. Author response: A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses. 2020. [DOI: 10.7554/elife.51889.sa2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, United States
| | - Pinyi Lu
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, United States
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | | | | | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
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15
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Valéa I, Adjei S, Usuf E, Traore O, Ansong D, Tinto H, Owusu Boateng H, Some AM, Buabeng P, Vekemans J, Kotey A, Vandoolaeghe P, Cullinane M, Traskine M, Ouedraogo F, Sambian D, Lievens M, Tahita MC, Jongert E, Lompo P, Idriss A, Borys D, Ouedraogo S, Prempeh F, Schuerman L, Sorgho H, Agbenyega T. Long-term immunogenicity and immune memory response to the hepatitis B antigen in the RTS,S/AS01 E malaria vaccine in African children: a randomized trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1464-1470. [PMID: 31951771 PMCID: PMC7482624 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1695457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine contains the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and may thus serve as a potential hepatitis B vaccine. To evaluate the impact of RTS,S/AS01E when implemented in the Expanded Program of Immunization, infants 8-12 weeks old were randomized to receive either RTS,S/AS01E or a licensed hepatitis B control vaccine (HepB), both co-administered with various combinations of the following childhood vaccines: diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b, trivalent oral poliovirus, pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate and human rotavirus vaccine. Long-term persistence of antibodies against the circumsporozoite (CS) protein and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were assessed, together with the immune memory response to the HB antigen following a booster dose of HepB vaccine. Subgroups receiving RTS,S or the HepB control vaccine were pooled into RTS,S groups and HepB groups, respectively. One month post-HepB booster vaccination, 100% of participants in the RTS,S groups and 98.3% in the control groups had anti-HBs antibody concentrations ≥10 mIU/mL with the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) at 46634.7 mIU/mL (95% CI: 40561.3; 53617.6) and 9258.2 mIU/mL (95% CI: 6925.3; 12377.0), respectively. Forty-eight months post-primary vaccination anti-CS antibody GMCs ranged from 2.3 EU/mL to 2.7 EU/mL in the RTS,S groups compared to 1.1 EU/mL in the control groups. Hepatitis B priming with the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine was effective and resulted in a memory response to HBsAg as shown by the robust booster response following an additional dose of HepB vaccine. RTS,S/AS01E when co-administered with PHiD-CV, HRV and other childhood vaccines, had an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Valéa
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso.,IRSS, Centre Muraz , Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Samuel Adjei
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Ousmane Traore
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Daniel Ansong
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Harry Owusu Boateng
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Patrick Buabeng
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Amos Kotey
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Florence Ouedraogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - David Sambian
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Marc Christian Tahita
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Palpouguini Lompo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Idriss
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Sayouba Ouedraogo
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Frank Prempeh
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Hermann Sorgho
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Tsiri Agbenyega
- School of Medical Sciences, KNUST (Agogo Presbyterian Hospital) , Kumasi, Ghana
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16
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Van Der Meeren O, Jongert E, Seaton KE, Koutsoukos M, Aerssens A, Brackett C, Debois M, Janssens M, Leroux-Roels G, Mesia Vela D, Sawant S, Yates NL, Tomaras GD, Leroux-Roels I, Roman F. Persistence of vaccine-elicited immune response up to 14 years post-HIV gp120-NefTat/AS01 B vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:1678-1689. [PMID: 31932137 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines eliciting protective and persistent immune responses against multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades are needed. This study evaluated the persistence of immune responses induced by an investigational, AS01-adjuvanted HIV-1 vaccine as long as 14 years after vaccination. METHODS This phase I, open-label, descriptive, mono-centric, extension study with a single group (NCT03368053) was conducted in adults who received ≥3 doses of the clade B gp120-NefTat/AS01B vaccine candidate 14 years earlier in a previous clinical trial (NCT00434512). Binding responses of serum antibodies targeting a panel of envelope glycoproteins, including gp120, gp140 and V1V2-scaffold antigens and representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV-1, were measured by binding antibody multiplex assay (BAMA). The gp120-specific CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining assay. RESULTS At Year 14, positive IgG binding antibody responses were detected in 15 out of the 16 antigens from the BAMA V1V2 breadth panel, with positive response rates ranging from 7.1% to 60.7%. The highest response rates were observed for clade B strain V1V2 antigens, with some level of binding antibodies against clade C strains. Anti-V1V2 IgG3 response magnitude breadth, which correlated with decreased risk of infection in a previous efficacy trial, was of limited amplitude. Response rates to the antigens from the gp120 and gp140 breadth panels ranged from 7.7% to 94.1% and from 15.4% to 96.2% at Year 14, respectively. Following stimulation with gp120 peptide pool, highly polyfunctional gp120-specific CD4+ T-cells persisted up to Year 14, with high frequencies of CD40L tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CD40L interleukin-2 (IL-2), CD40L TNF-α IL-2 and CD40L interferon gamma (IFN-γ) TNF-α IL-2 CD4+ T-cells, but no CD8+ T-cells detected. CONCLUSIONS Persistent antibodies binding to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, including the V1V2-scaffold, and gp120-specific cellular immunity were observed in volunteers vaccinated 14 years earlier with the gp120-NefTat/AS01B vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | - Annelies Aerssens
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Brackett
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | | | | | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Tinto H, Otieno W, Gesase S, Sorgho H, Otieno L, Liheluka E, Valéa I, Sing'oei V, Malabeja A, Valia D, Wangwe A, Gvozdenovic E, Guerra Mendoza Y, Jongert E, Lievens M, Roman F, Schuerman L, Lusingu J. Long-term incidence of severe malaria following RTS,S/AS01 vaccination in children and infants in Africa: an open-label 3-year extension study of a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:821-832. [PMID: 31300331 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from a previous phase 3 study showed efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine against severe and clinical malaria in children (in 11 sites in Africa) during a 3-4-year follow-up. We aimed to investigate malaria incidence up to 7 years postvaccination in three of the sites of the initial study. METHODS In the initial phase 3 study, infants aged 6-12 weeks and children aged 5-17 months were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive four RTS,S/AS01 doses (four-dose group), three RTS,S/AS01 doses and a comparator dose (three-dose group), or four comparator doses (control group). In this open-label extension study in Korogwe (Tanzania), Kombewa (Kenya), and Nanoro (Burkina Faso), we assessed severe malaria incidences as the primary outcome for 3 additional years (January, 2014, to December, 2016), up to 6 years (younger children) or 7 years (older children) postprimary vaccination in the modified intention-to-treat population (ie, participants who received at least one dose of the study vaccine). As secondary outcomes, we evaluated clinical malaria incidences and serious adverse events. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02207816. FINDINGS We enrolled 1739 older children (aged 5-7 years) and 1345 younger children (aged 3-5 years). During the 3-year extension, 66 severe malaria cases were reported, resulting in severe malaria incidence of 0·004 cases per person-years at risk (PPY; 95% CI 0-0·033) in the four-dose group, 0·007 PPY (0·001-0·052) in the three-dose group, and 0·009 PPY (0·001-0·066) in the control group in the older children category and a vaccine efficacy against severe malaria that did not contribute significantly to the overall efficacy (four-dose group 53·7% [95% CI -13·7 to 81·1], p=0·093; three-dose group 23·3% [-67·1 to 64·8], p=0·50). In younger children, severe malaria incidences were 0·007 PPY (0·001-0·058) in the four-dose group, 0·007 PPY (0·001-0·054) in the three-dose group, and 0·011 PPY (0·001-0·083) in the control group. Vaccine efficacy against severe malaria also did not contribute significantly to the overall efficacy (four-dose group 32·1% [-53·1 to 69·9], p=0·35; three-dose group 37·6% [-44·4 to 73·0], p=0·27). Malaria transmission was still occurring as evidenced by an incidence of clinical malaria ranging from 0·165 PPY to 3·124 PPY across all study groups and sites. In older children, clinical malaria incidence was 1·079 PPY (95% CI 0·152-7·662) in the four-dose group, 1·108 PPY (0·156-7·868) in the three-dose group, and 1·016 PPY (0·14-7·213) in the control group. In younger children, malaria incidence was 1·632 PPY (0·23-11·59), 1·563 PPY (0·22-11·104), and 1·686 PPY (0·237-11·974), respectively. In the older age category in Nanoro, clinical malaria incidence was higher in the four-dose (2·444 PPY; p=0·011) and three-dose (2·411 PPY; p=0·034) groups compared with the control group (1·998 PPY). Three cerebral malaria episodes and five meningitis cases, but no vaccine-related severe adverse events, were reported. INTERPRETATION Overall, severe malaria incidence was low in all groups, with no evidence of rebound in RTS,S/AS01 recipients, despite an increased incidence of clinical malaria in older children who received RTS,S/AS01 compared with the comparator group in Nanoro. No safety signal was identified. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Walter Otieno
- Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, US Medical Research Directorate, Kombewa, Kenya
| | - Samwel Gesase
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Lucas Otieno
- Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, US Medical Research Directorate, Kombewa, Kenya
| | - Edwin Liheluka
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Innocent Valéa
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Valentine Sing'oei
- Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, US Medical Research Directorate, Kombewa, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Valia
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Anne Wangwe
- Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, US Medical Research Directorate, Kombewa, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Marc Lievens
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso.
| | | | | | - John Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kumarasamy N, Poongulali S, Beulah FE, Akite EJ, Ayuk LN, Bollaerts A, Demoitié MA, Jongert E, Ofori-Anyinam O, Van Der Meeren O. Long-term safety and immunogenicity of the M72/AS01E candidate tuberculosis vaccine in HIV-positive and -negative Indian adults: Results from a phase II randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13120. [PMID: 30407329 PMCID: PMC6250513 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term safety and immunogenicity of the M72/ Adjuvant System (AS01E) candidate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine up to 3 years post-dose 2 (Y3) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) Indian adults. METHODS This phase II, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial (NCT01262976) was conducted at YRG CARE Medical Centre, in Chennai, India, between January 2011 and June 2015.Three cohorts (HIV+ participants stable on antiretroviral therapy [ART; HIV+ART+], HIV+ ART-naïve [HIV+ART-], and HIV- participants) were randomised (1:1) to receive 2 doses of M72/AS01E (M72/AS01E groups) or saline (control groups) 1 month apart and were followed up toY3. Latent TB infection was assessed at screening using an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA). Safety and immunogenicity results up to Y1 post-vaccination were reported elsewhere. Here, we report serious adverse events (SAEs), humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to M72 recorded at Y2 and Y3. RESULTS Of 240 enrolled and vaccinated participants, 214 completed the long-term follow-up part of the study.In addition to SAEs previously described, between Y1 and Y2 1 M72/AS01E recipient in the HIV+ART+ cohort reported 2 SAEs (sinus cavernous thrombosis and gastroenteritis) that were not considered as causally related to the study vaccine.Vaccination elicited persistent humoral immune responses against M72. At Y3, seropositivity rates were 97.1%, 66.7%, and 97.3% and geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were 22.0 ELISA units (EU)/mL, 4.9 EU/mL, and 24.3 EU/mL in the HIV+ART+, HIV+ART-, and HIV- cohorts, respectively. Humoral immune response was lowest in the HIV+ART- cohort.In M72/AS01E recipients, no notable decrease in the frequency of M72-specific CD4 T-cells expressing ≥2 immune markers among interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and CD40 ligand (CD40L) was observed at Y3 post-vaccination. Median values (interquartile range) of 0.35% (0.13-0.49), 0.05% (0.01-0.10), and 0.15% (0.09-0.22) were recorded in the HIV+ART+, HIV+ART- and HIV- cohorts, respectively. CD4 T-cell response was lowest in the HIV+ART- cohort.No CD8 T-cell response was observed. CONCLUSION The cellular and humoral immune responses induced by M72/AS01E in HIV+ and HIV- adults persisted up to Y3 post-vaccination. No safety concerns were raised regarding administration of M72/AS01E to HIV+ adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01262976 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- YRG CARE Medical Centre (YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education), Voluntary Health Services Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Selvamuthu Poongulali
- YRG CARE Medical Centre (YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education), Voluntary Health Services Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Faith Esther Beulah
- YRG CARE Medical Centre (YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education), Voluntary Health Services Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Valéa I, Adjei S, Usuf E, Traore O, Ansong D, Tinto H, Owusu Boateng H, Leach A, Mwinessobaonfou Some A, Buabeng P, Vekemans J, Nana LA, Kotey A, Vandoolaeghe P, Ouedraogo F, Sambian D, Lievens M, Tahita MC, Rettig T, Jongert E, Lompo P, Idriss A, Borys D, Ouedraogo S, Prempeh F, Habib MA, Schuerman L, Sorgho H, Agbenyega T. Immune response to the hepatitis B antigen in the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine, and co-administration with pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines in African children: A randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1489-1500. [PMID: 29630438 PMCID: PMC6037440 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1442996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine (Mosquirix) reduces the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and is intended for routine administration to infants in Sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV; Synflorix) and human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; Rotarix) when co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01345240) in African infants. 705 healthy infants aged 8–12 weeks were randomized to receive three doses of either RTS,S/AS01 or licensed hepatitis B (HBV; Engerix B) vaccine (control) co-administered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type-b-conjugate vaccine (DTaP/Hib) and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine at 8–12-16 weeks of age, because DTaP/Hib was not indicated before 8 weeks of age. The vaccination schedule can still be considered broadly applicable because it was within the age range recommended for EPI vaccination. PHiD-CV or HRV were either administered together with the study vaccines, or after a 2-week interval. Booster doses of PHiD-CV and DTaP/Hib were administered at age 18 months. Non-inferiority of anti-HBV surface antigen antibody seroprotection rates following co-administration with RTS,S/AS01 was demonstrated compared to the control group (primary objective). Pre-specified non-inferiority criteria were reached for PHiD-CV (for 9/10 vaccine serotypes), HRV, and aP antigens co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 as compared to HBV co-administration (secondary objectives). RTS,S/AS01 induced a response to circumsporozoite protein in all groups. Pain and low grade fever were reported more frequently in the PHiD-CV group co-administered with RTS,S/AS01 than PHiD-CV co-administered with HBV. No serious adverse events were considered to be vaccine-related. RTS,S/AS01 co-administered with pediatric vaccines had an acceptable safety profile. Immune responses to RTS,S/AS01 and to co-administered PHiD-CV, pertussis antigens and HRV were satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Valéa
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Samuel Adjei
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | - Ousmane Traore
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Daniel Ansong
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | - Halidou Tinto
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Buabeng
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | - Louis Arnaud Nana
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Amos Kotey
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | | | - David Sambian
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | | | - Theresa Rettig
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | - Palpouguini Lompo
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Idriss
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | - Sayouba Ouedraogo
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Frank Prempeh
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
| | | | | | - Hermann Sorgho
- a Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé , Nanoro , Burkina Faso
| | - Tsiri Agbenyega
- b School of Medical Sciences , KNUST , Kumasi (Agogo) , Ghana
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van den Berg RA, De Mot L, Leroux-Roels G, Bechtold V, Clement F, Coccia M, Jongert E, Evans TG, Gillard P, van der Most RG. Adjuvant-Associated Peripheral Blood mRNA Profiles and Kinetics Induced by the Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine M72/AS01 in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Vaccinated Adults. Front Immunol 2018; 9:564. [PMID: 29632533 PMCID: PMC5879450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology has the potential to identify gene signatures associated with vaccine immunogenicity and protective efficacy. The main objective of this study was to identify optimal postvaccination time points for evaluating peripheral blood RNA expression profiles in relation to vaccine immunogenicity and potential efficacy in recipients of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01. In this phase II open-label study (NCT01669096; https://clinicaltrials.gov/), healthy Bacillus Calmette–Guérin-primed, HIV-negative adults were administered two doses (30 days apart) of M72/AS01. Twenty subjects completed the study and 18 subjects received two doses. Blood samples were collected pre-dose 1, pre-dose 2, and 1, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 30 days post-dose 2. RNA expression in whole blood (WB) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was quantified using microarray technology. Serum interferon-gamma responses and M72-specific CD4+ T cell responses to vaccination, and the observed safety profile were similar to previous trials. Two different approaches were utilized to analyze the RNA expression data. First, a kinetic analysis of RNA expression changes using blood transcription modules revealed early (1 day post-dose 2) activation of several pathways related to innate immune activation, both in WB and PBMC. Second, using a previously identified gene signature as a classifier, optimal postvaccination time points were identified. Since M72/AS01 efficacy remains to be established, a PBMC-derived gene signature associated with the protective efficacy of a similarly adjuvanted candidate malaria vaccine was used as a proxy for this purpose. This approach was based on the assumption that the AS01 adjuvant used in both studies could induce shared innate immune pathways. Subjects were classified as gene signature positive (GS+) or gene signature negative (GS−). Assignments of subjects to GS+ or GS− groups were confirmed by significant differences in RNA expression of the gene signature genes in PBMCs at 14 days post-dose 2 relative to prevaccination and in WB samples at 7, 10, 14, and 17 days post-dose 2 relative to prevaccination. Hence, in comparison with a prevaccination, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days postvaccination appeared to be suitable time points for identifying potentially clinically relevant transcriptome responses to M72/AS01 in WB samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Centre for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Clement
- Centre for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
The candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S has demonstrated 45.7% efficacy over 18 months against all clinical disease in a phase-III field study of African children. RTS,S targets the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), which is expressed on the Plasmodium sporozoite during the pre-erythrocyte stage of its life-cycle; the stage between mosquito bite and liver infection. Early in the development of RTS,S, it was recognized that CSP-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was required to complement CSP-specific antibody-mediated immunity. In reviewing RTS,S clinical studies, associations between protection and various types of CMI (CSP-specific CD4+ T cells and INF-γ ELISPOTs) have been identified, but not consistently. It is plausible that certain CD4+ T cells support antibody responses or co-operate with other immune-cell types to potentially elicit protection. However, the identities of vaccine correlates of protection, implicating either CSP-specific antibodies or T cells remain elusive, suggesting that RTS,S clinical trials may benefit from additional immunogenicity analyses that can be informed by the results of controlled human malaria infection studies.
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van den Berg RA, Coccia M, Ballou WR, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, Vekemans J, Jongert E, Didierlaurent AM, van der Most RG. Predicting RTS,S Vaccine-Mediated Protection from Transcriptomes in a Malaria-Challenge Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2017; 8:557. [PMID: 28588574 PMCID: PMC5440508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S candidate malaria vaccine can protect against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI), but how protection is achieved remains unclear. Here, we have analyzed longitudinal peripheral blood transcriptome and immunogenicity data from a clinical efficacy trial in which healthy adults received three RTS,S doses 4 weeks apart followed by CHMI 2 weeks later. Multiway partial least squares discriminant analysis (N-PLS-DA) of transcriptome data identified 110 genes that could be used in predictive models of protection. Among the 110 genes, 42 had known immune-related functions, including 29 that were related to the NF-κB-signaling pathway and 14 to the IFN-γ-signaling pathway. Post-dose 3 serum IFN-γ concentrations were also correlated with protection; and N-PLS-DA of IFN-γ-signaling pathway transcriptome data selected almost all (44/45) of the representative genes for predictive models of protection. Hence, the identification of the NF-κB and IFN-γ pathways provides further insight into how vaccine-mediated protection may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kent E Kester
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Erik Jongert
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut, Rixensart, Belgium
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Radin K, Clement F, Jongert E, Sterckx YGJ, Ockenhouse C, Regules J, Lemiale F, Leroux-Roels G. A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay to measure the antibody response against the repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2016; 15:543. [PMID: 27825382 PMCID: PMC5101676 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S/AS01 (GSK Vaccines) induces high IgG concentration against the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum. In human vaccine recipients circulating anti-CSP antibody concentrations are associated with protection against infection but appear not to be the correlate of protection. However, in a humanized mouse model of malaria infection prophylactic administration of a human monoclonal antibody (MAL1C), derived from a RTS,S/AS01-immunized volunteer, directed against the CSP repeat region, conveyed full protection in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that antibodies alone are able to prevent P. falciparum infection when present in sufficiently high concentrations. A competition ELISA was developed to measure the presence of MAL1C-like antibodies in polyclonal sera from RTS,S/AS01 vaccine recipients and study their possible contribution to protection against infection. Results MAL1C-like antibodies present in polyclonal vaccine-induced sera were evaluated for their ability to compete with biotinylated monoclonal antibody MAL1C for binding sites on the capture antigen consisting of the recombinant protein encompassing 32 NANP repeats of CSP (R32LR). Serum samples were taken at different time points from participants in two RTS,S/AS01 vaccine studies (NCT01366534 and NCT01857869). Vaccine-induced protection status of the study participants was determined based on the outcome of experimental challenge with infected mosquito bites after vaccination. Optimal conditions were established to reliably detect MAL1C-like antibodies in polyclonal sera. Polyclonal anti-CSP antibodies and MAL1C-like antibody content were measured in 276 serum samples from RTS,S/AS01 vaccine recipients using the standard ELISA and MAL-1C competition ELISA, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between the results from these assays. However, no correlation was found between the results of either assay and protection against infection. Conclusions The competition ELISA to measure MAL1C-like antibodies in polyclonal sera from RTS,S/AS01 vaccine recipients was robust and reliable but did not reveal the elusive correlate of protection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1596-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Radin
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Jongert
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, B-1330, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Yann G J Sterckx
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ockenhouse
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Jason Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Franck Lemiale
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
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Regules JA, Cicatelli SB, Bennett JW, Paolino KM, Twomey PS, Moon JE, Kathcart AK, Hauns KD, Komisar JL, Qabar AN, Davidson SA, Dutta S, Griffith ME, Magee CD, Wojnarski M, Livezey JR, Kress AT, Waterman PE, Jongert E, Wille-Reece U, Volkmuth W, Emerling D, Robinson WH, Lievens M, Morelle D, Lee CK, Yassin-Rajkumar B, Weltzin R, Cohen J, Paris RM, Waters NC, Birkett AJ, Kaslow DC, Ballou WR, Ockenhouse CF, Vekemans J. Fractional Third and Fourth Dose of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Candidate Vaccine: A Phase 2a Controlled Human Malaria Parasite Infection and Immunogenicity Study. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:762-71. [PMID: 27296848 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three full doses of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine provides partial protection against controlled human malaria parasite infection (CHMI) and natural exposure. Immunization regimens, including a delayed fractional third dose, were assessed for potential increased protection against malaria and immunologic responses. METHODS In a phase 2a, controlled, open-label, study of healthy malaria-naive adults, 16 subjects vaccinated with a 0-, 1-, and 2-month full-dose regimen (012M) and 30 subjects who received a 0-, 1-, and 7-month regimen, including a fractional third dose (Fx017M), underwent CHMI 3 weeks after the last dose. Plasmablast heavy and light chain immunoglobulin messenger RNA sequencing and antibody avidity were evaluated. Protection against repeat CHMI was evaluated after 8 months. RESULTS A total of 26 of 30 subjects in the Fx017M group (vaccine efficacy [VE], 86.7% [95% confidence interval [CI], 66.8%-94.6%]; P < .0001) and 10 of 16 in the 012M group (VE, 62.5% [95% CI, 29.4%-80.1%]; P = .0009) were protected against infection, and protection differed between schedules (P = .040, by the log rank test). The fractional dose boosting increased antibody somatic hypermutation and avidity and sustained high protection upon rechallenge. DISCUSSIONS A delayed third fractional vaccine dose improved immunogenicity and protection against infection. Optimization of the RTS,S/AS01 immunization regimen may lead to improved approaches against malaria. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01857869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Regules
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Jason W Bennett
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Patrick S Twomey
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | - James E Moon
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | | | - Kevin D Hauns
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | - Jack L Komisar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | - Aziz N Qabar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | - Matthew E Griffith
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charles D Magee
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Adrian T Kress
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch Military Malaria Research Program
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia K Lee
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, Washington
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Chaudhury S, Ockenhouse CF, Regules JA, Dutta S, Wallqvist A, Jongert E, Waters NC, Lemiale F, Bergmann-Leitner E. The biological function of antibodies induced by the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate is determined by their fine specificity. Malar J 2016; 15:301. [PMID: 27245446 PMCID: PMC4886414 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent vaccine studies have shown that the magnitude of an antibody response is often insufficient to explain efficacy, suggesting that characteristics regarding the quality of the antibody response, such as its fine specificity and functional activity, may play a major role in protection. Previous studies of the lead malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, have shown that circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses are associated with protection, however the role of fine specificity and biological function of CSP-specific antibodies remains to be elucidated. Here, the relationship between fine specificity, opsonization-dependent phagocytic activity and protection in RTS,S-induced antibodies is explored. Methods A new method for measuring the phagocytic activity mediated by CSP-specific antibodies in THP-1 cells is presented and applied to samples from a recently completed phase 2 RTS,S/AS01 clinical trial. The fine specificity of the antibody response was assessed using ELISA against three antigen constructs of CSP: the central repeat region, the C-terminal domain and the full-length protein. A multi-parameter analysis of phagocytic activity and fine-specificity data was carried out to identify potential correlates of protection in RTS,S. Results Results from the newly developed assay revealed that serum samples from RTS,S recipients displayed a wide range of robust and repeatable phagocytic activity. Phagocytic activity was correlated with full-length CSP and C-terminal specific antibody titres, but not to repeat region antibody titres, suggesting that phagocytic activity is primarily driven by C-terminal antibodies. Although no significant difference in overall phagocytic activity was observed with respect to protection, phagocytic activity expressed as ‘opsonization index’, a relative measure that normalizes phagocytic activity with CS antibody titres, was found to be significantly lower in protected subjects than non-protected subjects. Conclusions Opsonization index was identified as a surrogate marker of protection induced by the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine and determined how antibody fine specificity is linked to opsonization activity. These findings suggest that the role of opsonization in protection in the RTS,S vaccine may be more complex than previously thought, and demonstrate how integrating multiple immune measures can provide insight into underlying mechanisms of immunity and protection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1348-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | - Jason A Regules
- Department of Clinical Research, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, U.S. Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W53, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | - Norman C Waters
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, U.S. Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W53, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | | | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, U.S. Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W53, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
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Kumarasamy N, Poongulali S, Bollaerts A, Moris P, Beulah FE, Ayuk LN, Demoitié MA, Jongert E, Ofori-Anyinam O. A Randomized, Controlled Safety, and Immunogenicity Trial of the M72/AS01 Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine in HIV-Positive Indian Adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2459. [PMID: 26817879 PMCID: PMC4998253 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is a major public health threat. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01 in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Indian adults.Randomized, controlled observer-blind trial (NCT01262976).We assigned 240 adults (1:1:1) to antiretroviral therapy (ART)-stable, ART-naive, or HIV-negative cohorts. Cohorts were randomized 1:1 to receive M72/AS01 or placebo following a 0, 1-month schedule and followed for 12 months (time-point M13). HIV-specific and laboratory safety parameters, adverse events (AEs), and M72-specific T-cell-mediated and humoral responses were evaluated.Subjects were predominantly QuantiFERON-negative (60%) and Bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated (73%). Seventy ART-stable, 73 ART-naive, and 60 HIV-negative subjects completed year 1. No vaccine-related serious AEs or ART-regimen adjustments, or clinically relevant effects on laboratory parameters, HIV-1 viral loads or CD4 counts were recorded. Two ART-naive vaccinees died of vaccine-unrelated diseases. M72/AS01 induced polyfunctional M72-specific CD4 T-cell responses (median [interquartile range] at 7 days postdose 2: ART-stable, 0.9% [0.7-1.5]; ART-naive, 0.5% [0.2-1.0]; and HIV-negative, 0.6% [0.4-1.1]), persisting at M13 (0.4% [0.2-0.5], 0.09% [0.04-0.2], and 0.1% [0.09-0.2], respectively). Median responses were higher in the ART-stable cohort versus ART-naive cohort from day 30 onwards (P ≤ 0.015). Among HIV-positive subjects (irrespective of ART-status), median responses were higher in QuantiFERON-positive versus QuantiFERON-negative subjects up to day 30 (P ≤ 0.040), but comparable thereafter. Cytokine-expression profiles were comparable between cohorts after dose 2. At M13, M72-specific IgG responses were higher in ART-stable and HIV-negative vaccinees versus ART-naive vaccinees (P ≤ 0.001).M72/AS01 was well-tolerated and immunogenic in this population of ART-stable and ART-naive HIV-positive adults and HIV-negative adults, supporting further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- From the YRG CARE Medical Centre, VHS (NK, SP, FEB); and GSK Vaccines, Rixensart/Wavre, Belgium (AB, PM, LNA, M-AD, EJ, OO-A)
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Mortier MC, Jongert E, Mettens P, Ruelle JL. Sequence conservation analysis and in silico human leukocyte antigen-peptide binding predictions for the Mtb72F and M72 tuberculosis candidate vaccine antigens. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:63. [PMID: 26493839 PMCID: PMC4619029 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Requisites for an efficacious tuberculosis (TB) vaccine are a minimal genomic diversity among infectious Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for the selected antigen, and the capability to induce robust T-cell responses in the majority of human populations. A tool in the identification of putative T-cell epitopes is in silico prediction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide binding. Candidate TB vaccine antigen Mtb72F and its successor M72 are recombinant fusion proteins derived from Mtb32A and Mtb39A (encoded by Rv0125 and Rv1196, respectively). Adjuvanted Mtb72F and M72 candidate vaccines were shown to induce CD4+ T-cell responses in European, US, African and Asian populations. Methods Sequence conservation of Mtb32A, Mtb39A, Mtb72F and M72 among 46 strains (prevalent Mycobacterium strains causing human TB disease, and H37Ra) was assessed by multiple alignments using ClustalX. For Mtb32A, Mtb39A and Mtb72F, 15-mer human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class II-binding peptides were predicted for 158 DRB1 alleles prevailing in populations with high TB burden, 6 DRB3/4/5, 8 DQ and 6 DP alleles, using NetMHCII-pan-3.0. Results for 3 DRB1 alleles were compared with previously published allele-matched in vitro binding data. Additional analyses were done for M72. Nonameric MHC class I-binding peptides in Mtb72F were predicted for three alleles representative of class I supertypes A02, A03 and B07, using seven prediction algorithms. Results Sequence identity among strains was ≥98 % for each protein. Residue changes in Mtb39A comprised primarily single residue or nucleotide insertions and/or deletions in repeat regions, and were observed in 67 % of strains. For Mtb72F, 156 DRB1, 6 DRB3/4/5, 7 DQ and 5 DP alleles were predicted to contain at least one MHC class II-binding peptide, and class I-binding peptides were predicted for each HLA-A/B allele. Comparison of predicted MHC-II-binding peptides with experimental data indicated that the algorithm’s sensitivity and specificity were variable among alleles. Conclusions The sequences from which Mtb72F and M72 are derived are highly conserved among representative Mycobacterium strains. Predicted putative T-cell epitopes in M72 and/or Mtb72F covered a wide array of HLA alleles. In silico binding predictions for class I- and II-binding putative epitopes can be complemented with biochemical verification of HLA binding capacity, processing and immunogenicity of the predicted peptides. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0119-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Jongert
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Mettens
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
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Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I, Clement F, Ofori-Anyinam O, Lievens M, Jongert E, Moris P, Ballou WR, Cohen J. Evaluation of the immune response to RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 adjuvanted vaccines: randomized, double-blind study in malaria-naïve adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2211-9. [PMID: 25424924 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase II, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the immunogenicity of RTS,S vaccines containing Adjuvant System AS01 or AS02 as compared with non-adjuvanted RTS,S in healthy, malaria-naïve adults (NCT00443131). Thirty-six subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to receive RTS,S/AS01, RTS,S/AS02, or RTS,S/saline at months 0, 1, and 2. Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) and hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigens were assessed and cell-mediated immune responses evaluated by flow cytometry using intracellular cytokine staining on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-CS antibody avidity was also characterized. Safety and reactogenicity after each vaccine dose were monitored. One month after the third vaccine dose, RTS,S/AS01 (160.3 EU/mL [95%CI: 114.1-225.4]) and RTS,S/AS02 (77.4 EU/mL (95%CI: 47.3-126.7)) recipients had significantly higher anti-CS antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) than recipients of RTS,S/saline (12.2 EU/mL (95%CI: 4.8-30.7); P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0011, respectively). The anti-CS antibody GMT was significantly higher with RTS,S/AS01 than with RTS,S/AS02 (P = 0.0135). Anti-CS antibody avidity was in the same range in all groups. CS- and HBs-specific CD4(+) T cell responses were greater for both RTS,S/AS groups than for the RTS,S/saline group. Reactogenicity was in general higher for RTS,S/AS compared with RTS,S/saline. Most grade 3 solicited adverse events (AEs) were of short duration and grade 3 solicited general AEs were infrequent in the 3 groups. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, in comparison with non-adjuvanted RTS,S, both RTS,S/AS vaccines exhibited better CS-specific immune responses. The anti-CS antibody response was significantly higher with RTS,S/AS01 than with RTS,S/AS02. The adjuvanted vaccines had acceptable safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Leroux-Roels
- a Centre for Vaccinology (CEVAC); Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital; Ghent, Belgium
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Ockenhouse CF, Regules J, Tosh D, Cowden J, Kathcart A, Cummings J, Paolino K, Moon J, Komisar J, Kamau E, Oliver T, Chhoeu A, Murphy J, Lyke K, Laurens M, Birkett A, Lee C, Weltzin R, Wille-Reece U, Sedegah M, Hendriks J, Versteege I, Pau MG, Sadoff J, Vanloubbeeck Y, Lievens M, Heerwegh D, Moris P, Guerra Mendoza Y, Jongert E, Cohen J, Voss G, Ballou WR, Vekemans J. Ad35.CS.01-RTS,S/AS01 Heterologous Prime Boost Vaccine Efficacy against Sporozoite Challenge in Healthy Malaria-Naïve Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131571. [PMID: 26148007 PMCID: PMC4492580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods In an observer blind, phase 2 trial, 55 adults were randomized to receive one dose of Ad35.CS.01 vaccine followed by two doses of RTS,S/AS01 (ARR-group) or three doses of RTS,S/AS01 (RRR-group) at months 0, 1, 2 followed by controlled human malaria infection. Results ARR and RRR vaccine regimens were well tolerated. Efficacy of ARR and RRR groups after controlled human malaria infection was 44% (95% confidence interval 21%-60%) and 52% (25%-70%), respectively. The RRR-group had greater anti-CS specific IgG titers than did the ARR-group. There were higher numbers of CS-specific CD4 T-cells expressing > 2 cytokine/activation markers and more ex vivo IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospots in the ARR-group than the RRR-group. Protected subjects had higher CS-specific IgG titers than non-protected subjects (geometric mean titer, 120.8 vs 51.8 EU/ml, respectively; P = .001). Conclusions An increase in vaccine efficacy of ARR-group over RRR-group was not achieved. Future strategies to improve upon RTS,S-induced protection may need to utilize alternative highly immunogenic prime-boost regimens and/or additional target antigens. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01366534
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F. Ockenhouse
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Donna Tosh
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cowden
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - April Kathcart
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - James Cummings
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Paolino
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - James Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jack Komisar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas Oliver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Austin Chhoeu
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jitta Murphy
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Laurens
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Cynthia Lee
- PATH-MVI, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rich Weltzin
- PATH-MVI, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Martha Sedegah
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
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Penn-Nicholson A, Geldenhuys H, Burny W, van der Most R, Day CL, Jongert E, Moris P, Hatherill M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Hanekom W, Bollaerts A, Demoitie MA, Kany Luabeya AK, De Ruymaeker E, Tameris M, Lapierre D, Scriba TJ. Safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccine M72/AS01E in adolescents in a TB endemic setting. Vaccine 2015; 33:4025-34. [PMID: 26072017 PMCID: PMC5845829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination that prevents tuberculosis (TB) disease, particularly in adolescents, would have the greatest impact on the global TB epidemic. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate M72/AS01E was evaluated in healthy, HIV-negative adolescents in a TB endemic region, regardless of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection status. METHODS In a phase II, double-blind randomized, controlled study (NCT00950612), two doses of M72/AS01E or placebo were administered intramuscularly, one month apart. Participants were followed-up post-vaccination, for 6 months. M72-specific immunogenicity was evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining analysis of T cells and NK cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS No serious adverse events were recorded. M72/AS01E induced robust T cell and antibody responses, including antigen-dependent NK cell IFN-γ production. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were sustained at 6 months post vaccination. Irrespective of M.tb infection status, vaccination induced a high frequency of M72-specific CD4 T cells expressing multiple combinations of Th1 cytokines, and low level IL-17. We observed rapid boosting of immune responses in M.tb-infected participants, suggesting natural infection acts as a prime to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS The clinically acceptable safety and immunogenicity profile of M72/AS01E in adolescents living in an area with high TB burden support the move to efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Cheryl L Day
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Willem Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Angelique Kany Kany Luabeya
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Michele Tameris
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Ajua A, Lell B, Agnandji ST, Asante KP, Owusu-Agyei S, Mwangoka G, Mpina M, Salim N, Tanner M, Abdulla S, Vekemans J, Jongert E, Lievens M, Cambron P, Ockenhouse CF, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B. The effect of immunization schedule with the malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S/AS01E on protective efficacy and anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody avidity in African infants. Malar J 2015; 14:72. [PMID: 25885325 PMCID: PMC4335593 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria vaccine RTS,S induces antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the concentration of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the repeat region of CSP following vaccination is associated with protection from P. falciparum malaria. So far, only the quantity of anti-CSP IgG has been measured and used to predict vaccination success, although quality (measured as avidity) of the antigen-antibody interaction shall be important since only a few sporozoites circulate for a short time after an infectious mosquito bite, likely requiring fast and strong binding. Methods Quantity and avidity of anti-CSP IgG in African infants who received RTS,S/AS01E in a 0-1-2-month or a 0-1-7-month schedule in a phase 2 clinical trial were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody avidity was defined as the proportion of IgG able to bind in the presence of a chaotropic agent (avidity index). The effect of CSP-specific IgG concentration and avidity on protective efficacy was modelled using Cox proportional hazards. Results After the third dose, quantity and avidity were similar between the two vaccination schedules. IgG avidity after the last vaccine injection was not associated with protection, whereas the change in avidity following second and third RTS,S/AS01E injection was associated with a 54% risk reduction of getting malaria (hazard ratio: 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22-0.99) in those participants with a change in avidity above the median. The change in anti-CSP IgG concentration following second and third injection was associated with a 77% risk reduction of getting malaria (hazard ratio: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.11-0.51). Conclusions Change in IgG response between vaccine doses merits further evaluation as a surrogate marker for RTS,S efficacy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00436007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ajua
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), BP118, Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | | | | | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, PO Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana. .,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Grace Mwangoka
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre of Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, 360 Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Maxmilliam Mpina
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre of Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, 360 Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Nahya Salim
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre of Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, 360 Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre of Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, 360 Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre of Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, 360 Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | | | - Erik Jongert
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium.
| | - Marc Lievens
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium.
| | | | - Chris F Ockenhouse
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), BP118, Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), BP118, Lambaréné, Gabon.
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Olotu A, Clement F, Jongert E, Vekemans J, Njuguna P, Ndungu FM, Marsh K, Leroux-Roels G, Bejon P. Avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E in young children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115126. [PMID: 25506706 PMCID: PMC4266636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The nature of protective immune responses elicited by immunization with the candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S is still incompletely understood. Antibody levels correlate with protection against malaria infection, but considerable variation in outcome is unexplained (e.g., children may experience malaria despite high anti-circumsporozoite [CS] titers). Methods and Findings We measured the avidity index (AI) of the anti-CS antibodies raised in subgroup of 5–17 month old children in Kenya who were vaccinated with three doses of RTS,S/AS01E between March and August 2007. We evaluated the association between the AI and the subsequent risk of clinical malaria. We selected 19 cases (i.e., with clinical malaria) and 42 controls (i.e., without clinical malaria), matching for anti-CS antibody levels and malaria exposure. We assessed their sera collected 1 month after the third dose of the vaccine, in March 2008 (range 4–10 months after the third vaccine), and at 12 months after the third vaccine dose. The mean AI was 45.2 (95% CI: 42.4 to 48.1), 45.3 (95% CI: 41.4 to 49.1) and 46.2 (95% CI; 43.2 to 49.3) at 1 month, in March 2008 (4–10 months), and at 12 months after the third vaccination, respectively (p = 0.9 by ANOVA test for variation over time). The AI was not associated with protection from clinical malaria (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.49 to 1.66; p = 0.74). The AI was higher in children with high malaria exposure, as measured using the weighted local prevalence of malaria, compared to those with low malaria exposure at 1 month post dose 3 (p = 0.035). Conclusion Our data suggest that in RTS,S/AS01E-vaccinated children residing in malaria endemic countries, the avidity of anti-circumsporozoite antibodies, as measured using an elution ELISA method, was not associated with protection from clinical malaria. Prior natural malaria exposure might have primed the response to RTS,S/AS01E vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Olotu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Patricia Njuguna
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Francis M. Ndungu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
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Idoko OT, Owolabi OA, Owiafe PK, Moris P, Odutola A, Bollaerts A, Ogundare E, Jongert E, Demoitié MA, Ofori-Anyinam O, Ota MO. Safety and immunogenicity of the M72/AS01 candidate tuberculosis vaccine when given as a booster to BCG in Gambian infants: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:564-78. [PMID: 25305000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01 in Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated infants after or concomitantly with Expanded-Programme-on-Immunization (EPI) vaccines. METHODS In a Phase-II study in The Gambia (NCT01098474), 2 cohorts of 150 BCG-vaccinated infants each were randomized 1:1:1. The 'Outside-EPI' cohort received one or two M72/AS01 doses, or meningitis vaccine, 1-2 months after primary EPI vaccination. The 'Within-EPI' cohort received one or two M72/AS01 doses concomitantly with the third or last two doses of their primary EPI-regimen, respectively, or EPI vaccines alone. Safety, M72-specific humoral (ELISA) and cell-mediated (whole-blood ICS) responses, and humoral responses to EPI vaccines were assessed. RESULTS M72/AS01 was acceptably tolerated with no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported. Seropositivity/seroprotection rates against EPI antigens in the Within-EPI cohort were comparable between groups, irrespective of M72/AS01 co-administration. Up to one year post M72/AS01 vaccination, M72-specific humoral and CD4(+) T-cell responses were higher after 2 doses versus 1 dose in both cohorts (p < 0.0001), and comparable between cohorts after either 1 or 2 doses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION M72/AS01 given to infants after or concomitantly with EPI vaccines had an acceptable safety profile. Our results suggest no interference of immunogenicity profiles occurred following co-administration of M72/AS01 and EPI vaccines. Two M72/AS01 doses elicited higher immune responses than one dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola T Idoko
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | | | - Patrick K Owiafe
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Philippe Moris
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, BE-1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
| | - Aderonke Odutola
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Anne Bollaerts
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, BE-1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
| | - Ezra Ogundare
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Erik Jongert
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rue de l'Institut 89, BE-1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Martin O Ota
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
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Miura K, Jongert E, Deng B, Zhou L, Lusingu JP, Drakeley CJ, Fay MP, Long CA, Vekemans J. Effect of ingested human antibodies induced by RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccination in children on Plasmodium falciparum oocyst formation and sporogony in mosquitoes. Malar J 2014; 13:263. [PMID: 25007730 PMCID: PMC4100490 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The circumsporozoite protein (CS protein) on the malaria parasites in mosquitoes plays an important role in sporogony in mosquitoes. The RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate, which has shown significant efficacy against clinical malaria in a large Phase 3 trial, targets the Plasmodium falciparum CS protein, but the ability of serum from vaccinated individuals to inhibit sporogony in mosquitoes has not been evaluated. Methods Previously a double-blind, randomized trial of RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, as compared with rabies vaccine, in five- to 17-month old children in Tanzania was conducted. In this study, polyclonal human antibodies were purified from the pools of sera taken one month after the third vaccination. IgGs were purified from four pools of sera from 25 RTS,S/AS01 vaccinated children each, and two pools of sera from 25 children vaccinated with rabies vaccine each. The ability of antibodies to inhibit P. falciparum oocyst formation and/or sporogony in the mosquito host was evaluated by a standard membrane-feeding assay. The test antibodies were fed on day 0 (at the same time as the gametocyte feed), or on days 3 or 6 (serial-feed experiments). The oocyst and sporozoite counts were performed on days 8 and 16, respectively. In addition, two human anti-CS monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and a control mAb were also evaluated. Results Polyclonal anti-CS IgG preparations from RTS,S-vaccinated children tested at concentrations of 149-210 ELISA units (EU)/ml did not show significant inhibition in oocyst and sporozoite formation when the antibodies were fed with gametocytes at the same time, or later (serial-feed experiments). Similarly, anti-CS mAbs tested at 6,421 or 7,122 EU/ml did not show reduction in oocyst and sporozoite formation. Conclusions This study does not support the concept that anti-CS antibodies induced by the RTS,S/AS01 vaccines in humans noticeably reduce malaria transmission by blocking P. falciparum sporozoite development or salivary gland invasion in mosquitoes when taken up during feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Montoya J, Solon JA, Cunanan SRC, Acosta L, Bollaerts A, Moris P, Janssens M, Jongert E, Demoitié MA, Mettens P, Gatchalian S, Vinals C, Cohen J, Ofori-Anyinam O. A randomized, controlled dose-finding Phase II study of the M72/AS01 candidate tuberculosis vaccine in healthy PPD-positive adults. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1360-75. [PMID: 24142232 PMCID: PMC3825318 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this dose-finding Phase II study (NCT00621322), we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of different formulations of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine containing the M72 antigen (10/20/40 μg doses) and the liposome-based AS01 Adjuvant System. We aimed to select the lowest-dose combination of M72 and AS01 that was clinically well tolerated with immunogenicity comparable to that of the previously tested M72/AS01B (40 μg) candidate vaccine. Methods Healthy PPD-positive (induration 3–10 mm) adults (18–45 years) in The Philippines were randomized (4:4:4:4:1:1) to receive 2 injections, 1 month apart, of M72/AS01B (40 μg), M72/AS01E (10 μg), M72/AS01E (20 μg), M72/AS02D (10 μg), M72/Saline (40 μg) or AS01B alone, and were followed up for 6 months. AS01E and AS02D contain half the quantities of the immunostimulants present in AS01B. AS02D is an oil-in-water emulsion. Vaccine selection was based on the CD4+ T-cell responses at 1 month post vaccination. Results All formulations had a clinically acceptable safety profile with no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported. Two vaccinations of each adjuvanted M72 vaccine induced M72-specific CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses persisting at 6 months post vaccination. No responses were observed with AS01B alone. One month post second vaccination, CD4+ T-cell responses induced by each of the three M72/AS01 vaccine formulations were of comparable magnitudes, and all were significantly higher than those induced by M72/AS02D (10 μg) and M72/Saline. Conclusions The formulation with the lowest antigen and adjuvant dose, M72/AS01E (10 μg), fulfilled our pre-defined selection criteria and has been selected for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Montoya
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, 547 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Philippines
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Ndungu FM, Mwacharo J, Kimani D, Kai O, Moris P, Jongert E, Vekemans J, Olotu A, Bejon P. A statistical interaction between circumsporozoite protein-specific T cell and antibody responses and risk of clinical malaria episodes following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01E. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52870. [PMID: 23300801 PMCID: PMC3531328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01E provides significant but partial protection from clinical malaria. On in vitro circumsporozoite protein (CSP) peptide stimulation and intra-cellular cytokine staining of whole blood taken from 407 5–17 month-old children in a phase IIb trial of RTS,S/AS01E, we identified significantly increased frequencies of two CSP-specific CD4+ T cells phenotypes among RTS,S/AS01E vaccinees (IFNγ-IL2+TNF− and IFNγ-IL2+TNF+ CD4+ T cells), and increased frequency of IFNγ-IL2-TNF+ CD4+ T cells after natural exposure. All these T cells phenotypes were individually associated with reductions in the risk of clinical malaria, but IFNγ-IL2-TNF+ CD4+ T cells independently predicted reduced risk of clinical malaria on multi-variable analysis (HR = 0.29, 95% confidence intervals 0.15–0.54, p<0.0005). Furthermore, there was a strongly significant synergistic interaction between CSP-specific IFNγ-IL2-TNF+ CD4+ T cells and anti-CSP antibodies in determining protection against clinical malaria (p = 0.002). Vaccination strategies that combine potent cellular and antibody responses may enhance protection against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Ndungu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medical Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Agnandji ST, Lell B, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Methogo BGNO, Kabwende AL, Adegnika AA, Mordmüller B, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Lanaspa M, Aponte JJ, Machevo S, Acacio S, Bulo H, Sigauque B, Macete E, Alonso P, Abdulla S, Salim N, Minja R, Mpina M, Ahmed S, Ali AM, Mtoro AT, Hamad AS, Mutani P, Tanner M, Tinto H, D'Alessandro U, Sorgho H, Valea I, Bihoun B, Guiraud I, Kaboré B, Sombié O, Guiguemdé RT, Ouédraogo JB, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Oneko M, Odero C, Otieno K, Awino N, McMorrow M, Muturi-Kioi V, Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Otieno W, Otieno L, Otsyula N, Gondi S, Otieno A, Owira V, Oguk E, Odongo G, Woods JB, Ogutu B, Njuguna P, Chilengi R, Akoo P, Kerubo C, Maingi C, Lang T, Olotu A, Bejon P, Marsh K, Mwambingu G, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Osei-Kwakye K, Boahen O, Dosoo D, Asante I, Adjei G, Kwara E, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Lusingu J, Gesase S, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Mahende C, Liheluka E, Malle L, Lemnge M, Theander TG, Drakeley C, Ansong D, Agbenyega T, Adjei S, Boateng HO, Rettig T, Bawa J, Sylverken J, Sambian D, Sarfo A, Agyekum A, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Mvalo T, Kamthunzi P, Nkomo R, Tembo T, Tegha G, Tsidya M, Kilembe J, Chawinga C, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Guerra Y, Jongert E, Lapierre D, Leach A, Lievens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Olivier A, Vekemans J, Carter T, Kaslow D, Leboulleux D, Loucq C, Radford A, Savarese B, Schellenberg D, Sillman M, Vansadia P. A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:2284-95. [PMID: 23136909 PMCID: PMC10915853 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1208394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 reduced episodes of both clinical and severe malaria in children 5 to 17 months of age by approximately 50% in an ongoing phase 3 trial. We studied infants 6 to 12 weeks of age recruited for the same trial. METHODS We administered RTS,S/AS01 or a comparator vaccine to 6537 infants who were 6 to 12 weeks of age at the time of the first vaccination in conjunction with Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccines in a three-dose monthly schedule. Vaccine efficacy against the first or only episode of clinical malaria during the 12 months after vaccination, a coprimary end point, was analyzed with the use of Cox regression. Vaccine efficacy against all malaria episodes, vaccine efficacy against severe malaria, safety, and immunogenicity were also assessed. RESULTS The incidence of the first or only episode of clinical malaria in the intention-to-treat population during the 14 months after the first dose of vaccine was 0.31 per person-year in the RTS,S/AS01 group and 0.40 per person-year in the control group, for a vaccine efficacy of 30.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.6 to 36.1). Vaccine efficacy in the per-protocol population was 31.3% (97.5% CI, 23.6 to 38.3). Vaccine efficacy against severe malaria was 26.0% (95% CI, -7.4 to 48.6) in the intention-to-treat population and 36.6% (95% CI, 4.6 to 57.7) in the per-protocol population. Serious adverse events occurred with a similar frequency in the two study groups. One month after administration of the third dose of RTS,S/AS01, 99.7% of children were positive for anti-circumsporozoite antibodies, with a geometric mean titer of 209 EU per milliliter (95% CI, 197 to 222). CONCLUSIONS The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine coadministered with EPI vaccines provided modest protection against both clinical and severe malaria in young infants. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative; RTS,S ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00866619.).
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Clement F, Dewar V, Van Braeckel E, Desombere I, Dewerchin M, Swysen C, Demoitié MA, Jongert E, Cohen J, Leroux-Roels G, Cambron P. Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of human IgG directed against the repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2012; 11:384. [PMID: 23173602 PMCID: PMC3577486 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antigen of Plasmodium falciparum are in clinical development. Vaccine immunogenicity is commonly evaluated by the determination of anti-CSP antibody levels using IgG-based assays, but no standard assay is available to allow comparison of the different vaccines. Methods The validation of an anti-CSP repeat region enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. This assay is based on the binding of serum antibodies to R32LR, a recombinant protein composed of the repeat region of P. falciparum CSP. In addition to the original recombinant R32LR, an easy to purify recombinant His-tagged R32LR protein has been constructed to be used as solid phase antigen in the assay. Also, hybridoma cell lines have been generated producing human anti-R32LR monoclonal antibodies to be used as a potential inexhaustible source of anti-CSP repeats standard, instead of a reference serum. Results The anti-CSP repeats ELISA was shown to be robust, specific and linear within the analytical range, and adequately fulfilled all validation criteria as defined in the ICH guidelines. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation for repeatability and intermediate precision did not exceed 23%. Non-interference was demonstrated for R32LR-binding sera, and the assay was shown to be stable over time. Conclusions This ELISA, specific for antibodies directed against the CSP repeat region, can be used as a standard assay for the determination of humoral immunogenicity in the development of any CSP-based P. falciparum malaria vaccine.
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Agnandji ST, Lell B, Soulanoudjingar SS, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Conzelmann C, Methogo BGNO, Doucka Y, Flamen A, Mordmüller B, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Lanaspa M, Aponte JJ, Nhamuave A, Quelhas D, Bassat Q, Mandjate S, Macete E, Alonso P, Abdulla S, Salim N, Juma O, Shomari M, Shubis K, Machera F, Hamad AS, Minja R, Mtoro A, Sykes A, Ahmed S, Urassa AM, Ali AM, Mwangoka G, Tanner M, Tinto H, D'Alessandro U, Sorgho H, Valea I, Tahita MC, Kaboré W, Ouédraogo S, Sandrine Y, Guiguemdé RT, Ouédraogo JB, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Odero C, Oneko M, Otieno K, Awino N, Omoto J, Williamson J, Muturi-Kioi V, Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Otieno W, Otieno L, Nekoye O, Gondi S, Otieno A, Ogutu B, Wasuna R, Owira V, Jones D, Onyango AA, Njuguna P, Chilengi R, Akoo P, Kerubo C, Gitaka J, Maingi C, Lang T, Olotu A, Tsofa B, Bejon P, Peshu N, Marsh K, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Osei-Kwakye K, Boahen O, Ayamba S, Kayan K, Owusu-Ofori R, Dosoo D, Asante I, Adjei G, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Lusingu J, Gesase S, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Kilavo H, Mahende C, Liheluka E, Lemnge M, Theander T, Drakeley C, Ansong D, Agbenyega T, Adjei S, Boateng HO, Rettig T, Bawa J, Sylverken J, Sambian D, Agyekum A, Owusu L, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Mvalo T, Kamthunzi P, Nkomo R, Msika A, Jumbe A, Chome N, Nyakuipa D, Chintedza J, Ballou WR, Bruls M, Cohen J, Guerra Y, Jongert E, Lapierre D, Leach A, Lievens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Vekemans J, Carter T, Leboulleux D, Loucq C, Radford A, Savarese B, Schellenberg D, Sillman M, Vansadia P. First results of phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1863-75. [PMID: 22007715 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ongoing phase 3 study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 is being conducted in seven African countries. METHODS From March 2009 through January 2011, we enrolled 15,460 children in two age categories--6 to 12 weeks of age and 5 to 17 months of age--for vaccination with either RTS,S/AS01 or a non-malaria comparator vaccine. The primary end point of the analysis was vaccine efficacy against clinical malaria during the 12 months after vaccination in the first 6000 children 5 to 17 months of age at enrollment who received all three doses of vaccine according to protocol. After 250 children had an episode of severe malaria, we evaluated vaccine efficacy against severe malaria in both age categories. RESULTS In the 14 months after the first dose of vaccine, the incidence of first episodes of clinical malaria in the first 6000 children in the older age category was 0.32 episodes per person-year in the RTS,S/AS01 group and 0.55 episodes per person-year in the control group, for an efficacy of 50.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.8 to 54.6) in the intention-to-treat population and 55.8% (97.5% CI, 50.6 to 60.4) in the per-protocol population. Vaccine efficacy against severe malaria was 45.1% (95% CI, 23.8 to 60.5) in the intention-to-treat population and 47.3% (95% CI, 22.4 to 64.2) in the per-protocol population. Vaccine efficacy against severe malaria in the combined age categories was 34.8% (95% CI, 16.2 to 49.2) in the per-protocol population during an average follow-up of 11 months. Serious adverse events occurred with a similar frequency in the two study groups. Among children in the older age category, the rate of generalized convulsive seizures after RTS,S/AS01 vaccination was 1.04 per 1000 doses (95% CI, 0.62 to 1.64). CONCLUSIONS The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine provided protection against both clinical and severe malaria in African children. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative; RTS,S ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00866619 .).
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Olotu A, Moris P, Mwacharo J, Vekemans J, Kimani D, Janssens M, Kai O, Jongert E, Lievens M, Leach A, Villafana T, Savarese B, Marsh K, Cohen J, Bejon P. Circumsporozoite-specific T cell responses in children vaccinated with RTS,S/AS01E and protection against P falciparum clinical malaria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25786. [PMID: 21998698 PMCID: PMC3188575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RTS,S/AS01(E) is the lead candidate pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine. In Phase IIb field trials the safety profile was acceptable and the efficacy was 53% (95%CI 31%-72%) for protecting children against clinical malaria caused by P. falciparum. We studied CS-specific T cell responses in order to identify correlates of protection. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used intracellular cytokine staining (for IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα), ex-vivo ELISPOTs (IFNγ and IL2) and IFNγ cultured ELISPOT assays to characterize the CS-specific cellular responses in 407 children (5-17 months of age) in a phase IIb randomized controlled trial of RTS,S/AS01(E) (NCT00380393). RTS,S/ AS01(E) vaccinees had higher frequencies of CS-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFNγ, TNFα or IL2 compared to control vaccinees. In a multivariable analysis TNFα(+) CD4(+) T cells were independently associated with a reduced risk for clinical malaria among RTS,S/AS01(E) vaccinees (HR = 0.64, 95%CI 0.49-0.86, p = 0.002). There was a non-significant tendency towards reduced risk among control vaccinees (HR = 0.80, 95%CI 0.62-1.03, p = 0.084), albeit with lower CS-specific T cell frequencies and higher rates of clinical malaria. When data from both RTS,S/AS01(E) vaccinees and control vaccinees were combined (with adjusting for vaccination group), the HR was 0.74 (95%CI 0.62-0.89, p = 0.001). After a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (n-18), the finding was still significant at p = 0.018. There was no significant correlation between cultured or ex vivo ELISPOT data and protection from clinical malaria. The combination of TNFα(+) CD4(+) T cells and anti-CS antibody statistically accounted for the protective effect of vaccination in a Cox regression model. CONCLUSIONS RTS,S/AS01(E) induces CS-specific Th1 T cell responses in young children living in a malaria endemic area. The combination of anti-CS antibody concentrations titers and CS-specific TNFα(+) CD4(+) T cells could account for the level of protection conferred by RTS,S/AS01(E). The correlation between CS-specific TNFα(+) CD4(+) T cells and protection needs confirmation in other datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Olotu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Jedidah Mwacharo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Domtila Kimani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Oscar Kai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Tonya Villafana
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara Savarese
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Cohen
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/ Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Asante KP, Abdulla S, Agnandji S, Lyimo J, Vekemans J, Soulanoudjingar S, Owusu R, Shomari M, Leach A, Jongert E, Salim N, Fernandes JF, Dosoo D, Chikawe M, Issifou S, Osei-Kwakye K, Lievens M, Paricek M, Möller T, Apanga S, Mwangoka G, Dubois MC, Madi T, Kwara E, Minja R, Hounkpatin AB, Boahen O, Kayan K, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Carter T, Vansadia P, Sillman M, Savarese B, Loucq C, Lapierre D, Greenwood B, Cohen J, Kremsner P, Owusu-Agyei S, Tanner M, Lell B. Safety and efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 E candidate malaria vaccine given with expanded-programme-on-immunisation vaccines: 19 month follow-up of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011; 11:741-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ansong D, Asante KP, Vekemans J, Owusu SK, Owusu R, Brobby NAW, Dosoo D, Osei-Akoto A, Osei-Kwakye K, Asafo-Adjei E, Boahen KO, Sylverken J, Adjei G, Sambian D, Apanga S, Kayan K, Janssens MH, Lievens MJJ, Olivier AC, Jongert E, Dubois P, Savarese BM, Cohen J, Antwi S, Greenwood BM, Evans JA, Agbenyega T, Moris PJ, Owusu-Agyei S. T cell responses to the RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D) malaria candidate vaccines administered according to different schedules to Ghanaian children. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18891. [PMID: 21556142 PMCID: PMC3083397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stage candidate vaccine RTS,S is being developed for protection of young children against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. RTS,S formulated with the liposome based adjuvant AS01(E) or the oil-in-water based adjuvant AS02(D) induces P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CSP) antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses which have been associated with protection in the experimental malaria challenge model in adults. METHODS This study was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity induced over a 19 month period by three vaccination schedules (0,1-, 0,1,2- and 0,1,7-month) of RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D) in children aged 5-17 months in two research centers in Ghana. Control Rabies vaccine using the 0,1,2-month schedule was used in one of two study sites. RESULTS Whole blood antigen stimulation followed by intra-cellular cytokine staining showed RTS,S/AS01(E) induced CSP specific CD4 T cells producing IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Higher T cell responses were induced by a 0,1,7-month immunization schedule as compared with a 0,1- or 0,1,2-month schedule. RTS,S/AS01(E) induced higher CD4 T cell responses as compared to RTS,S/AS02(D) when given on a 0,1,7-month schedule. CONCLUSIONS These findings support further Phase III evaluation of RTS,S/AS01(E). The role of immune effectors and immunization schedules on vaccine protection are currently under evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00360230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ansong
- School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Agnandji ST, Fendel R, Mestré M, Janssens M, Vekemans J, Held J, Gnansounou F, Haertle S, von Glasenapp I, Oyakhirome S, Mewono L, Moris P, Lievens M, Demoitie MA, Dubois PM, Villafana T, Jongert E, Olivier A, Cohen J, Esen M, Kremsner PG, Lell B, Mordmüller B. Induction of Plasmodium falciparum-specific CD4+ T cells and memory B cells in Gabonese children vaccinated with RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D). PLoS One 2011; 6:e18559. [PMID: 21494604 PMCID: PMC3073948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recombinant circumsporozoite protein (CS) based vaccine, RTS,S, confers protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in controlled challenge trials and in field studies. The RTS,S recombinant antigen has been formulated with two adjuvant systems, AS01 and AS02, which have both been shown to induce strong specific antibody responses and CD4 T cell responses in adults. As infants and young children are particularly susceptible to malaria infection and constitute the main target population for a malaria vaccine, we have evaluated the induction of adaptive immune responses in young children living in malaria endemic regions following vaccination with RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D). Our data show that a CS-specific memory B cell response is induced one month after the second and third vaccine dose and that CS-specific antibodies and memory B cells persist up to 12 months after the last vaccine injection. Both formulations also induced low but significant amounts of CS-specific IL-2(+) CD4(+) T cells one month after the second and third vaccine dose, upon short-term in vitro stimulation of whole blood cells with peptides covering the entire CS derived sequence in RTS,S. These results provide evidence that both RTS,S/AS01(E) and RTS,S/AS02(D) induced adaptive immune responses including antibodies, circulating memory B cells and CD4(+) T cells directed against P. falciparum CS protein. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00307021.
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Verhelst D, De Craeye S, Dorny P, Melkebeek V, Goddeeris B, Cox E, Jongert E. IFN-γ expression and infectivity of Toxoplasma infected tissues are associated with an antibody response against GRA7 in experimentally infected pigs. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179:14-21. [PMID: 21414723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, can be transmitted to humans via the consumption of infected meat. However, there are currently no veterinary diagnostic tests available for the screening of animals at slaughter. In the current work, we investigated whether cytokine responses in the blood, and antibody responses against recombinant T. gondii GRA1, GRA7, MIC3 proteins and a chimeric antigen EC2 encoding MIC2-MIC3-SAG1, are associated with the infectivity of porcine tissues after experimental infection with T. gondii. Two weeks after experimental infection of conventional 5-week-old seronegative pigs, an IFN-γ response was detected in the blood, with a kinetic profile that followed the magnitude of the GRA7 antibody response. Antibody responses to GRA1, MIC3 and EC2 were very weak or absent up to 6 weeks post infection. Antibodies against GRA7 occurred in all infected animals and were associated with the presence of the parasite in tissues at euthanasia a few months later, as demonstrated by quantitative real-time PCR and isolation by bio-assay. Remarkably, although brain and heart tissue remained infectious, musculus gastrocnemius and musculus longissimus dorsi were found clear of infectious parasites 6 months after experimental infection. Seropositive response in a GRA7 ELISA indicates a Toxoplasma infection in pigs and is predictive of the presence of infectious cysts in pig heart and brain. This new ELISA is a promising tool to study the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in pigs. Clearance of the infection in certain pig tissues suggests that the risk assessment of pig meat for human health needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Verhelst
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Ghent, Belgium.
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Olotu A, Lusingu J, Leach A, Lievens M, Vekemans J, Msham S, Lang T, Gould J, Dubois MC, Jongert E, Vansadia P, Carter T, Njuguna P, Awuondo KO, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Gesase S, Mturi N, Drakeley CJ, Savarese B, Villafana T, Lapierre D, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Lemnge MM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Riley EM, von Seidlein L, Bejon P. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine and exploratory analysis on anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres and protection in children aged 5-17 months in Kenya and Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:102-9. [PMID: 21237715 PMCID: PMC3341451 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background RTS,S/AS01E is the lead candidate malaria vaccine. We recently showed efficacy against clinical falciparum malaria in 5–17 month old children, during an average of 8 months follow-up. We aimed to assess the efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E during 15 months of follow-up. Methods Between March, 2007, and October, 2008, we enrolled healthy children aged 5–17 months in Kilifi, Kenya, and Korogwe, Tanzania. Computer-generated block randomisation was used to randomly assign participants (1:1) to receive three doses (at month 0, 1, and 2) of either RTS,S/AS01E or human diploid-cell rabies vaccine. The primary endpoint was time to first clinical malaria episode, defined as the presence of fever (temperature ≥37·5°C) and a Plasmodium falciparum density of 2500/μL or more. Follow-up was 12 months for children from Korogwe and 15 months for children from Kilifi. Primary analysis was per protocol. In a post-hoc modelling analysis we characterised the associations between anti-circumsporozoite antibodies and protection against clinical malaria episodes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00380393. Findings 894 children were assigned, 447 in each treatment group. In the per-protocol analysis, 82 of 415 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 125 of 420 in the rabies vaccine group had first or only clinical malaria episode by 12 months, vaccine efficacy 39·2% (95% CI 19·5–54·1, p=0·0005). At 15 months follow-up, 58 of 209 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 85 of 206 in the rabies vaccine group had first or only clinical malaria episode, vaccine efficacy 45·8% (24·1–61·3, p=0·0004). At 12 months after the third dose, anti-circumsporozoite antibody titre data were available for 390 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 391 in the rabies group. A mean of 15 months (range 12–18 months) data were available for 172 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 155 in the rabies group. These titres at 1 month after the third dose were not associated with protection, but titres at 6·5 months were. The level of protection increased abruptly over a narrow range of antibody concentrations. The most common adverse events were pneumonia, febrile convulsion, gastroenteritis, and P falciparum malaria. Interpretation RTS,S/AS01E confers sustained efficacy for at least 15 months and shows promise as a potential public health intervention against childhood malaria in malaria endemic countries. Funding PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), GlaxoSmithKline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Olotu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Agnandji S, Asante K, Lyimo J, Vekemans J, Soulanoudjingar S, Owusu R, Shomari M, Leach A, Fernandes J, Dosoo D, Chikawe M, Issifou S, Osei‐Kwakye K, Lievens M, Paricek M, Apanga S, Mwangoka G, Okissi B, Kwara E, Minja R, Lange J, Boahen O, Kayan K, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Jongert E, Demoitié M, Dubois M, Carter T, Vansadia P, Villafana T, Sillman M, Savarese B, Lapierre D, Ballou W, Greenwood B, Tanner M, Cohen J, Kremsner P, Lell B, Owusu‐Agyei S, Abdulla S. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of the RTS,S/AS01EMalaria Candidate Vaccine When Integrated in the Expanded Program of Immunization. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1076-87. [DOI: 10.1086/656190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Jongert E, Roberts CW, Gargano N, Förster-Waldl E, Förster-Wald E, Petersen E. Vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii: challenges and opportunities. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:252-66. [PMID: 19430651 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans is of high priority, given the high burden of disease in some areas of the world like South America, and the lack of effective drugs with few adverse effects. Rodent models have been used in research on vaccines against T. gondii over the past decades. However, regardless of the vaccine construct, the vaccines have not been able to induce protective immunity when the organism is challenged with T. gondii, either directly or via a vector. Only a few live, attenuated T. gondii strains used for immunization have been able to confer protective immunity, which is measured by a lack of tissue cysts after challenge. Furthermore, challenge with low virulence strains, especially strains with genotype II, will probably be insufficient to provide protection against the more virulent T. gondii strains, such as those with genotypes I or II, or those genotypes from South America not belonging to genotype I, II or III. Future studies should use animal models besides rodents, and challenges should be performed with at least one genotype II T. gondii and one of the more virulent genotypes. Endpoints like maternal-foetal transmission and prevention of eye disease are important in addition to the traditional endpoint of survival or reduction in numbers of brain cysts after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jongert
- Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Pasteur Institute of Brussels, Scientific Institute for Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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Jongert E, Lemiere A, Van Ginderachter J, De Craeye S, Huygen K, D'Souza S. Functional characterization of in vivo effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in acute Toxoplasmosis: an interplay of IFN-gamma and cytolytic T cells. Vaccine 2010; 28:2556-64. [PMID: 20117266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of prophylactic vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii is based on the observation that latently infected subjects are protected against secondary infection during pregnancy. Cocktail DNA vaccines have been shown to provide high resistance to parasite challenge, and latently infected mice are protected against acute disease. In order to characterize the associated Th1 cellular immune responses in vivo, we used H2-K(k) bone marrow macrophage cell lines constitutively expressing T. gondii GRA1, GRA7 or ROP2 antigens, for the in vivo characterization of antigen-specific T cells in an antigenic challenge model, and as target cells in an in vivo CTL assay. In latently infected C3H/HeN mice, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were recruited to the peritoneal cavity after i.p. challenge with these syngeneic cell lines. GRA1 and GRA7-specific T cells from infected mice were IFN-gamma(+) FasL(-) CD107(-). No IFN-gamma or lytic markers were observed against ROP2. In cocktail DNA vaccinated C3H/HeN mice, the response was restricted to GRA1-specific CD8(+) IFN-gamma(-) FasL(-) CD107(+) T cells. Target cells expressing GRA1 and GRA7, but not ROP2, were efficiently killed in an in vivo CTL assay in latently infected mice, while in DNA vaccinated mice only lysis of GRA1 expressing target cells was observed. Both forms of immunization, DNA vaccination and latent infection, completely protected mice against acute Toxoplasmosis. The results obtained in this work suggest that distinct in vivo cytolytic effector mechanisms are at work in DNA vaccinated and latently infected mice, but both converge to protect against acute toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jongert
- Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Pasteur Institute of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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Rosenberg C, De Craeye S, Jongert E, Gargano N, Beghetto E, Del Porto P, Vorup-Jensen T, Petersen E. Induction of partial protection against infection with Toxoplasma gondii genotype II by DNA vaccination with recombinant chimeric tachyzoite antigens. Vaccine 2009; 27:2489-98. [PMID: 19368791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a significant source of parasitic infections worldwide. In adults, infections may often lead to severe retinochoroiditis. Infection of the foetus causes abortion or congenital pathology that may lead to neurological complications. Although several strategies have been suggested for making a vaccine, none is currently available. Here, we investigate the protection conferred by DNA vaccination with two constructs, pcEC2 (MIC2-MIC3-SAG1) and pcEC3 (GRA3-GRA7-M2AP), encoding chimeric proteins containing multiple antigenic sequences from T. gondii. After challenge with a T. gondii genotype II, but not a genotype III strain, a significant decrease in cerebral cyst load was found compared to the controls. The immune protection involved a cell-mediated immune response with the synthesis of the cytokines IFN-? and IL-10. In silico structure analysis and the expression profile of EC2, suggest an association between antigen stability, the degree of protein secondary structure and induction of cellular immune responses. Intracellular protein degradation is an important step in the pathway leading to presentation of antigenic peptides on Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules. We suggest that degradation of this chimeric protein may have contributed to the induction of a cellular immune response via enhanced presentation of antigenic peptides on Major Histocompatibility Complex class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Rosenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
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Abstract
In 2008, the centennial of the discovery of Toxoplasma gondii was celebrated. However, toxoplasmosis is still seen as a neglected and underreported disease, despite having a disease burden similar to that of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Human vaccines are not available and current antiparasitic treatment is disappointing. This has led to an urge to focus more on prevention. Food, soil or water contaminated with oocysts from cat faeces and undercooked meat from infected intermediate hosts are important routes of infection. Oocyst contamination is difficult to control, whereas in Western countries, the control of T. gondii in meat should be feasible. Here, we discuss strategies aimed at developing a Toxoplasma-safe meat chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aize Kijlstra
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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