1
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Alvi NUH, Sepat N, Sardar S, Berggren M, Engquist I, Crispin X. Toward Photoactive Wallpapers Based on ZnO-Cellulose Nanocomposites. Glob Chall 2023; 7:2300034. [PMID: 37745827 PMCID: PMC10517292 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The quest for eco-friendly materials with anticipated positive impact for sustainability is crucial to achieve the UN sustainable development goals. Classical strategies of composite materials can be applied on novel nanomaterials and green materials. Besides the actual technology and applications also processing and manufacturing methods should be further advanced to make entire technology concepts sustainable. Here, they show an efficient way to combine two low-cost materials, cellulose and zinc oxide (ZnO), to achieve novel functional and "green" materials via paper-making processes. While cellulose is the most abundant and cost-effective organic material extractable from nature. ZnO is cheap and known of its photocatalytic, antibacterial, and UV absorption properties. ZnO nanowires are grown directly onto cellulose fibers in water solutions and then dewatered in a process mimicking existing steps of large-scale papermaking technology. The ZnO NW paper exhibits excellent photo-conducting properties under simulated sunlight with good ON/OFF switching and long-term stability (90 minutes). It also acts as an efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation (5.7 × 10-9 m s-1) with an envision the possibility of using it in buildings to enable large surfaces to spontaneously produce H2O2 at its outer surface. Such technology promise for fast degradation of microorganisms to suppress the spreading of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Sepat
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITNLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Samim Sardar
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITNLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITNLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterITNLinköping UniversitySE‐601 74Norrköping60174Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITNLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterITNLinköping UniversitySE‐601 74Norrköping60174Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITNLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterITNLinköping UniversitySE‐601 74Norrköping60174Sweden
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2
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Khan Z, Kumar D, Crispin X. Does Water-in-Salt Electrolyte Subdue Issues of Zn Batteries? Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300369. [PMID: 37220078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zn-metal batteries (ZnBs) are safe and sustainable because of their operability in aqueous electrolytes, abundance of Zn, and recyclability. However, the thermodynamic instability of Zn metal in aqueous electrolytes is a major bottleneck for its commercialization. As such, Zn deposition (Zn2+ → Zn(s)) is continuously accompanied by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (2H+ → H2 ) and dendritic growth that further accentuate the HER. Consequently, the local pH around the Zn electrode increases and promotes the formation of inactive and/or poorly conductive Zn passivation species (Zn + 2H2 O → Zn(OH)2 + H2 ) on the Zn. This aggravates the consumption of Zn and electrolyte and degrades the performance of ZnB. To propel HER beyond its thermodynamic potential (0 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at pH 0), the concept of water-in-salt-electrolyte (WISE) has been employed in ZnBs. Since the publication of the first article on WISE for ZnB in 2016, this research area has progressed continuously. Here, an overview and discussion on this promising research direction for accelerating the maturity of ZnBs is provided. The review briefly describes the current issues with conventional aqueous electrolyte in ZnBs, including a historic overview and basic understanding of WISE. Furthermore, the application scenarios of WISE in ZnBs are detailed, with the description of various key mechanisms (e.g., side reactions, Zn electrodeposition, anions or cations intercalation in metal oxide or graphite, and ion transport at low temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Divyaratan Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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3
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Vural M, Mohammadi M, Seufert L, Han S, Crispin X, Fridberger A, Berggren M, Tybrandt K. Soft Electromagnetic Vibrotactile Actuators with Integrated Vibration Amplitude Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37327497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft vibrotactile devices have the potential to expand the functionality of emerging electronic skin technologies. However, those devices often lack the necessary overall performance, sensing-actuation feedback and control, and mechanical compliance for seamless integration on the skin. Here, we present soft haptic electromagnetic actuators that consist of intrinsically stretchable conductors, pressure-sensitive conductive foams, and soft magnetic composites. To minimize joule heating, high-performance stretchable composite conductors are developed based on in situ-grown silver nanoparticles formed within the silver flake framework. The conductors are laser-patterned to form soft and densely packed coils to further minimize heating. Soft pressure-sensitive conducting polymer-cellulose foams are developed and integrated to tune the resonance frequency and to provide internal resonator amplitude sensing in the resonators. The above components together with a soft magnet are assembled into soft vibrotactile devices providing high-performance actuation combined with amplitude sensing. We believe that soft haptic devices will be an essential component in future developments of multifunctional electronic skin for future human-computer and human-robotic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Vural
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Seufert
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Fridberger
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
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4
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Petsagkourakis I, Riera-Galindo S, Ruoko TP, Strakosas X, Pavlopoulou E, Liu X, Braun S, Kroon R, Kim N, Lienemann S, Gueskine V, Hadziioannou G, Berggren M, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Tybrandt K, Crispin X. Improved Performance of Organic Thermoelectric Generators Through Interfacial Energetics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2206954. [PMID: 37132565 PMCID: PMC10369274 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial energetics are known to play a crucial role in organic diodes, transistors, and sensors. Designing the metal-organic interface has been a tool to optimize the performance of organic (opto)electronic devices, but this is not reported for organic thermoelectrics. In this work, it is demonstrated that the electrical power of organic thermoelectric generators (OTEGs) is also strongly dependent on the metal-organic interfacial energetics. Without changing the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of polythiophene-based conducting polymers, the generated power of an OTEG can vary by three orders of magnitude simply by tuning the work function of the metal contact to reach above 1000 µW cm-2 . The effective Seebeck coefficient (Seff ) of a metal/polymer/metal single leg OTEG includes an interfacial contribution (Vinter /ΔT) in addition to the intrinsic bulk Seebeck coefficient of the polythiophenes, such that Seff = S + Vinter /ΔT varies from 22.7 µV K-1 [9.4 µV K-1 ] with Al to 50.5 µV K-1 [26.3 µV K-1 ] with Pt for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluenesulfonate [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate)]. Spectroscopic techniques are used to reveal a redox interfacial reaction affecting locally the doping level of the polymer at the vicinity of the metal-organic interface and conclude that the energetics at the metal-polymer interface provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of OTEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - T-P Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - E Pavlopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - X Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Braun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - R Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - N Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - V Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - G Hadziioannou
- Bordeaux INP, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LCPO, F-33600, UMR 5629, Pessac, France
| | - M Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 23, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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5
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Gueskine V, Vagin M, Berggren M, Crispin X, Zozoulenko I. Oxygen reduction reaction at conducting polymer electrodes in a wider context: Insights from modelling concerning outer and inner sphere mechanisms. Electrochemical Science Adv 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping 601 74 Sweden
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6
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Jacob S, Delatouche B, Péré D, Ullah Khan Z, Ledoux MJ, Crispin X, Chmielowski R. High-performance flexible thermoelectric modules based on high crystal quality printed TiS 2/hexylamine. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2021; 22:907-916. [PMID: 34867084 PMCID: PMC8635557 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1978802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics implies the use of low-cost, scalable, printing technologies to fabricate electronic devices and circuits on flexible substrates, such as paper or plastics. The development of this new electronic is currently expanding because of the emergence of the internet-of-everything. Although lot of attention has been paid to functional inks based on organic semiconductors, another class of inks is based on nanoparticles obtained from exfoliated 2D materials, such as graphene and metal sulfides. The ultimate scientific and technological challenge is to find a strategy where the exfoliated nanoparticle flakes in the inks can, after solvent evaporation, form a solid which displays performances equal to the single crystal of the 2D material. In this context, a printed layer, formed from an ink composed of nano-flakes of TiS2 intercalated with hexylamine, which displays thermoelectric properties superior to organic intercalated TiS2 single crystals, is demonstrated for the first time. The choice of the fraction of exfoliated nano-flakes appears to be a key to the forming of a new self-organized layered material by solvent evaporation. The printed layer is an efficient n-type thermoelectric material which complements the p-type printable organic semiconductors The thermoelectric power factor of the printed TiS2/hexylamine thin films reach record values of 1460 µW m-1 K-2 at 430 K, this is considerably higher than the high value of 900 µW m-1 K-2 at 300 K reported for a single crystal. A printed thermoelectric generator based on eight legs of TiS2 confirms the high-power factor values by generating a power density of 16.0 W m-2 at ΔT = 40 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Jacob
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Delatouche
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Daniel Péré
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marc Jacques Ledoux
- Department of Advanced Materials, IMRA Europe S.A.S., Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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7
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Massetti M, Jiao F, Ferguson AJ, Zhao D, Wijeratne K, Würger A, Blackburn JL, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Unconventional Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12465-12547. [PMID: 34702037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat is an abundant but often wasted source of energy. Thus, harvesting just a portion of this tremendous amount of energy holds significant promise for a more sustainable society. While traditional solid-state inorganic semiconductors have dominated the research stage on thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, carbon-based semiconductors have recently attracted a great deal of attention as potential thermoelectric materials for low-temperature energy harvesting, primarily driven by the high abundance of their atomic elements, ease of processing/manufacturing, and intrinsically low thermal conductivity. This quest for new materials has resulted in the discovery of several new kinds of thermoelectric materials and concepts capable of converting a heat flux into an electrical current by means of various types of particles transporting the electric charge: (i) electrons, (ii) ions, and (iii) redox molecules. This has contributed to expanding the applications envisaged for thermoelectric materials far beyond simple conversion of heat into electricity. This is the motivation behind this review. This work is divided in three sections. In the first section, we present the basic principle of the thermoelectric effects when the particles transporting the electric charge are electrons, ions, and redox molecules and describe the conceptual differences between the three thermodiffusion phenomena. In the second section, we review the efforts made on developing devices exploiting these three effects and give a thorough understanding of what limits their performance. In the third section, we review the state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials investigated so far and provide a comprehensive understanding of what limits charge and energy transport in each of these classes of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Massetti
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, 80401 United States
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Alois Würger
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | | | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Jia Y, Jiang Q, Sun H, Liu P, Hu D, Pei Y, Liu W, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Ma Y, Cao Y. Wearable Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Self-Powered Electronic Systems. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102990. [PMID: 34486174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things has led to a growing demand for wearable and maintenance-free power sources. The continual push toward lower operating voltages and power consumption in modern integrated circuits has made the development of devices powered by body heat finally feasible. In this context, thermoelectric (TE) materials have emerged as promising candidates for the effective conversion of body heat into electricity to power wearable devices without being limited by environmental conditions. Driven by rapid advances in processing technology and the performance of TE materials over the past two decades, wearable thermoelectric generators (WTEGs) have gradually become more flexible and stretchable so that they can be used on complex and dynamic surfaces. In this review, the functional materials, processing techniques, and strategies for the device design of different types of WTEGs are comprehensively covered. Wearable self-powered systems based on WTEGs are summarized, including multi-function TE modules, hybrid energy harvesting, and all-in-one energy devices. Challenges in organic TE materials, interfacial engineering, and assessments of device performance are discussed, and suggestions for future developments in the area are provided. This review will promote the rapid implementation of wearable TE materials and devices in self-powered electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanzhong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Weishu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Abrahamsson T, Vagin M, Seitanidou M, Roy A, Phopase J, Petsagkourakis I, Moro N, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Berggren M, Simon DT. Investigating the role of polymer size on ionic conductivity in free-standing hyperbranched polyelectrolyte membranes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Jiang Q, Sun H, Zhao D, Zhang F, Hu D, Jiao F, Qin L, Linseis V, Fabiano S, Crispin X, Ma Y, Cao Y. High Thermoelectric Performance in n-Type Perylene Bisimide Induced by the Soret Effect. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002752. [PMID: 32924214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, non-toxic, abundant organic thermoelectric materials are currently under investigation for use as potential alternatives for the production of electricity from waste heat. While organic conductors reach electrical conductivities as high as their inorganic counterparts, they suffer from an overall low thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) due to their small Seebeck coefficient. Moreover, the lack of efficient n-type organic materials still represents a major challenge when trying to fabricate efficient organic thermoelectric modules. Here, a novel strategy is proposed both to increase the Seebeck coefficient and achieve the highest thermoelectric efficiency for n-type organic thermoelectrics to date. An organic mixed ion-electron n-type conductor based on highly crystalline and reduced perylene bisimide is developed. Quasi-frozen ionic carriers yield a large ionic Seebeck coefficient of -3021 μV K-1 , while the electronic carriers dominate the electrical conductivity which is as high as 0.18 S cm-1 at 60% relative humidity. The overall power factor is remarkably high (165 μW m-1 K-2 ), with a ZT = 0.23 at room temperature. The resulting single leg thermoelectric generators display a high quasi-constant power output. This work paves the way for the design and development of efficient organic thermoelectrics by the rational control of the mobility of the electronic and ionic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Duokai Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Leiqiang Qin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Vincent Linseis
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University Hamburg, Hamburg, 20355, Germany
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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11
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Khan Z, Vagin M, Crispin X. Can Hybrid Na-Air Batteries Outperform Nonaqueous Na-O 2 Batteries? Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1902866. [PMID: 32154077 PMCID: PMC7055569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the study of novel and alternative energy storage devices beyond lithium-based systems due to the exponential increase in price of lithium. Sodium (Na) metal-based batteries can be a possible alternative to lithium-based batteries due to the similar electrochemical voltage of Na and Li together with the thousand times higher natural abundance of Na compared to Li. Though two different kinds of Na-O2 batteries have been studied specifically based on electrolytes until now, very recently, a hybrid Na-air cell has shown distinctive advantage over nonaqueous cell systems. Hybrid Na-air batteries provide a fundamental advantage due to the formation of highly soluble discharge product (sodium hydroxide) which leads to low overpotentials for charge and discharge processes, high electrical energy efficiency, and good cyclic stability. Herein, the current status and challenges associated with hybrid Na-air batteries are reported. Also, a brief description of nonaqueous Na-O2 batteries and its close competition with hybrid Na-air batteries are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE60174NorrköpingSweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversitySE60174NorrköpingSweden
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12
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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13
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Han S, Alvi NUH, Granlöf L, Granberg H, Berggren M, Fabiano S, Crispin X. A Multiparameter Pressure-Temperature-Humidity Sensor Based on Mixed Ionic-Electronic Cellulose Aerogels. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1802128. [PMID: 31016118 PMCID: PMC6468975 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pressure (P), temperature (T), and humidity (H) are physical key parameters of great relevance for various applications such as in distributed diagnostics, robotics, electronic skins, functional clothing, and many other Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions. Previous studies on monitoring and recording these three parameters have focused on the integration of three individual single-parameter sensors into an electronic circuit, also comprising dedicated sense amplifiers, signal processing, and communication interfaces. To limit complexity in, e.g., multifunctional IoT systems, and thus reducing the manufacturing costs of such sensing/communication outposts, it is desirable to achieve one single-sensor device that simultaneously or consecutively measures P-T-H without cross-talks in the sensing functionality. Herein, a novel organic mixed ion-electron conducting aerogel is reported, which can sense P-T-H with minimal cross-talk between the measured parameters. The exclusive read-out of the three individual parameters is performed electronically in one single device configuration and is enabled by the use of a novel strategy that combines electronic and ionic Seebeck effect along with mixed ion-electron conduction in an elastic aerogel. The findings promise for multipurpose IoT technology with reduced complexity and production costs, features that are highly anticipated in distributed diagnostics, monitoring, safety, and security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityS‐60174Sweden
| | - Naveed Ul Hassan Alvi
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityS‐60174Sweden
| | - Lars Granlöf
- Papermaking & PackagingRISE BioeconomyBox 5604S‐11486Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityS‐60174Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityS‐60174Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityS‐60174Sweden
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14
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Zhao D, Martinelli A, Willfahrt A, Fischer T, Bernin D, Khan ZU, Shahi M, Brill J, Jonsson MP, Fabiano S, Crispin X. Polymer gels with tunable ionic Seebeck coefficient for ultra-sensitive printed thermopiles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 30842422 PMCID: PMC6403253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring temperature and heat flux is important for regulating any physical, chemical, and biological processes. Traditional thermopiles can provide accurate and stable temperature reading but they are based on brittle inorganic materials with low Seebeck coefficient, and are difficult to manufacture over large areas. Recently, polymer electrolytes have been proposed for thermoelectric applications because of their giant ionic Seebeck coefficient, high flexibility and ease of manufacturing. However, the materials reported to date have positive Seebeck coefficients, hampering the design of ultra-sensitive ionic thermopiles. Here we report an "ambipolar" ionic polymer gel with giant negative ionic Seebeck coefficient. The latter can be tuned from negative to positive by adjusting the gel composition. We show that the ion-polymer matrix interaction is crucial to control the sign and magnitude of the ionic Seebeck coefficient. The ambipolar gel can be easily screen printed, enabling large-area device manufacturing at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Andreas Willfahrt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Joseph Brill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
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15
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Petsagkourakis I, Tybrandt K, Crispin X, Ohkubo I, Satoh N, Mori T. Thermoelectric materials and applications for energy harvesting power generation. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:836-862. [PMID: 31001364 PMCID: PMC6454408 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1530938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity, is expected to be a key energy harvesting technology to power ubiquitous sensors and wearable devices in the future. A comprehensive review is given on the principles and advances in the development of thermoelectric materials suitable for energy harvesting power generation, ranging from organic and hybrid organic-inorganic to inorganic materials. Examples of design and applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isao Ohkubo
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norifusa Satoh
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takao Mori
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Jo YJ, Kwon KY, Khan ZU, Crispin X, Kim TI. Gelatin Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Their Integrated Logic Circuits. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:39083-39090. [PMID: 30360103 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We suggest gelatin hydrogel as an electrolyte and demonstrate organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on a sheet of gelatin. We also modulate electrical characteristics of the OECT with respect to pH condition of the gelatin hydrogel from acid to base and analyze its characteristics based on the electrochemical theory. Moreover, we extend the gelatin-based OECT to electrochemical logic circuits, for example, NOT, NOR, and NAND gates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden
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17
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Wang S, Sun H, Erdmann T, Wang G, Fazzi D, Lappan U, Puttisong Y, Chen Z, Berggren M, Crispin X, Kiriy A, Voit B, Marks TJ, Fabiano S, Facchetti A. A Chemically Doped Naphthalenediimide-Bithiazole Polymer for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801898. [PMID: 29926985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel naphthalenediimide (NDI)-bithiazole (Tz2)-based polymer [P(NDI2OD-Tz2)] is reported, and structural, thin-film morphological, as well as charge transport and thermoelectric properties are compared to the parent and widely investigated NDI-bithiophene (T2) polymer [P(NDI2OD-T2)]. Since the steric repulsions in Tz2 are far lower than in T2, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) exhibits a more planar and rigid backbone, enhancing π-π chain stacking and intermolecular interactions. In addition, the electron-deficient nature of Tz2 enhances the polymer electron affinity, thus reducing the polymer donor-acceptor character. When n-doped with amines, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) achieves electrical conductivity (≈0.1 S cm-1 ) and a power factor (1.5 µW m-1 K-2 ) far greater than those of P(NDI2OD-T2) (0.003 S cm-1 and 0.012 µW m-1 K-2 , respectively). These results demonstrate that planarized NDI-based polymers with reduced donor-acceptor character can achieve substantial electrical conductivity and thermoelectric response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tim Erdmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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18
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Sun H, Vagin M, Wang S, Crispin X, Forchheimer R, Berggren M, Fabiano S. Complementary Logic Circuits Based on High-Performance n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Adv Mater 2018; 30. [PMID: 29318706 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been the subject of intense research in recent years. To date, however, most of the reported OECTs rely entirely on p-type (hole transport) operation, while electron transporting (n-type) OECTs are rare. The combination of efficient and stable p-type and n-type OECTs would allow for the development of complementary circuits, dramatically advancing the sophistication of OECT-based technologies. Poor stability in air and aqueous electrolyte media, low electron mobility, and/or a lack of electrochemical reversibility, of available high-electron affinity conjugated polymers, has made the development of n-type OECTs troublesome. Here, it is shown that ladder-type polymers such as poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) can successfully work as stable and efficient n-channel material for OECTs. These devices can be easily fabricated by means of facile spray-coating techniques. BBL-based OECTs show high transconductance (up to 9.7 mS) and excellent stability in ambient and aqueous media. It is demonstrated that BBL-based n-type OECTs can be successfully integrated with p-type OECTs to form electrochemical complementary inverters. The latter show high gains and large worst-case noise margin at a supply voltage below 0.6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Forchheimer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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19
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Muñoz WA, Crispin X, Fahlman M, Zozoulenko IV. Understanding the Impact of Film Disorder and Local Surface Potential in Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of PEDOT. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University; SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University; SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology; Linköping University; SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Igor V. Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology; Linköping University; SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
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20
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Rudd S, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Kumar Singh S, Ullah Khan Z, Crispin X, Andreasen JW, Zozoulenko I, Evans D. Charge transport and structure in semimetallic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:97-104. [PMID: 29242675 PMCID: PMC5725714 DOI: 10.1002/polb.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to changes in their chemistry and structure, polymers can be fabricated to demonstrate vastly different electrical conductivities over many orders of magnitude. At the high end of conductivity is the class of conducting polymers, which are ideal candidates for many applications in low‐cost electronics. Here, we report the influence of the nature of the doping anion at high doping levels within the semi‐metallic conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on its electronic transport properties. Hall effect measurements on a variety of PEDOT samples show that the choice of doping anion can lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in the charge carrier mobility > 3 cm2/Vs at conductivities approaching 3000 S/cm under ambient conditions. Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering, Density Functional Theory calculations, and Molecular Dynamics simulations indicate that the chosen doping anion modifies the way PEDOT chains stack together. This link between structure and specific anion doping at high doping levels has ramifications for the fabrication of conducting polymer‐based devices. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 97–104
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rudd
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
| | - Juan F Franco-Gonzalez
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399 Technical University of Denmark Roskilde 4000 Denmark
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics Linkoping University Norrkoping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Drew Evans
- Thin Film Coatings Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 Australia
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21
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Wijeratne K, Vagin M, Brooke R, Crispin X. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) electrodes in thermogalvanic cells. J Mater Chem A Mater 2017; 5:19619-19625. [PMID: 29308202 PMCID: PMC5735355 DOI: 10.1039/c7ta04891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest in thermogalvanic cells (TGCs) has grown because it is a candidate technology for harvesting electricity from natural and waste heat. However, the cost of TGCs has a major component due to the use of the platinum electrode. Here, we investigate new alternative electrode material based on conducting polymers, more especially poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) together with the ferro/ferricyanide redox electrolyte. The power generated by the PEDOT-Tos based TGCs increases with the conducting polymer thickness/multilayer and reaches values similar to the flat platinum electrode based TGCs. The physics and chemistry behind this exciting result as well as the identification of the limiting phenomena are investigated by various electrochemical techniques. Furthermore, a preliminary study is provided for the stability of the PEDOT-Tos based TGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala Wijeratne
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Robert Brooke
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 , Norrköping , Sweden .
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22
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Wang S, Sun H, Ail U, Vagin M, Persson POÅ, Andreasen JW, Thiel W, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fazzi D, Fabiano S. Thermoelectric Properties of Solution-Processed n-Doped Ladder-Type Conducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28570788 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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23
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Fabiano S, Sani N, Kawahara J, Kergoat L, Nissa J, Engquist I, Crispin X, Berggren M. Ferroelectric polarization induces electronic nonlinearity in ion-doped conducting polymers. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1700345. [PMID: 28695197 PMCID: PMC5493413 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is an organic mixed ion-electron conducting polymer. The PEDOT phase transports holes and is redox-active, whereas the PSS phase transports ions. When PEDOT is redox-switched between its semiconducting and conducting state, the electronic and optical properties of its bulk are controlled. Therefore, it is appealing to use this transition in electrochemical devices and to integrate those into large-scale circuits, such as display or memory matrices. Addressability and memory functionality of individual devices, within these matrices, are typically achieved by nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and bistability-functions that can potentially be offered by the semiconductor-conductor transition of redox polymers. However, low conductivity of the semiconducting state and poor bistability, due to self-discharge, make fast operation and memory retention impossible. We report that a ferroelectric polymer layer, coated along the counter electrode, can control the redox state of PEDOT. The polarization switching characteristics of the ferroelectric polymer, which take place as the coercive field is overcome, introduce desired nonlinearity and bistability in devices that maintain PEDOT in its highly conducting and fast-operating regime. Memory functionality and addressability are demonstrated in ferro-electrochromic display pixels and ferro-electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Negar Sani
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Kawahara
- RISE Acreo, Printed Electronics, Bredgatan 33, Box 787, SE-60117 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Josefin Nissa
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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24
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Abstract
Nonradiative decay of plasmons in metallic nanostructures offers unique means for light-to-heat conversion at the nanoscale. Typical thermoplasmonic systems utilize discrete particles, while metal nanohole arrays were instead considered suitable as heat sinks to reduce heating effects. By contrast, we show for the first time that under uniform broadband illumination (e.g., the sun) ultrathin plasmonic nanohole arrays can be highly competitive plasmonic heaters and provide significantly higher temperatures than analogous nanodisk arrays. Our plasmonic nanohole arrays also heat significantly more than nonstructured metal films, while simultaneously providing superior light transmission. Besides being efficient light-driven heat sources, these thin perforated gold films can simultaneously be used as electrodes. We used this feature to develop "plasmonic thermistors" for electrical monitoring of plasmon-induced temperature changes. The nanohole arrays provided temperature changes up to 7.5 K by simulated sunlight, which is very high compared to previously reported plasmonic systems under similar conditions (solar illumination and ambient conditions). Both temperatures and heating profiles quantitatively agree with combined optical and thermal simulations. Finally, we demonstrate the use of a thermoplasmonic nanohole electrode to power the first hybrid plasmonic ionic thermoelectric device, resulting in strong solar-induced heat gradients and corresponding thermoelectric voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tordera
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anton V Volkov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University , SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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25
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Håkansson A, Han S, Wang S, Lu J, Braun S, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S. Effect of (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) on the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Håkansson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University; Norrköping SE-601 74 Sweden
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26
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Mitraka E, Jafari MJ, Vagin M, Liu X, Fahlman M, Ederth T, Berggren M, Jonsson MP, Crispin X. Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT. J Mater Chem A Mater 2017; 5:4404-4412. [PMID: 28580144 PMCID: PMC5436492 DOI: 10.1039/c6ta10521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has shown promise as air electrode in renewable energy technologies like metal-air batteries and fuel cells. PEDOT is based on atomic elements of high abundance and is synthesized at low temperature from solution. The mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over chemically polymerized PEDOT:Cl still remains controversial with eventual role of transition metal impurities. However, regardless of the mechanistic route, we here demonstrate yet another key active role of PEDOT in the ORR mechanism. Our study demonstrates the decoupling of conductivity (intrinsic property) from electrocatalysis (as an extrinsic phenomenon) yielding the evidence of doping of the polymer by oxygen during ORR. Hence, the PEDOT electrode is electrochemically reduced (undoped) in the voltage range of ORR regime, but O2 keeps it conducting; ensuring PEDOT to act as an electrode for the ORR. The interaction of oxygen with the polymer electrode is investigated with a battery of spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mitraka
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - M J Jafari
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Vagin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - X Liu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - T Ederth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - M P Jonsson
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - X Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
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27
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Wang S, Sun H, Ail U, Vagin M, Persson POÅ, Andreasen JW, Thiel W, Berggren M, Crispin X, Fazzi D, Fabiano S. Thermoelectric Properties of Solution-Processed n-Doped Ladder-Type Conducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2016; 28:10764-10771. [PMID: 27787927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ladder-type "torsion-free" conducting polymers (e.g., polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)) can outperform "structurally distorted" donor-acceptor polymers (e.g., P(NDI2OD-T2)), in terms of conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. The polaron delocalization length is larger in BBL than in P(NDI2OD-T2), resulting in a higher measured polaron mobility. Structure-function relationships are drawn, setting material-design guidelines for the next generation of conducting thermoelectric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ujwala Ail
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Per O Å Persson
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
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28
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Khan ZU, Edberg J, Hamedi MM, Gabrielsson R, Granberg H, Wågberg L, Engquist I, Berggren M, Crispin X. Thermoelectric Polymers and their Elastic Aerogels. Adv Mater 2016; 28:4556-62. [PMID: 26836440 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electronically conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of materials for novel electronics, such as printed electronics and flexible electronics. Their properties have been further diversified to introduce elasticity, which has opened new possibility for "stretchable" electronics. Recent discoveries demonstrate that conducting polymers have thermoelectric properties with a low thermal conductivity, as well as tunable Seebeck coefficients - which is achieved by modulating their electrical conductivity via simple redox reactions. Using these thermoelectric properties, all-organic flexible thermoelectric devices, such as temperature sensors, heat flux sensors, and thermoelectric generators, are being developed. In this article we discuss the combination of the two emerging fields: stretchable electronics and polymer thermoelectrics. The combination of elastic and thermoelectric properties seems to be unique for conducting polymers, and difficult to achieve with inorganic thermoelectric materials. We introduce the basic concepts, and state of the art knowledge, about the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers, and illustrate the use of elastic thermoelectric conducting polymer aerogels that could be employed as temperature and pressure sensors in an electronic-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE), Fiber and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, SE-100 44, Stockholm
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, S-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
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29
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Malti A, Edberg J, Granberg H, Khan ZU, Andreasen JW, Liu X, Zhao D, Zhang H, Yao Y, Brill JW, Engquist I, Fahlman M, Wågberg L, Crispin X, Berggren M. An Organic Mixed Ion-Electron Conductor for Power Electronics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2016; 3:1500305. [PMID: 27774392 PMCID: PMC5063141 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A mixed ionic-electronic conductor based on nanofibrillated cellulose composited with poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythio-phene):-poly(styrene-sulfonate) along with high boiling point solvents is demonstrated in bulky electrochemical devices. The high electronic and ionic conductivities of the resulting nanopaper are exploited in devices which exhibit record values for the charge storage capacitance (1F) in supercapacitors and transconductance (1S) in electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Malti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | | | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Yulong Yao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Joseph W Brill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Chemical Science and Engineering (CHE) Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University SE-601 74 Norrköping Sweden
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30
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Stavrinidou E, Gabrielsson R, Gomez E, Crispin X, Nilsson O, Simon DT, Berggren M. Electronic plants. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1501136. [PMID: 26702448 PMCID: PMC4681328 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The roots, stems, leaves, and vascular circuitry of higher plants are responsible for conveying the chemical signals that regulate growth and functions. From a certain perspective, these features are analogous to the contacts, interconnections, devices, and wires of discrete and integrated electronic circuits. Although many attempts have been made to augment plant function with electroactive materials, plants' "circuitry" has never been directly merged with electronics. We report analog and digital organic electronic circuits and devices manufactured in living plants. The four key components of a circuit have been achieved using the xylem, leaves, veins, and signals of the plant as the template and integral part of the circuit elements and functions. With integrated and distributed electronics in plants, one can envisage a range of applications including precision recording and regulation of physiology, energy harvesting from photosynthesis, and alternatives to genetic modification for plant optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eliot Gomez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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31
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Khan ZU, Bubnova O, Jafari MJ, Brooke R, Liu X, Gabrielsson R, Ederth T, Evans DR, Andreasen JW, Fahlman M, Crispin X. Acido-basic control of the thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) thin films. J Mater Chem C Mater 2015; 3:10616-10623. [PMID: 27019715 PMCID: PMC4786950 DOI: 10.1039/c5tc01952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PEDOT-Tos is one of the conducting polymers that displays the most promising thermoelectric properties. Until now, it has been utterly difficult to control all the synthesis parameters and the morphology governing the thermoelectric properties. To improve our understanding of this material, we study the variation in the thermoelectric properties by a simple acido-basic treatment. The emphasis of this study is to elucidate the chemical changes induced by acid (HCl) or base (NaOH) treatment in PEDOT-Tos thin films using various spectroscopic and structural techniques. We could identify changes in the nanoscale morphology due to anion exchange between tosylate and Cl- or OH-. But, we identified that changing the pH leads to a tuning of the oxidation level of the polymer, which can explain the changes in thermoelectric properties. Hence, a simple acid-base treatment allows finding the optimum for the power factor in PEDOT-Tos thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Khan
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Olga Bubnova
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden . ; Optoelectronics Group , Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , UK
| | - Mohammad Javad Jafari
- Department of Physics , Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Robert Brooke
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden . ; University of South Australia , Mawson Institute , Mawson Lakes 5095 , Australia
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Department of Physics , Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden .
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Department of Physics , Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Drew R Evans
- University of South Australia , Mawson Institute , Mawson Lakes 5095 , Australia
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Energy Conversion and Storage , Frederiksborgvej 399 , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Department of Physics , Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , Campus Norrköping , S-60174 Norrköping , Sweden .
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32
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Malti A, Gabrielsson EO, Crispin X, Berggren M. An Electrochromic Bipolar Membrane Diode. Adv Mater 2015; 27:3909-3914. [PMID: 26016815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers with bipolar membranes (a complementary stack of selective membranes) may be used to rectify current. Integrating a bipolar membrane into a polymer electrochromic display obviates the need for an addressing backplane while increasing the device's bistability. Such devices can be made from solution-processable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Malti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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33
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Weathers A, Khan ZU, Brooke R, Evans D, Pettes MT, Andreasen JW, Crispin X, Shi L. Significant electronic thermal transport in the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Adv Mater 2015; 27:2101-6. [PMID: 25688732 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Suspended microdevices are employed to measure the in-plane electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of suspended poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films. The measured thermal conductivity is higher than previously reported for PEDOT and generally increases with the electrical conductivity. The increase exceeds that predicted by the Wiedemann-Franz law for metals and can be explained by significant electronic thermal transport in PEDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Weathers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, USA
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34
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Fabiano S, Usta H, Forchheimer R, Crispin X, Facchetti A, Berggren M. Selective remanent ambipolar charge transport in polymeric field-effect transistors for high-performance logic circuits fabricated in ambient. Adv Mater 2014; 26:7438-7443. [PMID: 25284119 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ambipolar polymeric field-effect transistors can be programmed into a p- or n-type mode by using the remanent polarization of a ferroelectric gate insulator. Due to the remanent polarity, the device architecture is suited as a building block in complementary logic circuits and in CMOS-compatible memory cells for non-destructive read-out operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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35
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Fabiano S, Braun S, Liu X, Weverberghs E, Gerbaux P, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X. Poly(ethylene imine) impurities induce n-doping reaction in organic (semi)conductors. Adv Mater 2014; 26:6000-6. [PMID: 25043202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Volatile impurities contained in polyethyleneimine (PEI), and identified as ethyleneimine dimers and trimers, are reported. These N-based molecules show a strong reducing character, as demonstrated by the change in electrical conductivity of organic (semi)conductors exposed to the PEI vapor. The results prove that electron transfer rather than a dipole effect at the electrode interface is the origin of the work-function modification by the PEI-based layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Wang H, Braun S, Evans DR, Fabretto M, Hojati-Talemi P, Dagnelund D, Arlin JB, Geerts YH, Desbief S, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Lazzaroni R, Chen WM, Zozoulenko I, Fahlman M, Murphy PJ, Berggren M, Crispin X. Semi-metallic polymers. Nat Mater 2014; 13:190-4. [PMID: 24317188 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are lightweight, flexible, solution-processable materials that are promising for low-cost printed electronics as well as for mass-produced and large-area applications. Previous studies demonstrated that they can possess insulating, semiconducting or metallic properties; here we report that polymers can also be semi-metallic. Semi-metals, exemplified by bismuth, graphite and telluride alloys, have no energy bandgap and a very low density of states at the Fermi level. Furthermore, they typically have a higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivities compared with metals, thus being suitable for thermoelectric applications. We measure the thermoelectric properties of various poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) samples, and observe a marked increase in the Seebeck coefficient when the electrical conductivity is enhanced through molecular organization. This initiates the transition from a Fermi glass to a semi-metal. The high Seebeck value, the metallic conductivity at room temperature and the absence of unpaired electron spins makes polymer semi-metals attractive for thermoelectrics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bubnova
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Drew R Evans
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Manrico Fabretto
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Dagnelund
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arlin
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Simon Desbief
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dag W Breiby
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter J Murphy
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
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37
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Fabiano S, Crispin X, Berggren M. Ferroelectric polarization induces electric double layer bistability in electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:438-442. [PMID: 24251907 DOI: 10.1021/am404494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The dense surface charges expressed by a ferroelectric polymeric thin film induce ion displacement within a polyelectrolyte layer and vice versa. This is because the density of dipoles along the surface of the ferroelectric thin film and its polarization switching time matches that of the (Helmholtz) electric double layers formed at the ferroelectric/polyelectrolyte and polyelectrolyte/semiconductor interfaces. This combination of materials allows for introducing hysteresis effects in the capacitance of an electric double layer capacitor. The latter is advantageously used to control the charge accumulation in the semiconductor channel of an organic field-effect transistor. The resulting memory transistors can be written at a gate voltage of around 7 V and read out at a drain voltage as low as 50 mV. The technological implication of this large difference between write and read-out voltages lies in the non-destructive reading of this ferroelectric memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabiano
- Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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38
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Laiho A, Nguyen HT, Sinno H, Engquist I, Berggren M, Dubois P, Coulembier O, Crispin X. Amphiphilic Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Semiconducting Copolymers for Printing of Polyelectrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400527z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Laiho
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Hiam Sinno
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric
and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials
and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons—UMONS, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
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Bubnova O, Berggren M, Crispin X. Tuning the Thermoelectric Properties of Conducting Polymers in an Electrochemical Transistor. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16456-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja305188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bubnova
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping,
Sweden
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40
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Liu J, Engquist I, Crispin X, Berggren M. Spatial control of p-n junction in an organic light-emitting electrochemical transistor. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:901-4. [PMID: 22188539 DOI: 10.1021/ja210936n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-voltage-operating organic electrochemical light-emitting cells (LECs) and transistors (OECTs) can be realized in robust device architectures, thus enabling easy manufacturing of light sources using printing tools. In an LEC, the p-n junction, located within the organic semiconductor channel, constitutes the active light-emitting element. It is established and fixated through electrochemical p- and n-doping, which are governed by charge injection from the anode and cathode, respectively. In an OECT, the electrochemical doping level along the organic semiconducting channel is controlled via the gate electrode. Here we report the merger of these two devices: the light-emitting electrochemical transistor, in which the location of the emitting p-n junction and the current level between the anode and cathode are modulated via a gate electrode. Light emission occurs at 4 V, and the emission zone can be repeatedly moved back and forth within an interelectrode gap of 500 μm by application of a 4 V gate bias. In transistor operation, the estimated on/off ratio ranges from 10 to 100 with a gate threshold voltage of -2.3 V and transconductance value between 1.4 and 3 μS. This device structure opens for new experiments tunable light sources and LECs with added electronic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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Larsson O, Laiho A, Schmickler W, Berggren M, Crispin X. Controlling the dimensionality of charge transport in an organic electrochemical transistor by capacitive coupling. Adv Mater 2011; 23:4764-9. [PMID: 21953895 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Larsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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Herlogsson L, Crispin X, Tierney S, Berggren M. Polyelectrolyte-gated organic complementary circuits operating at low power and voltage. Adv Mater 2011; 23:4684-4689. [PMID: 21919081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Herlogsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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43
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Malti A, Braun S, Fahlman M, Berggren M, Crispin X. Optimization of the thermoelectric figure of merit in the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Nat Mater 2011; 10:429-33. [PMID: 21532583 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) transform a heat flow into electricity. Thermoelectric materials are being investigated for electricity production from waste heat (co-generation) and natural heat sources. For temperatures below 200 °C, the best commercially available inorganic semiconductors are bismuth telluride (Bi(2)Te(3))-based alloys, which possess a figure of merit ZT close to one. Most of the recently discovered thermoelectric materials with ZT>2 exhibit one common property, namely their low lattice thermal conductivities. Nevertheless, a high ZT value is not enough to create a viable technology platform for energy harvesting. To generate electricity from large volumes of warm fluids, heat exchangers must be functionalized with TEGs. This requires thermoelectric materials that are readily synthesized, air stable, environmentally friendly and solution processable to create patterns on large areas. Here we show that conducting polymers might be capable of meeting these demands. The accurate control of the oxidation level in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) combined with its low intrinsic thermal conductivity (λ=0.37 W m(-1) K(-1)) yields a ZT=0.25 at room temperature that approaches the values required for efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bubnova
- Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology,Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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Birgerson J, Keil M, Denier van der Gon AW, Crispin X, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Ethylenedioxythiophene Adsorption on Polycrystalline Gold Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-660-jj5.29.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Birgerson J, Keil M, Denier van der Gon AW, Crispin X, Lögdlund M, Salaneck WR. A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Ethylenedioxythiophene Adsorption on Polycrystalline Gold Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-660-jj5.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe interaction between thin films of ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and polycrystalline copper and gold surfaces has been studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Thick films of EDOT (∼100 Å) have been prepared by vapor deposition onto clean gold surfaces, which were cooled down to a temperature of 170 K during the deposition process. Monolayers were prepared by slowly heating the thick films up to 300 K. At 300 K most of the material has evaporated from the surface and about one monolayer remains chemisorbed on the gold surface. This shows that there is an interaction between EDOT and Au. This chemisorption causes a shift of around -0.5 eV of the binding energies for the core level electrons, presumably because of screening of the core-hole by the metal. An experimental and theoretical analysis of the valence level electrons suggests that two molecular orbitals, localized at the thiophene part of the molecule, are involved in the interaction with the metal atoms of the surface. The most likely orientation of the EDOT molecules is parallel to the Au surface. Upon adsorption the work function is changed from 5.2 eV for the clean gold surface to 4.0 eV for the EDOT monolayer. In the case of EDOT adsorbed on clean copper surfaces, no interaction was observed.
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46
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Kergoat L, Herlogsson L, Braga D, Piro B, Pham MC, Crispin X, Berggren M, Horowitz G. A water-gate organic field-effect transistor. Adv Mater 2010; 22:2565-2569. [PMID: 20491093 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loig Kergoat
- ITODYS, University Paris Diderot, 15 Rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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47
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Tzamalis G, Lemaur V, Karlsson F, Holtz PO, Andersson M, Crispin X, Cornil J, Berggren M. Fluorescence light emission at 1eV from a conjugated polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Nguyen HT, Coulembier O, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Crispin X, Dubois P. Novel regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based polycationic block copolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Herlogsson L, Cölle M, Tierney S, Crispin X, Berggren M. Low-voltage ring oscillators based on polyelectrolyte-gated polymer thin-film transistors. Adv Mater 2010; 22:72-76. [PMID: 20217700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Herlogsson
- Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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50
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Hamedi M, Herlogsson L, Crispin X, Marcilla R, Berggren M, Inganäs O. Electronic Textiles: Fiber-Embedded Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for e-Textiles (Adv. Mater. 5/2009). Adv Mater 2009; 21:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 21162140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200990013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahiar Hamedi
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics IFM, Center of Organic Electronics (COE) Linköping University 581 83 Linköping (Sweden).
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