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Huang D, Jia W, Li K, Liu Z, Liu L. Establishment of an Animal Model of Dog Bite Injuries. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:958-964. [PMID: 38617003 PMCID: PMC11008484 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.94432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays dog bite is becoming a world public health problem. Therefore, the study aimed to develop a dog bite animal model that is helpful to solve these problems. In this study, the skull of an adult dog was scanned. The three-dimensional model of the dog maxillofacial bones and dentition was built by MIMICS. Next, the model was printed with Co-Cr alloy by using selective laser sintering technology to develop the dog bite simulation pliers. Then, to simulate dog bite to most, the maximum bite force of the pliers was measured and actions contained in dog bite process was analyzed. Afterwards, according to action analysis results, rabbits were bitten by the prepared instrument in actions that simulate dog's bite. Finally, the reproducibility and controllability of this animal model of dog bite injuries was validated in an in vivo study. The results showed a reliable animal model of dog bite injuries has been developed in this study. The sites and severities of the injuries could be adjusted as the operator wishes and the animal model of dog bite injuries was highly repeatable. This study also indicates the feasibility of using digital technology in establishing animal bite models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Shakoor T, Grider Cook R, Milliron ML. Prophylaxis for the Unexpected: An Unusual Case of Herpes B Coverage for an Orangutan Bite in an Emergency Department Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e46857. [PMID: 37954713 PMCID: PMC10637726 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with an orangutan bite require a series of prophylactic treatments. We present a unique case of an orangutan bite in a 29-year-old male ED patient who was brought by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for evaluation of an orangutan bite to the right upper extremity with a suspected fourth proximal phalanx fracture. He was referred to hand surgery for a washout and open reduction. Upon discharge, prophylactic medical treatments for unusual pathologies such as herpes B were considered. Appropriate evaluation and treatment of this unique ED condition is necessary to prevent additional patient morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyab Shakoor
- Emergency Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Rachel Grider Cook
- Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network- Saint Vincent Hospital, Erie, USA
| | - Melody L Milliron
- Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network- Saint Vincent Hospital, Erie, USA
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Jones NK, Coelho J, Logan JMJ, Broughton K, Hopkins KL, Pichon B, Potterill I, Wan Y, Reid AWN, Gouliouris T. Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1684-1687. [PMID: 37486350 PMCID: PMC10370850 DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.221770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel Globicatella species causing extensive soft tissue infection in a man bitten by a stray domestic cat in the United Kingdom. We identified this bacterium by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical profiling and determined antimicrobial drug susceptibility.
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Salahuddin N, Gohar MA, Jamali S, Qureshi MA, Baig-Ansari N. Analysis of human rabies deaths reported at two hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan: a call to save lives by reforming rabies prevention facilities. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:479-484. [PMID: 36857513 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is endemic in low- and middle-income countries. It is caused mainly by the bite of a rabid dog and is fatal if not treated effectively and in a timely manner with quality post-exposure prophylaxis. Despite a profusion of private and public healthcare centres in Sindh province, most are ill-equipped to treat dog bites. METHODS We analysed 129 human deaths from rabies who presented at the emergency departments of two tertiary care hospitals in Karachi over 10 y. Demographic data, time, location of the bite and distance travelled to report symptoms of rabies were recorded. RESULTS Most victims were male, and children were more often affected; almost none had received post-exposure prophylaxis. A total of 12% of bites were on the face, head or neck. The mean incubation period was 56 d. Most (60%) of the rabies victims travelled long distances, hoping to receive treatment. CONCLUSIONS Rabies deaths were either due to a lack of awareness or the non-availability of rabies immunobiologicals within easy reach. Public health services must raise awareness, conduct surveillance and provide appropriately spaced centres for free treatment of dog bites. This lethal disease must be prevented at all costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salahuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M A Gohar
- Rabies Prevention Clinic, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S Jamali
- Emergency Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M A Qureshi
- Research Assistant, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - N Baig-Ansari
- Indus Hospital Research Center, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
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Hamlili FZ, Bérenger JM, Parola P. Cimicids of Medical and Veterinary Importance. Insects 2023; 14:392. [PMID: 37103207 PMCID: PMC10146278 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Cimicidae family are significant pests for mammals and birds, and they have attracted medical and veterinary interest. A number of recent studies have investigated bed bugs, due to their dramatic resurgence all over the world. Indeed, bed bugs are of significant public health and socioeconomic importance since they lead to financial burdens and dermatological complications and may have mental and psychological consequences. It is important to note that certain cimicids with a preference for specific hosts (birds and bats) use humans as an alternative host, and some cimicids have been reported to willingly feed on human blood. In addition, members of the Cimicidae family can lead to economic burdens and certain species are the vectors for pathogens responsible for diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide an update on the species within the Cimicidae family that have varying medical and veterinary impacts, including their distribution and their associated microorganisms. Various microbes have been documented in bed bugs and certain important pathogens have been experimentally documented to be passively transmitted by bed bugs, although no conclusive evidence has yet associated them with epidemiological outbreaks. Additionally, among the studied cimicids (bat bugs, chicken bugs, and swallow bugs), only the American swallow bug has been considered to be a vector of several arboviruses, although there is no proven evidence of transmission to humans or animals. Further studies are needed to elucidate the reason that certain species in the Cimicidae family cannot be biologically involved in transmission to humans or animals. Additional investigations are also required to better understand the roles of Cimicidae family members in the transmission of human pathogens in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zohra Hamlili
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of VITROME, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, SSA, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Bérenger
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of VITROME, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, SSA, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19–21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of VITROME, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, SSA, 13005 Marseille, France
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Taylor E, Aguilar-Ancori EG, Banyard AC, Abel I, Mantini-Briggs C, Briggs CL, Carrillo C, Gavidia CM, Castillo-Neyra R, Parola AD, Villena FE, Prada JM, Petersen BW, Falcon Perez N, Cabezas Sanchez C, Sihuincha M, Streicker DG, Maguina Vargas C, Navarro Vela AM, Vigilato MAN, Wen Fan H, Willoughby R, Horton DL, Recuenco SE. The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative, a hope for resolving zoonotic neglected tropical diseases in the One Health era. Int Health 2023; 15:216-223. [PMID: 35896028 PMCID: PMC9384559 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect populations living in resource-limited settings. In the Amazon basin, substantial numbers of NTDs are zoonotic, transmitted by vertebrate (dogs, bats, snakes) and invertebrate species (sand flies and triatomine insects). However, no dedicated consortia exist to find commonalities in the risk factors for or mitigations against bite-associated NTDs such as rabies, snake envenoming, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in the region. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 has further reduced resources for NTDs, exacerbated health inequality and reiterated the need to raise awareness of NTDs related to bites. METHODS The nine countries that make up the Amazon basin have been considered (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) in the formation of a new network. RESULTS The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative (ATBRI) has been created, with the aim of creating transdisciplinary solutions to the problem of animal bites leading to disease in Amazonian communities. The ATBRI seeks to unify the currently disjointed approach to the control of bite-related neglected zoonoses across Latin America. CONCLUSIONS The coordination of different sectors and inclusion of all stakeholders will advance this field and generate evidence for policy-making, promoting governance and linkage across a One Health arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Taylor
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Elsa Gladys Aguilar-Ancori
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Biomedicina de Cusco - Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and PlantHealth Agency, WoodhamLane, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Isis Abel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Instituto de MedicinaVeterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, 68743-970, Brasil
| | - Clara Mantini-Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Charles L Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará - ConsejoNacional de InvestigacionesCientíficas y Técnicas, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Perú
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6021, USA
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad PeruanaCayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Alejandro D Parola
- Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fredy E Villena
- Asociaciónpara el Empleo y Bienestar Animal en Investigación y Docencia (ASOPEBAID), Lima, 15072, Peru
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Brett W Petersen
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30333, USA
| | - Nestor Falcon Perez
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | - Cesar Cabezas Sanchez
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
| | | | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ciro Maguina Vargas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | | | - Marco A N Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, 25040-004, Brazil
| | - Hui Wen Fan
- Bioindustrial Center, InstitutoButantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel L Horton
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Sergio E Recuenco
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
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Prentice KC, Himstead AS, Briggs AL, Algaze-Gonzalez IM. Emergency Management Strategies and Antimicrobial Considerations for Nonmammalian Marine Vertebrate Penetrating Trauma in North America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii: A Review Article. Wilderness Environ Med 2023; 34:106-112. [PMID: 36610916 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous emergency department visits in the United States for all types of marine animal injuries each year. These injuries may result in significant morbidity or mortality if not managed appropriately. Accurate identification of the offending species, thorough wound hygiene, and judicious use of antibiotics are important for preventing infections. This review aims to describe management strategies and antimicrobial considerations for nonmammalian marine vertebrate penetrating trauma in North America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii. A literature search was performed to identify studies on this subject. This literature consisted of clinical case reports and case series. Reports extracted included those on sharks, barracuda, eels, catfish, stingrays, lionfish, stonefish, and scorpionfish. The majority of reported trauma occurred to beachgoers, fishermen, or commercial aquarium employees who routinely handle these animals. Injury patterns depended on the species but most commonly affected the lower extremities. Infections were seen from saltwater bacteria, human skin flora, or marine animal oral flora. After thorough wound irrigation and exploration, most authors recommended prophylactic antimicrobials to cover Vibrio species, in addition to other gram-negative and gram-positive species. The literature is notable for the lack of controlled studies. Some authors recommended radiographic and/or ultrasonographic imaging to identify retained foreign bodies, such as spines, sand, or teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie C Prentice
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Amy L Briggs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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Andrade BFMDC, Queiroz LH, Marinho M. Profile of human anti-rabies care and post-exposure prophylaxis in the state of São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:S0037-86822023000100606. [PMID: 36995786 PMCID: PMC10042473 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0473-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rabies is an anthropozoonosis that greatly impacts public health and is transmitted by infected mammals. Aggression by animals is notifiable and may result in anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). This study aimed to characterize anti-rabies PEP notifications in São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using data provided by the SINAN between 2013 and 2017. Results: A total of 572,889 aggressions were recorded during the study period, characterized mostly by dogs (83.5%), single wounds (56.9%), superficial wounds (58.6%), and hands/feet (34.6%). Conclusions: Animal observation was the most frequent recommendation, even in cases of attacks from non-domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca Martins da Costa Andrade
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Luzia Helena Queiroz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia Marinho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Owning a dog or spending time around a dog have many benefits, but also pose a risk of being bitten or attacked. Currently, publications on dog bites and related factors come from both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. So far, no attempt has been made to assess this phenomenon in Poland. The aim of this study was to determine the number of such events and evaluate hospital medical assistance provided to dog bite victims in Poland in the period of 15 years between 2006-2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on the data from the Nationwide General Hospital Morbidity Study and cases with the code W54 (ICD-10) as the cause of hospitalization. As part of the analysis, victim demographical data, with an emphasis on city- and country-dwellers, as well as treatment variables were assessed. RESULTS Between 2006-2020, 4,145 cases of hospitalizations for dog bites were found, of which approx. 42% occurred in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. Most of the victims were children aged 0-9, and this is especially common among boys living in the countryside. It was found that regardless of the place of residence, there was a systematic decrease in hospitalization of men as they were older. In women, however, the decrease in hospitalization concerned only the age groups 0-39. Among older women, the percentage of hospitalization increased, especially among rural women aged 60 and over. CONCLUSIONS Hospital discharge records report a small number of dog bites. These are only the tip of the iceberg. The problem has a multi-factorial nature and requires epidemiological monitoring and further research on correlates and determinants, as well as preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Cianciara
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Goryński
- Department of Health Monitoring and Analysis, National Institute of Public health NIH - National Research Institute, Poland
| | - Wojciech Seroka
- Department of Health Monitoring and Analysis, National Institute of Public health NIH - National Research Institute, Poland
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Katica M, Obradović Z, Ahmed NH, Mehmedika-Suljić E, Stanić Ž, Abdalaziz Mohamed RS, Dervišević E. Interdisciplinary aspects of possible negative effects of dogs on humans in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Med Glas (Zenica) 2020; 17:246-51. [PMID: 32567293 DOI: 10.17392/1187-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of humans and dogs, in addition to all positive effects, can result in negative effects on human health. A particular risk is posed by a population of stray dogs, that is, dogs without owners and veterinary supervision. A contact with dogs in addition to bites, carries the risk of viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonoses, and can also cause psychological trauma. Children, the elderly and pregnant women are the categories most susceptible to the negative effects of dogs. The aim of the paper was to make an interdisciplinary analysis of the negative effects of dogs on humans. Dog bites cause wounds and dysfunction of damaged tissue, and often lead to various infections. The risks of rabies and tetanus are particularly significant if proper and timely treatment is not performed. Ongoing training for dog owners can significantly reduce the number of bites inflicted by owned dogs, but stray dogs remain a serious social problem and pose potential health risks of some zoonosis. Timely and adequate management of bite wounds and the use of rabies-post-exposure prophylaxis as well as psycho-therapy, where indicated, significantly reduce possible adverse health effects for patients who have been bitten by dogs.
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Barrios CL, Aguirre V, Parra A, Pavletic C, Bustos-López C, Perez S, Urrutia C, Ramirez J, Fatjó J. Systematic Review: Comparison of the Main Variables of Interest in Publications of Canine Bite Accidents in the Written Press, Gray and Scientific Literature in Chile and Spain, between the Years 2013 and 2017. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030893. [PMID: 33800962 PMCID: PMC8004056 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dog bites are a major public health problem throughout the world. The different types of information sources that exist in relation to this issue are influencing decision making to control and prevent these incidents. For this reason, the present study aims to compare the main variables of interest in the publications of dog bite accidents in the written and grey press and scientific literature in Chile and Spain, between 2013 and 2017. The results showed that sensationalist variables in dog bite articles are reported more frequently in the press literature compared to the indexed and grey literature. Examples of these variables are involvement of potentially dangerous breeds, articles with death reports, among others. In conclusion, an improvement in the quality of the information that reaches the population about dog bites could be achieved through better and more fluid communication between scientists and journalists who publish on this topic. Abstract Dog bites are a major public health problem, with consequences such as physical injury, psychological trauma, transmission of zoonoses, infections, and economic costs. For this reason, it is necessary to develop preventive programs, which require quality information to support the authorities’ decision-making and to raise public awareness about the application of the proposed measures. The objective of this review was to analyze the press, indexed and gray dog bite literature published during the 2013–2017 period. During that period, 385 articles from three sources of information were analyzed: Press literature, scientific literature, and gray literature. Of these, the greatest amount of information corresponding to the context and the aggressor animal was found in the press literature, where it was recorded that the greatest number of records reported in the Chilean articles were caused by potentially dangerous breeds (87.50%), having significant differences with the gray literature (p = 0.030), and in Spain, the greatest number of attacks was also made by potentially dangerous dogs 91.30% (21/23), statistically significant differences with the gray literature (p = 0.002) and with the indexed (p < 0.001). In the case of the scientific and gray literature, the greatest amount of information was found about the victim of the attack and the treatments applied to them. In these cases, the highest percentage of victims included in the reports contained both sexes for the two literatures (44.62% and 87.71%, respectively). Regarding the treatment applied, in the scientific literature in most of the reports, the patients received washings, rabies vaccine, and tetanus vaccine (46.26%) and presented significant differences in Chile with the information contained in the gray literature (p = 0.023), in Spain with the gray (p = 0.017) and with the press (p = 0.023). In conclusion, the press literature differs in multiple variables with the information reported in the scientific literature and, in some cases, with the gray literature. The reason why the material that is being distributed to the population would not coincide in multiple relevant variables in other literature and the representative reality of the problem is the basis for this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Luz Barrios
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile; (S.P.); (C.U.); (J.R.)
- Cátedra Fundación Affinity Animales y Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Aguirre
- Departamento Disciplinario de Ciencias de la Documentación, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2360072, Chile;
| | - Alonso Parra
- Oficina de Zoonosis y Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Monjitas 565, Oficina 1008, Santiago 8320070, Chile; (A.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Pavletic
- Oficina de Zoonosis y Control de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud de Chile, Monjitas 565, Oficina 1008, Santiago 8320070, Chile; (A.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Bustos-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Av. Ejército Libertador 146, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Sandra Perez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile; (S.P.); (C.U.); (J.R.)
| | - Carla Urrutia
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile; (S.P.); (C.U.); (J.R.)
| | - Josefa Ramirez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile; (S.P.); (C.U.); (J.R.)
| | - Jaume Fatjó
- Cátedra Fundación Affinity Animales y Salud, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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Barrios CL, Bustos-López C, Pavletic C, Parra A, Vidal M, Bowen J, Fatjó J. Epidemiology of Dog Bite Incidents in Chile: Factors Related to the Patterns of Human-Dog Relationship. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E96. [PMID: 33419043 PMCID: PMC7825333 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog bites are one of the main public health problems. They produce important consequences for those who suffer them (physical and psychological injuries, secondary infections, sequelae, risk of transmission of zoonoses and surgeries, among others). The objective of this study was to characterize epidemiologically the incidents of bites in Chile and the patterns of human-dog relationship involved. The records analyzed in this article were obtained from bitten patients who attended the main public health facilities in Chile during the period 17 September 2017 and 17 September 2018: In the period studied, 17,299 animal bites were recorded; however, only 7220 (41.74%) cases were analyzed in which the offending species could be identified. Of the bites analyzed, 6533 were caused by dogs (90.48%). Of these, 41.05% were caused by medium-sized dogs. Most bites were caused by dogs of mixed breeds (55.99%), followed by dogs of the German Shepherd breed (8.50%). Most of the dogs that bit were known to the victim (99.95%) and most of the attacks occurred indoors (57.48%). Although dog bite records have improved in Chile, it would be useful to also include background information on the context in which the incident occurred, which would be very useful for developing effective bite prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Luz Barrios
- Cátedra Fundación Affinity Animales y Salud, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Región Metropolitana 8580745, Chile;
| | - Carlos Bustos-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile, Av. Ejército Libertador 146, Santiago, Región Metropolitana 8320000, Chile;
| | - Carlos Pavletic
- Departamento de Zoonosis y Vectores, Ministerio de Salud, Enrique Mac Iver 541, Santiago, Región Metropolitana 8320064, Chile; (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Alonso Parra
- Departamento de Zoonosis y Vectores, Ministerio de Salud, Enrique Mac Iver 541, Santiago, Región Metropolitana 8320064, Chile; (C.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Macarena Vidal
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Región Metropolitana 8580745, Chile;
| | - Jonathan Bowen
- Queen Mother Hospital for Small Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Jaume Fatjó
- Cátedra Fundación Affinity Animales y Salud, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Parque de Investigación Biomédica de Barcelona, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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13
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National Committee on Injury Prevention. Consensus: children and pets. ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR 2020; 118:S69-S106. [PMID: 32470282 DOI: 10.5546/aap.2020.S69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of a child with a pet, under duly controlled circumstances, is beneficial for both. Pets establish emotional attachments to children, and the relationship turns out positive in terms of affective aspects, in reinforcement of the child´s personality and promoting self-esteem, and in cognitive development, among many other advantages. Nevertheless, there are real risks in the coexistence of kids and pets: trauma, bites, several injuries and also disease transmission. Risk factors of injuries can be inherent in children (age, improper behavior, lack of supervision), in the environment (small houses, inadequate spaces), or in dogs (big or not recommended breeds, aggressive behaviors). This consensus insists on some guidelines for a responsible tenure and safe coexistence. Dogs and cats are recommended as pets, discouraging exotic species and non-traditional animals. Guidelines for bites treatment are provided and the main zoonoses of which pets can be carriers and transmitters are outlined.
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Abstract
Introduction: Within the last decade, multiple innovative immune platforms have been developed and tested in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with only one demonstrating a survival benefit. The advent of immunogenomics along with the availability of diverse checkpoint inhibitors provides inroads in treating these patients, in many cases with significant clinical impact but unfortunately not in all patients. How to exploit these novel platforms remains an area of increased interest especially in the setting of new agents that can affect the tumor microenvironment and potentially render a 'cold' tumor to become 'hot.'Areas covered: This review highlights the current changes and challenges in this field and how to best use our current knowledge for better trial designs in patients with mCRPC.Expert opinion: Recent understanding of the inhibitory milieu within the tumor microenvironment has fostered the use of combinatorial strategies that target not only tumor cells but capitalize on controlling inhibitory cell populations and cytokines that induce a hostile setting for immune cells. Immunogenomics and genomic interrogation of prostate cancers have opened a vista as to how patients' tumors that can respond to immune agents that previously were thought have minimal antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Slovin
- Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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15
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Körmöndi S, Terhes G, Pál Z, Varga E, Harmati M, Buzás K, Urbán E. Human Pasteurellosis Health Risk for Elderly Persons Living with Companion Animals. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:229-235. [PMID: 30666933 PMCID: PMC6346445 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.180641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity for diagnosis and treatment of this infection is emphasized by the high number of complications and death rate.
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16
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Simpson PA, Przybylo M, Blanchard TJ, Wingfield T. The Brief Case: A Fishy Tale Prevents Digital Doom following Polly's Peck-the Importance of Pets in a Comprehensive Medical History. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1980-3. [PMID: 28646087 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02340-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Langlet B, Tang Bach M, Odegi D, Fagerberg P, Ioakimidis I. The Effect of Food Unit Sizes and Meal Serving Occasions on Eating Behaviour Characteristics: Within Person Randomised Crossover Studies on Healthy Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070880. [PMID: 29986529 PMCID: PMC6073387 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating food properties and serving environment during a meal can significantly change food intake at group level. However, the evaluation of the usefulness of such manipulations requires an understanding of individual behavioural changes. Three studies were conducted to explore the effect of unit size and meal occasion on eating behaviour characteristics (food intake, meal duration, number of bites and chews). All studies used a randomised crossover design, with a one-week wash-out period, starting with a familiarisation meal, with the participation of healthy, normal weight females between the ages of 18–35 years. In Study 1 (n = 19) three cube sizes (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm3) of vegetable hash and chicken were compared. In Study 2 (n = 18) mashed potatoes and mincemeat were compared to whole potatoes and meatballs. In Study 3 (n = 29) meals served at lunch time (11:00–13:00) were compared to identical meals served at dinner time (17:00–19:00). The largest food unit size lead to significantly increased meal duration in Study 2 (mean difference 0.9 min, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0–1.8), but not in Study 1 (mean difference 1 min, 95% CI 0.1–2.0). There was a significant increase in number of chews in the large unit size condition of both Study 1 (mean difference 88, 95% CI 12–158) and Study 2 (mean difference 95, 95% CI 12–179). Different serving occasions did not significantly change any of the eating behaviours measured. Except for number of bites in Study 2 (R2 = 0.60), most individuals maintained their eating behaviour relative to the group across unit sizes and serving occasions conditions (R2 > 0.75), which suggests single meal testing can provide information about the behavioural characteristics of individual eating styles under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Langlet
- Innovative use of mobile phones to promote physical activity and nutrition across the lifespan (the IMPACT) research group, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mona Tang Bach
- Division of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dorothy Odegi
- Division of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petter Fagerberg
- Innovative use of mobile phones to promote physical activity and nutrition across the lifespan (the IMPACT) research group, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Ioakimidis
- Innovative use of mobile phones to promote physical activity and nutrition across the lifespan (the IMPACT) research group, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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De Paula NS, Saraiva EA, Araújo IM, Nascimento KKG, Xavier DA, Santos KS, Abreu EMN, Guimãraes RJPS, Abel I. Characterization of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in a region of the eastern Amazon, state of Pará, Brazil, between 2000 and 2014. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:395-403. [PMID: 29424092 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal bites are a serious public health issue, and prevention strategies have been consistently documented worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize human anti-rabies treatment in 11 counties of the Salgado microregion, Pará state, Brazil, which borders the Bragantina microregion, where exposures of human rabies were reported in 2004 and 2005. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using anti-rabies treatment notifications registered in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database of the State Department of Public Health of Pará (SESPA) from January 2000 to December 2014. In this period, 13,403 exposures were reported, with a growing annual trend (Y = 68.571x + 344.96). The years 2012 and 2013 presented the highest exposure incidence. Salinópolis was the county with the highest average annual incidence per 10,000 persons (62.83), followed by São João de Pirabas (43.28) and São Caetano de Odivelas (41.27). Most patients were males (59.6%) and were 1-19 years old (48.7%). The main species involved in aggressions were dogs (74.1%), followed by bats (13.1%) and cats (7.4%). Biting was the most common kind of exposure, mostly on the lower limbs (39.6%). This study shows that aggression by bats was the second most common cause of demand for the service in the region for the past 14 years. The low quality of records may increase the difficulty of rabies surveillance in Pará.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S De Paula
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
| | - E A Saraiva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
| | - I M Araújo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
| | - K K G Nascimento
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
| | - D A Xavier
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
| | - K S Santos
- Laboratório de Geoprocessamento do Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - E M N Abreu
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública do Pará (SESPA), Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R J P S Guimãraes
- Laboratório de Geoprocessamento do Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - I Abel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal, PA, Brasil
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19
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Westgarth C, Brooke M, Christley RM. How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:331-336. [PMID: 29437877 PMCID: PMC5868524 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Dog bite studies are typically based on hospital records and may be biased towards bites requiring significant medical treatment. This study investigated true dog bite prevalence and incidence at a community-level and victim-related risk factors, in order to inform policy and prevention. Methods A cross-sectional study of a community of 1280 households in Cheshire, UK, surveyed 694 respondents in 385 households. Data included dog ownership and bite history, demographics, health and personality (Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) brief measure). Multivariable logistic regression modelled risk factors for having ever been bitten by a dog, accounting for clustering of individuals within households. Results A quarter of participants (24.78%, 95% CI 21.72 to 28.13) reported having ever been bitten by a dog during their lifetime, with only a third of bites described requiring further medical treatment and 0.6% hospital admission. Incidence of dog bites was 18.7 (11.0–31.8) per 1000 population per year. Males were 1.81 times more likely to have been bitten in their lifetime than females (95% CI 1.20 to 2.72, P=0.005). Current owners of multiple dogs were 3.3 times more likely (95% CI 1.13 to 9.69, P=0.03) to report having been bitten than people not currently owning a dog. Regarding all bites described, most commonly people were bitten by a dog that they had never met before the incident (54.7%). Individuals scoring higher in emotional stability had a lower risk of having ever been bitten (OR=0.77 for 1 point change in scale between 1 and 7, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.9, P=0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that the real burden of dog bites is considerably larger than those estimated from hospital records. Further, many bites do not require medical treatment and hospital-based bite data are not representative of bites within the wider population. Victim personality requires further investigation and potential consideration in the design of bite prevention schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carri Westgarth
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Megan Brooke
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Robert M Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
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20
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Neskoromna-Jędrzejczak A, Bogusiak K, Kasielska-Trojan A, Antoszewski B. Are animal-related injuries in rural areas a social problem? A survey from Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2017; 24:392-395. [PMID: 28954477 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/74493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of animal-related injuries in Polish rural areas, and to evaluate the effects of such injuries on subjects' health and social life. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data concerning animal-related injuries were collected from 102 patients (45 females and 57 males, mean age 45.01±11.4 years) on the basis of a questionnaire. The study was conducted in the rural area of central Poland. Moreover, to assess the severity of injuries to the head and neck region, the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) was applied. RESULTS The most commonly affected body areas are the upper and lower limbs, which explains the fact that most subjects do not recognize the injury-related deformity as an aesthetic defect.Statistical correlations were observed in several aspects, amongst others: - women were significantly more likely than men to consider undergoing surgical procedures to eliminate/reduce post-traumatic deformities and scars (p<0.05); - injury-related deterioration in appearance resulted in limitations of patients' social life (p<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Bogusiak
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial and Oncological Surgery, Medical University in Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kasielska-Trojan
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Medical University in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Medical University in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Brandenburg WE, Levandowski W, Califf T, Manly C, Levandowski CB. Animal, Microbial, and Fungal Borne Skin Pathology in the Mountain Wilderness: A Review. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:127-138. [PMID: 28602271 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mountains are home to numerous organisms known to cause skin disease. Bites, stings, poisons, chemicals, toxins, trauma, and infections all contribute to this end. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are responsible. This paper aims to review skin illness and injury sustained from organisms in the mountains of North America. Other factors such as increased ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes, and decreasing atmospheric pressure along with human physiologic parameters, which contribute to disease severity, will also be discussed. After reading this review, one should feel more comfortable identifying potentially harmful organisms, as well as diagnosing, treating, and preventing organism-inflicted skin pathology sustained in the high country.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Brandenburg
- Family Medicine Residency of Idaho, Boise, Idaho (Dr Brandenburg); School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (Drs Brandenburg, Califf, Manly, and Levandowski).
| | | | - Tom Califf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado (Dr Califf); School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (Drs Brandenburg, Califf, Manly, and Levandowski)
| | - Cory Manly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Manly); School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (Drs Brandenburg, Califf, Manly, and Levandowski)
| | - Cecilia Blair Levandowski
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (Drs Brandenburg, Califf, Manly, and Levandowski)
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Abstract
Patients presenting to the emergency department with bite injuries to the hand sustain them through a number of causes including domesticated as well as stray animal bites, and human bites commonly sustained as a result of violence. The nature of the injuries sustained can be very deceptive. A small tooth mark on the exterior can be a fulminant infection in the tissues deeper down. Tendon injuries, fractures of the metacarpals and phalanges and management of the wound are critical issues faced by a surgeon in dealing with such patients. Similarly the less common bite injuries to the hand, often with disastrous and sometimes fatal complications, do also present to the emergency department. A high incidence of suspicion is needed in dealing with these injuries effectively. In our article we discuss the common as well as uncommon causes of bite injuries to the hand and their management. In addition to reviewing the literature to ascertain the management of such injuries, we also discuss interesting and rare case reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyumna Raval
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Ireland
| | - Wasim Khan
- University College London Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Behrooz Haddad
- University College London Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
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Abstract
This exploratory study was conducted in villages near Bangalore, South India with the primary objective of spatial mapping animal bite cases using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. GPS technology was useful as a new tool in accurate measurement of animal bite cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Ramesh Masthi
- Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Malatesh Undi
- Postgraduate-cum-Tutor in MD Community Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Langley R, Mack K, Haileyesus T, Proescholdbell S, Annest JL. National estimates of noncanine bite and sting injuries treated in US Hospital Emergency Departments, 2001-2010. Wilderness Environ Med 2014; 25:14-23. [PMID: 24433776 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries resulting from contact with animals and insects are a significant public health concern. This study quantifies nonfatal bite and sting injuries by noncanine sources using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). METHODS The NEISS-AIP is an ongoing nationally representative surveillance system used to monitor all types and causes of injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments (EDs). Cases were coded by trained hospital coders using information from medical records on animal and insect sources of bite and sting injuries being treated. Data were weighted to produce national annualized estimates, percentages, and rates based on the US population. RESULTS From 2001 to 2010 an estimated 10.1 million people visited EDs for noncanine bite and sting injuries, based on an unweighted case count of 169,010. This translates to a rate of 340.1 per 100,000 people (95% CI, 232.9-447.3). Insects accounted for 67.5% (95% CI, 45.8-89.2) of bite and sting injuries, followed by arachnids 20.8% (95% CI, 13.8-27.9). The estimated number of ED visits for bedbug bite injuries increased more than 7-fold-from 2156 visits in 2007 to 15,945 visits in 2010. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an update of national estimates of noncanine bite and sting injuries and describes the diversity of animal exposures based on a national sample of EDs. Treatment of nonfatal bite and sting injuries are costly to society. Direct medical and work time lost translates to an estimated $7.5 billion annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Langley
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC.
| | - Karin Mack
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tadesse Haileyesus
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Joseph L Annest
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Hambolu SE, Dzikwi AA, Kwaga JKP, Kazeem HM, Umoh JU, Hambolu DA. Rabies and dog bites cases in lagos state Nigeria: a prevalence and retrospective studies (2006-2011). Glob J Health Sci 2013; 6:107-14. [PMID: 24373270 PMCID: PMC4825396 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n1p107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rabies antigen in brain of dogs slaughtered for consumption and those that died in veterinary clinics as well as to obtain a 6-year retrospective data on dog bites/suspected dog rabies cases in Lagos State. Dog brain samples were collected from dog slaughter slabs and veterinary clinics (for dogs that died in clinics) across the Lagos state while data for retrospective studies (2006-2011) of dog bite/suspected rabies cases were collected from public (government owned) and private veterinary clinics across the state. Out of the 444 brain samples collected and tested for presence of rabies antigen using the direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT) only 7 (1.58%) were positive for the rabies antigen. A total of 196 dog bites/suspected rabies cases were encountered between January 2006 and December, 2011 in the veterinary clinics with adults been the major (55.61%) victims. Majority (96.43%) of the offending dogs were not quarantined at the time of bite and only one out of the quarantined dogs died and was confirmed positive for rabies antigen. The result of this study indicates that rabies antigen is present among dogs slaughtered in Lagos State and may pose a threat to public health. Though, available records showed that provocation of dogs was the major cause of dog bites and both children and adults fell victim of dog bites, there was a poor record keeping practice in the veterinary clinics across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Emmanuel Hambolu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
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26
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González MA, López S, Goldarazena A. New record of the biting midge Leptoconops noei in northern Spain: notes on its seasonal abundance and flying height preference. J Insect Sci 2013; 13:45. [PMID: 23909239 PMCID: PMC3740921 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the summers of 2004-2006, harmful outbreaks of Leptoconops noei Clastrier and Coluzzi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) occurred in a small region in the southern part of Alava (Basque Country, Spain). Two types of traps were placed for monitoring L. noei: CDC traps baited with dry ice in eight different locations and sticky traps at three different heights (two, four, and six meters). A total of 1,823 adults were captured with dry ice traps and 163 specimens with sticky papers. Dry-baited collections occurred between June and August in two of the eight samplings places. Significant differences were observed concerning the vertical distribution of L. noei. The most specimens were captured at a height of two meters. A specific area near the riverside composed of sandy matter was described as the main developmental site for L. noei. This is the first record of L. noei in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- NEIKER-TECNALIA, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, Entomology and Virology Laboratory, 46 01080, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Sergio López
- NEIKER-TECNALIA, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, Entomology and Virology Laboratory, 46 01080, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Arturo Goldarazena
- NEIKER-TECNALIA, Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, Entomology and Virology Laboratory, 46 01080, Vitoria, Spain
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Kimblin N, Peters N, Debrabant A, Secundino N, Egen J, Lawyer P, Fay MP, Kamhawi S, Sacks D. Quantification of the infectious dose of Leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10125-30. [PMID: 18626016 PMCID: PMC2481378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802331105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bites of bloodsucking vector sand flies. The dose of parasites transmitted to the mammalian host has never been directly determined. We developed a real-time PCR-based method to determine the number of Leishmania major parasites inoculated into the ears of living mice during feeding by individual infected flies (Phlebotomus duboscqi). The number of parasites transmitted varied over a wide range in the 58 ears in which Leishmania were detected and demonstrated a clear bimodal distribution. Most of the infected mice were inoculated with a low dose of <600 parasites. One in four received a higher dose of >1,000 and up to 100,000 cells. High-dose transmission was associated with a heavy midgut infection of >30,000 parasites, incomplete blood feeding, and transmission of a high percentage of the parasite load in the fly. To test the impact of inoculum size on infection outcome, we compared representative high- (5,000) and low- (100) dose intradermal needle infections in the ears of C57BL/6 mice. To mimic natural transmission, we used sand fly-derived metacyclic forms of L. major and preexposed the injection site to the bites of uninfected flies. Large lesions developed rapidly in the ears of mice receiving the high-dose inoculum. The low dose resulted in only minor pathology but a higher parasite titer in the chronic phase, and it established the host as an efficient long-term reservoir of infection back to vector sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Debrabant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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A bite in the playroom: Managing human bites in child care settings. Paediatr Child Health 2008; 13:515-26. [PMID: 19436423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Young children bite each other frequently in child care settings, but the bites rarely break the skin and the risk of infection is minimal. Nevertheless, parents and child care personnel may be concerned about infection, especially with blood-borne viruses. The present document reviews the literature concerning infections following bites in child care settings, and provides recommendations for prevention and management of such incidents.
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Cartotto RC. Managing human bite infections of the hand. Can Fam Physician 1986; 32:593-596. [PMID: 21267156 PMCID: PMC2327650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human bite injuries of the hand may become complicated and therefore demand an organized approach to management. Thirty-two patients with human bites to the hand, admitted to Toronto's Wellesley Hospital between 1981 and 1985, were analyzed. The history and etiology, delay before presentation, microbiology results versus time from injury, and treatment regimens were reviewed. Streptococci appeared to be early pathogens and staphylococci later pathogens. However, a prospective study with serial aerobic, anaerobic, and 10% CO(2) cultures is needed to confirm these findings. Lack of organization in management was the most notable finding. Inpatient therapy with intravenous antibiotics usually is required. Treatment should revolve around the mnemonic 'ODD BITES': open treatment; debridement; drugs (antibiotics); bloodwork (leukocyte count); irrigation; tetanus prophylaxis; exploration (including X-rays); and swab (for culture and sensitivity).
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