1
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Mettenleiter TC, Markotter W, Charron DF, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. Correction: The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). One Health Outlook 2024; 6:6. [PMID: 38539273 PMCID: PMC10976718 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Janice R Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Mettenleiter TC, Winkler AS. Draft of WHO Pandemic Agreement plays down primary prevention. Lancet 2024; 403:525-526. [PMID: 38341244 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Murr M, Freuling C, Pérez-Bravo D, Grund C, Mettenleiter TC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Müller T, Finke S. Immune response after oral immunization of goats and foxes with an NDV vectored rabies vaccine candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011639. [PMID: 38408125 PMCID: PMC10919857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of the reservoir species is a key component in the global fight against rabies. For wildlife reservoir species and hard to reach spillover species (e. g. ruminant farm animals), oral vaccination is the only solution. In search for a novel potent and safe oral rabies vaccine, we generated a recombinant vector virus based on lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Clone 30 that expresses the glycoprotein G of rabies virus (RABV) vaccine strain SAD L16 (rNDV_GRABV). Transgene expression and virus replication was verified in avian and mammalian cells. To test immunogenicity and viral shedding, in a proof-of-concept study six goats and foxes, representing herbivore and carnivore species susceptible to rabies, each received a single dose of rNDV_GRABV (108.5 TCID50/animal) by direct oral application. For comparison, three animals received the similar dose of the empty viral vector (rNDV). All animals remained clinically inconspicuous during the trial. Viral RNA could be isolated from oral and nasal swabs until four (goats) or seven days (foxes) post vaccination, while infectious NDV could not be re-isolated. After four weeks, three out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated foxes developed RABV binding and virus neutralizing antibodies. Five out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated goats displayed RABV G specific antibodies either detected by ELISA or RFFIT. Additionally, NDV and RABV specific T cell activity was demonstrated in some of the vaccinated animals by detecting antigen specific interferon γ secretion in lymphocytes isolated from pharyngeal lymph nodes. In conclusion, the NDV vectored rabies vaccine rNDV_GRABV was safe and immunogenic after a single oral application in goats and foxes, and highlight the potential of NDV as vector for oral vaccines in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Pérez-Bravo
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Bagato O, Balkema-Buschmann A, Todt D, Weber S, Gömer A, Qu B, Miskey C, Ivics Z, Mettenleiter TC, Finke S, Brown RJP, Breithaupt A, Ushakov DS. Spatiotemporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals an expansive wave of monocyte-derived macrophages associated with vascular damage and virus clearance in hamster lungs. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0246923. [PMID: 38009950 PMCID: PMC10782978 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02469-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We present the first study of the 3D kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the early host response in a large lung volume using a combination of tissue imaging and transcriptomics. This approach allowed us to make a number of important findings: Spatially restricted antiviral response is shown, including the formation of monocytic macrophage clusters and upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex II in infected epithelial cells. The monocyte-derived macrophages are linked to SARS-CoV-2 clearance, and the appearance of these cells is associated with post-infection endothelial damage; thus, we shed light on the role of these cells in infected tissue. An early onset of tissue repair occurring simultaneously with inflammatory and necrotizing processes provides the basis for longer-term alterations in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Saskia Weber
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltan Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dmitry S. Ushakov
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
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5
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Hohensee L, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Shelton H, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Dorhoi A, Abdelwhab EM, Blohm U. The role of PB1-F2 in adaptation of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H7N7 in chickens. Vet Res 2024; 55:5. [PMID: 38173025 PMCID: PMC10765749 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H7N7 subtype are enzootic in the wild bird reservoir in Europe, cause infections in poultry, and have sporadically infected humans. The non-structural protein PB1-F2 is encoded in a second open frame in the polymerase segment PB1 and its sequence varies with the host of origin. While mammalian isolates predominantly carry truncated forms, avian isolates typically express full-length PB1-F2. PB1-F2 is a virulence factor of influenza viruses in mammals. It modulates the host immune response, causing immunopathology and increases pro-inflammatory responses. The role of full-length PB1-F2 in IAV pathogenesis as well as its impact on virus adaptation and virulence in poultry remains enigmatic. Here, we characterised recombinant high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) H7N7 expressing or lacking PB1-F2 in vitro and in vivo in chickens. In vitro, full-length PB1-F2 modulated viability of infected chicken fibroblasts by limiting apoptosis. In chickens, PB1-F2 promoted gastrointestinal tropism, as demonstrated by enhanced viral replication in the gut and increased cloacal shedding. PB1-F2's effects on cellular immunity however were marginal. Overall, chickens infected with full-length PB1-F2 virus survived for shorter periods, indicating that PB1-F2 is also a virulence factor in bird-adapted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Hohensee
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
- Infection Pathogenesis, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Ash Road, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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6
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Vallbracht M, Schnell M, Seyfarth A, Fuchs W, Küchler R, Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Transmembrane Domain of Glycoprotein H Functionally Compensates for the Absence of gL in Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2023; 16:26. [PMID: 38257727 PMCID: PMC10819001 DOI: 10.3390/v16010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus entry requires the coordinated action of at least four viral glycoproteins. Virus-specific binding to a cellular receptor triggers a membrane fusion cascade involving the conserved gH/gL complex and gB. Although gB is the genuine herpesvirus fusogen, it requires gH/gL for fusion, but how activation occurs is still unclear. To study the underlying mechanism, we used a gL-deleted pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutant characterized by its limited capability to directly infect neighboring cells that was exploited for several independent serial passages in cell culture. Unlike previous revertants that acquired mutations in the gL-binding N-terminus of gH, we obtained a variant, PrV-ΔgLPassV99, that unexpectedly contained two amino acid substitutions in the gH transmembrane domain (TMD). One of these mutations, I662S, was sufficient to compensate for gL function in virus entry and in in vitro cell-cell fusion assays in presence of wild type gB, but barely for cell-to-cell spread. Additional expression of receptor-binding PrV gD, which is dispensable for cell-cell fusion mediated by native gB, gH and gL, resulted in hyperfusion in combination with gH V99. Overall, our results uncover a yet-underestimated role of the gH TMD in fusion regulation, further shedding light on the complexity of herpesvirus fusion involving all structural domains of the conserved entry glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
- Schaller Research Groups, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Schnell
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Annemarie Seyfarth
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, CBF, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin und Humboldt—Universität zu Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Richard Küchler
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
| | - Barbara G. Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (R.K.)
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7
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Mettenleiter TC, Markotter W, Charron DF, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Chaudhary A, Zanella JRC, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). One Health Outlook 2023; 5:18. [PMID: 38062534 PMCID: PMC10704771 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, Greifswald, 17493, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dominique F Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenia
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Janice R Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agenca, London, UK
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Hayman DT, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Khaitsa M, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L, Koopmans M. Developing One Health surveillance systems. One Health 2023; 17:100617. [PMID: 38024258 PMCID: PMC10665171 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the environment are inter-dependent. Global anthropogenic change is a key driver of disease emergence and spread and leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem function degradation, which are themselves drivers of disease emergence. Pathogen spill-over events and subsequent disease outbreaks, including pandemics, in humans, animals and plants may arise when factors driving disease emergence and spread converge. One Health is an integrated approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize human, animal and ecosystem health. Conventional disease surveillance has been siloed by sectors, with separate systems addressing the health of humans, domestic animals, cultivated plants, wildlife and the environment. One Health surveillance should include integrated surveillance for known and unknown pathogens, but combined with this more traditional disease-based surveillance, it also must include surveillance of drivers of disease emergence to improve prevention and mitigation of spill-over events. Here, we outline such an approach, including the characteristics and components required to overcome barriers and to optimize an integrated One Health surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP)
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- University of Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
- Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David T.S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
| | | | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | | | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Barton Behravesh C, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. Prevention of zoonotic spillover: From relying on response to reducing the risk at source. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011504. [PMID: 37796834 PMCID: PMC10553309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia/SC, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Onderstepoort Biological Products SOC (OBP), Afrivet, B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Divison, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Serge Morand
- IRL HealthDEEP, CNRS - Kasetsart University - Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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10
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Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. The Knowns and Unknowns of Herpesvirus Nuclear Egress. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:305-323. [PMID: 37040797 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear egress of herpesvirus capsids across the intact nuclear envelope is an exceptional vesicle-mediated nucleocytoplasmic translocation resulting in the delivery of herpesvirus capsids into the cytosol. Budding of the (nucleo)capsid at and scission from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) is mediated by the viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) resulting in a transiently enveloped virus particle in the perinuclear space followed by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). The dimeric NEC oligomerizes into a honeycomb-shaped coat underlining the INM to induce membrane curvature and scission. Mutational analyses complemented structural data defining functionally important regions. Questions remain, including where and when the NEC is formed and how membrane curvature is mediated, vesicle formation is regulated, and directionality is secured. The composition of the primary enveloped virion and the machinery mediating fusion of the primary envelope with the ONM is still debated. While NEC-mediated budding apparently follows a highly conserved mechanism, species and/or cell type-specific differences complicate understanding of later steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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11
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Wallukat G, Wernike K, Bachamanda Somesh D, Mettenleiter TC, Müller J. Animals Experimentally Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Generate Functional Autoantibodies against G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2668. [PMID: 37893042 PMCID: PMC10604621 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection has been linked to diverse clinical manifestations in humans, including cardiovascular complications. Functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors have emerged as potential contributors to these effects. This study sought to investigate the production and activity of functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors after SARS-CoV-2 infection of selected animal species. (2) Methods: The presence of functional autoantibodies such as 2-adrenoceptor, angiotensin II AT1 receptor, muscarinic M2 receptor, and angiotensin 1-7 MAS receptor was assessed in cattle and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the positive or negative chronotropic responses induced by these autoantibodies. Further experiments identified the extracellular domains to which the functional autoantibodies bind, and receptor antagonists were employed to block the induced responses. (3) Results: Only two out of six cattle that were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 displayed viral replication and tested positive for functional autoantibodies against G-protein-coupled receptors. These functional autoantibodies specifically recognized β2-adrenoceptor, angiotensin II AT1 receptor, muscarinic M2 receptor, and angiotensin 1-7 MAS receptor and induced distinct positive and negative chronotropic effects in the bioassay. Infected ferrets generated functional autoantibodies against β2-adrenoceptor and muscarinic M2 receptor and presented bioactivity similar to that in cattle. (4) Conclusions: This study uncovers functional autoantibodies targeting G-protein-coupled receptors in cattle and ferrets post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, with implications for cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Müller
- Berlin Cures GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Heals, 10719 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Meene A, Gierse L, Schwaiger T, Karte C, Schröder C, Höper D, Wang H, Groß V, Wünsche C, Mücke P, Kreikemeyer B, Beer M, Becher D, Mettenleiter TC, Riedel K, Urich T. Archaeome structure and function of the intestinal tract in healthy and H1N1 infected swine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250140. [PMID: 37779690 PMCID: PMC10534045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methanogenic archaea represent a less investigated and likely underestimated part of the intestinal tract microbiome in swine. Aims/Methods This study aims to elucidate the archaeome structure and function in the porcine intestinal tract of healthy and H1N1 infected swine. We performed multi-omics analysis consisting of 16S rRNA gene profiling, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics. Results and discussion We observed a significant increase from 0.48 to 4.50% of archaea in the intestinal tract microbiome along the ileum and colon, dominated by genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera. Furthermore, in feces of naïve and H1N1 infected swine, we observed significant but minor differences in the occurrence of archaeal phylotypes over the course of an infection experiment. Metatranscriptomic analysis of archaeal mRNAs revealed the major methanogenesis pathways of Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera to be hydrogenotrophic and methyl-reducing, respectively. Metaproteomics of archaeal peptides indicated some effects of the H1N1 infection on central metabolism of the gut archaea. Conclusions/Take home message Finally, this study provides the first multi-omics analysis and high-resolution insights into the structure and function of the porcine intestinal tract archaeome during a non-lethal Influenza A virus infection of the respiratory tract, demonstrating significant alterations in archaeal community composition and central metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laurin Gierse
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Groß
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Wünsche
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Mücke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Pannhorst K, Carlson J, Hölper JE, Grey F, Baillie JK, Höper D, Wöhnke E, Franzke K, Karger A, Fuchs W, Mettenleiter TC. The non-classical major histocompatibility complex II protein SLA-DM is crucial for African swine fever virus replication. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10342. [PMID: 37604847 PMCID: PMC10442341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a lethal animal pathogen that enters its host cells through endocytosis. So far, host factors specifically required for ASFV replication have been barely identified. In this study a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in porcine cells indicated that the genes RFXANK, RFXAP, SLA-DMA, SLA-DMB, and CIITA are important for productive ASFV infection. The proteins encoded by these genes belong to the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), or swine leucocyte antigen complex II (SLA II). RFXAP and CIITA are MHC II-specific transcription factors, whereas SLA-DMA/B are subunits of the non-classical MHC II molecule SLA-DM. Targeted knockout of either of these genes led to severe replication defects of different ASFV isolates, reflected by substantially reduced plating efficiency, cell-to-cell spread, progeny virus titers and viral DNA replication. Transgene-based reconstitution of SLA-DMA/B fully restored the replication capacity demonstrating that SLA-DM, which resides in late endosomes, plays a crucial role during early steps of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Pannhorst
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Ceva Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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14
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Freuling CM, Hlinak A, Schulze C, Sehl-Ewert J, Wysocki P, Szentiks CA, Schmitt K, Wohlsein P, Kluth G, Reinhardt I, Mettenleiter TC, Müller T. Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 of wild boar origin as a recent source of Aujeszky's disease in carnivores in Germany. Virol J 2023; 20:110. [PMID: 37264455 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high susceptibility of carnivores to Suid Alphaherpesvirus 1 [SuAHV1, synonymous pseudorabies virus (PrV)], renders them inadvertent sentinels for the possible occurrence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) in domestic and wild swine populations. The aim of this study was to epidemiologically analyse the occurrence of PrV infections in domestic and wild animals in Germany during the last three decades and to genetically characterise the causative PrV isolates. METHODS PrV in dogs was detected using standard virological techniques including conventional and real time PCR, virus isolation or by immunohistochemistry. Available PrV isolates were characterized by partial sequencing of the open gC reading frame and the genetic traits were compared with those of archived PrV isolates from carnivores and domestic pigs from Germany before the elimination of AD in the domestic pig population. RESULTS During 1995 and 2022, a total of 38 cases of AD in carnivores, e.g. dogs and red foxes, were laboratory confirmed. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of PrV isolates established a strong connection between AD cases in carnivores and the occurrence of PrV infections in European wild boars in the end phase of and after elimination of AD from the domestic pig population. While PrV infections occur at low numbers but regularly in hunting dogs, interestingly, PrV was not observed in grey wolves in Germany. In none of 682 dead-found grey wolves and wolf-dog hybrids tested from Germany during 2006-2022 could PrV infection be detected by molecular means. CONCLUSIONS Although PrV has been eliminated from domestic pigs, spillover infections in domestic and wild carnivores should always be expected given the endemic presence of PrV in wild pig populations. Since detection of PrV DNA and virus in carnivores is sporadic even in areas with high seroprevalence of PrV in wild pigs, it may not reflect the full diversity of PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Hlinak
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Christoph Schulze
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patrick Wysocki
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia A Szentiks
- IZW - Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Schmitt
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Saarland, 66115, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesa Kluth
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Ilka Reinhardt
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany.
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15
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Adrian G, Dietrich M, Esser B, Hensel A, Isermeyer F, Messner D, Mettenleiter TC, Paulini I, Riewenherm S, Schaade L, Tiesler R, Wieler LH. Together we can counter the effects of climate change. J Health Monit 2023; 8:3-5. [PMID: 37342427 PMCID: PMC10278369 DOI: 10.25646/11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralph Tiesler
- Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance
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16
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Mettenleiter TC. Ein Herz für Viren! Biospektrum (Heidelb) 2023; 29:235. [PMID: 37275942 PMCID: PMC10230460 DOI: 10.1007/s12268-023-1924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Deutschland
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17
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Wöhnke E, Klupp BG, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Mass-Spectrometric Evaluation of the African Swine Fever Virus-Induced Host Shutoff Using Dynamic Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC). Viruses 2023; 15:1283. [PMID: 37376583 DOI: 10.3390/v15061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a viral disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, ASFV is spreading over the Eurasian continent and threatening global pig husbandry. One viral strategy to undermine an efficient host cell response is to establish a global shutoff of host protein synthesis. This shutoff has been observed in ASFV-infected cultured cells using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with metabolic radioactive labeling. However, it remained unclear if this shutoff was selective for certain host proteins. Here, we characterized ASFV-induced shutoff in porcine macrophages by measurement of relative protein synthesis rates using a mass spectrometric approach based on stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The impact of ASFV infection on the synthesis of >2000 individual host proteins showed a high degree of variability, ranging from complete shutoff to a strong induction of proteins that are absent from naïve cells. GO-term enrichment analysis revealed that the most effective shutoff was observed for proteins related to RNA metabolism, while typical representatives of the innate immune system were strongly induced after infection. This experimental setup is suitable to quantify a virion-induced host shutoff (vhs) after infection with different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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18
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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19
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Thal DA, Mettenleiter TC. One Health—Key to Adequate Intervention Measures against Zoonotic Risks. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030415. [PMID: 36986337 PMCID: PMC10057313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are a heterogenous group of infections transmittable between humans and vertebrate animal species. Globally, endemic and emerging zoonoses are responsible for high social and economic costs. Due to the particular positioning of zoonoses at the human-animal-environment interface, zoonotic disease control is an integral part of One Health, which recognizes the close link between human, animal and ecosystem health. During recent years, the validity of the One Health approach has been recognized by academia and policy makers. However, gaps are still evident, particularly in the implementation of the concept as a unifying, integrated approach for different sectors and disciplines for the control of zoonoses. For example, while cooperation between human and veterinary medicine has made significant progress, networking with environmental sciences leaves room for improvement. Examination of individual intervention measures can help to gain valuable insights for future projects, and help to identify existing gaps. This is also a task for the One Health High-Level Expert Panel, which was established by WHO, OIE, FAO and UNEP to give science-based strategic advice on One Health measures. Overall, we should aim to learn from current situations, and to identify the best practice examples available, to continuously develop and improve One Health concepts for the control of zoonoses.
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20
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ahrens AK, Selinka HC, Wylezich C, Wonnemann H, Sindt O, Hellmer HH, Pfaff F, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder TC. Investigating Environmental Matrices for Use in Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance-Surface Water, Sediments, and Avian Fecal Samples. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266422. [PMID: 36700688 PMCID: PMC10100768 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild water bird populations is important for early warning to protect poultry from incursions of high-pathogenicity (HP) AIV. Access to individual water birds is difficult and restricted and limits sampling depth. Here, we focused on environmental samples such as surface water, sediments, and environmentally deposited fresh avian feces as matrices for AIV detection. Enrichment of viral particles by ultrafiltration of 10-L surface water samples using Rexeed-25-A devices was validated using a bacteriophage ϕ6 internal control system, and AIV detection was attempted using real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. While validation runs suggested an average enrichment of about 60-fold, lower values of 10 to 15 were observed for field water samples. In total 25/36 (60%) of water samples and 18/36 (50%) of corresponding sediment samples tested AIV positive. Samples were obtained from shallow water bodies in habitats with large numbers of waterfowl during an HPAIV epizootic. Although AIV RNA was detected in a substantial percentage of samples virus isolation failed. Virus loads in samples often were too low to allow further sub- and pathotyping. Similar results were obtained with environmentally deposited avian feces. Moreover, the spectrum of viruses detected by these active surveillance methods did not fully mirror an ongoing HPAIV epizootic among waterfowl as detected by passive surveillance, which, in terms of sensitivity, remains unsurpassed. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have a wide host range in the avian metapopulation and, occasionally, transmission to humans also occurs. Surface water plays a particularly important role in the epidemiology of AIV, as the natural virus reservoir is found in aquatic wild birds. Environmental matrices comprising surface water, sediments, and avian fecal matter deposited in the environment were examined for their usefulness in AIV surveillance. Despite virus enrichment efforts, environmental samples regularly revealed very low virus loads, which hampered further sub- and pathotyping. Passive surveillance based on oral and cloacal swabs of diseased and dead wild birds remained unsurpassed with respect to sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ole Sindt
- State Laboratory of Schleswig-Holstein, Neumuenster, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Hellmer
- Climate Sciences, Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
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22
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Ahrens AK, Selinka HC, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder TC. Exploring surface water as a transmission medium of avian influenza viruses - systematic infection studies in mallards. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1250-1261. [PMID: 35473641 PMCID: PMC9090351 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) are an abundant anseriform migratory wild bird species worldwide and an important reservoir for the maintenance of low pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIV). They have also been implicated in the spread of high pathogenicity (HP) AIV after spill-over events from HPAIV-infected poultry. The spread of HPAIV within wild water bird populations may lead to viral contamination of natural habitats. The role of small shallow water bodies as a transmission medium of AIV among mallards is investigated here in three experimental settings. (i) Delayed onset but rapid progression of infection seeded by two mallards inoculated with either LP or HP AIV to each eight sentinel mallards was observed in groups with access to a small 100 L water pool. In contrast, groups with a bell drinker as the sole source of drinking water showed a rapid onset but lengthened course of infection. (ii) HPAIV infection also set off when virus was dispersed in the water pool; titres as low as 102 TCID50 L-1 (translating to 0.1 TCID50 mL-1) proved to be sufficient. (iii) Substantial loads of viral RNA (and infectivity) were also found on the surface of the birds' breast plumage. "Unloading" of virus infectivity from contaminated plumage into water bodies may be an efficient mechanism of virus spread by infected mallards. However, transposure of HPAIV via the plumage of an uninfected mallard failed. We conclude, surface water in small shallow water bodies may play an important role as a mediator of AIV infection of aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany
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23
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Parys A, Vandoorn E, Chiers K, Passvogel K, Fuchs W, Mettenleiter TC, Van Reeth K. Exploring Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimens with Different H1N1 Swine Influenza A Virus Strains and Vaccine Platforms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1826. [PMID: 36366335 PMCID: PMC9699596 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous vaccination study in pigs, heterologous prime-boost vaccination with whole-inactivated H1N1 virus vaccines (WIV) induced superior antibody responses and protection compared to homologous prime-boost vaccination. However, no pan-H1 antibody response was induced. Therefore, to stimulate both local and systemic immune responses, we first vaccinated pigs intranasally with a pseudorabies vector vaccine expressing the pH1N1 hemagglutinin (prvCA09) followed by a homologous or heterologous WIV booster vaccine. Homologous and heterologous WIV-WIV vaccinated groups and mock-vaccinated or prvCA09 single-vaccinated pigs served as control groups. Five weeks after the second vaccination, pigs were challenged with a homologous pH1N1 or one of two heterologous H1N2 swine influenza A virus strains. A single prvCA09 vaccination resulted in complete protection against homologous challenge, and vector-WIV vaccinated groups were significantly better protected against heterologous challenge compared to the challenge control group or WIV-WIV vaccinated groups. Furthermore, vector-WIV vaccination resulted in broader hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses compared to WIV-WIV vaccination and higher numbers of antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood, draining lymph nodes and nasal mucosa. However, even though vector-WIV vaccination induced stronger antibody responses and protection, we still failed to induce a pan-H1 antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katharina Passvogel
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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24
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Bhar A, Gierse LC, Meene A, Wang H, Karte C, Schwaiger T, Schröder C, Mettenleiter TC, Urich T, Riedel K, Kaderali L. Application of a maximal-clique based community detection algorithm to gut microbiome data reveals driver microbes during influenza A virus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979320. [PMID: 36338082 PMCID: PMC9630851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection followed by bacterial pneumonia often leads to hospitalization and death in individuals from high risk groups. Following infection, IAV triggers the process of viral RNA replication which in turn disrupts healthy gut microbial community, while the gut microbiota plays an instrumental role in protecting the host by evolving colonization resistance. Although the underlying mechanisms of IAV infection have been unraveled, the underlying complex mechanisms evolved by gut microbiota in order to induce host immune response following IAV infection remain evasive. In this work, we developed a novel Maximal-Clique based Community Detection algorithm for Weighted undirected Networks (MCCD-WN) and compared its performance with other existing algorithms using three sets of benchmark networks. Moreover, we applied our algorithm to gut microbiome data derived from fecal samples of both healthy and IAV-infected pigs over a sequence of time-points. The results we obtained from the real-life IAV dataset unveil the role of the microbial families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Spirochaetaceae and Prevotellaceae in the gut microbiome of the IAV-infected cohort. Furthermore, the additional integration of metaproteomic data enabled not only the identification of microbial biomarkers, but also the elucidation of their functional roles in protecting the host following IAV infection. Our network analysis reveals a fast recovery of the infected cohort after the second IAV infection and provides insights into crucial roles of Desulfovibrionaceae and Lactobacillaceae families in combating Influenza A Virus infection. Source code of the community detection algorithm can be downloaded from https://github.com/AniBhar84/MCCD-WN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Bhar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Karte
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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25
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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26
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Blaurock C, Breithaupt A, Weber S, Wylezich C, Keller M, Mohl BP, Görlich D, Groschup MH, Sadeghi B, Höper D, Mettenleiter TC, Balkema-Buschmann A. Compellingly high SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility of Golden Syrian hamsters suggests multiple zoonotic infections of pet hamsters during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15069. [PMID: 36064749 PMCID: PMC9442591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are used as a research model for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Millions of Golden Syrian hamsters are also kept as pets in close contact to humans. To determine the minimum infective dose (MID) for assessing the zoonotic transmission risk, and to define the optimal infection dose for experimental studies, we orotracheally inoculated hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 doses from 1 * 105 to 1 * 10−4 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50). Body weight and virus shedding were monitored daily. 1 * 10−3 TCID50 was defined as the MID, and this was still sufficient to induce virus shedding at levels up to 102.75 TCID50/ml, equaling the estimated MID for humans. Virological and histological data revealed 1 * 102 TCID50 as the optimal dose for experimental infections. This compelling high susceptibility leading to productive infections in Golden Syrian hamsters must be considered as a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 infection for humans that come into close contact with pet hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Saskia Weber
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Björn-Patrick Mohl
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Görlich
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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27
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Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010537. [PMID: 35737670 PMCID: PMC9223325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail: (WM); (TCM)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (WM); (TCM)
| | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier Université, Montpellier, France; Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Wernike K, Fischer L, Holsteg M, Aebischer A, Petrov A, Marquart K, Schotte U, Schön J, Hoffmann D, Hechinger S, Neubauer-Juric A, Blicke J, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. Serological screening in wild ruminants in Germany, 2021/22: No evidence of SARS-CoV-2, bluetongue virus or pestivirus spread but high seroprevalences against Schmallenberg virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3289-e3296. [PMID: 35585653 PMCID: PMC9348064 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife animals may be susceptible to multiple infectious agents of public health or veterinary relevance, thereby potentially forming a reservoir that bears the constant risk of re‐introduction into the human or livestock population. Here, we serologically investigated 493 wild ruminant samples collected in the 2021/2022 hunting season in Germany for the presence of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and four viruses pathogenic to domestic ruminants, namely, the orthobunyavirus Schmallenberg virus (SBV), the reovirus bluetongue virus (BTV) and ruminant pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhoea virus or border disease virus. The animal species comprised fallow deer, red deer, roe deer, mouflon and wisent. For coronavirus serology, additional 307 fallow, roe and red deer samples collected between 2017 and 2020 at three military training areas were included. While antibodies against SBV could be detected in about 13.6% of the samples collected in 2021/2022, only one fallow deer of unknown age tested positive for anti‐BTV antibodies, and all samples reacted negative for antibodies against ruminant pestiviruses. In an ELISA based on the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2, 25 out of 493 (5.1%) samples collected in autumn and winter 2021/2022 scored positive. This sero‐reactivity could not be confirmed by the highly specific virus neutralisation test, occurred also in 2017, 2018 and 2019, that is, prior to the human SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, and was likewise observed against the RBD of the related SARS‐CoV‐1. Therefore, the SARS‐CoV‐2 sero‐reactivity was most likely induced by another hitherto unknown deer virus belonging to the subgenus Sarbecovirus of betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luisa Fischer
- State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia, Wildlife Research Institute, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Holsteg
- Chamber of Agriculture for North Rhine-Westphalia, Bovine Health Service, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | | | - Anja Petrov
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Katharina Marquart
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Jacob Schön
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Blicke
- Ministry of Climate Protection, Environment, Energy and Mobility, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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29
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Mohanta SK, Peng L, Li Y, Lu S, Sun T, Carnevale L, Perrotta M, Ma Z, Förstera B, Stanic K, Zhang C, Zhang X, Szczepaniak P, Bianchini M, Saeed BR, Carnevale R, Hu D, Nosalski R, Pallante F, Beer M, Santovito D, Ertürk A, Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Megens RTA, Steffens S, Pelisek J, Eckstein HH, Kleemann R, Habenicht L, Mallat Z, Michel JB, Bernhagen J, Dichgans M, D'Agostino G, Guzik TJ, Olofsson PS, Yin C, Weber C, Lembo G, Carnevale D, Habenicht AJR. Neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces control atherosclerosis. Nature 2022; 605:152-159. [PMID: 35477759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques develop in the inner intimal layer of arteries and can cause heart attacks and strokes1. As plaques lack innervation, the effects of neuronal control on atherosclerosis remain unclear. However, the immune system responds to plaques by forming leukocyte infiltrates in the outer connective tissue coat of arteries (the adventitia)2-6. Here, because the peripheral nervous system uses the adventitia as its principal conduit to reach distant targets7-9, we postulated that the peripheral nervous system may directly interact with diseased arteries. Unexpectedly, widespread neuroimmune cardiovascular interfaces (NICIs) arose in mouse and human atherosclerosis-diseased adventitia segments showed expanded axon networks, including growth cones at axon endings near immune cells and media smooth muscle cells. Mouse NICIs established a structural artery-brain circuit (ABC): abdominal adventitia nociceptive afferents10-14 entered the central nervous system through spinal cord T6-T13 dorsal root ganglia and were traced to higher brain regions, including the parabrachial and central amygdala neurons; and sympathetic efferent neurons projected from medullary and hypothalamic neurons to the adventitia through spinal intermediolateral neurons and both coeliac and sympathetic chain ganglia. Moreover, ABC peripheral nervous system components were activated: splenic sympathetic and coeliac vagus nerve activities increased in parallel to disease progression, whereas coeliac ganglionectomy led to the disintegration of adventitial NICIs, reduced disease progression and enhanced plaque stability. Thus, the peripheral nervous system uses NICIs to assemble a structural ABC, and therapeutic intervention in the ABC attenuates atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Shu Lu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Perrotta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhe Ma
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förstera
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Karen Stanic
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chuankai Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Piotr Szczepaniak
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariaelvy Bianchini
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Borhan R Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raimondo Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Desheng Hu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fabio Pallante
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michael Beer
- Department for Information Technology, University of Jena, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Unit of Milan, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Habenicht
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM UMRS 1148, University Paris Diderot (P7), GH Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Hassan KE, Ahrens AK, Ali A, El-Kady MF, Hafez HM, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder T. Improved Subtyping of Avian Influenza Viruses Using an RT-qPCR-Based Low Density Array: ‘Riems Influenza a Typing Array’, Version 2 (RITA-2). Viruses 2022; 14:v14020415. [PMID: 35216008 PMCID: PMC8879595 DOI: 10.3390/v14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) variants emerge frequently, which challenges rapid diagnosis. Appropriate diagnosis reaching the sub- and pathotype level is the basis of combatting notifiable AIV infections. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has become a standard diagnostic tool. Here, a total of 24 arrayed RT-qPCRs is introduced for full subtyping of 16 hemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtypes of AIV. This array, designated Riems Influenza A Typing Array version 2 (RITA-2), represents an updated and economized version of the RITA-1 array previously published by Hoffmann et al. RITA-2 provides improved integration of assays (24 instead of 32 parallel reactions) and reduced assay volume (12.5 µL). The technique also adds RT-qPCRs to detect Newcastle Disease (NDV) and Infectious Bronchitis viruses (IBV). In addition, it maximizes inclusivity (all sequences within one subtype) and exclusivity (no intersubtypic cross-reactions) as shown in validation runs using a panel of 428 AIV reference isolates, 15 reference samples each of NDV and IBV, and 122 clinical samples. The open format of RITA-2 is particularly tailored to subtyping influenza A virus of avian hosts and Eurasian geographic origin. Decoupling and re-arranging selected RT-qPCRs to detect specific AIV variants causing epizootic outbreaks with a temporal and/or geographic restriction is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem E. Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Ann Kathrin Ahrens
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Magdy F. El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.E.H.); (A.K.A.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-3-8351-71546
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31
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Gischke M, Bagato O, Breithaupt A, Scheibner D, Blaurock C, Vallbracht M, Karger A, Crossley B, Veits J, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:666-678. [PMID: 33538209 PMCID: PMC7872060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1881344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only low pathogenic (LP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (HP) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) to polybasic motifs. The LPAIV monobasic HACS is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the HPAIV polybasic HACS is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. However, glycosylation near the HACS can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of some HPAIV in chickens. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic HACS was isolated from quails but was LP in chickens. Whether glycosylation sites (GS) near the HACS hinder the evolution of HPAIV H4N2 remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of potential GS in the N-terminus of HA1, 2NYT4 and 18NGT20, in all AIV sequences and studied their impact on H4N2 virus fitness. Although the two motifs are conserved, some non-H5/H7 subtypes lack one or both GS. Both sites were glycosylated in this H4N2 virus. Deglycosylation increased trypsin-independent replication in cell culture, cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation at low-acidic pH, but negatively affected the thermostability and receptor-binding affinity. Alteration of 2NYT4 with or without 18NGT20 enabled systemic spread of the virus to different organs including the brain of chicken embryos. However, all intranasally inoculated chickens did not show clinical signs. Together, although the conserved GS near the HACS are important for HA stability and receptor binding, deglycosylation increased the H4N2 HA-activation, replication and tissue tropism suggesting a potential role for virus adaptation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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32
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Delva JL, Van Waesberghe C, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC, Favoreel HW. Alphaherpesvirus-induced activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells depends on the viral glycoprotein gD and is inhibited by non-infectious light particles. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010117. [PMID: 34843605 PMCID: PMC8659615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are important innate immune cells during the onset of viral infections as they are specialized in the production of massive amounts of antiviral type I interferon (IFN). Alphaherpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) or pseudorabies virus (PRV) are double stranded DNA viruses and potent stimulators of pDC. Detailed information on how PRV activates porcine pDC is lacking. Using PRV and porcine primary pDC, we report here that PRV virions, so-called heavy (H-)particles, trigger IFNα production by pDC, whereas light (L-) particles that lack viral DNA and capsid do not. Activation of pDC requires endosomal acidification and, importantly, depends on the PRV gD envelope glycoprotein and O-glycosylations. Intriguingly, both for PRV and HSV-1, we found that L-particles suppress H-particle-mediated activation of pDC, a process which again depends on viral gD. This is the first report describing that gD plays a critical role in alphaherpesvirus-induced pDC activation and that L-particles directly interfere with alphaherpesvirus-induced IFNα production by pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L Delva
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology, Immunology-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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33
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Wöhnke E, Fuchs W, Hartmann L, Blohm U, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Comparison of the Proteomes of Porcine Macrophages and a Stable Porcine Cell Line after Infection with African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112198. [PMID: 34835004 PMCID: PMC8620826 DOI: 10.3390/v13112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), causing an OIE-notifiable viral disease of swine, is spreading over the Eurasian continent and threatening the global pig industry. Here, we conducted the first proteome analysis of ASFV-infected primary porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ). In parallel to moMΦ isolated from different pigs, the stable porcine cell line WSL-R was infected with a recombinant of ASFV genotype IX strain “Kenya1033”. The outcome of the infections was compared via quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteome analysis. Major differences with respect to the expression of viral proteins or the host cell response were not observed. However, cell-specific expression of some individual viral proteins did occur. The observed modulations of the host proteome were mainly related to cell characteristics and function. Overall, we conclude that both infection models are suitable for use in the study of ASFV infection in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (E.W.); (W.F.)
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (E.W.); (W.F.)
| | - Luise Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (L.H.); (U.B.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (L.H.); (U.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (E.W.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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34
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Gierse LC, Meene A, Schultz D, Schwaiger T, Schröder C, Mücke P, Zühlke D, Hinzke T, Wang H, Methling K, Kreikemeyer B, Bernhardt J, Becher D, Mettenleiter TC, Lalk M, Urich T, Riedel K. Influenza A H1N1 Induced Disturbance of the Respiratory and Fecal Microbiome of German Landrace Pigs - a Multi-Omics Characterization. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0018221. [PMID: 34612695 PMCID: PMC8510242 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00182-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks represent a large burden for the health care system as well as the economy. While the role of the microbiome has been elucidated in the context of various diseases, the impact of respiratory viral infections on the human microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, swine was used as an animal model to characterize the temporal dynamics of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microbiome in response to an influenza A virus (IAV) infection. A multi-omics approach was applied on fecal samples to identify alterations in microbiome composition and function during IAV infection. We observed significantly altered microbial richness and diversity in the gastrointestinal microbiome after IAV infection. In particular, increased abundances of Prevotellaceae were detected, while Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae decreased. Moreover, our metaproteomics data indicated that the functional composition of the microbiome was heavily affected by the influenza infection. For instance, we identified decreased amounts of flagellin, correlating with reduced abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae, possibly indicating involvement of a direct immune response toward flagellated Clostridia during IAV infection. Furthermore, enzymes involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis were identified in higher abundances, while metabolome analyses revealed rather stable concentrations of SCFAs. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize effects on the composition and natural development of the upper respiratory tract microbiome. Our results showed that IAV infection resulted in significant changes in the abundance of Moraxellaceae and Pasteurellaceae in the upper respiratory tract. Surprisingly, temporal development of the respiratory microbiome structure was not affected. IMPORTANCE Here, we used swine as a biomedical model to elucidate the impact of influenza A H1N1 infection on structure and function of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract microbiome by employing a multi-omics analytical approach. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the temporal development of the porcine microbiome and to provide insights into the functional capacity of the gastrointestinal microbiome during influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Mücke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tjorven Hinzke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V., Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karen Methling
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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35
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Sehl-Ewert J, Schwaiger T, Schäfer A, Hölper JE, Klupp BG, Teifke JP, Blohm U, Mettenleiter TC. Clinical, neuropathological, and immunological short- and long-term feature of a mouse model mimicking human herpes virus encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13031. [PMID: 34709694 PMCID: PMC9048517 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is one of the most serious diseases of the nervous system in humans. However, its pathogenesis is still only poorly understood. Although several mouse models of predominantly herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections mimic different crucial aspects of HSE, central questions remain unanswered. They comprise the specific temporofrontal tropism, viral spread within the central nervous system (CNS), as well as potential molecular and immunological barriers that drive virus into latency while only rarely resulting in severe HSE. We have recently proposed an alternative mouse model by using a pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutant that more faithfully represents the striking features of human HSE: temporofrontal meningoencephalitis with few severely, but generally only moderately to subclinically affected mice as well as characteristic behavioral abnormalities. Here, we characterized this animal model using 6- to 8-week-old female CD-1 mice in more detail. Long-term investigation over 6 months consistently revealed a biphasic course of infection accompanied by recurring clinical signs including behavioral alterations and mainly mild meningoencephalitis restricted to the temporal and frontal lobes. By histopathological and immunological analyses, we followed the kinetics and spatial distribution of inflammatory lesions as well as the underlying cytokine expression in the CNS over 21 days within the acute phase of infection. Affecting the temporal lobes, the inflammatory infiltrate was composed of lymphocytes and macrophages showing a predominantly lymphocytic shift 15 days after infection. A strong increase was observed in cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1 recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS. Unlike the majority of infected mice, strongly affected animals demonstrated extensive temporal lobe edema, which is typically present in severe human HSE cases. In summary, these results support the validity of our animal model for in-depth investigation of HSE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Rum, Austria
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E Hölper
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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36
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Cuypers F, Schäfer A, Skorka SB, Surabhi S, Tölken LA, Paulikat AD, Kohler TP, Otto SA, Mettenleiter TC, Hammerschmidt S, Blohm U, Siemens N. Innate immune responses at the asymptomatic stage of influenza A viral infections of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonized and non-colonized mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20609. [PMID: 34663857 PMCID: PMC8523748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal Influenza A virus (IAV) infections can promote dissemination of upper respiratory tract commensals such as Streptococcus pneumoniae to the lower respiratory tract resulting in severe life-threatening pneumonia. Here, we aimed to compare innate immune responses in the lungs of healthy colonized and non-colonized mice after IAV challenge at the initial asymptomatic stage of infection. Responses during a severe bacterial pneumonia were profiled for comparison. Cytokine and innate immune cell imprints of the lungs were analyzed. Irrespective of the colonization status, mild H1N1 IAV infection was characterized by a bi-phasic disease progression resulting in full recovery of the animals. Already at the asymptomatic stage of viral infection, the pro-inflammatory cytokine response was as high as in pneumococcal pneumonia. Flow cytometry analyses revealed an early influx of inflammatory monocytes into the lungs. Neutrophil influx was mostly limited to bacterial infections. The majority of cells, except monocytes, displayed an activated phenotype characterized by elevated CCR2 and MHCII expression. In conclusion, we show that IAV challenge of colonized healthy mice does not automatically result in severe co-infection. However, a general local inflammatory response was noted at the asymptomatic stage of infection irrespective of the infection type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cuypers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Island of Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Skorka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Surabhi Surabhi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea A Tölken
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje D Paulikat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Saskia A Otto
- Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Fisheries Science (IMF), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Island of Riems, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Island of Riems, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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37
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Söllner JH, Mettenleiter TC, Petersen B. Genome Editing Strategies to Protect Livestock from Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:1996. [PMID: 34696426 PMCID: PMC8539128 DOI: 10.3390/v13101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The livestock industry is constantly threatened by viral disease outbreaks, including infections with zoonotic potential. While preventive vaccination is frequently applied, disease control and eradication also depend on strict biosecurity measures. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated proteins (Cas) have been repurposed as genome editors to induce targeted double-strand breaks at almost any location in the genome. Thus, CRISPR/Cas genome editors can also be utilized to generate disease-resistant or resilient livestock, develop vaccines, and further understand virus-host interactions. Genes of interest in animals and viruses can be targeted to understand their functions during infection. Furthermore, transgenic animals expressing CRISPR/Cas can be generated to target the viral genome upon infection. Genetically modified livestock can thereby reduce disease outbreaks and decrease zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Helena Söllner
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
| | | | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
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38
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Sauter-Louis C, Conraths FJ, Probst C, Blohm U, Schulz K, Sehl J, Fischer M, Forth JH, Zani L, Depner K, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Blome S. African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Europe-A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1717. [PMID: 34578300 PMCID: PMC8472013 DOI: 10.3390/v13091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of genotype II African swine fever (ASF) virus, presumably from Africa into Georgia in 2007, and its continuous spread through Europe and Asia as a panzootic disease of suids, continues to have a huge socio-economic impact. ASF is characterized by hemorrhagic fever leading to a high case/fatality ratio in pigs. In Europe, wild boar are especially affected. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on ASF in wild boar in Europe. The current ASF panzootic is characterized by self-sustaining cycles of infection in the wild boar population. Spill-over and spill-back events occur from wild boar to domestic pigs and vice versa. The social structure of wild boar populations and the spatial behavior of the animals, a variety of ASF virus (ASFV) transmission mechanisms and persistence in the environment complicate the modeling of the disease. Control measures focus on the detection and removal of wild boar carcasses, in which ASFV can remain infectious for months. Further measures include the reduction in wild boar density and the limitation of wild boar movements through fences. Using these measures, the Czech Republic and Belgium succeeded in eliminating ASF in their territories, while the disease spread in others. So far, no vaccine is available to protect wild boar or domestic pigs reliably against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (F.J.C.); (C.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Melina Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.F.); (J.H.F.); (M.B.); (S.B.)
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Blaurock C, Blohm U, Luttermann C, Holzerland J, Scheibner D, Schäfer A, Groseth A, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The C-terminus of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus affects virus fitness in human cells and virulence in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1760-1776. [PMID: 34420477 PMCID: PMC8432360 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1971568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 pose a public health threat but the viral factors relevant for its potential adaptation to mammals are largely unknown. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza viruses is an essential interferon antagonist. It commonly consists of 230 amino acids, but variations in the disordered C-terminus resulted in truncation or extension of NS1 with a possible impact on virus fitness in mammals. Here, we analysed NS1 sequences from 1902 to 2020 representing human influenza viruses (hIAV) as well as AIV in birds, humans and other mammals and with an emphasis on the panzootic AIV subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4A (H5N8-A) from 2013 to 2015 and clade 2.3.4.4B (H5N8-B) since 2016. We found a high degree of prevalence for short NS1 sequences among hIAV, zoonotic AIV and H5N8-B, while AIV and H5N8-A had longer NS1 sequences. We assessed the fitness of recombinant H5N8-A and H5N8-B viruses carrying NS1 proteins with different lengths in human cells and in mice. H5N8-B with a short NS1, similar to hIAV or AIV from a human or other mammal-origins, was more efficient at blocking apoptosis and interferon-induction without a significant impact on virus replication in human cells. In mice, shortening of the NS1 of H5N8-A increased virus virulence, while the extension of NS1 of H5N8-B reduced virus virulence and replication. Taken together, we have described the biological impact of variation in the NS1 C-terminus in hIAV and AIV and shown that this affects virus fitness in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Holzerland
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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40
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Sauter-Louis C, Schulz K, Richter M, Staubach C, Mettenleiter TC, Conraths FJ. African swine fever: Why the situation in Germany is not comparable to that in the Czech Republic or Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2201-2208. [PMID: 34247453 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
After the first occurrence of African swine fever (ASF) in Germany in September 2020, control measures were implemented that resembled those taken in the Czech Republic and Belgium, the only two countries that succeeded in eliminating ASF from their territory so far in the current epidemic. In the present study, the epidemiological course of ASF in the first 6 months since introduction in these three countries is compared. Within 6 months, Germany experienced more cases than the Czech Republic and Belgium. The affected area in Germany, measured using minimal convex polygons, is much larger than the respective areas in the Czech Republic and in Belgium. All cases in the Czech Republic and in Belgium clustered in one single defined area, suggesting point-source introductions, whereas in Germany four distinct spatial clusters were observed, which indicates that multiple incursions had occurred along the border with Poland. While the overall course of the disease was comparable, when individual clusters were considered, the summarized data showed clear differences between the situation in Germany compared to that in the Czech Republic and Belgium. Germany experienced several independent introductions, caused by continuous infection pressure along the border to Poland, while the infection was only introduced on a single occasion each into the Czech Republic and Belgium. These differences may require appropriate adaptation of control measures, in particular concerning fencing along the border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael Richter
- Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs and Consumer Protection, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Dorsch AD, Hölper JE, Franzke K, Zaeck LM, Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG. Role of Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein-Associated Proteins (VAP) A and VAPB in Nuclear Egress of the Alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061117. [PMID: 34200728 PMCID: PMC8229525 DOI: 10.3390/v13061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism affecting translocation of newly synthesized herpesvirus nucleocapsids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is still not fully understood. The viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) mediates budding at and scission from the inner nuclear membrane, but the NEC is not sufficient for efficient fusion of the primary virion envelope with the outer nuclear membrane. Since no other viral protein was found to be essential for this process, it was suggested that a cellular machinery is recruited by viral proteins. However, knowledge on fusion mechanisms involving the nuclear membranes is rare. Recently, vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) was shown to play a role in nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). To test this for the related alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), we mutated genes encoding VAPB and VAPA by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in our standard rabbit kidney cells (RK13), either individually or in combination. Single as well as double knockout cells were tested for virus propagation and for defects in nuclear egress. However, no deficiency in virus replication nor any effect on nuclear egress was obvious suggesting that VAPB and VAPA do not play a significant role in this process during PrV infection in RK13 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Dorsch
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Julia E. Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Barbara G. Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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42
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Landmann M, Scheibner D, Graaf A, Gischke M, Koethe S, Fatola OI, Raddatz B, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Grund C, Harder T, Abdelwhab EM, Ulrich R. A Semiquantitative Scoring System for Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Assessment of Lesions and Tissue Tropism in Avian Influenza. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050868. [PMID: 34065126 PMCID: PMC8151536 DOI: 10.3390/v13050868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main findings of the post-mortem examination of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) include necrotizing inflammation and viral antigen in multiple organs. The lesion profile displays marked variability, depending on viral subtype, strain, and host species. Therefore, in this study, a semiquantitative scoring system was developed to compare histopathological findings across a wide range of study conditions. Briefly, the severity of necrotizing lesions in brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and/or lymphocytic depletion in the spleen is scored on an ordinal four-step scale (0 = unchanged, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe), and the distribution of the viral antigen in parenchymal and endothelial cells is evaluated on a four-step scale (0 = none, 1 = focal, 2 = multifocal, 3 = diffuse). These scores are used for a meta-analysis of experimental infections with H7N7 and H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) HPAIV in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. The meta-analysis highlights the rather unique endotheliotropism of these HPAIV in chickens and a more severe necrotizing encephalitis in H7N7-HPAIV-infected turkeys. In conclusion, the proposed scoring system can be used to condensate HPAIV-typical pathohistological findings into semiquantitative data, thus enabling systematic phenotyping of virus strains and their tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Olanrewaju I. Fatola
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Barbara Raddatz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.G.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.S.); (M.G.); (T.C.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8270
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Zaeck LM, Scheibner D, Sehl J, Müller M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Finke S. Light Sheet Microscopy-Assisted 3D Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Respiratory Tract of the Ferret Model. Viruses 2021; 13:529. [PMID: 33807059 PMCID: PMC8004956 DOI: 10.3390/v13030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The visualization of viral pathogens in infected tissues is an invaluable tool to understand spatial virus distribution, localization, and cell tropism in vivo. Commonly, virus-infected tissues are analyzed using conventional immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded thin sections. Here, we demonstrate the utility of volumetric three-dimensional (3D) immunofluorescence imaging using tissue optical clearing and light sheet microscopy to investigate host-pathogen interactions of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets at a mesoscopic scale. The superior spatial context of large, intact samples (>150 mm3) allowed detailed quantification of interrelated parameters like focus-to-focus distance or SARS-CoV-2-infected area, facilitating an in-depth description of SARS-CoV-2 infection foci. Accordingly, we could confirm a preferential infection of the ferret upper respiratory tract by SARS-CoV-2 and suggest clustering of infection foci in close proximity. Conclusively, we present a proof-of-concept study for investigating critically important respiratory pathogens in their spatial tissue morphology and demonstrate the first specific 3D visualization of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (E.M.A.)
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Schäfer A, Zani L, Pikalo J, Hühr J, Sehl J, Mettenleiter TC, Breithaupt A, Blome S, Blohm U. T-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the moderately virulent African swine fever virus strain 'Estonia2014'. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2733-2749. [PMID: 33630409 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and Eurasian wild pigs. Thus, it is a major threat to pig populations worldwide and a cause of substantial economic losses. Recently, less virulent ASFV strains emerged naturally, which showed higher experimental virulence in wild boar than in domestic pigs. The reason for this difference in disease progression and outcome is unclear but likely involves different immunological responses. Unfortunately, besides the importance of CD8α+ lymphocytes, little is known about the immune responses against ASFV in suids. Against this background, we used a multicolour flow cytometry platform to investigate the T-cell responses in wild boar and domestic pigs after infection with the moderately virulent ASFV strain 'Estonia2014' in two independent trials. CD4- /CD8α+ and CD4+ /CD8α+ αβ T-cell frequencies increased in both subspecies in various tissues, but CD8α+ γδ T cells differentiated and responded in wild boar only. Proliferation in CD8α+ T cells was found 10 days post infectionem only. Frequencies of T-bet+ T cells increased in wild boar but not in domestic pigs. Of note, we found a considerable loss of perforin expression in cytotoxic T cells, 5 and 7 dpi. Both subspecies established a regulatory T-cell response 10 dpi. In domestic pigs, we show increasing levels of ICOS+ and CD8α+ invariant Natural Killer T cells. These disparities in T-cell responses might explain some of the differences in disease progression in wild boar and domestic pigs and should pave the way for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Pikalo
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jane Hühr
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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45
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Vallbracht M, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. Influence of N-glycosylation on Expression and Function of Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein gB. Pathogens 2021; 10:61. [PMID: 33445487 PMCID: PMC7827564 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Envelope glycoprotein (g)B is conserved throughout the Herpesviridae and mediates fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes for infectious entry and spread. Like all viral envelope fusion proteins, gB is modified by asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation. Glycans can contribute to protein function, intracellular transport, trafficking, structure and immune evasion. gB of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) contains six consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation, but their functional relevance is unknown. Here, we investigated the occupancy and functional relevance of N-glycosylation sites in PrV gB. To this end, all predicted N-glycosylation sites were inactivated either singly or in combination by the introduction of conservative mutations (N➔Q). The resulting proteins were tested for expression, fusion activity in cell-cell fusion assays and complementation of a gB-deficient PrV mutant. Our results indicate that all six sites are indeed modified. However, while glycosylation at most sites was dispensable for gB expression and fusogenicity, inactivation of N154 and N700 affected gB processing by furin cleavage and surface localization. Although all single mutants were functional in cell-cell fusion and viral entry, simultaneous inactivation of all six N-glycosylation sites severely impaired fusion activity and viral entry, suggesting a critical role of N-glycans for maintaining gB structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (B.G.K.)
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46
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Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Landmann M, Vallbracht M, Ulrich R, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. Non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a European H9N2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21226. [PMID: 33277593 PMCID: PMC7718272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is the most widespread low pathogenic (LP) AIV in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. Vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. However, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of H9N2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (HA) proteolytic cleavage site (CS), a main virulence determinant of AIV. Compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of H9N2 AIV to turkeys. Here, we describe 36 different CS motifs in Eurasian H9N2 viruses identified from 1966 to 2019. The European H9N2 viruses specify unique HACS with particular polymorphism by insertion of non-basic amino acids at position 319. Recombinant viruses carrying single HACS mutations resembling field viruses were constructed (designated G319, A319, N319, S319, D319 and K319). Several viruses replicated to significantly higher titers in turkey cells than in chicken cells. Serine proteases were more efficient than trypsin to support multicycle replication in mammalian cells. Mutations affected cell-to-cell spread and pH-dependent HA fusion activity. In contrast to chickens, mutations in the HACS modulated clinical signs in inoculated and co-housed turkeys. G319 exhibited the lowest virulence, however, it replicated to significantly higher titers in contact-turkeys and in vitro. Interestingly, H9N2 viruses, particularly G319, replicated in brain cells of turkeys and to a lesser extent in mammalian brain cells independent of trypsin. Therefore, the silent circulation of potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses in poultry should be monitored carefully. These results are important for understanding the adaptation of H9N2 in poultry and replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blaurock
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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47
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Murr M, Grund C, Breithaupt A, Mettenleiter TC, Römer-Oberdörfer A. Protection of Chickens with Maternal Immunity Against Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) by Vaccination with a Novel Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Vector. Avian Dis 2020; 64:427-436. [PMID: 33347549 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (AIV) hemagglutinin of subtype H5 protect specific pathogen-free chickens from Newcastle disease and avian influenza. However, maternal AIV antibodies (AIV-MDA+) are known to interfere with active immunization by influencing vaccine virus replication and gene expression, resulting in inefficient protection. To overcome this disadvantage, we inserted a transgene encoding a truncated soluble hemagglutinin (HA) in addition to the gene encoding membrane-bound HA from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 into lentogenic NDV Clone 30 genome (rNDVsolH5_H5) to overexpress H5 antigen. Vaccination of 3-wk-old AIV-MDA+ chickens with rNDVsolH5_H5 and subsequent challenge infection with HPAIV H5N1 3 wk later resulted in 100% protection. Vaccination of younger chickens with higher AIV-MDA levels 1 and 2 wk after hatch resulted in protection rates of 40% and 85%, respectively. However, all vaccinated chickens showed strongly reduced shedding of challenge virus compared with age-matched, nonvaccinated control chickens. All control chickens succumbed to the HPAIV infection with a grading in disease progression between the three groups, indicating the influence of AIV-MDAs even at a low level. Furthermore, the shedding and serologic data gathered after immunization indicate sufficient replication of the vaccine virus, which leads to the assumption that lower protection rates in younger AIV-MDA+ chickens are caused by an H5 antigen-specific block and not by the interference of the AIV-MDA and the vaccine virus itself. In summary, solid protective efficacy and reduced virus transmission were achieved in 3-wk-old AIV-MDA+ chickens, which is relevant especially in regions endemically infected with HPAIV H5N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Sauter-Louis C, Forth JH, Probst C, Staubach C, Hlinak A, Rudovsky A, Holland D, Schlieben P, Göldner M, Schatz J, Bock S, Fischer M, Schulz K, Homeier-Bachmann T, Plagemann R, Klaaß U, Marquart R, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Conraths FJ, Blome S. Joining the club: First detection of African swine fever in wild boar in Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1744-1752. [PMID: 33085828 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has spread across many countries in Europe since the introduction into Georgia in 2007. We report here on the first cases of ASF in wild boar detected in Germany close to the border with Poland. In addition to the constant risk of ASF virus (ASFV) spread through human activities, movements of infected wild boar also represent a route of introduction. Since ASF emerged in Western Poland in November 2019, surveillance efforts, in particular examination of wild boar found dead, were intensified in the regions of Germany bordering with Poland. The first case of ASF in wild boar in Germany was therefore detected by passive surveillance and confirmed on 10 September 2020. By 24 September 2020, 32 cases were recorded. Testing of samples from tissues of carcasses in different stages of decomposition yielded cycle threshold values from 18 to 36 in the OIE-recommended PCR, which were comparable between the regional and national reference laboratory. Blood swabs yielded reliable results, indicating that the method is suitable also under outbreak conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of the ASFV whole-genome sequence generated from material of the first carcass detected in Germany, revealed that it groups with ASFV genotype II including all sequences from Eastern Europe, Asia and Belgium. However, some genetic markers including a 14 bp tandem repeat duplication in the O174L gene were confirmed that have so far been detected only in sequences from Poland (including Western Poland). Epidemiological investigations that include estimated postmortem intervals of wild boar carcasses of infected animals suggest that ASFV had been introduced into Germany in the first half of July 2020 or even earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Probst
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Hlinak
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Annett Rudovsky
- Landesamt für Arbeitsschutz, Verbraucherschutz und Gesundheit, Abteilung Verbraucherschutz, Teltow OT Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | - Diana Holland
- Landesamt für Arbeitsschutz, Verbraucherschutz und Gesundheit, Abteilung Verbraucherschutz, Teltow OT Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Juliane Schatz
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Sabine Bock
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Melina Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Plagemann
- Ministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Integration und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Brandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulf Klaaß
- Landesamt für Arbeitsschutz, Verbraucherschutz und Gesundheit, Abteilung Verbraucherschutz, Teltow OT Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Marquart
- Landesamt für Arbeitsschutz, Verbraucherschutz und Gesundheit, Abteilung Verbraucherschutz, Teltow OT Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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49
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Freuling CM, Breithaupt A, Müller T, Sehl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Rissmann M, Klein A, Wylezich C, Höper D, Wernike K, Aebischer A, Hoffmann D, Friedrichs V, Dorhoi A, Groschup MH, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC. Susceptibility of Raccoon Dogs for Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2982-2985. [PMID: 33089771 PMCID: PMC7706974 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.203733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raccoon dogs might have been intermediate hosts for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in 2002-2004. We demonstrated susceptibility of raccoon dogs to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and transmission to in-contact animals. Infected animals had no signs of illness. Virus replication and tissue lesions occurred in the nasal conchae.
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50
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Mostafa A, Blaurock C, Scheibner D, Müller C, Blohm U, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Salaheldin AH, Nooh HZ, Ali MA, Breithaupt A, Mettenleiter TC, Pleschka S, Abdelwhab EM. Genetic incompatibilities and reduced transmission in chickens may limit the evolution of reassortants between H9N2 and panzootic H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus showing high virulence for mammals. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa077. [PMID: 33343923 PMCID: PMC7733613 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented spread of H5N8- and H9N2-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in birds across Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America poses a serious public health threat with a permanent risk of reassortment and the possible emergence of novel virus variants with high virulence in mammals. To gain information on this risk, we studied the potential for reassortment between two contemporary H9N2 and H5N8 viruses. While the replacement of the PB2, PA, and NS genes of highly pathogenic H5N8 by homologous segments from H9N2 produced infectious H5N8 progeny, PB1 and NP of H9N2 were not able to replace the respective segments from H5N8 due to residues outside the packaging region. Furthermore, exchange of the PB2, PA, and NS segments of H5N8 by those of H9N2 increased replication, polymerase activity and interferon antagonism of the H5N8 reassortants in human cells. Notably, H5N8 reassortants carrying the H9N2-subtype PB2 segment and to lesser extent the PA or NS segments showed remarkably increased virulence in mice as indicated by rapid onset of mortality, reduced mean time to death and increased body weight loss. Simultaneously, we observed that in chickens the H5N8 reassortants, particularly with the H9N2 NS segment, demonstrated significantly reduced transmission to co-housed chickens. Together, while the limited capacity for reassortment between co-circulating H9N2 and H5N8 viruses and the reduced bird-to-bird transmission of possible H5N8 reassortants in chickens may limit the evolution of such reassortant viruses, they show a higher replication potential in human cells and increased virulence in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanaa Z Nooh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72442, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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