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Amick AK, Eskibozkurt GE, Hosek SG, Flanagan CF, Landovitz RJ, Jin EY, Wilson CM, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Kazemian P, Paltiel AD, Ciaranello AL, Neilan AM. Daily Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States: Cost-saving at Generic Drug Price. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:402-410. [PMID: 37823865 PMCID: PMC10874274 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence and retention concerns raise questions about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men who have sex with men (YMSM). METHODS Using an adolescent-focused simulation model, we compared annual HIV screening alone with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine-based oral PrEP with every 3-month HIV screening in YMSM (aged 15-24) at increased risk of HIV. Data derived from published sources included: age-stratified HIV incidence/100 person-years (PY) on- or off-PrEP (0.6-10.1 or 0.4-6.4), PrEP retention at 6 years (28%), transmissions by HIV RNA level (0.0-78.4/100PY) and annual costs of antiretroviral therapy ($32 000-69 000), HIV care ($3100-34 600), and PrEP program/generic drug ($900/360). Outcomes included transmissions (percent of cohort infected), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs ($), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ($/QALY). We explored the sensitivity of findings to variation in HIV incidence and drug prices. RESULTS Compared with annual screening alone, PrEP would increase QALYs (9.58 to 9.67), reduce new infections (37% to 30%), and decrease costs (by $5000) over 10 years. PrEP would remain cost-saving for HIV incidence off-PrEP ≥5.1/100PY or annual PrEP price ≤$1200. Over a lifetime horizon, PrEP would be cost-saving for HIV incidence off-PrEP ≥1.0/100PY, across all retention assumptions examined. PrEP would not be cost-effective at HIV incidence ≤0.1/100PY, regardless of drug price, due to programmatic costs. CONCLUSIONS In US YMSM at increased risk of HIV, generic oral PrEP and every-3-month screening would be cost-saving compared with annual screening alone, even with high discontinuation and low adherence, over a range of HIV incidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K Amick
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Ege Eskibozkurt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sybil G Hosek
- Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Clare F Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- UCLA Center for Clinical AIDS Research & Education, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elena Y Jin
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A David Paltiel
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Alba C, Malhotra S, Horsfall S, Barnhart ME, Bekker A, Chapman K, Cunningham CK, Fast PE, Fouda GG, Freedberg KA, Goga A, Ghazaryan LR, Leroy V, Mann C, McCluskey MM, McFarland EJ, Muturi-Kioi V, Permar SR, Shapiro R, Sok D, Stranix-Chibanda L, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello AL, Dugdale CM. Cost-effectiveness of broadly neutralizing antibodies for infant HIV prophylaxis in settings with high HIV burdens: a simulation modeling study. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.06.23298184. [PMID: 37986879 PMCID: PMC10659508 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.23298184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Approximately 130 000 infants acquire HIV annually despite global maternal antiretroviral therapy scale-up. We evaluated the potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of offering long-acting, anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) prophylaxis to infants in three distinct settings. Methods We simulated infants in Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Zimbabwe using the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications-Pediatric (CEPAC-P) model. We modeled strategies offering a three-bNAb combination in addition to WHO-recommended standard-of-care oral prophylaxis to infants: a) with known, WHO-defined high-risk HIV exposure at birth (HR-HIVE); b) with known HIV exposure at birth (HIVE); or c) with or without known HIV exposure (ALL). Modeled infants received 1-dose, 2-doses, or Extended (every 3 months through 18 months) bNAb dosing. Base case model inputs included 70% bNAb efficacy (sensitivity analysis range: 10-100%), 3-month efficacy duration/dosing interval (1-6 months), and $20/dose cost ($5-$100/dose). Outcomes included pediatric HIV infections, life expectancy, lifetime HIV-related costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, in US$/year-of-life-saved [YLS], assuming a ≤50% GDP per capita cost-effectiveness threshold). Results The base case model projects that bNAb strategies targeting HIVE and ALL infants would prevent 7-26% and 10-42% additional pediatric HIV infections, respectively, compared to standard-of-care alone, ranging by dosing approach. HIVE-Extended would be cost-effective (cost-saving compared to standard-of-care) in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe; ALL-Extended would be cost-effective in South Africa (ICER: $882/YLS). BNAb strategies targeting HR-HIVE infants would result in greater lifetime costs and smaller life expectancy gains than HIVE-Extended. Throughout most bNAb efficacies and costs evaluated in sensitivity analyses, targeting HIVE infants would be cost-effective in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe, and targeting ALL infants would be cost-effective in South Africa. Discussion Adding long-acting bNAbs to current standard-of-care prophylaxis would be cost-effective, assuming plausible efficacies and costs. The cost-effective target population would vary by setting, largely driven by maternal antenatal HIV prevalence and postpartum incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alba
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | | | - Stephanie Horsfall
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Matthew E. Barnhart
- Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, Agency for International Development (USAID), District of Columbia, United States
| | - Adrie Bekker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Coleen K. Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, United States
| | - Patricia E. Fast
- IAVI, New York, United States
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Ameena Goga
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lusine R. Ghazaryan
- Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, Agency for International Development (USAID), District of Columbia, United States
| | - Valériane Leroy
- Centre d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche en santé des POPulations (CERPOP), Inserm and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlyn Mann
- Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, Agency for International Development (USAID), District of Columbia, United States
| | - Margaret M. McCluskey
- Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, Agency for International Development (USAID), District of Columbia, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. McFarland
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | | | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States
| | - Devin Sok
- IAVI, New York, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- Child and Adolescent Health Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Andrea L. Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Caitlin M. Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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Pei PP, Fitzmaurice KP, Le MH, Panella C, Jones ML, Pandya A, Horsburgh CR, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Paltiel AD, Reddy KP. The Value-of-Information and Value-of-Implementation from Clinical Trials of Diagnostic Tests for HIV-Associated Tuberculosis: A Modeling Analysis. MDM Policy Pract 2023; 8:23814683231198873. [PMID: 37743931 PMCID: PMC10517616 DOI: 10.1177/23814683231198873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Conventional value-of-information (VOI) analysis assumes complete uptake of an optimal decision. We employed an extended framework that includes value-of-implementation (VOM)-the benefit of encouraging adoption of an optimal strategy-and estimated how future trials of diagnostic tests for HIV-associated tuberculosis could improve public health decision making and clinical and economic outcomes. Methods. We evaluated the clinical outcomes and costs, given current information, of 3 tuberculosis screening strategies among hospitalized people with HIV in South Africa: sputum Xpert (Xpert), sputum Xpert plus urine AlereLAM (Xpert+AlereLAM), and sputum Xpert plus the newer, more sensitive, and costlier urine FujiLAM (Xpert+FujiLAM). We projected the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) of decision making based on results of a trial comparing mortality with each strategy, rather than decision making based solely on current knowledge of FujiLAM's improved diagnostic performance. We used a validated microsimulation to estimate VOI (the INMB of reducing parameter uncertainty before decision making) and VOM (the INMB of encouraging adoption of an optimal strategy). Results. With current information, adopting Xpert+FujiLAM yields 0.4 additional life-years/person compared with current practices (assumed 50% Xpert and 50% Xpert+AlereLAM). While the decision to adopt this optimal strategy is unaffected by information from the clinical trial (VOI = $ 0 at $3,000/year-of-life saved willingness-to-pay threshold), there is value in scaling up implementation of Xpert+FujiLAM, which results in an INMB (representing VOM) of $650 million over 5 y. Conclusions. Conventional VOI methods account for the value of switching to a new optimal strategy based on trial data but fail to account for the persuasive value of trials in increasing uptake of the optimal strategy. Evaluation of trials should include a focus on their value in reducing barriers to implementation. Highlights In conventional VOI analysis, it is assumed that the optimal decision will always be adopted even without a trial. This can potentially lead to an underestimation of the value of trials when adoption requires new clinical trial evidence. To capture the influence that a trial may have on decision makers' willingness to adopt the optimal decision, we also consider value-of-implementation (VOM), a metric quantifying the benefit of new study information in promoting wider adoption of the optimal strategy. The overall value-of-a-trial (VOT) includes both VOI and VOM.Our model-based analysis suggests that the information obtained from a trial of screening strategies for HIV-associated tuberculosis in South Africa would have no value, when measured using traditional methods of VOI assessment. A novel strategy, which includes the urine FujiLAM test, is optimal from a health economic standpoint but is underutilized. A trial would reduce uncertainties around downstream health outcomes but likely would not change the optimal decision. The high VOT (nearly $700 million over 5 y) lies solely in promoting uptake of FujiLAM, represented as VOM.Our results highlight the importance of employing a more comprehensive approach for evaluating prospective trials, as conventional VOI methods can vastly underestimate their value. Trialists and funders can and should assess the VOT metric instead when considering trial designs and costs. If VOI is low, the VOM and cost of a trial can be compared with the benefits and costs of other outreach programs to determine the most cost-effective way to improve uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P. Pei
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mylinh H. Le
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle L. Jones
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ankur Pandya
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C. Robert Horsburgh
- School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. David Paltiel
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishna P. Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Dugdale CM, Ufio O, Alba C, Permar SR, Stranix‐Chibanda L, Cunningham CK, Fouda GG, Myer L, Weinstein MC, Leroy V, McFarland EJ, Freedberg KA, Ciaranello AL. Cost-effectiveness of broadly neutralizing antibody prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants in sub-Saharan African settings. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26052. [PMID: 36604316 PMCID: PMC9816086 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infant HIV prophylaxis with broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) could provide long-acting protection against vertical transmission. We sought to estimate the potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of hypothetical bNAb prophylaxis programmes for children known to be HIV exposed at birth in three sub-Saharan African settings. METHODS We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis using the CEPAC-Pediatric model, simulating cohorts of infants from birth through death in Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa and Zimbabwe. These settings were selected to reflect a broad range of HIV care cascade characteristics, antenatal HIV prevalence and budgetary constraints. We modelled strategies targeting bNAbs to only WHO-designated "high-risk" HIV-exposed infants (HR-HIVE) or to all HIV-exposed infants (HIVE). We compared four prophylaxis approaches within each target population: standard of care oral antiretroviral prophylaxis (SOC), and SOC plus bNAbs at birth (1-dose), at birth and 3 months (2-doses), or every 3 months throughout breastfeeding (Extended). Base-case model inputs included bNAb efficacy (60%/dose), effect duration (3 months/dose) and costs ($60/dose), based on published literature. Outcomes included paediatric HIV incidence and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) calculated from discounted life expectancy and lifetime HIV-related costs. RESULTS The model projects that bNAbs would reduce absolute infant HIV incidence by 0.3-2.2% (9.6-34.9% relative reduction), varying by country, prophylaxis approach and target population. In all three settings, HR-HIVE-1-dose would be cost-saving compared to SOC. Using a 50% GDP per capita ICER threshold, HIVE-Extended would be cost-effective in all three settings with ICERs of $497/YLS in Côte d'Ivoire, $464/YLS in South Africa and $455/YLS in Zimbabwe. In all three settings, bNAb strategies would remain cost-effective at costs up to $200/dose if efficacy is ≥30%. If the bNAb effect duration were reduced to 1 month, the cost-effective strategy would become HR-HIVE-1-dose in Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe and HR-HIVE-2-doses in South Africa. Findings regarding the cost-effectiveness of bNAb implementation strategies remained robust in sensitivity analyses regarding breastfeeding duration, maternal engagement in postpartum care, early infant diagnosis uptake and antiretroviral treatment costs. CONCLUSIONS At current efficacy and cost estimates, bNAb prophylaxis for HIV-exposed children in sub-Saharan African settings would be a cost-effective intervention to reduce vertical HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ogochukwu Ufio
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christopher Alba
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of PediatricsWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of PediatricsNew York‐Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Lynda Stranix‐Chibanda
- Child and Adolescent Health UnitFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of ZimbabweHarareZimbabwe
| | - Coleen K. Cunningham
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Orange CountyOrangeCaliforniaUSA
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Department of PediatricsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Duke Human Vaccine InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health & Family MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Valériane Leroy
- CERPOP, InsermToulouse UniversityUniversité Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Elizabeth J. McFarland
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of General Internal MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrea L. Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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5
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Kohli MA, Maschio M, Joshi K, Lee A, Fust K, Beck E, Van de Velde N, Weinstein MC. The potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of the updated COVID-19 mRNA fall 2023 vaccines in the United States. J Med Econ 2023; 26:1532-1545. [PMID: 37961887 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2023.2281083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines updated for fall 2023 in adults aged ≥18 years over a 1-year analytic time horizon (September 2023-August 2024). MATERIALS AND METHODS A compartmental Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model was updated to reflect COVID-19 cases in summer 2023. The numbers of symptomatic infections, COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths, and costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained were calculated using a decision tree model. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of a Moderna updated mRNA fall 2023 vaccine (Moderna Fall Campaign) was compared to no additional vaccination. Potential differences between the Moderna and the Pfizer-BioNTech fall 2023 vaccines were also examined. RESULTS Base case results suggest that the Moderna Fall Campaign would decrease the expected 64.2 million symptomatic infections by 7.2 million (11%) to 57.0 million. COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths are expected to decline by 343,000 (-29%) and 50,500 (-33%), respectively. The Moderna Fall Campaign would increase QALYs by 740,880 and healthcare costs by $5.7 billion relative to no vaccine, yielding an ICER of $7700 per QALY gained. Using a societal cost perspective, the ICER is $2100. Sensitivity analyses suggest that vaccine effectiveness, COVID-19 incidence, hospitalization rates, and costs drive cost-effectiveness. With a relative vaccine effectiveness of 5.1% for infection and 9.8% for hospitalization for the Moderna vaccine versus the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, use of the Moderna vaccine is expected to prevent 24,000 more hospitalizations and 3300 more deaths than the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS As COVID-19 becomes endemic, future incidence, including patterns of infection, are highly uncertain. The effectiveness of fall 2023 vaccines is unknown, and it is unclear when a new variant that evades natural or vaccine immunity will emerge. Despite these limitations, our model predicts the Moderna Fall Campaign vaccine is highly cost-effective across all sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Lee
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc., Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Fust
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc., Cambridge, ON, Canada
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Fust K, Kohli M, Panozzo CA, Weinstein MC, Buck P, Ghaswalla P. 116. Potential Clinical Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccination in Older Adults in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
RSV causes acute respiratory disease (ARD), including severe lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in older adults, which can lead to hospitalization and death. Currently, there are no vaccines approved to prevent RSV disease. This study estimated the potential clinical impact of a hypothetical RSV vaccine over a 1-year time horizon in older adults aged ≥ 60 years.
Methods
A decision-analytic model was developed (Figure 1). A strategy was used where the entire US population aged ≥ 60 years was given a single dose vaccine with an assumed efficacy of 75% against ARD, LRTD, and LRTD-hospitalizations and compared to a population who did not receive a vaccine. Given the uncertainty around RSV hospitalization rates, 2 base-case scenarios were created: (1) hospitalization rates that used RSV-specific claim codes and (2) hospitalization rates increased by 49% to account for underreporting in claims; Table 1 shows key inputs. One-way sensitivity analyses were used to assess the impact of specific parameter estimates.
Results
The vaccine would prevent 1.8 million and 0.6 million upper respiratory disease and LRTD cases, respectively; Figure 2 shows additional results for both base-case scenarios. The number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent 1 LRTD case is 119; the NNV to prevent 1 LRTD hospitalization or death ranges from 792 to 1180 and 10,452 to 15,574, respectively. Sensitivity analyses indicate that results mainly depend on vaccine efficacy, and incidence of ARD and LRTD.
Conclusion
There is substantial US public health benefit associated with utilization of an effective RSV vaccine in individuals ≥ 60 years of age to reduce RSV-associated morbidity and mortality; however, the magnitude of impact depends on RSV epidemiology, which is still being defined for older adults. Several model parameters were based on assumptions, and robust evidence generation is needed including the efficacy of an RSV vaccine, which is an important consideration in assessing the impact of vaccination in this age group.
Disclosures
Kelly Fust, MS, Quadrant Health Economics Inc: Contractor at Quadrant Health Economics Inc who was funded by Moderna to perform this study Michele Kohli, PhD, Quadrant Health Economics Inc: Shareholder at Quadrant Health Economics Inc who was funded by Moderna to perform this study|Quadrant Health Economics Inc: Stocks/Bonds Catherine A. Panozzo, PhD, Moderna, Inc.: Salary|Moderna, Inc.: Stocks/Bonds Philip Buck, PhD, MPH, Moderna, Inc.: Salary|Moderna, Inc.: Stocks/Bonds Parinaz Ghaswalla, PhD, Moderna, Inc.: Salary|Moderna, Inc.: Stocks/Bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fust
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc , Cambridge, Ontario , Canada
| | - Michele Kohli
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc , Cambridge, Ontario , Canada
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Kazemian P, Ding DD, Scott JA, Feser MK, Biello K, Thomas BE, Dange A, Bedoya CA, Balu V, Rawat S, Kumarasamy N, Mimiaga MJ, O'Cleirigh C, Weinstein MC, Kumar JP, Kumar S, Mayer KH, Safren SA, Freedberg KA. The cost-effectiveness of a resilience-based psychosocial intervention for HIV prevention among MSM in India. AIDS 2022; 36:1223-1232. [PMID: 35471644 PMCID: PMC9283429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MSM in India are at a high risk for HIV infection given psychosocial challenges, sexual orientation stress, and stigma. We examined the cost-effectiveness of a novel resilience-based psychosocial intervention for MSM in India. DESIGN We parameterized a validated microsimulation model (CEPAC) with India-specific data and results from a randomized trial and examined two strategies for MSM: status quo HIV care ( SQ ), and a trial-based psychosocial intervention ( INT ) focused on building resilience to stress, improving mental health, and reducing condomless anal sex (CAS). METHODS We projected lifetime clinical and economic outcomes for MSM without HIV initially. Intervention effectiveness, defined as reduction in self-reported CAS, was estimated at 38%; cost was $49.37/participant. We used a willingness-to-pay threshold of US$2100 (2019 Indian per capita GDP) per year of life saved (YLS) to define cost-effectiveness. We also assessed the 5-year budget impact of offering this intervention to 20% of Indian MSM. RESULTS Model projections showed the intervention would avert 2940 HIV infections among MSM over 10 years. Over a lifetime horizon, the intervention was cost-effective (ICER = $900/YLS). Results were most sensitive to intervention effectiveness and cost; the intervention remained cost-effective under plausible ranges of these parameters. Offering this intervention in the public sector would require an additional US$28 M over 5 years compared with SQ . CONCLUSION A resilience-based psychosocial intervention integrated with HIV risk reduction counseling among MSM in India would reduce HIV infections and be cost-effective. Programs using this approach should be expanded as a part of comprehensive HIV prevention in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Delaney D Ding
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary K Feser
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katie Biello
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beena E Thomas
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - C Andres Bedoya
- Behavioral Medicine Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinoth Balu
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- CART Clinical Research Site, Infectious Diseases Medical Centre, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Geffen School of Medicine
- UCLA Center for LGBTQ+ Advocacy, Research & Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Behavioral Medicine Program, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jacob Prem Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | - Kenneth H Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven A Safren
- Center for HIV and Research in Mental Health
- Health Promotion and Care Research Program
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Maschio M, Kohli MA, Ashraf M, Drummond MF, Weinstein MC, Mould-Quevedo JF. An Economic Comparison of Influenza Vaccines Recommended for Use in Eligible Adults under 65 Years in the United Kingdom. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040599. [PMID: 35455348 PMCID: PMC9025244 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the United Kingdom (UK), a cell-based quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIVc) and a recombinant vaccine (QIVr) are recommended for eligible adults under 65 years. The objective of this analysis was to determine the potential cost-effectiveness of QIVc compared to QIVr for this age group using a range of assumptions about relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE). Methods: A dynamic transmission model, calibrated to match infection data from the UK, was used to estimate the clinical and economic impact of vaccination across 10 influenza seasons. The list price was £12.50 for QIVc and £22.00 for QIVr. The base case effectiveness of QIVc was 63.9%. As there are no data comparing the vaccines in the 18 to 64-year-old age group, rVE was varied. Results: For the base case, the rVE of QIVr compared with QIVc must be at least 25% in order for the cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained to be £20,000 or lower. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the rVE required for QIVr to be cost-effective was most dependent on the absolute effectiveness of QIVc. Conclusion: At list prices, our analysis predicts that the rVE for QIVr must be at least 25% compared to QIVc in order to be considered cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maschio
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc., 92 Cottonwood Crescent, Cambridge, ON N1T 2J1, Canada;
| | - Michele A. Kohli
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc., 92 Cottonwood Crescent, Cambridge, ON N1T 2J1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mansoor Ashraf
- Seqirus UK, Point, Level 3, 8AA, 29 Market St., Maidenhead SL6 8AD, UK;
| | - Michael F. Drummond
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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9
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Kohli MA, Maschio M, Lee A, Fust K, Van de Velde N, Buck PO, Weinstein MC. The potential clinical impact of implementing different COVID-19 boosters in fall 2022 in the United States. J Med Econ 2022; 25:1127-1139. [PMID: 36184797 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2126127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging SARS-COV-2 variants are spurring the development of adapted vaccines as public health authorities plan for fall vaccinations. This study estimated the number of infections and hospitalizations prevented by three potential booster strategies for adults (≥18 years) in the United States: boosting with either Moderna's (1) licensed first generation monovalent vaccine mRNA-1273 (ancestral strain) or (2) candidate bivalent vaccine mRNA-1273.214 (ancestral + BA.1 variant of concern [VOC]) starting in September 2022, or (3) Moderna's updated candidate bivalent vaccine mRNA-1273.222 (ancestral + BA.4/5 VOC) starting November 2022 due to longer development time. METHODS An age-stratified, transmission dynamic, Susceptible-Exposed-Infection-Recovered (SEIR) model, adapted from previous literature, was used to estimate infections over time; the model contains compartments defined by SEIR and vaccination status. A decision tree was used to estimate clinical consequences of infections. Calibration was performed so the model tracks the actual course of the pandemic to present time. RESULTS Vaccinating with mRNA-1273(Sept), mRNA-1273.214(Sept), and mRNA-1273.222(Nov) is predicted to reduce infections by 34%, 40%, and 18%, respectively, and hospitalizations by 42%, 48%, and 25%, respectively, over 6 months compared to no booster. Sensitivity analyses around transmissibility, vaccine coverage, masking, and waning illustrate that boosting with mRNA-1273.214 in September prevented more cases of infection and hospitalization than the other vaccines. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS With the emergence of new variants, key characteristics of the virus that affect estimates of spread and clinical impact also evolve, making parameter estimation difficult. Our analysis demonstrated that boosting with mRNA-1273.214 was more effective over 6 months in preventing infections and hospitalizations with a BA.4/5 subvariant than the tailored vaccine, simply because it could be deployed 2 months earlier. We conclude that there is no advantage to delay boosting until a more effective BA.4/5 vaccine is available; earlier boosting with mRNA-1273.214 will prevent the most infections and hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Lee
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Kelly Fust
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc, Cambridge, Canada
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10
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Neilan AM, Losina E, Bangs AC, Flanagan C, Panella C, Eskibozkurt GE, Mohareb A, Hyle EP, Scott JA, Weinstein MC, Siedner MJ, Reddy KP, Harling G, Freedberg KA, Shebl FM, Kazemian P, Ciaranello AL. Clinical Impact, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Expanded Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Testing in Massachusetts. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2908-e2917. [PMID: 32945845 PMCID: PMC7543346 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We projected the clinical and economic impact of alternative testing strategies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence and mortality in Massachusetts using a microsimulation model. METHODS We compared 4 testing strategies: (1) hospitalized: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing only for patients with severe/critical symptoms warranting hospitalization; (2) symptomatic: PCR for any COVID-19-consistent symptoms, with self-isolation if positive; (3) symptomatic + asymptomatic once: symptomatic and 1-time PCR for the entire population; and (4) symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly: symptomatic with monthly retesting for the entire population. We examined effective reproduction numbers (Re = 0.9-2.0) at which policy conclusions would change. We assumed homogeneous mixing among the Massachusetts population (excluding those residing in long-term care facilities). We used published data on disease progression and mortality, transmission, PCR sensitivity/specificity (70%/100%), and costs. Model-projected outcomes included infections, deaths, tests performed, hospital-days, and costs over 180 days, as well as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). RESULTS At Re = 0.9, symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly vs hospitalized resulted in a 64% reduction in infections and a 46% reduction in deaths, but required >66-fold more tests/day with 5-fold higher costs. Symptomatic + asymptomatic monthly had an ICER <$100 000/QALY only when Re ≥1.6; when test cost was ≤$3, every 14-day testing was cost-effective at all Re examined. CONCLUSIONS Testing people with any COVID-19-consistent symptoms would be cost-saving compared to testing only those whose symptoms warrant hospital care. Expanding PCR testing to asymptomatic people would decrease infections, deaths, and hospitalizations. Despite modest sensitivity, low-cost, repeat screening of the entire population could be cost-effective in all epidemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Audrey C Bangs
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Ege Eskibozkurt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Kohli MA, Maschio M, Mould-Quevedo JF, Drummond M, Weinstein MC. The cost-effectiveness of an adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the United Kingdom. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4603-4610. [PMID: 34550848 PMCID: PMC8828088 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1971017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United Kingdom (UK), both the MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aQIV) and the high-dose QIV (QIV-HD) are preferred for persons aged 65 years and older but only aQIV is reimbursed by the National Health Service (NHS). The objective was to determine the potential cost-effectiveness of vaccinating adults aged 65 years and above with aQIV compared with QIV-HD in the UK. A dynamic transmission model, calibrated to match infection data from the UK, was used to estimate the impact of vaccination in 10 influenza seasons. Vaccine effectiveness was based on a meta-analysis that concluded the vaccines were not significantly different. Vaccine coverage, physician visits, hospitalizations, deaths, utility losses and NHS costs were estimated using published UK sources. The list price of aQIV was £11.88 while a range of prices were tested for QIV-HD. The price of the trivalent high-dose vaccine (TIV-HD) is £20.00 but a list price for QIV-HD is not yet available. The projected differences between the vaccines in terms of clinical cases and influenza treatment costs are minimal. Our analysis demonstrates that in order to be cost-effective, the price of QIV-HD must be similar to that of aQIV and may range from £7.57 to £12.94 depending on the relative effectiveness of the vaccines. The results of the analysis were most sensitive to variation in vaccine effectiveness and the rate of hospitalization due to influenza. Given the evidence, aQIV is cost-saving unless QIV-HD is priced lower than the existing list price of TIV-HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Drummond
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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12
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Hathway JM, Miller-Wilson LA, Sharma A, Jensen IS, Yao W, Raza S, Parks PD, Weinstein MC. The impact of increasing multitarget stool DNA use among colorectal cancer screeners in a self-insured US employer population. J Mark Access Health Policy 2021; 9:1948670. [PMID: 34512929 PMCID: PMC8425769 DOI: 10.1080/20016689.2021.1948670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: In the United States (US), colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. With the majority of the US population covered by employer-based health plans, employers can play a critical role in increasing CRC screening adherence, which may help avert CRC-related deaths. Therefore, it is important for self-insured employers to consider the impact of appropriate utilization of CRC screening options. Objective: To evaluate the impact of increasing multitarget stool DNA [mt-sDNA (Cologuard®)] use among CRC screeners from the perspective of a US self-insured employer. Methods:A 5-year Markov model was developed to quantify the budget impact of increasing mt-sDNA from 6% to 15% among average-risk screeners using colonoscopy, fecal immunological test, and mt-sDNA. Data on direct medical costs were obtained from published literature, Medicare CPT codes, and the Healthcare cost and Utilization project. Indirect costs included productivity loss due to workplace absenteeism for CRC screening and treatment. Results: With a hypothetical population of 100,000 employees with screeners aged 50-64 years, compared to status quo, increased mt-sDNA utilization resulted in no differences in the numbers of cancers detected and the overall direct and indirect cost savings were ~$214,000 ($0.04 per-employee-per-month) over 5 years. Most of the savings were due to a reduction in the direct medical expenditure related to CRC screening, adverse events, and productivity loss due to colonoscopy screening. Similar results were observed in the model simulation among screeners aged 45-64 years. Conclusion: Increased utilization of mt-sDNA for CRC screening averts direct and indirect medical costs from a self-insured US employer perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abhishek Sharma
- PRECISIONheor, Precision Value & Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivar S Jensen
- PRECISIONheor, Precision Value & Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiyu Yao
- PRECISIONheor, Precision Value & Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sajjad Raza
- PRECISIONheor, Precision Value & Health, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Hyle EP, Scott JA, Sax PE, Millham LRI, Dugdale CM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP. Clinical Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Genotype Testing at Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1353-1363. [PMID: 31055599 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US guidelines recommend genotype testing at human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis ("baseline genotype") to detect transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors. With integrase strand inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens now recommended as first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART), the of baseline genotypes is uncertain. METHODS We used the Cost-effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications model to examine the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of baseline genotype compared to no baseline genotype for people starting ART with dolutegravir (DTG) and an NRTI pair. For people with no TDR (83.8%), baseline genotype does not alter regimen selection. Among people with transmitted NRTI resistance (5.8%), baseline genotype guides NRTI selection and informs subsequent ART after adverse events (DTG AEs, 14%). Among people with transmitted NNRTI resistance (7.2%), baseline genotype influences care only for people with DTG AEs switching to NNRTI-based regimens. The 48-week virologic suppression varied (40%-92%) depending on TDR. Costs included $320/genotype and $2500-$3000/month for ART. RESULTS Compared to no baseline genotype, baseline genotype resulted in <1 additional undiscounted quality-adjusted life-day (QALD), cost an additional $500/person, and was not cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: $420 000/quality-adjusted life-year). In univariate sensitivity analysis, clinical benefits of baseline genotype never exceeded 5 QALDs for all newly diagnosed people with HIV. Baseline genotype was cost-effective at current TDR prevalence only under unlikely conditions, eg, DTG-based regimens achieving ≤50% suppression of transmitted NRTI resistance. CONCLUSIONS With INSTI-based first-line regimens in the United States, baseline genotype offers minimal clinical benefit and is not cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge
| | | | - Paul E Sax
- Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | | | - Caitlin M Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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14
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Kohli M, Maschio M, Becker D, Weinstein MC. The potential public health and economic value of a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in the United States: Use of cost-effectiveness modeling to inform vaccination prioritization. Vaccine 2021; 39:1157-1164. [PMID: 33483216 PMCID: PMC7832653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers are working at unprecedented speed to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. We aimed to assess the value of a hypothetical vaccine and its potential public health impact when prioritization is required due to supply constraints. METHODS A Markov cohort model was used to estimate COVID-19 related direct medical costs and deaths in the United States (US), with and without implementation of a 60% efficacious vaccine. To prioritize the vaccine under constrained supply, the population was divided into tiers based on age; risk and age; and occupation and age; and outcomes were compared across one year under various supply assumptions. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained versus no vaccine was calculated for the entire adult population and for each tier in the three prioritization schemes. RESULTS The incremental cost per QALY gained for the US adult population was $8,200 versus no vaccination. For the tiers at highest risk of complications from COVID-19, such as those ages 65 years and older, vaccination was cost-saving compared to no vaccination. The cost per QALY gained increased to over $94,000 for those with a low risk of hospitalization and death following infection. Results were most sensitive to infection incidence, vaccine price, the cost of treating COVID-19, and vaccine efficacy. Under the most optimistic supply scenario, the hypothetical vaccine may prevent 31% of expected deaths. As supply becomes more constrained, only 23% of deaths may be prevented. In lower supply scenarios, prioritization becomes more important to maximize the number of deaths prevented. CONCLUSIONS A COVID-19 vaccine is predicted to be good value for money (cost per QALY gained <$50,000). The speed at which an effective vaccine can be made available will determine how much morbidity and mortality may be prevented in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kohli
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc, 92 Cottonwood Crescent, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael Maschio
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc, 92 Cottonwood Crescent, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Debbie Becker
- Quadrant Health Economics Inc, 92 Cottonwood Crescent, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Hathway JM, Miller-Wilson LA, Yao W, Jensen IS, Weinstein MC, Parks PD. The health economic impact of varying levels of adherence to colorectal screening on providers and payers. J Med Econ 2021; 24:69-78. [PMID: 33970747 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2020.1858607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the impact of increasing multi-target stool DNA test (mt-sDNA [Cologuard]) utilization for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in cohorts aged 50-75 and 45-75 years old with varying levels of adherence from the perspectives of integrated delivery networks (IDNs) and payers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a budget impact model that simulates CRC screening with colonoscopy over a 10-year time horizon, fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and mt-sDNA according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force and American Cancer Society guidelines for average risk adults. We evaluated varying levels of screening adherence for a status quo scenario and for an increased mt-sDNA utilization scenario, from the IDN and payer perspectives. The IDN perspective included CRC screening program costs, whereas the payer perspective did not. Conversely, stool-based screening test and bowel preparation costs were unique to the payer perspective. RESULTS The increased mt-sDNA scenarios yielded cost savings relative to the status quo under all adherence scenarios due to a decrease in screening and surveillance colonoscopies. For ages 50-75, in high and low adherence scenarios, savings were $19.8 M ($0.16 per-person-per-month (PPPM)) and $33.3 M ($0.28 PPPM) from the IDN perspective. From the payer perspective, savings were $4.2 M ($0.03 PPPM) and $6.7 M ($0.06 PPPM). For ages 45-75, in high and low adherence scenarios, cost savings were $19.3 M ($0.16 PPPM) and $33.0 M ($0.28 PPPM) from the IDN perspective and $3.9 M ($0.03 PPPM) and $6.2 M ($0.05 PPPM) from the payer perspective. In all imperfect adherence scenarios, the degree of cost-savings with increased mt-sDNA utilization correlated with the aggregate decrease in screening and surveillance colonoscopies. LIMITATIONS Estimates of real-world adherence levels were based on cross-sectional screening data from the literature, and assumptions were applied to individual screening modalities and screening scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Among all adherence scenarios, perspectives, and age ranges, increased mt-sDNA utilization yielded cost-savings.
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16
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Dunning L, Gandhi AR, Penazzato M, Soeteman DI, Revill P, Frank S, Phillips A, Dugdale C, Abrams E, Weinstein MC, Newell M, Collins IJ, Doherty M, Vojnov L, Fassinou Ekouévi P, Myer L, Mushavi A, Freedberg KA, Ciaranello AL. Optimizing infant HIV diagnosis with additional screening at immunization clinics in three sub-Saharan African settings: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25651. [PMID: 33474817 PMCID: PMC8992471 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uptake of early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) varies widely across sub-Saharan African settings. We evaluated the potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of universal maternal HIV screening at infant immunization visits, with referral to EID and maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. METHODS Using the CEPAC-Pediatric model, we compared two strategies for infants born in 2017 in Côte d'Ivoire (CI), South Africa (SA), and Zimbabwe: (1) existing EID programmes offering six-week nucleic acid testing (NAT) for infants with known HIV exposure (EID), and (2) EID plus universal maternal HIV screening at six-week infant immunization visits, leading to referral for infant NAT and maternal ART initiation (screen-and-test). Model inputs included published Ivoirian/South African/Zimbabwean data: maternal HIV prevalence (4.8/30.8/16.1%), current uptake of EID (40/95/65%) and six-week immunization attendance (99/74/94%). Referral rates for infant NAT and maternal ART initiation after screen-and-test were 80%. Costs included NAT ($24/infant), maternal screening ($10/mother-infant pair), ART ($5 to 31/month) and HIV care ($15 to 190/month). Model outcomes included mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) among HIV-exposed infants, and life expectancy (LE) and mean lifetime per-person costs for children with HIV (CWH) and all children born in 2017. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) using discounted (3%/year) lifetime costs and LE for all children. We considered two cost-effectiveness thresholds in each country: (1) the per-capita GDP ($1720/6380/2150) per year-of-life saved (YLS), and (2) the CEPAC-generated ICER of offering 2 versus 1 lifetime ART regimens (e.g. offering second-line ART; $520/500/580/YLS). RESULTS With EID, projected six-week MTCT was 9.3% (CI), 4.2% (SA) and 5.2% (Zimbabwe). Screen-and-test decreased total MTCT by 0.2% to 0.5%, improved LE by 2.0 to 3.5 years for CWH and 0.03 to 0.07 years for all children, and increased discounted costs by $17 to 22/child (all children). The ICER of screen-and-test compared to EID was $1340/YLS (CI), $650/YLS (SA) and $670/YLS (Zimbabwe), below the per-capita GDP but above the ICER of 2 versus 1 lifetime ART regimens in all countries. CONCLUSIONS Universal maternal HIV screening at immunization visits with referral to EID and maternal ART initiation may reduce MTCT, improve paediatric LE, and be of comparable value to current HIV-related interventions in high maternal HIV prevalence settings like SA and Zimbabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Dunning
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Aditya R Gandhi
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Martina Penazzato
- Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STIs ProgrammeWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Djøra I Soeteman
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Center for Health Decision ScienceHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Paul Revill
- Center for Health EconomicsUniversity of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Simone Frank
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Andrew Phillips
- Institute for Global HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Elaine Abrams
- Mailman School of Public HealthICAP at Columbia UniversityNew York CityNYUSA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Center for Health Decision ScienceHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Marie‐Louise Newell
- Institute for Development StudiesHuman Development and HealthFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
- School of Public HealthFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Intira J Collins
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Meg Doherty
- Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STIs ProgrammeWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Lara Vojnov
- Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STIs ProgrammeWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health & Family MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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17
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Baggett TP, Scott JA, Le MH, Shebl FM, Panella C, Losina E, Flanagan C, Gaeta JM, Neilan A, Hyle EP, Mohareb A, Reddy KP, Siedner MJ, Harling G, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello A, Kazemian P, Freedberg KA. Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for Adults Experiencing Sheltered Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2028195. [PMID: 33351082 PMCID: PMC7756240 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.28195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approximately 356 000 people stay in homeless shelters nightly in the United States. They have high risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE To assess the estimated clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness associated with strategies for COVID-19 management among adults experiencing sheltered homelessness. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This decision analytic model used a simulated cohort of 2258 adults residing in homeless shelters in Boston, Massachusetts. Cohort characteristics and costs were adapted from Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Disease progression, transmission, and outcomes data were taken from published literature and national databases. Surging, growing, and slowing epidemics (effective reproduction numbers [Re], 2.6, 1.3, and 0.9, respectively) were examined. Costs were from a health care sector perspective, and the time horizon was 4 months, from April to August 2020. EXPOSURES Daily symptom screening with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of individuals with positive symptom screening results, universal PCR testing every 2 weeks, hospital-based COVID-19 care, alternative care sites (ACSs) for mild or moderate COVID-19, and temporary housing were each compared with no intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cumulative infections and hospital-days, costs to the health care sector (US dollars), and cost-effectiveness, as incremental cost per case of COVID-19 prevented. RESULTS The simulated population of 2258 sheltered homeless adults had a mean (SD) age of 42.6 (9.04) years. Compared with no intervention, daily symptom screening with ACSs for pending tests or confirmed COVID-19 and mild or moderate disease was associated with 37% fewer infections (1954 vs 1239) and 46% lower costs ($6.10 million vs $3.27 million) at an Re of 2.6, 75% fewer infections (538 vs 137) and 72% lower costs ($1.46 million vs $0.41 million) at an Re of 1.3, and 51% fewer infections (174 vs 85) and 51% lower costs ($0.54 million vs $0.26 million) at an Re of 0.9. Adding PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with a further decrease in infections; incremental cost per case prevented was $1000 at an Re of 2.6, $27 000 at an Re of 1.3, and $71 000 at an Re of 0.9. Temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was most effective but substantially more expensive than other options. Compared with no intervention, temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was associated with 81% fewer infections (376) and 542% higher costs ($39.12 million) at an Re of 2.6, 82% fewer infections (95) and 2568% higher costs ($38.97 million) at an Re of 1.3, and 59% fewer infections (71) and 7114% higher costs ($38.94 million) at an Re of 0.9. Results were sensitive to cost and sensitivity of PCR and ACS efficacy in preventing transmission. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this modeling study of simulated adults living in homeless shelters, daily symptom screening and ACSs were associated with fewer severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and decreased costs compared with no intervention. In a modeled surging epidemic, adding universal PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with further decrease in SARS-CoV-2 infections at modest incremental cost and should be considered during future surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P. Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justine A. Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mylinh H. Le
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Fatma M. Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | - Elena Losina
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jessie M. Gaeta
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Neilan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Krishna P. Reddy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Baggett TP, Scott JA, Le MH, Shebl FM, Panella C, Losina E, Flanagan C, Gaeta JM, Neilan A, Hyle EP, Mohareb A, Reddy KP, Siedner MJ, Harling G, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello A, Kazemian P, Freedberg KA. Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Cost-effectiveness of Strategies for People Experiencing Sheltered Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32817967 PMCID: PMC7430611 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Importance: Approximately 356,000 people stay in homeless shelters nightly in the US. They are at high risk for COVID-19. Objective: To assess clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of strategies for COVID-19 management among sheltered homeless adults. Design: We developed a dynamic microsimulation model of COVID-19 in sheltered homeless adults in Boston, Massachusetts. We used cohort characteristics and costs from Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Disease progression, transmission, and outcomes data were from published literature and national databases. We examined surging, growing, and slowing epidemics (effective reproduction numbers [Re] 2.6, 1.3, and 0.9). Costs were from a health care sector perspective; time horizon was 4 months, from April to August 2020. Setting & Participants: Simulated cohort of 2,258 adults residing in homeless shelters in Boston. Interventions: We assessed daily symptom screening with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of screen-positives, universal PCR testing every 2 weeks, hospital-based COVID-19 care, alternate care sites [ACSs] for mild/moderate COVID-19, and temporary housing, each compared to no intervention. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cumulative infections and hospital-days, costs to the health care sector (US dollars), and cost-effectiveness, as incremental cost per case prevented of COVID-19. Results: We simulated a population of 2,258 sheltered homeless adults with mean age of 42.6 years. Compared to no intervention, daily symptom screening with ACSs for pending tests or confirmed COVID-19 and mild/moderate disease led to 37% fewer infections and 46% lower costs (Re=2.6), 75% fewer infections and 72% lower costs (Re=1.3), and 51% fewer infections and 51% lower costs (Re=0.9). Adding PCR testing every 2 weeks further decreased infections; incremental cost per case prevented was $1,000 (Re=2.6), $27,000 (Re=1.3), and $71,000 (Re=0.9). Temporary housing with PCR every 2 weeks was most effective but substantially more costly than other options. Results were sensitive to cost and sensitivity of PCR and ACS efficacy in preventing transmission. Conclusions & Relevance: In this modeling study of simulated adults living in homeless shelters, daily symptom screening and ACSs were associated with fewer COVID-19 infections and decreased costs compared with no intervention. In a modeled surging epidemic, adding universal PCR testing every 2 weeks was associated with further decrease in COVID-19 infections at modest incremental cost and should be considered during future surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mylinh H Le
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Losina
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research (OrACORe), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Policy and Innovation eValuation in Orthopedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessie M Gaeta
- Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA.,Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Anne Neilan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Guy Harling
- Department of Epidemiology and Harvard Center for Population & Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.,MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Department of Operations, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Boston, MA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton C Weinstein
- From the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.C.W.), and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (K.A.F., E.P.H.) - all in Boston; and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (A.D.P.)
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- From the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.C.W.), and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (K.A.F., E.P.H.) - all in Boston; and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (A.D.P.)
| | - Emily P Hyle
- From the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.C.W.), and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (K.A.F., E.P.H.) - all in Boston; and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (A.D.P.)
| | - A David Paltiel
- From the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (M.C.W.), and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (K.A.F., E.P.H.) - all in Boston; and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT (A.D.P.)
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20
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Neilan AM, Bulteel AJB, Hosek SG, Foote JHA, Freedberg KA, Landovitz RJ, Walensky RP, Resch SC, Kazemian P, Paltiel AD, Weinstein MC, Wilson CM, Ciaranello AL. Cost-effectiveness of frequent HIV screening among high-risk young men who have sex with men in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1927-e1935. [PMID: 32730625 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of new HIV infections in the US, 20% occur among young men who have sex with men (YMSM, ages 13-24), but >50% of YMSM with HIV are unaware of their status. Using Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) data, we projected the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of frequent HIV screening among high-risk YMSM from age 15. METHODS Using a mathematical simulation, we examined 3 screening strategies: Yearly, 6-monthly, and 3-monthly, each in addition to the Status quo (SQ, 0.7-10.3% screened/year, stratified by age). We used published data (YMSM-specific when available) including: HIV incidences (0.91-6.41/100PY); screen acceptance (80%), linkage-to-care/antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (76%), HIV transmission (0.3-86.1/100PY, by HIV RNA), monthly ART costs ($2,290-$3,780), and HIV per-screen costs ($38). Projected outcomes included CD4 count at diagnosis, primary HIV transmissions from ages 15-30, quality-adjusted life expectancy, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year saved [QALY]; threshold ≤$100,000/QALY). RESULTS Compared to SQ, all strategies increased projected CD4 at diagnosis (296 to 477-515 cells/µL) and quality-adjusted life expectancy from age 15 (44.4 to 48.3-48.7 years) among YMSM acquiring HIV. Compared to SQ, all strategies increased discounted lifetime cost for the entire population ($170,800 to $178,100-$185,000/person). Screening 3-monthly was cost-effective (ICER: $4,500/QALY) compared to SQ and reduced primary transmissions through age 30 by 40%. Results were most sensitive to transmission rates; excluding the impact of transmissions, screening Yearly was ≤$100,000/QALY (ICER: $70,900/QALY). CONCLUSIONS For high-risk YMSM in the US, HIV screening 3-monthly compared to less frequent screening will improve clinical outcomes and be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Julia H A Foote
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen C Resch
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Craig M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Neilan AM, Losina E, Bangs AC, Flanagan C, Panella C, Eskibozkurt GE, Mohareb A, Hyle EP, Scott JA, Weinstein MC, Siedner MJ, Reddy KP, Harling G, Freedberg KA, Shebl FM, Kazemian P, Ciaranello AL. Clinical Impact, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Expanded SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Massachusetts. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.23.20160820. [PMID: 32743604 PMCID: PMC7386528 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.23.20160820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background We projected the clinical and economic impact of alternative testing strategies on COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Massachusetts using a microsimulation model. Methods We compared five testing strategies: 1) PCR-severe-only: PCR testing only patients with severe/critical symptoms; 2) Self-screen: PCR-severe-only plus self-assessment of COVID-19-consistent symptoms with self-isolation if positive; 3) PCR-any-symptom: PCR for any COVID-19-consistent symptoms with self-isolation if positive; 4) PCR-all: PCR-any-symptom and one-time PCR for the entire population; and, 5) PCR-all-repeat: PCR-all with monthly re-testing. We examined effective reproduction numbers (R e , 0.9-2.0) at which policy conclusions would change. We used published data on disease progression and mortality, transmission, PCR sensitivity/specificity (70/100%) and costs. Model-projected outcomes included infections, deaths, tests performed, hospital-days, and costs over 180-days, as well as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). Results In all scenarios, PCR-all-repeat would lead to the best clinical outcomes and PCR-severe-only would lead to the worst; at R e 0.9, PCR-all-repeat vs. PCR-severe-only resulted in a 63% reduction in infections and a 44% reduction in deaths, but required >65-fold more tests/day with 4-fold higher costs. PCR-all-repeat had an ICER <$100,000/QALY only when R e ≥1.8. At all R e values, PCR-any-symptom was cost-saving compared to other strategies. Conclusions Testing people with any COVID-19-consistent symptoms would be cost-saving compared to restricting testing to only those with symptoms severe enough to warrant hospital care. Expanding PCR testing to asymptomatic people would decrease infections, deaths, and hospitalizations. Universal screening would be cost-effective when paired with monthly retesting in settings where the COVID-19 pandemic is surging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Neilan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research (OrACORe), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Policy and Innovation evaluation in Orthopedic Treatments (PIVOT) Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey C Bangs
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Clare Flanagan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher Panella
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - G Ege Eskibozkurt
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amir Mohareb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Justine A Scott
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Guy Harling
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Cambridge, MA
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Kazemian P, Costantini S, Neilan AM, Resch SC, Walensky RP, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA. A novel method to estimate the indirect community benefit of HIV interventions using a microsimulation model of HIV disease. J Biomed Inform 2020; 107:103475. [PMID: 32526280 PMCID: PMC7374016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsimulation models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease that simulate individual patients one at a time and assess clinical and economic outcomes of HIV interventions often provide key details regarding direct individual clinical benefits ("individual benefit"), but they may lack detail on transmissions, and thus may underestimate an intervention's indirect benefits ("community benefit"). Dynamic transmission models can be used to simulate HIV transmissions, but they may do so at the expense of the clinical detail of microsimulations. We sought to develop, validate, and demonstrate a practical, novel method that can be integrated into existing HIV microsimulation models to capture this community benefit, integrating the effects of reduced transmission while keeping the clinical detail of microsimulations. METHODS We developed a new method to capture the community benefit of HIV interventions by estimating HIV transmissions from the primary cohort of interest. The method captures the benefit of averting infections within the cohort of interest by estimating a corresponding gradual decline in incidence within the cohort. For infections averted outside the cohort of interest, our method estimates transmissions averted based on reductions in HIV viral load within the cohort, and the benefit (life-years gained and cost savings) of averting those infections based on the time they were averted. To assess the validity of our method, we paired it with the Cost-effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC) Model - a validated and widely-published microsimulation model of HIV disease. We then compared the consistency of model-estimated outcomes against outcomes of a widely-validated dynamic compartmental transmission model of HIV disease, the HIV Optimization and Prevention Economics (HOPE) model, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way mixed effects model. Replicating an analysis done with HOPE, validation endpoints were number of HIV transmissions averted by offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to men who have sex with men (MSM) and people who inject drugs (PWID) in the US at various uptake and efficacy levels. Finally, we demonstrated an application of our method in a different setting by evaluating the clinical and economic outcomes of a PrEP program for MSM in India, a country currently considering PrEP rollout for this high-risk group. RESULTS The new method paired with CEPAC demonstrated excellent consistency with the HOPE model (ICC = 0.98 for MSM and 0.99 for PWID). With only the individual benefit of the intervention incorporated, a PrEP program for MSM in India averted 43,000 transmissions over a 5-year period and resulted in a lifetime incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$2,300/year-of-life saved (YLS) compared to the status quo. After applying both the direct (individual) and indirect (community) benefits, PrEP averted 86,000 transmissions over the same period and resulted in an ICER of US$600/YLS. CONCLUSIONS Our method enables HIV microsimulation models that evaluate clinical and economic outcomes of HIV interventions to estimate the community benefit of these interventions (in terms of survival gains and cost savings) efficiently and without sacrificing clinical detail. This method addresses an important methodological gap in health economics microsimulation modeling and allows decision scientists to make more accurate policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Kazemian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sydney Costantini
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne M Neilan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Stephen C Resch
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Hathway JM, Miller-Wilson LA, Jensen IS, Ozbay B, Regan C, Jena AB, Weinstein MC, Parks PD. Projecting total costs and health consequences of increasing mt-sDNA utilization for colorectal cancer screening from the payer and integrated delivery network perspectives. J Med Econ 2020; 23:581-592. [PMID: 32063100 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2020.1730123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate total costs and health consequences of a colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program with colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical tests (FIT), and expanded use of multitarget stool DNA (mt-sDNA) from the perspectives of Integrated Delivery Networks (IDNs) and payers in the United States.Materials and methods: We developed a budget impact and cost-consequence model that simulates CRC screening for eligible 50- to 75-year-old adults. A status quo scenario and an increased mt-sDNA scenario were modeled. The status quo includes the current screening mix of colonoscopy (83%), FIT (11%), and mt-sDNA (6%) modalities. The increased mt-sDNA scenario increases mt-sDNA utilization to 28% over 10 years. Costs for both the IDN and the payer perspectives incorporated diagnostic and surveillance colonoscopies, adverse events (AEs), and CRC treatment. The IDN perspective included screening program costs, composed of direct nonmedical (e.g. patient navigation) and indirect (e.g. administration) costs. It was assumed that IDNs do not incur the costs for stool-based screening tests or bowel preparation for colonoscopies.Results: In a population of one million covered lives, the 10-year incremental cost savings incurred by increasing mt-sDNA utilization was $16.2 M for the IDN and $3.3 M for the payer. The incremental savings per-person-per-month were $0.14 and $0.03 for the IDN and payer, respectively. For both perspectives, increased diagnostic colonoscopy costs were offset by reductions in screening colonoscopies, surveillance colonoscopies, and AEs. Extending screening eligibility to 45- to 75-year-olds slightly decreased the overall cost savings.Limitations: The natural history of CRC was not simulated; however, many of the utilized parameters were extracted from highly vetted natural history models or published literature. Direct nonmedical and indirect costs for CRC screening programs are applied on a per-person-per modality basis, whereas in reality some of these costs may be fixed.Conclusions: Increased mt-sDNA utilization leads to fewer colonoscopies, less AEs, and lower overall costs for both IDNs and payers, reducing overall screening program costs and increasing the number of cancers detected while maintaining screening adherence rates over 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Hathway
- Precision Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ivar S Jensen
- Precision Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Burak Ozbay
- Exact Sciences Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catherine Regan
- Precision Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anupam B Jena
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Reddy KP, Bulteel AJB, Levy DE, Torola P, Hyle EP, Hou T, Osher B, Yu L, Shebl FM, Paltiel AD, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Rigotti NA, Walensky RP. Novel microsimulation model of tobacco use behaviours and outcomes: calibration and validation in a US population. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e032579. [PMID: 32404384 PMCID: PMC7228509 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Simulation models can project effects of tobacco use and cessation and inform tobacco control policies. Most existing tobacco models do not explicitly include relapse, a key component of the natural history of tobacco use. Our objective was to develop, calibrate and validate a novel individual-level microsimulation model that would explicitly include smoking relapse and project cigarette smoking behaviours and associated mortality risks. METHODS We developed the Simulation of Tobacco and Nicotine Outcomes and Policy (STOP) model, in which individuals transition monthly between tobacco use states (current/former/never) depending on rates of initiation, cessation and relapse. Simulated individuals face tobacco use-stratified mortality risks. For US women and men, we conducted cross-validation with a Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) model. We then incorporated smoking relapse and calibrated cessation rates to reflect the difference between a transient quit attempt and sustained abstinence. We performed external validation with the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the linked National Death Index. Comparisons were based on root-mean-square error (RMSE). RESULTS In cross-validation, STOP-generated projections of current/former/never smoking prevalence fit CISNET-projected data well (coefficient of variation (CV)-RMSE≤15%). After incorporating smoking relapse, multiplying the CISNET-reported cessation rates for women/men by 7.75/7.25, to reflect the ratio of quit attempts to sustained abstinence, resulted in the best approximation to CISNET-reported smoking prevalence (CV-RMSE 2%/3%). In external validation using these new multipliers, STOP-generated cumulative mortality curves for 20-year-old current smokers and never smokers each had CV-RMSE ≤1% compared with NHIS. In simulating those surveyed by NHIS in 1997, the STOP-projected prevalence of current/former/never smokers annually (1998-2009) was similar to that reported by NHIS (CV-RMSE 12%). CONCLUSIONS The STOP model, with relapse included, performed well when validated to US smoking prevalence and mortality. STOP provides a flexible framework for policy-relevant analysis of tobacco and nicotine product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander J B Bulteel
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas E Levy
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela Torola
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taige Hou
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Osher
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liyang Yu
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Soeteman DI, Resch SC, Jalal H, Dugdale CM, Penazzato M, Weinstein MC, Phillips A, Hou T, Abrams EJ, Dunning L, Newell ML, Pei PP, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP, Ciaranello AL. Developing and Validating Metamodels of a Microsimulation Model of Infant HIV Testing and Screening Strategies Used in a Decision Support Tool for Health Policy Makers. MDM Policy Pract 2020; 5:2381468320932894. [PMID: 32587893 PMCID: PMC7294506 DOI: 10.1177/2381468320932894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Metamodels can simplify complex health policy models and yield instantaneous results to inform policy decisions. We investigated the predictive validity of linear regression metamodels used to support a real-time decision-making tool that compares infant HIV testing/screening strategies. Methods. We developed linear regression metamodels of the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications Pediatric (CEPAC-P) microsimulation model used to predict life expectancy and lifetime HIV-related costs/person of two infant HIV testing/screening programs in South Africa. Metamodel performance was assessed with cross-validation and Bland-Altman plots, showing between-method differences in predicted outcomes against their means. Predictive validity was determined by the percentage of simulations in which the metamodels accurately predicted the strategy with the greatest net health benefit (NHB) as projected by the CEPAC-P model. We introduced a zone of indifference and investigated the width needed to produce between-method agreement in 95% of the simulations. We also calculated NHB losses from "wrong" decisions by the metamodel. Results. In cross-validation, linear regression metamodels accurately approximated CEPAC-P-projected outcomes. For life expectancy, Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between CEPAC-P and the metamodel (within 1.1 life-months difference). For costs, 95% of between-method differences were within $65/person. The metamodels predicted the same optimal strategy as the CEPAC-P model in 87.7% of simulations, increasing to 95% with a zone of indifference of 0.24 life-months ( ∼ 7 days). The losses in health benefits due to "wrong" choices by the metamodel were modest (range: 0.0002-1.1 life-months). Conclusions. For this policy question, linear regression metamodels offered sufficient predictive validity for the optimal testing strategy as compared with the CEPAC-P model. Metamodels can simulate different scenarios in real time, based on sets of input parameters that can be depicted in a widely accessible decision-support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djøra I. Soeteman
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen C. Resch
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hawre Jalal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin M. Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martina Penazzato
- HIV and Hepatitis Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Taige Hou
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lorna Dunning
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- Institute for Development Studies, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, WITS, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pamela P. Pei
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rochelle P. Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea L. Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Dugdale CM, Phillips TK, Myer L, Hyle EP, Brittain K, Freedberg KA, Cunnama L, Walensky RP, Zerbe A, Weinstein MC, Abrams EJ, Ciaranello AL. Cost-effectiveness of integrating postpartum antiretroviral therapy and infant care into maternal & child health services in South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225104. [PMID: 31730630 PMCID: PMC6857940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor engagement in postpartum maternal HIV care is a challenge worldwide and contributes to adverse maternal outcomes and vertical transmission. Our objective was to project the clinical and economic impact of integrated postpartum maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pediatric care in South Africa. Methods Using the CEPAC computer simulation models, parameterized with data from the Maternal and Child Health–Antiretroviral Therapy (MCH-ART) randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of integrated postpartum care for women initiating ART in pregnancy and their children. We compared two strategies: 1) standard of care (SOC) referral to local clinics after delivery for separate standard ART services for women and pediatric care for infants, and 2) the MCH-ART intervention (MCH-ART) of co-located maternal/pediatric care integrated in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) services throughout breastfeeding. Trial-derived inputs included: 12-month maternal retention in care and virologic suppression (SOC: 49%, MCH-ART: 67%), breastfeeding duration (SOC: 6 months, MCH-ART: 8 months), and postpartum healthcare costs for mother-infant pairs (SOC: $50, MCH-ART: $69). Outcomes included pediatric HIV infections, maternal and infant life expectancy (LE), lifetime HIV-related per-person costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs; ICER <US$903/YLS considered “cost-effective”). Results Compared to SOC, MCH-ART increased maternal LE (SOC: 25.26 years, MCH-ART: 26.20 years) and lifetime costs (SOC: $9,912, MCH-ART: $10,207; discounted). Projected pediatric outcomes for all HIV-exposed children were similar between arms, although undiscounted LE for HIV-infected children was shorter in SOC (SOC: 23.13 years, MCH-ART: 23.40 years). Combining discounted maternal and pediatric outcomes, the ICER was $599/YLS. Conclusion Co-located maternal HIV and pediatric care, integrated in MCH services throughout breastfeeding, is a cost-effective strategy to improve maternal and pediatric outcomes and should be implemented in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Dugdale
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamsin K. Phillips
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kirsty Brittain
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lucy Cunnama
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rochelle P. Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Allison Zerbe
- ICAP at Columbia and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia and the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Likosky DS, Van Parys J, Zhou W, Borden WB, Weinstein MC, Skinner JS. Association Between Medicare Expenditure Growth and Mortality Rates in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Comparison From 1999 Through 2014. JAMA Cardiol 2019; 3:114-122. [PMID: 29261829 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Many studies have considered the association between Medicare spending and health outcomes at a point in time; few have considered the association between the long-term growth in spending and outcomes. Objective To assess whether components of growth in Medicare expenditures are associated with mortality rates between January 1, 1999, and June 30, 2014, for beneficiaries hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional analysis of a random 20% sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2000 (n=72 473) and January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2004 (n=38 248), and 100% sample from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2008 (n=159 558) and January 1, 2013, through June 30, 2014 (n=209 614) admitted with acute myocardial infarction to 1220 hospitals. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary exposure measures include the growth of 180-day expenditure components (eg, inpatient, physician, and postacute care) and early percutaneous coronary intervention by hospitals adjusted for price differences and inflation. The primary outcome is the risk-adjusted 180-day case fatality rate. Results Patients in each of the years 2004, 2008, and 2013-2014 (relative to those in 1999-2000) were qualitatively of equivalent age, less likely to be white or female, and more likely to be diabetic (all P < .001). Adjusted expenditures per patient increased 13.9% from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2000, and January 1, 2013, through June 30, 2014, but declined 0.5% between 2008 and 2013-2014. Mean (SD) expenditures in the 5.0% of hospitals (n = 61) with the most rapid expenditure growth between 1999-2000 and 2013-2014 increased by 44.1% ($12 828 [$2315]); for the 5.0% of hospitals with the slowest expenditure growth (n = 61), mean expenditures decreased by 18.7% (-$7384 [$4141]; 95% CI, $8177-$6496). The growth in early percutaneous coronary intervention exhibited a negative association with 180-day case fatality. Spending on cardiac procedures was positively associated with 180-day mortality, while postacute care spending exhibited moderate cost-effectiveness ($455 000 per life saved after 180 days; 95% CI, $323 000-$833 000). Beyond spending on noncardiac procedures, growth in other components of spending was not associated with health improvements. Conclusions and Relevance Health improvements for patients with acute myocardial infarction varied across hospitals and were associated with the diffusion of cost-effective care, such as early percutaneous coronary intervention and, to a lesser extent, postacute care, rather than overall expenditure growth. Interventions designed to promote hospital adoption of cost-effective care could improve patient outcomes and, if accompanied by cuts in cost-ineffective care (inside and outside of the hospital setting), also reduce expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Likosky
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jessica Van Parys
- Department of Economics, Hunter College, New York, New York.,The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Weiping Zhou
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - William B Borden
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Department of Health Policy and Management, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan S Skinner
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Gaziano TA, Pandya A, Sy S, Jardim TV, Ogden JM, Rodgers A, Weinstein MC. Modeling the cost effectiveness and budgetary impact of Polypills for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the United States. Am Heart J 2019; 214:77-87. [PMID: 31174054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is underutilization of appropriate medications for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS Usual care (UC) was compared to polypill-based care with 3 versions using a validated micro-simulation model in the NHANES population with prior CVD. UC included individual prescription of up to 4 drug classes (antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors and statins). The polypills modeled were aspirin 81 mg, atenolol 50 mg, ramipril 5 mg, and either simvastatin 40 mg (Polypill I), atorvastatin 80 mg (Polypill II), or rosuvastatin 40 mg (Polypill III). Baseline medication use and adherence came from United Healthcare claims data. RESULTS When compared to UC, there were annual reductions of 130,000 to 178,000 myocardial infarctions and 54,000 to 74,000 strokes using Polypill I and II, respectively. From a health sector perspective, in incremental analysis the ICERs for Polypill I and II were $20,073/QALY and $21,818/QALY respectively; Polypill III was dominated but had a similar cost-effectiveness ratio to Polypill II when compared directly to usual care. From a societal perspective, Polypill II was cost-saving and dominated all strategies. Over a 5-year period, those taking Polypill I and II compared to UC saved approximately $12 and $6 per-patient-per-year alive, respectively. Polypill II was the preferred strategy in 98% of runs at a willingness to pay of $50,000 in the probability sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Use of a polypill has a favorable cost profile for secondary CVD prevention in the United States. Reductions in CVD-related healthcare costs outweighed medication cost increases on a per-patient-per-year basis, suggesting that a polypill would be economically advantageous to both patients and payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Gaziano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
| | - Ankur Pandya
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen Sy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thiago Veiga Jardim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jenna M Ogden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Kip MMA, IJzerman MJ, Henriksson M, Merlin T, Weinstein MC, Phelps CE, Kusters R, Koffijberg H. Toward Alignment in the Reporting of Economic Evaluations of Diagnostic Tests and Biomarkers: The AGREEDT Checklist. Med Decis Making 2019; 38:778-788. [PMID: 30248275 PMCID: PMC6454580 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x18797590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. General frameworks for conducting and reporting health economic
evaluations are available but not specific enough to cover the intricacies of the
evaluation of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Such evaluations are typically complex and
model-based because tests primarily affect health outcomes indirectly and real-world data
on health outcomes are often lacking. Moreover, not all aspects relevant to the evaluation
of a diagnostic test may be known and explicitly considered for inclusion in the
evaluation, leading to a loss of transparency and replicability. To address this
challenge, this study aims to develop a comprehensive reporting checklist.
Methods. This study consisted of 3 main steps: 1) the development of an
initial checklist based on a scoping review, 2) review and critical appraisal of the
initial checklist by 4 independent experts, and 3) development of a final checklist. Each
item from the checklist is illustrated using an example from previous research.
Results. The scoping review followed by critical review by the 4 experts
resulted in a checklist containing 44 items, which ideally should be considered for
inclusion in a model-based health economic evaluation. The extent to which these items
were included or discussed in the studies identified in the scoping review varied
substantially, with 14 items not being mentioned in ≥47 (75%) of the included studies.
Conclusions. The reporting checklist developed in this study may contribute
to improved transparency and completeness of model-based health economic evaluations of
diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Use of this checklist is therefore encouraged to enhance
the interpretation, comparability, and—indirectly—the validity of the results of such
evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M A Kip
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J IJzerman
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Henriksson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tracy Merlin
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment (AHTA), School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Charles E Phelps
- Departments of Economics, Political Science, and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Ron Kusters
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Koffijberg
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Lavelle TA, Weinstein MC, Newhouse JP, Munir K, Kuhlthau KA, Prosser LA. Parent Preferences for Health Outcomes Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmacoeconomics 2019; 37:541-551. [PMID: 30895565 PMCID: PMC6469598 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-019-00783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have used preference-based quality-of-life outcomes to assess how autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect children and parents, and none have examined variation by ASD severity. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to derive parent valuations of child and parent health associated with varying ASD severity levels. METHODS Parents of children aged 3-17 years with and without ASD were selected from a nationally representative research panel to complete a survey. We asked parents time trade-off (TTO) questions to value their own and their child's current health. Parents of children with ASD were asked to report the severity of their child's core ASD symptoms. We calculated utility values from each TTO amount, and used a two-part regression model to estimate the change in parent-reported child health utility, as well as parent health utility, associated with ASD diagnosis and increasing symptom severity, controlling for respondent and child characteristics. RESULTS Sixty-nine percent of parents responded (final sample size was 135 in the ASD group and 120 in the comparison group). In adjusted analyses, there was a 0.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.21) decrease in the parent-reported health utility of children with ASD, a 15% decrease from the mean health utility of children without ASD. On average, having a child with ASD was not significantly associated with a decrease in parent health utility, but there was a 0.14 (95% CI 0.01-0.26) reduction in health utility among parents of children with severe ASD, a 15% decrease from the comparison group mean. CONCLUSIONS Overall, ASD had a significant impact on parent-reported child health utility, and the health utility of parents of children with severe ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Lavelle
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Newhouse
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kerim Munir
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen A Kuhlthau
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa A Prosser
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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White C, Nimeh T, Gazelle GS, Weinstein MC, Loughlin KR. A decision analysis comparing 3 active surveillance protocols for the treatment of patients with low-risk prostate cancer. Cancer 2019; 125:952-962. [PMID: 30561761 PMCID: PMC10799655 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active surveillance (AS) is a viable management option for approximately 50% of men who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. To the authors' knowledge, no direct comparisons between the different variants of AS protocols have been conducted to date. The authors developed a microsimulation decision model to evaluate which of 3 alternative AS protocols is optimal for men with low-risk prostate cancer, and compared each of these with immediate treatment. METHODS Men who were diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer at age 65 years were modeled as having been treated with either immediate therapy or via each of 3 AS protocols. Modeled AS protocols represent those in the literature; a modified AS protocol was included in a sensitivity analysis. Immediate therapy included radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiotherapy, or brachytherapy. Outcome measures were quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs. Cost-effectiveness analysis and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS Immediate therapy produced fewer QALYs than all variants of AS. Of the AS protocols evaluated, biennial biopsy was found to be the only efficient option, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $3490 per QALY compared with immediate therapy. It delayed the need for curative therapy by a mean of 56 months, and was found to be preferred in >86.9% of cases in probabilistic sensitivity analysis. A modified version of low-intensity AS dominated all other options. CONCLUSIONS For a 65-year-old man with low-risk prostate cancer, AS with biennial biopsy appears to be highly cost-effective compared with common alternatives. An AS protocol using triennial biopsy was found to dominate all other strategies and should be considered for men who are comfortable with a longer period between biopsies. The optimal strategy depends on a patient's tolerance for periodic biopsies and comfort with delaying radical treatment. Physicians should incorporate these patient preferences into decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig White
- PhD Program in Health Policy, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tony Nimeh
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - G Scott Gazelle
- Department of Radiology, Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin R Loughlin
- Department of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pandya A, Asch DA, Volpp KG, Sy S, Troxel AB, Zhu J, Weinstein MC, Rosenthal MB, Gaziano TA. Cost-effectiveness of Financial Incentives for Patients and Physicians to Manage Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e182008. [PMID: 30646152 PMCID: PMC6324619 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Financial incentives shared between physicians and patients were shown to significantly reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in a randomized clinical trial, but it is not known whether these health benefits are worth the added incentive and utilization costs required to achieve them. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of financial incentives on LDL-C level control. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this economic evaluation, a previously validated microsimulation computer model was parameterized using individual-level data from the randomized clinical trial on financial incentives, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for model population inputs, and other published sources. The study was conducted from April 15, 2016, to March 29, 2018. INTERVENTIONS The following interventions were used: (1) usual care, (2) trial control strategy (increased cholesterol level monitoring and use of electronic pill bottles), (3) financial incentives for physicians, (4) financial incentives for patients, and (5) incentives shared between physicians and patients. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Discounted costs (2017 US dollars), lifetime cardiovascular disease risk, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS The model population (n = 1 000 000 [30.7% women]) had similar mean (SD) age (61.5 [11.9] years) and LDL-C level (153.9 mg/dL) as the observed trial population (n = 1503 [42.7% women]; age, 62.0 [8.7] years; and LDL-C level, 160.6 mg/dL). Using base-case assumptions (including a 10-year waning period of LDL-C level reductions), the usual-care strategy was dominated (higher costs and lower QALYs) by all other strategies. Strategies for physician- or patient-only incentives were dominated by the shared-incentives strategy, which had an ICER of $60 000/QALY compared with the trial control strategy. In a sensitivity analysis regarding the duration of LDL-C level reductions, the shared-incentives strategy remained cost-effective (ICERs <$100 000/QALY and <$150 000/QALY) for scenarios with LDL-C level reductions lasting, with linear waning, at least 7 and 5 years, respectively. In the 1-way sensitivity analysis for the time horizon of the analysis, the ICER of the shared-incentives strategy exceeded $100 000/QALY at 11 years and $150 000/QALY at 8 years. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the shared-incentives intervention was cost-effective in 69% to 77% of iterations using cost-effectiveness thresholds of $100 000 to $150 000/QALY. Cost-effectiveness results were also sensitive to the duration of intervention costs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that the financial incentives shared between patients and physicians for LDL-C level control meet conventional standards of cost-effectiveness, but these results appeared to be sensitive to assumptions about the durations of LDL-C level reductions and years of intervention costs included, as well as to the choice of time horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Pandya
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A. Asch
- Department of Information, Decisions and Operations, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Cpl Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kevin G. Volpp
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Cpl Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Stephen Sy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea B. Troxel
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meredith B. Rosenthal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas A. Gaziano
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Tapp SJ, Martin BI, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Weinstein MC, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Tosteson ANA. Understanding the value of minimally invasive procedures for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis: the case of interspinous spacer devices. Spine J 2018; 18:584-592. [PMID: 28847740 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Minimally invasive lumbar spinal stenosis procedures have uncertain long-term value. PURPOSE This study sought to characterize factors affecting the long-term cost-effectiveness of such procedures using interspinous spacer devices ("spacers") relative to decompression surgery as a case study. STUDY DESIGN Model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE The Medicare Provider Analysis and Review database for the years 2005-2009 was used to model a group of 65-year-old patients with spinal stenosis who had no previous spine surgery and no contraindications to decompression surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES Costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and cost per QALY gained were the outcome measures. METHODS A Markov model tracked health utility and costs over 10 years for a 65-year-old cohort under three care strategies: conservative care, spacer surgery, and decompression surgery. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) reported as cost per QALY gained included direct medical costsfor surgery. Medicare claims data were used to estimate complication rates, reoperation, and related costs within 3 years. Utilities and long-term reoperation rates for decompression were derived frompublished studies. Spacer failure requiring reoperation beyond 3 years and post-spacer health utilities are uncertain and were evaluated through sensitivity analyses. In the base-case, the spacer failure rate was held constant for years 4-10 (cumulative failure: 47%). In a "worst-case" analysis, the 10-year cumulative reoperation rate was increased steeply (to 90%). Threshold analyses were performed to determine the impact of failure and post-spacer health utility on the cost-effectiveness of spacer surgery. RESULTS The spacer strategy had an ICER of $89,500/QALY gained under base-case assumptions, and remained under $100,000 as long as the 10-year cumulative probability of reoperation did not exceed 54%. Under worst-case assumptions, the spacer ICER was $482,000/QALY and fell below $100,000 only if post-spacer utility was 0.01 greater than post-decompression utility or the cost of spacer surgery was $1,600 less than the cost of decompression surgery. CONCLUSIONS Spacers may provide a reasonably cost-effective initial treatment option for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Their value is expected to improve if procedure costs are lower in outpatient settings where these procedures are increasingly being performed. Decision analysis is useful for characterizing the long-term cost-effectiveness potential for minimally invasive spinal stenosis treatments and highlights the importance of complication rates and prospective health utility assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Tapp
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brook I Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
| | - Tor D Tosteson
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jon D Lurie
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, 718 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard A Deyo
- Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sohail K Mirza
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Anna N A Tosteson
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Garrison LP, Neumann PJ, Willke RJ, Basu A, Danzon PM, Doshi JA, Drummond MF, Lakdawalla DN, Pauly MV, Phelps CE, Ramsey SD, Towse A, Weinstein MC. A Health Economics Approach to US Value Assessment Frameworks-Summary and Recommendations of the ISPOR Special Task Force Report [7]. Value Health 2018; 21:161-165. [PMID: 29477394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This summary section first lists key points from each of the six sections of the report, followed by six key recommendations. The Special Task Force chose to take a health economics approach to the question of whether a health plan should cover and reimburse a specific technology, beginning with the view that the conventional cost-per-quality-adjusted life-year metric has both strengths as a starting point and recognized limitations. This report calls for the development of a more comprehensive economic evaluation that could include novel elements of value (e.g., insurance value and equity) as part of either an "augmented" cost-effectiveness analysis or a multicriteria decision analysis. Given an aggregation of elements to a measure of value, consistent use of a cost-effectiveness threshold can help ensure the maximization of health gain and well-being for a given budget. These decisions can benefit from the use of deliberative processes. The six recommendations are to: 1) be explicit about decision context and perspective in value assessment frameworks; 2) base health plan coverage and reimbursement decisions on an evaluation of the incremental costs and benefits of health care technologies as is provided by cost-effectiveness analysis; 3) develop value thresholds to serve as one important input to help guide coverage and reimbursement decisions; 4) manage budget constraints and affordability on the basis of cost-effectiveness principles; 5) test and consider using structured deliberative processes for health plan coverage and reimbursement decisions; and 6) explore and test novel elements of benefit to improve value measures that reflect the perspectives of both plan members and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Garrison
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Peter J Neumann
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J Willke
- International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Anirban Basu
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patricia M Danzon
- Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jalpa A Doshi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Darius N Lakdawalla
- Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark V Pauly
- Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles E Phelps
- Economics, Public Health Sciences, Political Science, University of Rochester, Gualala, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Ramsey
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Shrime MG, Weinstein MC, Hammitt JK, Cohen JL, Salomon JA. Trading Bankruptcy for Health: A Discrete-Choice Experiment. Value Health 2018; 21:95-104. [PMID: 29304947 PMCID: PMC6739632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nearly two-third of bankruptcy in the United States is medical in origin, a common assumption is that individuals facing a potentially lethal disease opt for cure at any cost. This assumption has never been tested, and knowledge of how the American population values a trade-off between cure and bankruptcy is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the relative importance among the general American population of improved health versus improved financial risk protection, and to determine the impact of demographics on these preferences. METHODS A discrete-choice experiment was performed with 2359 members of the US population. Respondents were asked to value treatments with varying chances of cure and bankruptcy in the presence of a lethal disease. Latent class analysis with concomitant variables was performed, weighted for national representativeness. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS It was found that 31.3% of the American population values cure at all costs. Nevertheless, for 8.5% of the US population, financial solvency dominates concerns for health in medical decision making. Individuals who value cure at all costs are more likely to have had experience with serious disease and to be women. No demographic characteristics significantly predicted individuals who value solvency over cure. CONCLUSIONS Although the average American values cure more than financial solvency, a cure-at-all-costs rubric describes the preferences of a minority of the population, and 1 in 12 value financial protection over any chances of cure. This study provides empirical evidence for how the US population values a trade-off between avoiding adverse health outcomes and facing bankruptcy. These findings bring to the fore the decision making that individuals face in balancing the acute financial burden of health care access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Shrime
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James K Hammitt
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Cohen
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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Walensky RP, Borre ED, Bekker LG, Hyle EP, Gonsalves GS, Wood R, Eholié SP, Weinstein MC, Anglaret X, Freedberg KA, Paltiel AD. Do Less Harm: Evaluating HIV Programmatic Alternatives in Response to Cutbacks in Foreign Aid. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:618-629. [PMID: 28847013 PMCID: PMC5675810 DOI: 10.7326/m17-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resource-limited nations must consider their response to potential contractions in international support for HIV programs. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical, epidemiologic, and budgetary consequences of alternative HIV program scale-back strategies in 2 recipient nations, the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and Côte d'Ivoire (CI). DESIGN Model-based comparison between current standard (CD4 count at presentation of 0.260 × 109 cells/L, universal antiretroviral therapy [ART] eligibility, and 5-year retention rate of 84%) and scale-back alternatives, including reduced HIV detection, no ART or delayed initiation (when CD4 count is <0.350 × 109 cells/L), reduced investment in retention, and no viral load monitoring or second-line ART. DATA SOURCES Published RSA- and CI-specific estimates of the HIV care continuum, ART efficacy, and HIV-related costs. TARGET POPULATION HIV-infected persons, including future incident cases. TIME HORIZON 5 and 10 years. PERSPECTIVE Modified societal perspective, excluding time and productivity costs. OUTCOME MEASURES HIV transmissions and deaths, years of life, and budgetary outlays (2015 U.S. dollars). RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS At 10 years, scale-back strategies increase projected HIV transmissions by 0.5% to 19.4% and deaths by 0.6% to 39.1%. Strategies can produce budgetary savings of up to 30% but no more. Compared with the current standard, nearly every scale-back strategy produces proportionally more HIV deaths (and transmissions, in RSA) than savings. When the least harmful and most efficient alternatives for achieving budget cuts of 10% to 20% are applied, every year of life lost will save roughly $900 in HIV-related outlays in RSA and $600 to $900 in CI. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Scale-back programs, when combined, may result in clinical and budgetary synergies and offsets. LIMITATION The magnitude and details of budget cuts are not yet known, nor is the degree to which other international partners might step in to restore budget shortfalls. CONCLUSION Scaling back international aid to HIV programs will have severe adverse clinical consequences; for similar economic savings, certain programmatic scale-back choices result in less harm than others. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health and Steve and Deborah Gorlin MGH Research Scholars Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle P Walensky
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ethan D Borre
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emily P Hyle
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gregg S Gonsalves
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robin Wood
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Serge P Eholié
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - A David Paltiel
- From Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville and Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Reddy KP, Kong CY, Hyle EP, Baggett TP, Huang M, Parker RA, Paltiel AD, Losina E, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP. Lung Cancer Mortality Associated With Smoking and Smoking Cessation Among People Living With HIV in the United States. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177:1613-1621. [PMID: 28975270 PMCID: PMC5675744 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Lung cancer has become a leading cause of death among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). Over 40% of PLWH in the United States smoke cigarettes; HIV independently increases the risk of lung cancer. Objective To project cumulative lung cancer mortality by smoking exposure among PLWH in care. Design Using a validated microsimulation model of HIV, we applied standard demographic data and recent HIV/AIDS epidemiology statistics with specific details on smoking exposure, combining smoking status (current, former, or never) and intensity (heavy, moderate, or light). We stratified reported mortality rates attributable to lung cancer and other non-AIDS-related causes by smoking exposure and accounted for an HIV-conferred independent risk of lung cancer. Lung cancer mortality risk ratios (vs never smokers) for male and female current moderate smokers were 23.6 and 24.2, respectively, and for those who quit smoking at age 40 years were 4.3 and 4.5. In sensitivity analyses, we accounted for nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and for a range of HIV-conferred risks of death from lung cancer and from other non-AIDS-related diseases (eg, cardiovascular disease). Main Outcomes and Measures Cumulative lung cancer mortality by age 80 years (stratified by sex, age at entry to HIV care, and smoking exposure); total expected lung cancer deaths, accounting for nonadherence to ART. Results Among 40-year-old men with HIV, estimated cumulative lung cancer mortality for heavy, moderate, and light smokers who continued to smoke was 28.9%, 23.0%, and 18.8%, respectively; for those who quit smoking at age 40 years, it was 7.9%, 6.1%, and 4.3%; and for never smokers, it was 1.6%. Among women, the corresponding mortality for current smokers was 27.8%, 20.9%, and 16.6%; for former smokers, it was 7.5%, 5.2%, and 3.7%; and for never smokers, it was 1.2%. ART-adherent individuals who continued to smoke were 6 to 13 times more likely to die from lung cancer than from traditional AIDS-related causes, depending on sex and smoking intensity. Due to greater AIDS-related mortality risks, individuals with incomplete ART adherence had higher overall mortality but lower lung cancer mortality. Applying model projections to the approximately 644 200 PLWH aged 20 to 64 in care in the United States, 59 900 (9.3%) are expected to die from lung cancer if smoking habits do not change. Conclusions and Relevance Those PLWH who adhere to ART but smoke are substantially more likely to die from lung cancer than from AIDS-related causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P. Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chung Yin Kong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Emily P. Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Travis P. Baggett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Robert A. Parker
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | - Elena Losina
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rochelle P. Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Borre ED, Hyle EP, Paltiel AD, Neilan AM, Sax PE, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Walensky RP. The Clinical and Economic Impact of Attaining National HIV/AIDS Strategy Treatment Targets in the United States. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:798-807. [PMID: 29029344 PMCID: PMC5853503 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The US National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) aims for 72% (90% diagnosed times 80% of those virally suppressed) viral suppression among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by 2020. We examined the clinical and economic impact of reaching this target, in the general US population and among black men who have sex with men (MSM), the group with the highest HIV prevalence. Methods Using a mathematical simulation, we project the 5- and 20-year clinical outcomes, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for (1) Current Pace of detection, linkage, retention, and virologic suppression and (2) NHAS investments in expanded testing ($24-$74 per test) and adherence ($400 per person-year), calibrated to achieve 72% suppression by 2020. We examined alternative rates of testing, retention, and suppression and the efficacy and cost of adherence interventions. Results Compared with Current Pace over 20 years, NHAS averted 280000 HIV transmissions (80000 in black MSM) and 199000 (45000) deaths and saved 2138000 (453000) years of life, while increasing costs by 23%. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for NHAS compared with Current Pace was $68900 per quality-adjusted life-year ($38300 for black MSM) and was most sensitive to antiretroviral therapy costs. Conclusions Reaching NHAS targets would yield substantial clinical benefits and be cost-effective in both the general US and black MSM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D Borre
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of General Internal Medicine
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Anne M Neilan
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Paul E Sax
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, and
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School
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Losina E, Hyle EP, Borre ED, Linas BP, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Rusu C, Ciaranello AL, Walensky RP, Freedberg KA. Projecting 10-year, 20-year, and Lifetime Risks of Cardiovascular Disease in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1266-1271. [PMID: 28605504 PMCID: PMC5850036 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an increasing cause of morbidity among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH). We projected cumulative CVD risk in PLWH in care compared to the US general population and persons HIV-uninfected, but at high risk for HIV. Methods We used a mathematical model to project cumulative CVD incidence. We simulated a male and female cohort for each of 3 populations: US general population; HIV-uninfected, at high risk for HIV; and PLWH. We incorporated the higher smoking prevalence and increased CVD risk due to smoking into the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected, at high risk for HIV populations. We incorporated HIV-attributable CVD risk, independent of smoking. Results For men, life expectancy ranged from 70.2 to 77.5 years and for women from 67.0 to 81.1 years (PLWH, US general population). Without antiretroviral therapy, lifetime CVD risk for HIV-infected males and females was 12.9% and 9.0%. For males, by age 60, cumulative CVD incidence was estimated at 20.5% in PLWH in care, 14.6% in HIV-uninfected high-risk persons, and 12.8% in the US general population. For females, cumulative CVD incidence was projected to be 13.8% in PLWH in care, 9.7% for high-risk HIV-uninfected persons, and 9.4% in the US general population. Lifetime CVD risk was 64.8% for HIV-infected males compared to 54.8% for males in the US general population, but similar among females. Conclusions CVD risks should be a part of treatment evaluation among PLWH. CVD prevention strategies could offer important health benefits for PLWH and should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Losina
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Emily P Hyle
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Ethan D Borre
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Benjamin P Linas
- Center for AIDS Research, Brown-Boston University
- HIV Epidemiology and Outcomes Research Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Paul E Sax
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Corinna Rusu
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and
| | - Andrea L Ciaranello
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- The Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pandya A, Sy S, Cho S, Alam S, Weinstein MC, Gaziano TA. Validation of a Cardiovascular Disease Policy Microsimulation Model Using Both Survival and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves. Med Decis Making 2017; 37:802-814. [PMID: 28490271 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x17706081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite some advances, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death and healthcare costs in the United States. We therefore developed a comprehensive CVD policy simulation model that identifies cost-effective approaches for reducing CVD burden. This paper aims to: 1) describe our model in detail; and 2) perform model validation analyses. METHODS The model simulates 1,000,000 adults (ages 35 to 80 years) using a variety of CVD-related epidemiological data, including previously calibrated Framingham-based risk scores for coronary heart disease and stroke. We validated our microsimulation model using recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, with baseline values collected in 1999-2000 and cause-specific mortality follow-up through 2011. Model-based (simulated) results were compared to observed all-cause and CVD-specific mortality data (from NHANES) for the same starting population using survival curves and, in a method not typically used for disease model validation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS Observed 10-year all-cause mortality in NHANES v. the simulation model was 11.2% (95% CI, 10.3% to 12.2%) v. 10.9%; corresponding results for CVD mortality were 2.2% (1.8% to 2.7%) v. 2.6%. Areas under the ROC curves for model-predicted 10-year all-cause and CVD mortality risks were 0.83 (0.81 to 0.85) and 0.84 (0.81 to 0.88), respectively; corresponding results for 5-year risks were 0.80 (0.77 to 0.83) and 0.81 (0.75 to 0.87), respectively. LIMITATIONS The model is limited by the uncertainties in the data used to estimate its input parameters. Additionally, our validation analyses did not include non-fatal CVD outcomes due to NHANES data limitations. CONCLUSIONS The simulation model performed well in matching to observed nationally representative longitudinal mortality data. ROC curve analysis, which has been traditionally used for risk prediction models, can also be used to assess discrimination for disease simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Pandya
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AP, SS, SA, MCW, TAG)
| | - Stephen Sy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AP, SS, SA, MCW, TAG)
| | - Sylvia Cho
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA (SC)
| | - Sartaj Alam
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AP, SS, SA, MCW, TAG)
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AP, SS, SA, MCW, TAG)
| | - Thomas A Gaziano
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AP, SS, SA, MCW, TAG).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (TAG)
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Paltiel AD, Zheng A, Weinstein MC, Gaynes MR, Wood R, Freedberg KA, Sax PE, Walensky RP. Setting Performance Standards for a Cost-Effective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure Strategy in South Africa. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx081. [PMID: 28680903 PMCID: PMC5490502 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of a single case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication suggest that elimination of HIV from individuals is possible. Anticipating both increased research funding and the development of effective, durable cure technologies, we describe the circumstances under which a cure might improve survival and be cost-effective in South Africa. METHODS We adapted a simulation model comparing a hypothetical cure strategy ("Cure") to the standard of care, lifetime antiretroviral therapy ("LifetimeART") among adherent South Africans (58% female; mean age 33.8 years; mean CD4 257/µL; virologic suppression ≥1 year). We portrayed cure as a single intervention, producing sustained viral eradication without ART. We considered both a plausible, more imminently achievable "Baseline Scenario" and a more aspirational "Optimistic Scenario". Inputs (Baseline/Optimistic) included the following: 50%/75% efficacy; 0.6%/0.0% fatal toxicity; 0.37%/0.085% monthly relapse over 5 years (0.185%/0.0425% per month thereafter); and $2000/$500 cost. These inputs were varied extensively in sensitivity analysis. RESULTS At baseline, Cure was "dominated," yielding lower discounted life expectancy (19.31 life-years [LY] vs 19.37 LY) and greater discounted lifetime costs ($13 800 vs $13 700) than LifetimeART. Under optimistic assumptions, Cure was "cost-saving," producing greater survival (19.91 LY) and lower lifetime costs ($11 000) than LifetimeART. Findings were highly sensitive to data assumptions, leaving little middle ground where a tradeoff existed between improved survival and higher costs. CONCLUSIONS Only under the most favorable performance assumptions will an HIV cure strategy prove clinically and economically justifiable in South Africa. The scientific pursuit of a cure should not undermine continued expansions of access to proven, effective, and cost-effective ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Zheng
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center and Divisions of
- General Internal Medicine and
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Health Policy and Management and
- Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie R Gaynes
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center and Divisions of
- General Internal Medicine and
| | - Robin Wood
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center and Divisions of
- General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Departments of
- Health Policy and Management and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Paul E Sax
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center and Divisions of
- General Internal Medicine and
- Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Departments of
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Fust K, Li X, Maschio M, Villa G, Parthan A, Barron R, Weinstein MC, Somers L, Hoefkens C, Lyman GH. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Prophylaxis Treatment Strategies to Reduce the Incidence of Febrile Neutropenia in Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Pharmacoeconomics 2017; 35:425-438. [PMID: 27928760 PMCID: PMC5357483 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-016-0474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of no prophylaxis, primary prophylaxis (PP), or secondary prophylaxis (SP) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), i.e., pegfilgrastim, lipegfilgrastim, filgrastim (6- and 11-day), or lenograstim (6- and 11-day), to reduce the incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with stage II breast cancer receiving TC (docetaxel, cyclophosphamide) and in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) receiving R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) over a lifetime horizon from a Belgian payer perspective. METHODS A Markov cycle tree tracked FN events during chemotherapy (3-week cycles) and long-term survival (1-year cycles). Model inputs, including the efficacy of each strategy, risk of reduced relative dose intensity (RDI), and the impact of RDI on mortality, utilities, and costs (in €; 2014 values) were estimated from public sources and the published literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were assessed for each strategy for costs per FN event avoided, life-year (LY) saved, and quality-adjusted LY (QALY) saved. LYs and QALYs saved were discounted at 1.5% annually. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (DSAs and PSAs) were conducted. RESULTS Base-case ICERs for PP with pegfilgrastim relative to SP with pegfilgrastim were €15,500 per QALY and €14,800 per LY saved for stage II breast cancer and €7800 per QALY and €6900 per LY saved for NHL; other comparators were either more expensive and less effective than PP or SP with pegfilgrastim or had lower costs but higher ICERs (relative to SP with pegfilgrastim) than PP with pegfilgrastim. Results of the DSA for breast cancer and NHL comparing PP and SP with pegfilgrastim indicate that the model results were most sensitive to the cycle 1 risk of FN, the proportion of FN events requiring hospitalization, the relative risk of FN in cycles ≥2 versus cycle 1, no history of FN, and the mortality hazard ratio for RDI (<90% vs ≥90% [for NHL]). In the PSAs for stage II breast cancer and NHL, the probabilities that PP with pegfilgrastim was cost effective or dominant versus all other prophylaxis strategies at a €30,000/QALY willingness-to-pay threshold were 52% (other strategies ≤24%) and 58% (other strategies ≤24%), respectively. CONCLUSION From a Belgian payer perspective, PP with pegfilgrastim appears cost effective compared to other prophylaxis strategies in patients with stage II breast cancer or NHL at a €30,000/QALY threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fust
- Optum, 950 Winter St, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Michael Maschio
- Optum, 5500 North Service Road, Suite 501, Burlington, ON, L7L 6W6, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard Barron
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Luc Somers
- OncoLogX bvba, Arthur Boelstraat 66, 2990, Wuustwezel, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Gary H Lyman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Fust K, Parthan A, Maschio M, Gu Q, Li X, Lyman GH, Tzivelekis S, Villa G, Weinstein MC. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in the prevention of febrile neutropenia: review of cost-effectiveness models. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2017; 17:39-52. [DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2017.1276829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fust
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Optum, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anju Parthan
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Optum, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Maschio
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Optum, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Qing Gu
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Optum, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Global Health Economics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gary H. Lyman
- Public Health Sciences Division and Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Guillermo Villa
- Global Health Economics, Amgen (Europe) GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Shrime MG, Sekidde S, Linden A, Cohen JL, Weinstein MC, Salomon JA. Sustainable Development in Surgery: The Health, Poverty, and Equity Impacts of Charitable Surgery in Uganda. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168867. [PMID: 28036357 PMCID: PMC5201287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals call for the end of poverty and the equitable provision of healthcare. These goals are often at odds, however: health seeking can lead to catastrophic spending, an outcome for which cancer patients and the poor in resource-limited settings are at particularly high risk. How various health policies affect the additional aims of financial wellbeing and equity is poorly understood. This paper evaluates the health, financial, and equity impacts of governmental and charitable policies for surgical oncology in a resource-limited setting. METHODS Three charitable platforms for surgical oncology delivery in Uganda were compared to six governmental policies aimed at improving healthcare access. An extended cost-effectiveness analysis using an agent-based simulation model examined the numbers of lives saved, catastrophic expenditure averted, impoverishment averted, costs, and the distribution of benefits across the wealth spectrum. FINDINGS Of the nine policies and platforms evaluated, two were able to provide simultaneous health and financial benefits efficiently and equitably: mobile surgical units and governmental policies that simultaneously address surgical scaleup, the cost of surgery, and the cost of transportation. Policies that only remove user fees are dominated, as is the commonly employed short-term "surgical mission trip". These results are robust to scenario and sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION The most common platforms for increasing access to surgical care appear unable to provide health and financial risk protection equitably. On the other hand, mobile surgical units, to date an underutilized delivery platform, are able to deliver surgical oncology in a manner that meets sustainable development goals by improving health, financial solvency, and equity. These platforms compare favorably with policies that holistically address surgical delivery and should be considered as countries strengthen health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. Shrime
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Office of Global Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Serufusa Sekidde
- Aspen Global Health and Development, Aspen Institute, Aspen, CO, United States of America
| | - Allison Linden
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Cohen
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Milton C. Weinstein
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Salomon
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Linas BP, Morgan JR, Pho MT, Leff JA, Schackman BR, Horsburgh CR, Assoumou SA, Salomon JA, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Kim AY. Cost Effectiveness and Cost Containment in the Era of Interferon-Free Therapies to Treat Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 4:ofw266. [PMID: 28480259 PMCID: PMC5414108 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-free regimens to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 are effective but costly. At this time, payers in the United States use strategies to control costs including (1) limiting treatment to those with advanced disease and (2) negotiating price discounts in exchange for exclusivity. Methods We used Monte Carlo simulation to investigate budgetary impact and cost effectiveness of these treatment policies and to identify strategies that balance access with cost control. Outcomes included nondiscounted 5-year payer cost per 10000 HCV-infected patients and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results We found that the budgetary impact of HCV treatment is high, with 5-year undiscounted costs of $1.0 billion to 2.3 billion per 10000 HCV-infected patients depending on regimen choices. Among noncirrhotic patients, using the least costly interferon-free regimen leads to the lowest payer costs with negligible difference in clinical outcomes, even when the lower cost regimen is less convenient and/or effective. Among cirrhotic patients, more effective but costly regimens remain cost effective. Controlling costs by restricting treatment to those with fibrosis stage 2 or greater disease was cost ineffective for any patient type compared with treating all patients. Conclusions Treatment strategies using interferon-free therapies to treat all HCV-infected persons are cost effective, but short-term cost is high. Among noncirrhotic patients, using the least costly interferon-free regimen, even if it is not single tablet or once daily, is the cost-control strategy that results in best outcomes. Restricting treatment to patients with more advanced disease often results in worse outcomes than treating all patients, and it is not preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Linas
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Jake R Morgan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Mai T Pho
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jared A Leff
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Bruce R Schackman
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Sabrina A Assoumou
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Arthur Y Kim
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Reddy KP, Parker RA, Losina E, Baggett TP, Paltiel AD, Rigotti NA, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Walensky RP. Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Life Expectancy Among People With HIV: A US-Based Modeling Study. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1672-1681. [PMID: 27815384 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, >40% of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) smoke cigarettes. METHODS We used a computer simulation of HIV disease and treatment to project the life expectancy of HIV-infected persons, based on smoking status. We used age- and sex-specific data on mortality, stratified by smoking status. The ratio of the non-AIDS-related mortality risk for current smokers versus that for never smokers was 2.8, and the ratio for former smokers versus never smokers was 1.0-1.8, depending on cessation age. Projected survival was based on smoking status, sex, and initial age. We also estimated the total potential life-years gained if a proportion of the approximately 248 000 HIV-infected US smokers quit smoking. RESULTS Men and women entering HIV care at age 40 years (mean CD4+ T-cell count, 360 cells/µL) who continued to smoke lost 6.7 years and 6.3 years of life expectancy, respectively, compared with never smokers; those who quit smoking upon entering care regained 5.7 years and 4.6 years, respectively. Factors associated with greater benefits from smoking cessation included younger age, higher initial CD4+ T-cell count, and complete adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Smoking cessation by 10%-25% of HIV-infected smokers could save approximately 106 000-265 000 years of life. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected US smokers aged 40 years lose >6 years of life expectancy from smoking, possibly outweighing the loss from HIV infection itself. Smoking cessation should become a priority in HIV treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Reddy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,Harvard Medical School
| | - Robert A Parker
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center.,Division of General Internal Medicine.,Biostatistics Center.,Harvard Medical School
| | - Elena Losina
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center.,Harvard Medical School.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery.,Department of Biostatistics
| | - Travis P Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine.,Harvard Medical School.,Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program
| | | | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Division of General Internal Medicine.,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center.,Mongan Institute for Health Policy.,Harvard Medical School
| | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center.,Division of General Internal Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center.,Division of General Internal Medicine.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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Francke JA, Penazzato M, Hou T, Abrams EJ, MacLean RL, Myer L, Walensky RP, Leroy V, Weinstein MC, Parker RA, Freedberg KA, Ciaranello A. Clinical Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Diagnosing HIV Infection During Early Infancy in South Africa: Test Timing and Frequency. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1319-1328. [PMID: 27540110 PMCID: PMC5079370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during early infancy (commonly known as "early infant HIV diagnosis" [EID]) followed by prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy dramatically reduces mortality. EID testing is recommended at 6 weeks of age, but many infant infections are missed. DESIGN/METHODS We simulated 4 EID testing strategies for HIV-exposed infants in South Africa: no EID (diagnosis only after illness; hereafter, "no EID"), testing once (at birth alone or at 6 weeks of age alone; hereafter, "birth alone" and "6 weeks alone," respectively), and testing twice (at birth and 6 weeks of age; hereafter "birth and 6 weeks"). We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), using discounted costs and life expectancies for all HIV-exposed (infected and uninfected) infants. RESULTS In the base case (guideline-concordant care), the no EID strategy produced a life expectancy of 21.1 years (in the HIV-infected group) and 61.1 years (in the HIV-exposed group); lifetime cost averaged $1430/HIV-exposed infant. The birth and 6 weeks strategy maximized life expectancy (26.5 years in the HIV-infected group and 61.4 years in the HIV-exposed group), costing $1840/infant tested. The ICER of the 6 weeks alone strategy versus the no EID strategy was $1250/year of life saved (19% of South Africa's per capita gross domestic product); the ICER for the birth and 6 weeks strategy versus the 6 weeks alone strategy was $2900/year of life saved (45% of South Africa's per capita gross domestic product). Increasing the proportion of caregivers who receive test results and the linkage of HIV-positive infants to antiretroviral therapy with the 6 weeks alone strategy improved survival more than adding a second test. CONCLUSIONS EID at birth and 6 weeks improves outcomes and is cost-effective, compared with EID at 6 weeks alone. If scale-up costs are comparable, programs should add birth testing after strengthening 6-week testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Francke
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
| | - Martina Penazzato
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit London, United Kingdom
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Taige Hou
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
| | - Elaine J Abrams
- International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Mailman School of Public Health
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
| | - Rachel L MacLean
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rochelle P Walensky
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
| | | | - Milton C Weinstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Parker
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A Freedberg
- Division of General Internal Medicine
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Andrea Ciaranello
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
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Walensky RP, Borre ED, Bekker LG, Resch SC, Hyle EP, Wood R, Weinstein MC, Ciaranello AL, Freedberg KA, Paltiel AD. The Anticipated Clinical and Economic Effects of 90-90-90 in South Africa. Ann Intern Med 2016; 165:325-33. [PMID: 27240120 PMCID: PMC5012932 DOI: 10.7326/m16-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 global treatment target aims to achieve 73% virologic suppression among HIV-infected persons worldwide by 2020. OBJECTIVE To estimate the clinical and economic value of reaching this ambitious goal in South Africa, by using a microsimulation model of HIV detection, disease, and treatment. DESIGN Modeling of the "current pace" strategy, which simulates existing scale-up efforts and gradual increases in overall virologic suppression from 24% to 36% in 5 years, and the UNAIDS target strategy, which simulates 73% virologic suppression in 5 years. DATA SOURCES Published estimates and South African survey data on HIV transmission rates (0.16 to 9.03 per 100 person-years), HIV-specific age-stratified fertility rates (1.0 to 9.1 per 100 person-years), and costs of care ($11 to $31 per month for antiretroviral therapy and $20 to $157 per month for routine care). TARGET POPULATION South African HIV-infected population, including incident infections over the next 10 years. PERSPECTIVE Modified societal perspective, excluding time and productivity costs. TIME HORIZON 5 and 10 years. INTERVENTION Aggressive HIV case detection, efficient linkage to care, rapid treatment scale-up, and adherence and retention interventions toward the UNAIDS target strategy. OUTCOME MEASURES HIV transmissions, deaths, years of life saved, maternal orphans, costs (2014 U.S. dollars), and cost-effectiveness. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS Compared with the current pace strategy, over 5 years the UNAIDS target strategy would avert 873 000 HIV transmissions, 1 174 000 deaths, and 726 000 maternal orphans while saving 3 002 000 life-years; over 10 years, it would avert 2 051 000 HIV transmissions, 2 478 000 deaths, and 1 689 000 maternal orphans while saving 13 340 000 life-years. The additional budget required for the UNAIDS target strategy would be $7.965 billion over 5 years and $15.979 billion over 10 years, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $2720 and $1260 per year of life saved, respectively. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Outcomes generally varied less than 20% from base-case outcomes when key input parameters were varied within plausible ranges. LIMITATION Several pathways may lead to 73% overall virologic suppression; these were examined in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Reaching the 90-90-90 HIV suppression target would be costly but very effective and cost-effective in South Africa. Global health policymakers should mobilize the political and economic support to realize this target. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health and the Steve and Deborah Gorlin MGH Research Scholars Award.
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McMahon PM, Zaslavsky AM, Weinstein MC, Kuntz KM, Weeks JC, Gazelle GS. Estimation of Mortality Rates for Disease Simulation Models Using Bayesian Evidence Synthesis. Med Decis Making 2016; 26:497-511. [PMID: 16997927 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x06291326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The authors propose a Bayesian approach for estimating competing risks for inputs to disease simulation models. This approach is suggested when modeling a disease that causes a large proportion of all-cause mortality, particularly when mortality from the disease of interest and other-cause mortality are both affected by the same risk factor. Methods. The authors demonstrate a Bayesian evidence synthesis by estimating other-cause mortality, stratified by smoking status, for use in a simulation model of lung cancer. National (US) survey data linked to death registries (National Health Interview Survey [NHIS]—Multiple Cause of Death files) were used to fit cause-specific hazard models for 3 causes of death (lung cancer, heart disease, and all other causes), controlling for age, sex, race, and smoking status. Synthesis of NHIS data with national vital statistics data on numbers and causes of deaths was performed in WinBUGS (version 1.4.1, MRC Biostatistics Unit, UK). Correction for inconsistencies between the NHIS and vital statistics data is described. A published cohort study was a source of prior information for smoking-related mortality. Results. Marginal posterior densities of annual mortality rates for lung cancer and other-cause death (further divided into heart disease and all other causes), stratified by 5-year age interval, race (white and black), gender, and smoking status (current, former, never), were estimated, specific to a time period (1987-1995). Overall, black current smokers experienced the highest mortality rates. Conclusions. Bayesian evidence synthesis is an effective method for estimation of cause-specific mortality rates, stratified by demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M McMahon
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Neumann PJ, Rosen AB, Greenberg D, Olchanski NV, Pande R, Chapman RH, Stone PW, Ondategui-Parra S, Nadai J, Siegel JE, Weinstein MC. Can We Better Prioritize Resources for Cost-Utility Research? Med Decis Making 2016; 25:429-36. [PMID: 16061895 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x05276853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. We examined 512 published cost-utility analyses (CUAs) in the U.S. and other developed countries from 1976 through 2001 to determine: 1) the types of interventions studied; 2) whether they cover diseases and conditions with the highest burden; and, 3) to what extent they have covered leading health concerns defined by the Healthy People 2010 report. Data and Methods. We compared rankings of the most common diseases covered by the CUAs to rankings of U.S. disease burden. We also examined the extent to which CUAs covered key Healthy People 2010 priorites. Results. CUAs have focused mostly on pharmaceuticals (40%) and surgical procedures (16%). When compared to leading causes of DALYs, the data show overrepresentation of CUAs in cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, breast cancer, and HIV/AIDS, and underrepresentation in depression and bipolar disorder, injuries, and substance abuse disorders. Few CUAs have targeted Healthy People 2010 areas, such as physical activity. Conclusions. Published CUAs are associated with burden measures, but have not covered certain important health problems. These discrepancies do not alone indicate that society has been targeting resources for research inefficiently, but they do suggest the need to formalize the question of where each CUA research dollar might do the most good.
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