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Prochukhan N, Rafferty A, Canavan M, Daly D, Selkirk A, Rameshkumar S, Morris MA. Development and application of a 3D image analysis strategy for focused ion beam - Scanning electron microscopy tomography of porous soft materials. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1335-1347. [PMID: 38362795 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the potential of porous soft materials in various device technologies has increased in importance due to applications in fields, such as wearable electronics, medicine, and transient devices. However, understanding the 3-dimensional architecture of porous soft materials at the microscale remains a challenge. Herein, we present a method to structurally analyze soft materials using Focused Ion Beam - Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography. Two materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) membrane and pine wood veneer were chosen as test-cases. FIB-SEM was successfully used to reconstruct the true topography of these materials in 3D. Structural and physical properties were subsequently deduced from the rendered 3D models. The methodology used segmentation, coupled with optimized thresholding, image processing, and reconstruction protocols. The 3D models generated pore size distribution, pore inter-connectivity, tortuosity, thickness, and curvature data. It was shown that FIB-SEM tomography provides both an informative and visual depiction of structure. To evaluate and validate the FIB-SEM reconstructions, porous properties were generated from the physical property analysis techniques, gas adsorption analysis using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis. In general, the data obtained from the FIB-SEM reconstructions was well-matched with the physical data. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Porous specimens of both synthetic and biological nature, a poly(methyl methacrylate) membrane and a pine veneer respectively, are reconstructed via FIB-SEM tomography without resin-embedding. Different thresholding and reconstruction methods are explored whereby shadowing artifacts are present with the aid of free open-source software. Reconstruction data is compared to physical data: MIP, gas adsorption isotherms which are analyzed via BET and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis to yield a full picture of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Prochukhan
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aran Rafferty
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan Canavan
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dermot Daly
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Selkirk
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saranya Rameshkumar
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A Morris
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centres, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Krämer M, Favelukis B, Sokol M, Rosen BA, Eliaz N, Kim SH, Gault B. Facilitating Atom Probe Tomography of 2D MXene Films by In Situ Sputtering. Microsc Microanal 2024:ozae035. [PMID: 38767284 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
2D materials are emerging as promising nanomaterials for applications in energy storage and catalysis. In the wet chemical synthesis of MXenes, these 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides are terminated with a variety of functional groups, and cations such as Li+ are often used to intercalate into the structure to obtain exfoliated nanosheets. Given the various elements involved in their synthesis, it is crucial to determine the detailed chemical composition of the final product, in order to better assess and understand the relationships between composition and properties of these materials. To facilitate atom probe tomography analysis of these materials, a revised specimen preparation method is presented in this study. A colloidal Ti3C2Tz MXene solution was processed into an additive-free free-standing film and specimens were prepared using a dual beam scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam. To mechanically stabilize the fragile specimens, they were coated using an in situ sputtering technique. As various 2D material inks can be processed into such free-standing films, the presented approach is pivotal for enabling atom probe analysis of other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Krämer
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Bar Favelukis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Maxim Sokol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Brian A Rosen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Eliaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Hettler S, Furqan M, Arenal R. Support-Based Transfer and Contacting of Individual Nanomaterials for In Situ Nanoscale Investigations. Small Methods 2024:e2400034. [PMID: 38470226 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Although in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of nanomaterials has been gaining importance in recent years, difficulties in sample preparation have limited the number of studies on electrical properties. Here, a support-based preparation method of individual 1D and 2D materials is presented, which yields a reproducible sample transfer for electrical investigation by in situ TEM. A mechanically rigid support grid facilitates the transfer and contacting to in situ chips by focused ion beam with minimum damage and contamination. The transfer quality is assessed by exemplary specimens of different nanomaterials, including a monolayer of WS2 . Possible studies concern the interplay between structural properties and electrical characteristics on the individual nanomaterial level as well as failure analysis under electrical current or studies of electromigration, Joule heating, and related effects. The TEM measurements can be enriched by additional correlative microscopy and spectroscopy carried out on the identical object with techniques that allow a characterization with a spatial resolution in the range of a few microns. Although developed for in situ TEM, the present transfer method is also applicable to transferring nanomaterials to similar chips for performing further studies or even for using them in potential electrical/optoelectronic/sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hettler
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Mohammad Furqan
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
- ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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4
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Ma C, Zheng F, Xu W, Liu W, Xu C, Chen Y, Sha J. Surface Roughness Effects on Confined Nanoscale Transport of Ions and Biomolecules. Small Methods 2023:e2301485. [PMID: 38150654 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological channels, especially membrane proteins, play a crucial role in metabolism, facilitating the transport of nutrients and other materials across cell membranes in a bio-electrolyte environment. Artificial nanopores are employed to study ion and biomolecule transport behavior inside. While the non-specific interaction between the nanopore surface and transport targets has garnered significant attention, the impact of surface roughness is overlooked. In this study, Nanopores with different levels of inner surface roughness is created by adjusting the FIB (Focus Ion Beam) fabrication parameters. Experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to demonstrate that greater roughness results from larger FIB beam currents and shorter processing times. Lower roughness increases the capture rate of biomolecules, while greater roughness enhances the normalized blockade current (ΔI/I0 ). The phenomenon of rougher nanopores are attributed to a barrier-dominated capture mechanism and more likely to induce DNA folding. This transport barrier exists in rough nanopores by utilizing steer molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to investigate the force profile of a dA10 DNA molecule during translocation is demonstrated. This work illustrates how surface roughness influences the ionic current features and the translocation of biomolecules, paving a new way for tunning the molecule transport in nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Changhui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jingjie Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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Lee A, Lee J, Leung V, Nurmikko A. Versatile On-Chip Programming of Circuit Hardware for Wearable and Implantable Biomedical Microdevices. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2306111. [PMID: 37904645 PMCID: PMC10754128 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable microscale electronic sensors have been developed for a range of biomedical applications. The sensors, typically millimeter size silicon microchips, are sought for multiple sensing functions but are severely constrained by size and power. To address these challenges, a hardware programmable application-specific integrated circuit design is proposed and post-process methodology is exemplified by the design of battery-less wireless microchips. Specifically, both mixed-signal and radio frequency circuits are designed by incorporating metal fuses and anti-fuses on the top metal layer to enable programmability of any number of features in hardware of the system-on-chip (SoC) designs. This is accomplished in post-foundry editing by combining laser ablation and focused ion beam processing. The programmability provided by the technique can significantly accelerate the SoC chip development process by enabling the exploration of multiple internal circuit parameters without the requirement of additional programming pads or extra power consumption. As examples, experimental results are described for sub-millimeter size complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor microchips being developed for wireless electroencephalogram sensors and as implantable microstimulators for neural interfaces. The editing technique can be broadly applicable for miniaturized biomedical wearables and implants, opening up new possibilities for their expedited development and adoption in the field of smart healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah‐Hyoung Lee
- School of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Jihun Lee
- School of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Vincent Leung
- Electrical and Computer EngineeringBaylor UniversityWacoTX76798USA
| | - Arto Nurmikko
- School of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
- Carney Institute for Brain ScienceBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
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Grandfield K, Binkley DM, Ay B, Liu ZM, Wang X, Davies JE. Nanoscale implant anchorage aided by cement line deposition into titanium dioxide nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1866-1874. [PMID: 37358344 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The success of titanium dental implants relies on osseointegration, the load-bearing connection between bone tissue and the device that, in contact osteogenesis, comprises the deposition of bony cement line matrix onto the implant surface. Titanium dioxide nanotubes (NTs) are considered a promising surface for improved osseointegration, yet the mechanisms of cement line integration with such features remains elusive. Herein, we illustrate cement line deposition into NTs on the surface of titanium implants with two underlaying microstructures: a machined surface or a blasted/acid etched surface placed in the tibiae of Wistar rats. After retrieval, scanning electron microscopy of tissue reflected from the implant surface indicated minimal incursion of the cement line matrix into the NTs. To investigate this further, focused ion beam was utilized to prepare cross-sectional samples that could be characterized using scanning transmission electron microscopy. The cement line matrix covered NTs regardless of underlying microstructure, which was further confirmed by elemental analysis. In some instances, cement line infiltration into the NTs was noted, which reveals a mechanism of nanoscale anchorage. This study is the first to demonstrate cement line deposition into titanium NTs, suggesting nano-anchorage as a mechanism for the success of the NT modified surfaces in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dakota Marie Binkley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Birol Ay
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen Mei Liu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Davies
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Feng Z, Giubertoni D, Cian A, Valt M, Barozzi M, Gaiardo A, Guidi V. Nano Hotplate Fabrication for Metal Oxide-Based Gas Sensors by Combining Electron Beam and Focused Ion Beam Lithography. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2060. [PMID: 38004917 PMCID: PMC10673319 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are widely used for gas detection. Typically, the hotplate element is the key component in MOS gas sensors which provide a proper and tunable operation temperature. However, the low power efficiency of the standard hotplates greatly limits the portable application of MOS gas sensors. The miniaturization of the hotplate geometry is one of the most effective methods used to reduce its power consumption. In this work, a new method is presented, combining electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) technologies to obtain low power consumption. EBL is used to define the low-resolution section of the electrode, and FIB technology is utilized to pattern the high-resolution part. Different Au++ ion fluences in FIBs are tested in different milling strategies. The resulting devices are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Furthermore, the electrical resistance of the hotplate is measured at different voltages, and the operational temperature is calculated based on the Pt temperature coefficient of resistance value. In addition, the thermal heater and electrical stability is studied at different temperatures for 110 h. Finally, the implementation of the fabricated hotplate in ZnO gas sensors is investigated using ethanol at 250 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Feng
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Damiano Giubertoni
- Micro-Nano Characterization and Fabrication Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy (A.C.); (M.V.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Cian
- Micro-Nano Characterization and Fabrication Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy (A.C.); (M.V.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Matteo Valt
- Micro-Nano Characterization and Fabrication Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy (A.C.); (M.V.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Mario Barozzi
- Micro-Nano Characterization and Fabrication Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy (A.C.); (M.V.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- Micro-Nano Characterization and Fabrication Facility Unit, Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy (A.C.); (M.V.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Guidi
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Jiang S, Ortalan V. A Comparative Study of Gallium-, Xenon-, and Helium- Focused Ion Beams for the Milling of GaN. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2898. [PMID: 37947742 PMCID: PMC10647709 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The milling profiles of single-crystal gallium nitride (GaN) when subjected to focused ion beams (FIBs) using gallium (Ga), xenon (Xe), and helium (He) ion sources were investigated. An experimental analysis via annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that Ga-FIB milling yields trenches with higher aspect ratios compared to Xe-FIB milling for the selected ion beam parameters (30 kV, 42 pA), while He-FIB induces local lattice disorder. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the milling process, confirming that probe size critically influences trench aspect ratios. Interestingly, the MD simulations also showed that Xe-FIB generates higher aspect ratios than Ga-FIB with the same probe size, indicating that Xe-FIB could also be an effective option for nanoscale patterning. Atomic defects such as vacancies and interstitials in GaN from He-FIB milling were suggested by the MD simulations, supporting the lattice disorder observed via HRTEM. This combined experimental and simulation approach has enhanced our understanding of FIB milling dynamics and will benefit the fabrication of nanostructures via the FIB technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volkan Ortalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
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Yang Q, Wu C, Zhu D, Li J, Cheng J, Zhang X. The reduction of FIB damage on cryo-lamella by lowering energy of ion beam revealed by a quantitative analysis. Structure 2023; 31:1275-1281.e4. [PMID: 37527655 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam (FIB) is widely used for thinning frozen cells to produce lamellae for cryo-electron microscopy imaging and for protein structures study in vivo. However, FIB damages the lamellae and a quantitative experimental analysis of the damage is lacking. We used a 30-keV gallium FIB to prepare lamellae of a highly concentrated icosahedral virus sample. The viruses were grouped according to their distance from the surface of lamellae and reconstructed. Damage to the approximately 20-nm-thick outermost lamella surface was similar to that from exposure to 16 e-/Å2 in a 300-kV cryo-electron microscope at high-resolution range. The damage was negligible at a depth beyond 50 nm, which was reduced to 30 nm if 8-keV Ga+ was used during polishing. We designed extra steps in the reconstruction refinement to maximize undamaged signals and increase the resolution. The results demonstrated that low-energy beam polishing was essential for high-quality thinner lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Junxi Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
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Titze M, Poplawsky JD, Kretschmer S, Krasheninnikov AV, Doyle BL, Bielejec ES, Hobler G, Belianinov A. Measurement and Simulation of Ultra-Low-Energy Ion-Solid Interaction Dynamics. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1884. [PMID: 37893321 PMCID: PMC10609604 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation is a key capability for the semiconductor industry. As devices shrink, novel materials enter the manufacturing line, and quantum technologies transition to being more mainstream. Traditional implantation methods fall short in terms of energy, ion species, and positional precision. Here, we demonstrate 1 keV focused ion beam Au implantation into Si and validate the results via atom probe tomography. We show the Au implant depth at 1 keV is 0.8 nm and that identical results for low-energy ion implants can be achieved by either lowering the column voltage or decelerating ions using bias while maintaining a sub-micron beam focus. We compare our experimental results to static calculations using SRIM and dynamic calculations using binary collision approximation codes TRIDYN and IMSIL. A large discrepancy between the static and dynamic simulation is found, which is due to lattice enrichment with high-stopping-power Au and surface sputtering. Additionally, we demonstrate how model details are particularly important to the simulation of these low-energy heavy-ion implantations. Finally, we discuss how our results pave a way towards much lower implantation energies while maintaining high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Titze
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arkady V. Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Barney L. Doyle
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Edward S. Bielejec
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Gerhard Hobler
- Institute of Solid-State Electronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Alex Belianinov
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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Allen FI, Blanchard PT, Lake R, Pappas D, Xia D, Notte JA, Zhang R, Minor AM, Sanford NA. Fabrication of Specimens for Atom Probe Tomography Using a Combined Gallium and Neon Focused Ion Beam Milling Approach. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1628-1638. [PMID: 37584510 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new focused ion beam sample preparation method for atom probe tomography. The key aspect of the new method is that we use a neon ion beam for the final tip-shaping after conventional annulus milling using gallium ions. This dual-ion approach combines the benefits of the faster milling capability of the higher current gallium ion beam with the chemically inert and higher precision milling capability of the noble gas neon ion beam. Using a titanium-aluminum alloy and a layered aluminum/aluminum-oxide tunnel junction sample as test cases, we show that atom probe tips prepared using the combined gallium and neon ion approach are free from the gallium contamination that typically frustrates composition analysis of these materials due to implantation, diffusion, and embrittlement effects. We propose that by using a focused ion beam from a noble gas species, such as the neon ions demonstrated here, atom probe tomography can be more reliably performed on a larger range of materials than is currently possible using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul T Blanchard
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Russell Lake
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - David Pappas
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Deying Xia
- Carl Zeiss SMT Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Norman A Sanford
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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12
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Yimam DT, Liang M, Ye J, Kooi BJ. 3D Nanostructuring of Phase-Change Materials Using Focused Ion Beam toward Versatile Optoelectronics Applications. Adv Mater 2023:e2303502. [PMID: 37657490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, phase-change materials have gained importance in nanophotonics and optoelectronics. Sizable optical contrast and added degree of freedom from phase switching drive the use of phase-change materials in various optical devices with outstanding results and potential for real-world applications. The local crystallization/amorphization of phase-change materials and the corresponding reflectance tuning by the crystallized/amorphized region size have potential applications, for example, for future dynamic display devices. Although the resolution is much higher than in current display devices, the pixel sizes in those devices are limited by the locally switchable structure size. Here, the spot sizes are further reduced by using ion beams instead of laser beams, dramatically increasing pixel density, demonstrating superior resolution. In addition, the power to sputter away materials can be utilized in creating nanostructures with relative height differences and local contrast. The experiment focuses on one archetypal phase-change material, Sb2 Se3 , prepared by pulsed-laser deposition on a reflective gold substrate. This study demonstrates that structural colors can be produced and reflectance tuning can be achieved by focused ion beam milling/sputtering of phase-change materials at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the local structuring of phase-change materials by focused ion beam can produce high-pixel-density display devices with superior resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Yimam
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Minpeng Liang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jianting Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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13
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Zhang J, Yang X, Li Z, Cai J, Zhang J, Han X. Novel Method for Image-Based Quantified In Situ Transmission Electron Microscope Nanoindentation with High Spatial and Temporal Resolutions. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1708. [PMID: 37763871 PMCID: PMC10537563 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In situ TEM mechanical stages based on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have developed rapidly over recent decades. However, image-based quantification of MEMS mechanical stages suffers from the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, by taking in situ TEM nanoindentation as an example, we developed a novel method for image-based quantified in situ TEM mechanical tests with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. A reference beam was introduced to the close vicinity of the indenter-sample region. By arranging the indenter, the sample, and the reference beam in a micron-sized area, the indentation depth and load can be directly and dynamically acquired from the relative motion of markers on the three components, while observing the indentation process at a relatively high magnification. No alteration of viewing area is involved throughout the process. Therefore, no deformation events will be missed, and the collection rate of quantification data can be raised significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- College of Electronic Information and Control Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Bestron (Beijing) Science and Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jixiang Cai
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Bestron (Beijing) Science and Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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14
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Shandyba N, Kirichenko D, Sharov V, Chernenko N, Balakirev S, Solodovnik M. Modulation of GaAs nanowire growth by pre-treatment of Si substrate using a Ga focused ion beam. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:465603. [PMID: 37557087 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acee84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We reveal a novel phenomenon observed after self-catalytic growth of GaAs nanowires (NWs) on Si(111) substrates treated with a Ga focused ion beam (FIB). Depending on the ion dose, NW arrays with various geometrical parameters can be obtained. A minor treatment of the substrate enables a slight increase in the surface density of NWs relative to an unmodified substrate area. As the ion dose is increased up to ∼0.1 pCμm-2, the growth of GaAs NWs and nanocrystals is suppressed. However, a further increase in the ion dose stimulates the crystal growth leading to the formation of extremely thin NWs (39 ± 5 nm) with a remarkably high surface density of up to 15μm-2. Resting upon an analysis of the surface structure before and after stages of ion-beam treatment, ultra-high vacuum annealing and NW growth, we propose a mechanism underlying the phenomenon observed. We assume that the chemical interaction between embedded Ga ions and a native Si oxide layer leads either to the enhancement of the passivation properties of the oxide layer within FIB-modified areas (at low and middle ion doses), or to the etching of the passivating oxide layer by excess Ga atoms, resulting in the formation of pores (at high ion doses). Due to this behavior, local fabrication of GaAs NW arrays with a diverse range of characteristics can be implemented on the same substrate. This approach opens a new way for self-catalytic growth of GaAs NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Shandyba
- Laboratory of Epitaxial Technologies, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - Danil Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Epitaxial Technologies, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - Vladislav Sharov
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Laboratory of Surface Optics, Ioffe Institute, Saint Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Natalia Chernenko
- Laboratory of Epitaxial Technologies, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - Sergey Balakirev
- Laboratory of Epitaxial Technologies, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia
| | - Maxim Solodovnik
- Laboratory of Epitaxial Technologies, Southern Federal University, Taganrog 347922, Russia
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15
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Ding Z, Tang Y, Chakravadhanula VSK, Ma Q, Tietz F, Dai Y, Scherer T, Kübel C. Exploring the influence of focused ion beam processing and scanning electron microscopy imaging on solid-state electrolytes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:326-335. [PMID: 36408996 PMCID: PMC10402911 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing reliable preparation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples is the necessary basis for a meaningful investigation by ex situ and even more so by in situ TEM techniques, but it is challenging using materials that are sensitive to electron beam irradiation. Focused ion beam is currently the most commonly employed technique for a targeted preparation, but the structural modifications induced during focused ion beam preparation are not fully understood for a number of materials. Here, we have investigated the impact of both the electron and the Ga+ ion beam on insulating solid-state electrolytes (lithium phosphorus oxynitride, Na-β"-alumina solid electrolyte and Na3.4Si2.4Zr2P0.6O12 (NaSICON)) and observed significant lithium/sodium whisker growth induced by both the electron and ion beam already at fairly low dose, leading to a significant change in the chemical composition. The metal whisker growth is presumably mainly due to surface charging, which can be reduced by coating with a gold layer or preparation under cryogenic conditions as efficient approaches to stabilize the solid electrolyte for scanning electron microscopy imaging and TEM sample preparation. Details on the different preparation approaches, the acceleration voltage dependence and the induced chemical and morphological changes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Ding
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Yushu Tang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | | | - Qianli Ma
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Frank Tietz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Yuting Dai
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
- Helmholtz Institut Ulm (HIU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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16
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Yang H, Cheng TH, Xin Q, Liu Y, Feng HY, Luo F, Mu W, Jia Z, Tao X. Efficient Suppression of Persistent Photoconductivity in β-Ga 2O 3-Based Photodetectors with Square Nanopore Arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37368844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, square nanopore arrays were developed on the surface of β-Ga2O3 microflakes using focused ion beam (FIB) etching, and solar-blind photodetectors (PDs) were fabricated based on the β-Ga2O3 microflakes with square nanopore arrays. The β-Ga2O3 microflake-based device was transformed from a gate voltage depletion mode to an oxygen depletion mode by FIB etching. The developed device exhibited excellent solar-blind PD performance with extremely high responsivity (1.8 × 105 at 10 V), detectivity (3.4 × 1018 Jones at 10 V), and light-to-dark ratio (9.3 × 108 at 5 V) as well as good repeatability and excellent stability. The intrinsic mechanism responsible for this performance was then systematically discussed. This work opens up a new avenue for the fabrication of high-performance β-Ga2O3-based low-dimensional PDs with high reproducibility by employing the FIB etching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Tong-Huai Cheng
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Xin
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Novel Semiconductors, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Yu Feng
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenxiang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Novel Semiconductors, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhitai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Novel Semiconductors, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
- Shandong Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Novel Semiconductors, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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17
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Chandrasekaran V, Titze M, Flores AR, Campbell D, Henshaw J, Jones AC, Bielejec ES, Htoon H. High-Yield Deterministic Focused Ion Beam Implantation of Quantum Defects Enabled by In Situ Photoluminescence Feedback. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2300190. [PMID: 37088736 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam implantation is ideally suited for placing defect centers in wide bandgap semiconductors with nanometer spatial resolution. However, the fact that only a few percent of implanted defects can be activated to become efficient single photon emitters prevents this powerful capability to reach its full potential in photonic/electronic integration of quantum defects. Here an industry adaptive scalable technique is demonstrated to deterministically create single defects in commercial grade silicon carbide by performing repeated low ion number implantation and in situ photoluminescence evaluation after each round of implantation. An array of 9 single defects in 13 targeted locations is successfully created-a ≈70% yield which is more than an order of magnitude higher than achieved in a typical single pass ion implantation. The remaining emitters exhibit non-classical photon emission statistics corresponding to the existence of at most two emitters. This approach can be further integrated with other advanced techniques such as in situ annealing and cryogenic operations to extend to other material platforms for various quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Chandrasekaran
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michael Titze
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Henshaw
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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18
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Gracia-Abad R, Sangiao S, Kumar Chaluvadi S, Orgiani P, Teresa JMD. Ion-Induced Lateral Damage in the Focused Ion Beam Patterning of Topological Insulator Bi 2Se 3 Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2244. [PMID: 36984129 PMCID: PMC10051711 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Focused Ion Beam patterning has become a widely applied technique in the last few decades in the micro- and nanofabrication of quantum materials, representing an important advantage in terms of resolution and versatility. However, ion irradiation can trigger undesired effects on the target material, most of them related to the damage created by the impinging ions that can severely affect the crystallinity of the sample, compromising the application of Focused Ion Beam to the fabrication of micro- and nanosized systems. We focus here on the case of Bi2Se3, a topological material whose unique properties rely on its crystallinity. In order to study the effects of ion irradiation on the structure of Bi2Se3, we irradiated with Ga+ ions the full width of Hall-bar devices made from thin films of this material, with the purpose of inducing changes in the electrical resistance and characterizing the damage created during the process. The results indicate that a relatively high ion dose is necessary to introduce significant changes in the conduction. This ion dose creates medium-range lateral damage in the structure, manifested through the formation of an amorphous region that can extend laterally up to few hundreds of nanometers beyond the irradiated area. This amorphous material is no longer expected to behave as intrinsic Bi2Se3, indicating a spatial limitation for the devices fabricated through this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Gracia-Abad
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pasquale Orgiani
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Babuska T, Curry JF, Thorpe R, Chowdhury MI, Strandwitz NC, Krick BA. High-Sensitivity Low-Energy Ion Spectroscopy with Sub-Nanometer Depth Resolution Reveals Oxidation Resistance of MoS 2 Increases with Film Density and Shear-Induced Nanostructural Modifications of the Surface. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2023; 6:1153-1160. [PMID: 36743857 PMCID: PMC9887728 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For decades, density has been attributed as a critical aspect of the structure of sputter-deposited nanocrystalline molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coatings impacting oxidation resistance and wear resistance. Despite its importance, there are few examples in the literature that explicitly investigate the relationship between the density and oxidation behaviors of MoS2 coatings. Aging and oxidation are primary considerations for the use of MoS2 coatings in aerospace applications as they inevitably experience prolonged storage in water and oxygen-rich environments prior to use. Oxidation that is either limited to the first few nanometers or through the bulk of the coating can result in seizure due to high initial coefficients of friction or component failure from excessive wear. High-sensitivity low-energy ion spectroscopy (HS-LEIS) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) are both used to understand the extent of oxidation throughout the first ∼10 nanometers of the surface of pure sputtered nanocrystalline MoS2 coatings after high-temperature aging and how it is impacted by the density of coatings as measured by RBS. Results show that low-density coatings (ρ = 3.55 g/cm3) exhibit a more columnar microstructure and voiding, which act as pathways for oxidative species to penetrate and interact with edge sites, causing severe surface and subsurface oxidation. Furthermore, HS-LEIS of surfaces sheared prior to oxidation reveals that the oxidation resistance of low-density MoS2 coatings can be significantly improved by shear-induced reorientation of the surface microstructure to a basal orientation and elimination of pathways for oxygen into the bulk through compaction of surface and subsurface voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas
F. Babuska
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
- Material,
Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185-5820, United States
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015-3027, United
States
| | - John F. Curry
- Material,
Physical and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico87185-5820, United States
| | - Ryan Thorpe
- Institute
of Functional Materials and Devices, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015-3027, United States
| | - Md. Istiaque Chowdhury
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015-3027, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Strandwitz
- Materials
Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015-3027, United States
| | - Brandon A. Krick
- FAMU-FSU
College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
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20
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Incaviglia I, Herzog S, Fläschner G, Strohmeyer N, Tosoratti E, Müller DJ. Tailoring the Sensitivity of Microcantilevers To Monitor the Mass of Single Adherent Living Cells. Nano Lett 2023; 23:588-596. [PMID: 36607826 PMCID: PMC9881155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcantilevers are widely employed as mass sensors for biological samples, from single molecules to single cells. However, the accurate mass quantification of living adherent cells is impaired by the microcantilever's mass sensitivity and cell migration, both of which can lead to detect masses mismatching by ≫50%. Here, we design photothermally actuated microcantilevers to optimize the accuracy of cell mass measurements. By reducing the inertial mass of the microcantilever using a focused ion beam, we considerably increase its mass sensitivity, which is validated by finite element analysis and experimentally by gelatin microbeads. The improved microcantilevers allow us to instantly monitor at much improved accuracy the mass of both living HeLa cells and mouse fibroblasts adhering to different substrates. Finally, we show that the improved cantilever design favorably restricts cell migration and thus reduces the large measurement errors associated with this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Incaviglia
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Basel4058, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Herzog
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Basel4058, Switzerland
| | - Gotthold Fläschner
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Basel4058, Switzerland
- Nanosurf
AG, Liestal4410, Switzerland
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Basel4058, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Tosoratti
- Department
of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Zürich8092, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Basel4058, Switzerland
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21
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Merchant-Larios H, Giraldo-Gomez DM, Castro-Dominguez A, Marmolejo-Valencia A. Light and focused ion beam microscopy workflow for resin-embedded tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1076736. [PMID: 36760366 PMCID: PMC9905623 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1076736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the automated image acquisition with the focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) provides volume reconstructions, volume analysis of large samples remains challenging. Here, we present a workflow that combines a modified sample protocol of the classical transmission electron microscope with FIB-SEM volume imaging. The proposed workflow enables efficient 3D structural surveys of rabbit ovaries collected at consecutive developmental stages. The precise trimming of the region of interest adds the time dimension to the volume, constructing a virtual 4D electron microscopy. We found filopodia-like processes emitted by oocyte cysts allowing contact between oocytes not previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Merchant-Larios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México,*Correspondence: Horacio Merchant-Larios,
| | - David M. Giraldo-Gomez
- Carl Zeiss de México S. A. de C. V., Research Microscopy Solutions, , México City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Castro-Dominguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Valencia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
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22
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Ruehl H, Guenther T, Zimmermann A. Direct Processing of PVD Hard Coatings via Focused Ion Beam Milling for Microinjection Molding. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:294. [PMID: 36837994 PMCID: PMC9961046 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hard coatings can be applied onto microstructured molds to influence wear, form filling and demolding behaviors in microinjection molding. As an alternative to this conventional manufacturing procedure, "direct processing" of physical-vapor-deposited (PVD) hard coatings was investigated in this study, by fabricating submicron features directly into the coatings for a subsequent replication via molding. Different diamondlike carbon (DLC) and chromium nitride (CrN) PVD coatings were investigated regarding their suitability for focused ion beam (FIB) milling and microinjection molding using microscope imaging and areal roughness measurements. Each coating type was deposited onto high-gloss polished mold inserts. A specific test pattern containing different submicron features was then FIB-milled into the coatings using varied FIB parameters. The milling results were found to be influenced by the coating morphology and grain microstructure. Using injection-compression molding, the submicron structures were molded onto polycarbonate (PC) and cyclic olefin polymer (COP). The molding results revealed contrasting molding performances for the studied coatings and polymers. For CrN and PC, a sufficient replication fidelity based on AFM measurements was achieved. In contrast, only an insufficient molding result could be obtained for the DLC. No abrasive wear or coating delamination could be found after molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Ruehl
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), Faculty 7—Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Guenther
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), Faculty 7—Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André Zimmermann
- Institute for Micro Integration (IFM), Faculty 7—Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Allmandring 9b, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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23
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Takiguchi M, Zhang G, Sasaki S, Tateno K, John C, Ono M, Sumikura H, Shinya A, Notomi M. Damage protection from focused ion beam process toward nanocavity-implemented compound semiconductor nanowire lasers. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:135301. [PMID: 36608329 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb0d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A focused ion beam (FIB) can precisely mill samples and freely form any nanostructure even on surfaces with curvature, like a nanowire surface, which are difficult to implement by using conventional fabrication techniques, e.g. electron beam lithography. Thus, this tool is promising for nanofabrication; however, fabrication damage and contamination are critical issues, which deteriorate optical properties. In this work, we investigated the protective performance of Al2O3against the FIB process (especially by a gallium ion). Nanowires were coated with Al2O3as a hard mask to protect them from damage during FIB nanofabrication. To estimate the protective performance, their emission properties by photoluminescence measurement and time-resolved spectroscopy were compared with and without Al2O3coating conditions. From the results, we confirmed that the Al2O3coating protects the nanowires. In addition, the nanowires also showed lasing behavior even after FIB processing had been carried out to implement nanostructures. This indicates that their optical properties are well maintained. Thus, our study proves the usefulness of FIBs for future nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takiguchi
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Kouta Tateno
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Caleb John
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ono
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sumikura
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Shinya
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Notomi
- Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corp., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H55 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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24
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Scattolo E, Cian A, Petti L, Lugli P, Giubertoni D, Paternoster G. Near Infrared Efficiency Enhancement of Silicon Photodiodes by Integration of Metal Nanostructures Supporting Surface Plasmon Polaritrons. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:856. [PMID: 36679653 PMCID: PMC9860920 DOI: 10.3390/s23020856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in detectors capable of detecting single photons in the near-infrared (NIR), mainly due to the emergence of new applications such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) for, e.g., autonomous driving. A silicon single-photon avalanche diode is surely one of the most interesting and available technologies, although it yields a low efficiency due to the low absorption coefficient of Si in the NIR. Here, we aim at overcoming this limitation through the integration of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) -compatible nanostructures on silicon photodetectors. Specifically, we utilize silver grating arrays supporting surface plasmons polaritons (SPPs) to superficially confine the incoming NIR photons and therefore to increase the probability of photons generating an electron-hole pair. First, the plasmonic silver array is geometrically designed using time domain simulation software to achieve maximum detector performance at 950 nm. Then, a plasmonic silver array characterized by a pitch of 535 nm, a dot width of 428 nm, and a metal thickness of 110 nm is integrated by means of the focused ion beam technique on the detector. Finally, the integrated detector is electro-optically characterized, demonstrating a QE of 13% at 950 nm, 2.2 times higher than the reference. This result suggests the realization of a silicon device capable of detecting single NIR photons, at a low cost and with compatibility with standard CMOS technology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Scattolo
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cian
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luisa Petti
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Sensors and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Damiano Giubertoni
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paternoster
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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25
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Ahrens V, Kiesselbach C, Gnoli L, Giuliano D, Mendisch S, Kiechle M, Riente F, Becherer M. Skyrmions Under Control-FIB Irradiation as a Versatile Tool for Skyrmion Circuits. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207321. [PMID: 36255142 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic data storage and processing offer certain advances over conventional technologies, amongst which nonvolatility and low power operation are the most outstanding ones. Skyrmions are a promising candidate as a magnetic data carrier. However, the sputtering of skyrmion films and the control of the skyrmion nucleation, motion, and annihilation remains challenging. This work demonstrates that using optimized focused ion beam irradiation and annealing protocols enables the skyrmion phase in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films to be accessed easily. By analyzing ion-beam-engineered skyrmion hosting wires, excited by sub-100 ns current pulses, possibilities to control skyrmion nucleation, guide their motion, and control their annihilation unfold. Overall, the key elements needed to develop extensive skyrmion networks are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ahrens
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Clara Kiesselbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Luca Gnoli
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Domenico Giuliano
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Simon Mendisch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martina Kiechle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Riente
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Markus Becherer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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26
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Shandyba N, Balakirev S, Sharov V, Chernenko N, Kirichenko D, Solodovnik M. Effect of Si(111) Surface Modification by Ga Focused Ion Beam at 30 kV on GaAs Nanowire Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36613671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effect of Si(111) surface modification by Ga-focused ion beam (FIB) at 30 kV accelerating voltage on the features of the epitaxial GaAs nanowire (NW) growth processes. We experimentally established the regularities of the Ga ions' dose effect during surface modification on the structural characteristics of GaAs NW arrays. Depending on the Ga ion dose value, there is one of three modes on the surface for subsequent GaAs NW growth. At low doses, the NW growth is almost completely suppressed. The growth mode of high-density (up to 6.56 µm-2) GaAs NW arrays with a maximum fraction (up to 70%) of nanowires normally oriented to the substrate is realized in the medium ion doses range. A continuous polycrystalline base with a dense array of misoriented short (up to 0.9 µm) and thin (up to 27 nm) GaAs NWs is formed at high doses. We assume that the key role is played by the interaction of the implanted Ga ions with the surface at various process stages and its influence on the surface structure in the modification region and on GaAs NW growth conditions.
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27
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Weerakoon AT, Cooper C, Sokolowski KA, Meyers IA, Thomson D, Ford PJ, Sexton C, Symons AL. Effect of dentine site on resin and cement adaptation tested using X-ray and electron microscopy to evaluate bond durability and adhesive interfaces. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12890. [PMID: 35959863 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glass ionomer (GI) cements and self-etch (SE) or universal adhesives after etching (ER) adapt variably with dentine. Dentine characteristics vary with depth (deep/shallow), location (central/peripheral), and microscopic site (intertubular/peritubular). To directly compare adhesion to dentine, non-destructive imaging and testing are required. Here, GI, ER, and SE adapted at different dentine depths, locations, and sites were investigated using micro-CT, xenon plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (Xe PFIB-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Extracted molars were prepared to deep or shallow slices and treated with the three adhesives. Micro-CT was used to compare changes to air volume gaps, following thermocycling, and statistically analysed using a quantile regression model and Fisher's exact test. The three adhesives performed similarly across dentine depths and locations, yet no change or overall increases and decreases in gaps at all dentine depths and locations were measured. The Xe PFIB-SEM-milled dentine-adhesive interfaces facilitated high-resolution characterization, and element profiling revealed variations across the tooth-material interfaces. Dentine depth and location had no impact on adhesive durability, although microscopic differences were observed. Here we demonstrate how micro-CT and Xe PFIB-SEM can be used to compare variable dental materials without complex multi-stage specimen preparation to minimize artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal Cooper
- Institute for Future Environments, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation, and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ian Arthur Meyers
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Thomson
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline Jane Ford
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Sexton
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Louise Symons
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Roslyakov IV, Kushnir SE, Tsymbarenko DM, Sapoletova NA, Trusov LA, Napolskii KS. New insight into anodization of aluminium with focused ion beam pre-patterning. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:495301. [PMID: 36049458 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The self-ordered anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) structure consists of micron-scale domains-defect-free areas with a hexagonal arrangement of pores. A substantial increase in domain size is possible solely by pre-patterning the aluminium surface in the form of a defect-free hexagonal array of concaves, which guide the pore growth during subsequent anodization. Among the numerous pre-patterning techniques, direct etching by focused gallium ion beam (Ga FIB) allows the preparation of AAO with a custom-made geometry through precise control of the irradiation positions, beam energy, and ion dosage. The main drawback of the FIB approach includes gallium contamination of the aluminium surface. Here, we propose a multi-step anodizing procedure to prevent gallium incorporation into the aluminium substrate. The suggested approach successfully covers a wide range of AAO interpore distances from 100 to 500 nm. In particular, anodization of FIB pre-patterned aluminium in 0.1 M phosphoric acid at 195 V to prepare AAO with the interpore distance of about 500 nm was demonstrated for the first time. The quantification of the degree of pore ordering reveals the fraction of pores in hexagonal coordination above 96% and the in-plane mosaicity below 3° over an area of about 1000μm2. Large-scale defect-free AAO structures are promising for creating photonic crystals and hyperbolic metamaterials with distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Roslyakov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S E Kushnir
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Tsymbarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Sapoletova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Trusov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 517182, People's Republic of China
| | - K S Napolskii
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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29
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Glia A, Deliorman M, Qasaimeh MA. 3D Generation of Multipurpose Atomic Force Microscopy Tips. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201489. [PMID: 35853246 PMCID: PMC9507387 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 3D polymeric atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips, referred to as 3DTIPs, are manufactured with great flexibility in design and function using two-photon polymerization. With the technology holding a great potential in developing next-generation AFM tips, 3DTIPs prove effective in obtaining high-resolution and high-speed AFM images in air and liquid environments, using common AFM modes. In particular, it is shown that the 3DTIPs provide high-resolution imaging due to their extremely low Hamaker constant, high speed scanning rates due to their low quality factor, and high durability due to their soft nature and minimal isotropic tip wear; the three important features for advancing AFM studies. It is also shown that refining the tip end of the 3DTIPs by focused ion beam etching and by carbon nanotube inclusion substantially extends their functionality in high-resolution AFM imaging, reaching angstrom scales. Altogether, the multifunctional capabilities of 3DTIPs can bring next-generation AFM tips to routine and advanced AFM applications, and expand the fields of high speed AFM imaging and biological force measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Glia
- Division of EngineeringNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)Abu DhabiUAE
| | | | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of EngineeringNew York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)Abu DhabiUAE
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
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30
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Madison AC, Villarrubia JS, Liao KT, Copeland CR, Schumacher J, Siebein K, Ilic BR, Liddle JA, Stavis SM. Unmasking the Resolution-Throughput Tradespace of Focused-Ion-Beam Machining. Adv Funct Mater 2022; 32:10.1002/adfm.202111840. [PMID: 36824209 PMCID: PMC9945459 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Focused-ion-beam machining is a powerful process to fabricate complex nanostructures, often through a sacrificial mask that enables milling beyond the resolution limit of the ion beam. However, current understanding of this super-resolution effect is empirical in the spatial domain and nonexistent in the temporal domain. This article reports the primary study of this fundamental tradespace of resolution and throughput. Chromia functions well as a masking material due to its smooth, uniform, and amorphous structure. An efficient method of in-line metrology enables characterization of ion-beam focus by scanning electron microscopy. Fabrication and characterization of complex test structures through chromia and into silica probe the response of the bilayer to a focused beam of gallium cations, demonstrating super-resolution factors of up to 6 ± 2 and improvements to volume throughput of at least factors of 42 ± 2, with uncertainties denoting 95% coverage intervals. Tractable theory models the essential aspects of the super-resolution effect for various nanostructures. Application of the new tradespace increases the volume throughput of machining Fresnel lenses by a factor of 75, enabling the introduction of projection standards for optical microscopy. These results enable paradigm shifts of sacrificial masking from empirical to engineering design and from prototyping to manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Madison
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John S Villarrubia
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kuo-Tang Liao
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Craig R Copeland
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Joshua Schumacher
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Kerry Siebein
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - B Robert Ilic
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- CNST NanoFab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J Alexander Liddle
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Samuel M Stavis
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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31
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Chouprik A, Kirtaev R, Korostylev E, Mikheev V, Spiridonov M, Negrov D. Nanoscale Doping and Its Impact on the Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Hf 0.5Zr 0.5O 2. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1483. [PMID: 35564195 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric hafnium oxide thin films—the most promising materials in microelectronics’ non-volatile memory—exhibit both unconventional ferroelectricity and unconventional piezoelectricity. Their exact origin remains controversial, and the relationship between ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties remains unclear. We introduce a new method to investigate this issue, which consists in a local controlled modification of the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties within a single Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 capacitor device through local doping and a further comparative nanoscopic analysis of the modified regions. By comparing the ferroelectric properties of Ga-doped Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films with the results of piezoresponse force microscopy and their simulation, as well as with the results of in situ synchrotron X-ray microdiffractometry, we demonstrate that, depending on the doping concentration, ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 has either a negative or a positive longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient, and its maximal value is −0.3 pm/V. This is several hundreds or thousands of times less than those of classical ferroelectrics. These changes in piezoelectric properties are accompanied by either improved or decreased remnant polarization, as well as partial or complete domain switching. We conclude that various ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, and the relationships between them, can be designed for Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 via oxygen vacancies and mechanical-strain engineering, e.g., by doping ferroelectric films.
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32
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Titze M, Byeon H, Flores A, Henshaw J, Harris CT, Mounce AM, Bielejec ES. In Situ Ion Counting for Improved Implanted Ion Error Rate and Silicon Vacancy Yield Uncertainty. Nano Lett 2022; 22:3212-3218. [PMID: 35426685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An in situ counted ion implantation experiment improving the error on the number of ions required to form a single optically active silicon vacancy (SiV) defect in diamond 7-fold compared to timed implantation is presented. Traditional timed implantation relies on a beam current measurement followed by implantation with a preset pulse duration. It is dominated by Poisson statistics, resulting in large errors for low ion numbers. Instead, our in situ detection, measuring the ion number arriving at the substrate, results in a 2-fold improvement of the error on the ion number required to generate a single SiV compared to timed implantation. Through postimplantation analysis, the error is improved 7-fold compared to timed implantation. SiVs are detected by photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the yield of 2.98% is calculated through the photoluminescence count rate. Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry is performed on locations potentially hosting single-photon emitters, confirming that 82% of the locations exhibit single photon emission statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Titze
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Heejun Byeon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Anthony Flores
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C Thomas Harris
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Andrew M Mounce
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Edward S Bielejec
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
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33
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Roslyakov IV, Sotnichuk SV, Kushnir SE, Trusov LA, Bozhev IV, Napolskii KS. Pore Ordering in Anodic Aluminum Oxide: Interplay between the Pattern of Pore Nuclei and the Crystallographic Orientation of Aluminum. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 35564126 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anodization of aluminum with a pre-patterned surface is a promising approach for preparing anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films with defect-free pore arrangement. Although pronounced effects of crystallographic orientation of Al on the AAO structure have been demonstrated, all current studies on the anodization of pre-patterned aluminum consider the substrate as an isotropic medium and, thus, do not consider the azimuthal orientation of the pattern relative to the basis vectors of the Al unit cell. Here, we investigate the interplay between the azimuthal alignment of the pore nuclei array and the crystallographic orientation of aluminum. Al(100) and Al(111) single-crystal substrates were pre-patterned by a Ga focused ion beam and then anodized under self-ordering conditions. The thickness-dependent degree of pore ordering in AAO was quantified using statistical analysis of scanning electron microscopy images. The observed trends demonstrate that the preferred azimuthal orientation of pore nuclei rows coincides with the <110> directions in the Al unit cell, which is favorable for creating AAO with a high degree of pore ordering. In the case of an unspecified azimuthal orientation of the pore nuclei array, crystallography-affected disorder within the AAO structure occurs with increasing film thickness. Our findings have important implications for preparing defect-free porous films over 100 µm in thickness that are crucial for a variety of AAO applications, e.g., creating metamaterials and 2D/3D photonic crystals.
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34
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12081367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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35
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Glushkov E, Macha M, Räth E, Navikas V, Ronceray N, Cheon CY, Ahmed A, Avsar A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Shorubalko I, Kis A, Fantner G, Radenovic A. Engineering Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Focused Ion Beam and Water. ACS Nano 2022; 16:3695-3703. [PMID: 35254820 PMCID: PMC8945698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a promising material platform for nanophotonics and quantum sensing, hosting optically active defects with exceptional properties such as high brightness and large spectral tuning. However, precise control over deterministic spatial positioning of emitters in hBN remained elusive for a long time, limiting their proper correlative characterization and applications in hybrid devices. Recently, focused ion beam (FIB) systems proved to be useful to engineer several types of spatially defined emitters with various structural and photophysical properties. Here we systematically explore the physical processes leading to the creation of optically active defects in hBN using FIB and find that beam-substrate interaction plays a key role in the formation of defects. These findings are confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, which reveals local mechanical deterioration of the hBN layers and local amorphization of ion beam irradiated hBN. Additionally, we show that, upon exposure to water, amorphized hBN undergoes a structural and optical transition between two defect types with distinctive emission properties. Moreover, using super-resolution optical microscopy combined with atomic force microscopy, we pinpoint the exact location of emitters within the defect sites, confirming the role of defected edges as primary sources of fluorescent emission. This lays the foundation for FIB-assisted engineering of optically active defects in hBN with high spatial and spectral control for applications ranging from integrated photonics, to nanoscale sensing, and to nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Glushkov
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Esther Räth
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vytautas Navikas
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Ronceray
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheol Yeon Cheon
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aqeel Ahmed
- Laboratory
of Quantum Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Avsar
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of
Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National
Institute for Materials Science, 305-0044 Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Shorubalko
- Laboratory
for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa−Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andras Kis
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Electronics and Structures, Electrical Engineering Institute and Institute of Materials Science,
EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Fantner
- Laboratory
of Nano-Bio Instrumentation, Institute of
Bioengineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory
of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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36
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Pei L, Qiao H, Chen B, Zhu X, Davis RA, Zhu K, Xia L, Dong P, Ye M, Shen J. Pt Edge-Doped MoS 2 : Activating the Active Sites for Maximized Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance. Small 2021; 17:e2104245. [PMID: 34708520 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand of clean energy calls for efficient and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Fabricating hybrid catalysts from noble/non-noble catalysts is a practical route to reducing the consumption of noble metals and enhancing catalytic efficiency. Here, 2H-MoS2 is etched and edge-doped with Pt nanoparticles using focused ion beam and photoreduction techniques. Precise comparison of as-prepared samples demonstrates that the enhancement of catalytic performance can be controlled through tuning the catalyst defect length. On this basis, remarkably high performance is obtained by designing a specific defect array that is superior to commercial Pt/C with less Pt loading and higher mass activity. It has been proved by experimentation and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations that the promotion of catalytic activity not only benefits from the synergistic effect of Pt and edge active sites, but also contributes to the increased potential at the edges of the designed defect. This study sheds light on the mechanism of understanding nanoscale edge-doped hybrid catalysts and provides a feasible strategy for the full utilization of noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Pei
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haohui Qiao
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Anaya Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Keyu Zhu
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xia
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Pei Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Mingxin Ye
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Sano H, Kazoe Y, Kitamori T. Stable Formation of Aqueous/Organic Parallel Two-phase Flow in Nanochannels with Partial Surface Modification. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1611-1616. [PMID: 34054008 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In microfluidics, various chemical processes can be integrated utilizing parallel multiphase flows. Our group has extended this research to nanofluidics, and recently performed the extraction of lipids using parallel two-phase flow in nanochannels. Although this was achieved in surface-modified nanochannels, a stable condition of parallel two-phase flow remains unknown due to difficulties in device fabrication, for a suitable method of bonding surface-modified substrates is lacking. Therefore, research on parallel two-phase flow in nanochannels has been limited. Herein, a new bonding method which improves the wash process for the substrates and increases the bonding rate to ∼100% is described. The conditions to achieve parallel organic/aqueous two-phase flow were then studied. It was revealed that in nanochannels, higher capillary numbers for the organic phase flow were required compared to that in microchannels. The newly developed fabrication process and flow regimes will contribute to realize integrated nanofluidic devices capable of analyzing single molecules/cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo.,Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University
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38
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Benouhiba A, Wurtz L, Rauch JY, Agnus J, Rabenorosoa K, Clévy C. NanoRobotic Structures with Embedded Actuation via Ion Induced Folding. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103371. [PMID: 34554607 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4D structures are tridimensional structures with time-varying abilities that provide high versatility, sophisticated designs, and a broad spectrum of actuation and sensing possibilities. The downsizing of these structures below 100 μm opens up exceptional opportunities for many disciplines, including photonics, acoustics, medicine, and nanorobotics. However, it requires a paradigm shift in manufacturing methods, especially for dynamic structures. A novel fabrication method based on ion-induced folding of planar multilayer structures embedding their actuation is proposed-the planar structures are fabricated in bulk through batch microfabrication techniques. Programmable and accurate bidirectional foldings (-70° - +90°) of Silica/Chromium/Aluminium (SiO2 /Cr/Al) multilayer structures are modeled, experimentally demonstrated then applied to embedded electrothermal actuation of controllable and dynamic 4D nanorobotic structures. The method is used to produce high-performances case-study grippers for nanorobotic applications in confined environments. Once folded, a gripping task at the nano-scale is demonstrated. The proposed fabrication method is suitable for creating small-scale 4D systems for nanorobotics, medical devices, and tunable metamaterials, where rapid folding and enhanced dynamic control are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Benouhiba
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Léo Wurtz
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rauch
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Joël Agnus
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Kanty Rabenorosoa
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
| | - Cédric Clévy
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS AS2M department, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, 25000, France
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39
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Lei X, Li H, Han Y, Li J, Yu F, Liang Q. Modulus characterization of cells with submicron colloidal probes by atomic force microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:882-891. [PMID: 34708461 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal probes have been increasingly demanded for the characterization of cellular modulus in atomic force microscope because of their well-defined geometry and large contact area with cell. In this work, submicron colloidal probes are prepared by scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam and compared with sharp tip and micron colloidal probe, in conjunction with loading velocity and indentation depth on the apparent elastic modulus. NIM and cartilage cells are used as specimens. The results show that modulus value measured by sharp tip changes significantly with loading velocity while remains almost stable by colloidal probes. Also, submicron colloidal probe is superior in characterizing the modulus with increasing indentation depth, which could help reveal the mechanical details of cellular membrane and the modulus of the whole cell. To test the submicron colloidal probe further, the modulus distribution map of cell is scanned with submicron colloidal probe of 50 nm radius during small and large indentation depths with high spatial resolution. The outcome of this work will provide the effective submicron colloidal probe according to the effect of loading velocity and indentation depth, characterizing the mechanical properties of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Lei
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Han
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liang
- School of Astronomy and Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Chang T, Babu RP, Zhao W, Johnson CM, Hedström P, Odnevall I, Leygraf C. High-Resolution Microscopical Studies of Contact Killing Mechanisms on Copper-Based Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49402-49413. [PMID: 34618446 PMCID: PMC8532116 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of bacterial contact killing induced by Cu surfaces were explored through high-resolution studies based on combinations of the focused ion beam (FIB), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high-resolution TEM, and nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (nano-FTIR) microscopy of individual bacterial cells of Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis in direct contact with Cu metal and Cu5Zn5Al1Sn surfaces after high-touch corrosion conditions. This approach permitted subcellular information to be extracted from the bioinorganic interface between a single bacterium and Cu/Cu5Zn5Al1Sn surfaces after complete contact killing. Early stages of interaction between individual bacteria and the metal/alloy surfaces include cell leakage of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) from the bacterium and changes in the metal/alloy surface composition upon adherence of bacteria. Three key observations responsible for Cu-induced contact killing include cell membrane damage, formation of nanosized copper-containing particles within the bacteria cell, and intracellular copper redox reactions. Direct evidence of cell membrane damage was observed upon contact with both Cu metal and Cu5Zn5Al1Sn surfaces. Cell membrane damage permits copper to enter into the cell interior through two possible routes, as small fragmentized Cu2O particles from the corrosion product layer and/or as released copper ions. This results in the presence of intracellular copper oxide nanoparticles inside the cell. The nanosized particles consist primarily of CuO with smaller amounts of Cu2O. The existence of two oxidation states of copper suggests that intracellular redox reactions play an important role. The nanoparticle formation can be regarded as a detoxification process of copper, which immobilizes copper ions via transformation processes within the bacteria into poorly soluble or even insoluble nanosized Cu structures. Similarly, the formation of primarily Cu(II) oxide nanoparticles could be a possible way for the bacteria to deactivate the toxic effects induced by copper ions via conversion of Cu(I) to Cu(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingru Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES—Center
for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences
at Karolinska Institutet, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Prasath Babu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Magnus Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Hedström
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES—Center
for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences
at Karolinska Institutet, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christofer Leygraf
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Semple M, Hryciw AC, Li P, Flaim E, Iyer AK. Patterning of Complex, Nanometer-Scale Features in Wide-Area Gold Nanoplasmonic Structures Using Helium Focused Ion Beam Milling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:43209-43220. [PMID: 34472831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the evolving demands of plasmonics research requires increasingly precise control over surface plasmon properties, which necessitates extremely fine nanopatterning, complex geometries, and/or long-range order. Nanoplasmonic metasurfaces are representative of a modern research area requiring intricate, high-fidelity features reproduced over areas of several free-space wavelengths, making them one of the most challenging fabrication problems in the field today. This work presents a systematic study of the helium focused ion beam milling of gold for nanoplasmonic metasurface applications, using as its example a nanoplasmonic metasurface based on an array of nanometer-scale plasmonic-wire-loaded subwavelength apertures in a gold film. At each step, the pattern variations are compared to simulation to predict the experimental outcome. Our results show that even in a practical fabrication environment, helium ion beam milling can be used to reliably pattern 10 nm features into gold with 1:5 aspect ratio in complex geometries over a wide area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Semple
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aaron C Hryciw
- nanoFAB Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Peng Li
- nanoFAB Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Flaim
- nanoFAB Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ashwin K Iyer
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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42
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Eren ED, Nijhuis WH, van der Weel F, Dede Eren A, Ansari S, Bomans PHH, Friedrich H, Sakkers RJ, Weinans H, de With G. Multiscale characterization of pathological bone tissue. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:469-486. [PMID: 34490967 PMCID: PMC9290679 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex natural material with a complex hierarchical multiscale organization, crucial to perform its functions. Ultrastructural analysis of bone is crucial for our understanding of cell to cell communication, the healthy or pathological composition of bone tissue, and its three‐dimensional (3D) organization. A variety of techniques has been used to analyze bone tissue. This article describes a combined approach of optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy for the ultrastructural analysis of bone from the nanoscale to the macroscale, as illustrated by two pathological bone tissues. By following a top‐down approach to investigate the multiscale organization of pathological bones, quantitative estimates were made in terms of calcium content, nearest neighbor distances of osteocytes, canaliculi diameter, ordering, and D‐spacing of the collagen fibrils, and the orientation of intrafibrillar minerals which enable us to observe the fine structural details. We identify and discuss a series of two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D imaging techniques that can be used to characterize bone tissue. By doing so we demonstrate that, while 2D imaging techniques provide comparable information from pathological bone tissues, significantly different structural details are observed upon analyzing the pathological bone tissues in 3D. Finally, particular attention is paid to sample preparation for and quantitative processing of data from electron microscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deniz Eren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Nijhuis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek van der Weel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Science, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sana Ansari
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Orthopedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph J Sakkers
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,TU Delft, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Micheletti C, Gomes-Ferreira PHS, Casagrande T, Lisboa-Filho PN, Okamoto R, Grandfield K. From tissue retrieval to electron tomography: nanoscale characterization of the interface between bone and bioactive glass. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210181. [PMID: 34493088 PMCID: PMC8424340 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of biomaterials for bone regeneration relies on many factors, among which osseointegration plays a key role. Biogran (BG) is a bioactive glass commonly employed as a bone graft in dental procedures. Despite its use in clinical practice, the capability of BG to promote osseointegration has never been resolved at the nanoscale. In this paper, we present the workflow for characterizing the interface between newly formed bone and BG in a preclinical rat model. Areas of bone-BG contact were first identified by backscattered electron imaging in a scanning electron microscope. A focused ion beam in situ lift-out protocol was employed to prepare ultrathin samples for transmission electron microscopy analysis. The bone-BG gradual interface, i.e. the biointerphase, was visualized at the nanoscale with unprecedented resolution thanks to scanning transmission electron microscopy. Finally, we present a method to view the bone-BG interface in three dimensions using electron tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Travis Casagrande
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Roberta Okamoto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba Dental School, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Productivity Scholarship (Process: 309408/2020-2), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Radić D, Peterlechner M, Bracht H. Focused Ion Beam Sample Preparation for In Situ Thermal and Electrical Transmission Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:828-834. [PMID: 34266507 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A focused ion beam (FIB) technique describing the preparation of specimens for in situ thermal and electrical transmission electron microscopy is presented in detail. The method can be applied to a wide range of materials and allows the sample to be thinned down to electron transparency while it is attached to the in situ chip. This offers the advantage that the specimen can have a quality in terms of contamination and damage due to the ion beam that is comparable to samples prepared by means of conventional FIB preparation. Additionally, our technique can be performed by most commercially available FIB devices and only requires three simple, custom stubs for the procedure. This should enable a large userbase for this type of sample fabrication. One further benefit of our technique is that the in situ chip can be reused to create another sample on the same chip. The quality of the samples is demonstrated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Radić
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Peterlechner
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Hartmut Bracht
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
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45
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Choi M, Jun S, Woo KY, Song HG, Yeo HS, Choi S, Park D, Park CH, Cho YH. Nanoscale Focus Pinspot for High-Purity Quantum Emitters via Focused-Ion-Beam-Induced Luminescence Quenching. ACS Nano 2021; 15:11317-11325. [PMID: 34165277 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxially grown quantum dots (QDs), especially embedded in photonic structures, play an essential role in various quantum photonic systems as on-demand single-photon sources. However, these QDs often suffer from adjacent unwanted emitters, which contribute to the background noise of the QD emission and fundamentally limit the single-photon purity. In this paper, a nanoscale focus pinspot (NFP) technique using focused-ion-beam-induced luminescence quenching enables us to improve single-photon purity from site-controlled QD as a proof-of-concept experiment. The optical quality of the QD emission is not degraded while the signal-to-noise ratio of the QD is improved. Moreover, the QD after the NFP technique reveals the single-photon nature at further elevated temperatures owing to the reduced background noise. As the NFP technique is nondestructive, it retains the apparent physical structures and photonic functions, thereby indicating its promising potential for applying diverse high-purity quantum emitters, particularly integrated in photonic devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Choi
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmoon Jun
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kie Young Woo
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Song
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Seop Yeo
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghan Choi
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoun Park
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Park
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Cho
- Department of Physics and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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46
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Zaburda G, Onnela A, Cichy K, Daguin J, Lunt AJG. Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of Cooling Pipes for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14123190. [PMID: 34207833 PMCID: PMC8228960 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of the detector closest to the particle collisions. The increased heat load associated with these sensors has required the design of an enhanced cooling system that exploits the latent heat of 40 bar CO2. In order to minimise interaction with the incident radiation and improve the detector performance, the cooling pipes within this system need to be thin-walled (~100 μm) and strong enough to withstand these pressures. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-walled cooling pipes currently in use in existing detectors to assess their potential for the tracker upgrade. In total, 22 different pipes were examined, which were composed of CuNi, SS316L, and Ti and were coated with Ni, Cu, and Au. The samples were characterised using computer tomography for 3D structural assessment, focused ion beam ring-core milling for microscale residual stress analysis, optical profilometry for surface roughness, optical microscopy for grain size analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Overall, this examination demonstrated that the Ni- and Cu-coated SS316L tubing was optimal due to a combination of low residual stress (20 MPa axial and 5 MPa hoop absolute), low coating roughness (0.4 μm Ra), minimal elemental diffusion, and a small void fraction (1.4%). This result offers a crucial starting point for the ongoing thin-walled pipe selection, development, and pipe-joining research required for the CMS tracker upgrade, as well as the widespread use of CO2 cooling systems in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zaburda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, North Road, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Antti Onnela
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Espl. des Particules 1, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland; (A.O.); (K.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Kamil Cichy
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Espl. des Particules 1, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland; (A.O.); (K.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Jerome Daguin
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Espl. des Particules 1, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland; (A.O.); (K.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Alexander J. G. Lunt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, North Road, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Correspondence:
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47
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Haub M, Bogner M, Guenther T, Zimmermann A, Sandmaier H. Development and Proof of Concept of a Miniaturized MEMS Quantum Tunneling Accelerometer Based on PtC Tips by Focused Ion Beam 3D Nano-Patterning. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3795. [PMID: 34070885 DOI: 10.3390/s21113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most accelerometers today are based on the capacitive principle. However, further miniaturization for micro integration of those sensors leads to a poorer signal-to-noise ratio due to a small total area of the capacitor plates. Thus, other transducer principles should be taken into account to develop smaller sensors. This paper presents the development and realization of a miniaturized accelerometer based on the tunneling effect, whereas its highly sensitive effect regarding the tunneling distance is used to detect small deflections in the range of sub-nm. The spring-mass-system is manufactured by a surface micro-machining foundry process. The area of the shown polysilicon (PolySi) sensor structures has a size smaller than 100 µm × 50 µm (L × W). The tunneling electrodes are placed and patterned by a focused ion beam (FIB) and gas injection system (GIS) with MeCpPtMe3 as a precursor. A dual-beam system enables maximum flexibility for post-processing of the spring-mass-system and patterning of sharp tips with radii in the range of a few nm and initial distances between the electrodes of about 30-300 nm. The use of metal-organic precursor material platinum carbon (PtC) limits the tunneling currents to about 150 pA due to the high inherent resistance. The measuring range is set to 20 g. The sensitivity of the sensor signal, which depends exponentially on the electrode distance due to the tunneling effect, ranges from 0.4 pA/g at 0 g in the sensor operational point up to 20.9 pA/g at 20 g. The acceleration-equivalent thermal noise amplitude is calculated to be 2.4-3.4 mg/Hz. Electrostatic actuators are used to lead the electrodes in distances where direct quantum tunneling occurs.
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48
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Kamaliya B, Garg V, Liu ACY, Chen YE, Aslam M, Fu J, Mote RG. Tailoring Surface Self-Organization for Nanoscale Polygonal Morphology on Germanium. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008668. [PMID: 33837605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of polygonal-shaped nanoholes on the (100) surface of germanium, aided by focused ion beam induced self-organization, is presented. The energetic beam of ions creates a viscous phase which, at a thermodynamical minimum, leads to surface self-organization. A directed viscous-flow along the predefined nanoholes provides well-ordered polygonal nanostructures, ranging from triangles to hexagons and octagons, as desired. The amorphization exhibiting a confined viscous-flow at the walls of nanoholes is attributed to the localized melting zones induced by site-specific thermal spikes during ion irradiation, as revealed by microscopy and molecular dynamics studies. This leads to a local self-organization in the vicinity of each circular nanohole via a viscous-fingering process at the nanoscale. Such controlled self-organization, with the help of a predefined scanning grid, transforms the circular holes into the desired polygonal shape. The present morphology manipulation promises to surmount the barriers concerning the size reduction efforts in the field of nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaveshkumar Kamaliya
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Vivek Garg
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Amelia C Y Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Yu Emily Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammed Aslam
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Rakesh G Mote
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
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49
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Korneev D, Merriner DJ, Gervinskas G, de Marco A, O'Bryan MK. New Insights Into Sperm Ultrastructure Through Enhanced Scanning Electron Microscopy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672592. [PMID: 33968944 PMCID: PMC8100687 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of spermatozoa morphology is fundamental to understand male fertility and the etiology of infertility. Traditionally scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to define surface topology. Recently, however, it has become a critical tool for three-dimensional analysis of internal cellular ultrastructure. Modern SEM provides nanometer-scale resolution, but the meaningfulness of such information is proportional to the quality of the sample preservation. In this study, we demonstrate that sperm quickly and robustly adhere to gold-coated surfaces. Leveraging this property, we developed three step-by-step protocols fulfilling different needs for sperm imaging: chemically fixed monolayers for SEM examination of the external morphology, and two high-pressure freezing-based protocols for fast SEM examination of full cell internal morphology and focused ion-beam SEM tomography. These analyses allow previously unappreciated insights into mouse sperm ultrastructure, including the identification of novel structures within the fibrous sheath and domain-specific interactions between the plasma membrane and exosome-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Korneev
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D Jo Merriner
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex de Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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50
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Ohta K, Hirashima S, Miyazono Y, Togo A, Nakamura KI. Correlation of organelle dynamics between light microscopic live imaging and electron microscopic 3D architecture using FIB-SEM. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 70:161-170. [PMID: 33216938 PMCID: PMC7989057 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) methods combined with live imaging can be applied to understand the dynamics of organelles. Although recent advances in cell biology and light microscopy have helped in visualizing the details of organelle activities, observing their ultrastructure or organization of surrounding microenvironments is a challenging task. Therefore, CLEM, which allows us to observe the same area as an optical microscope with an electron microscope, has become a key technique in cell biology. Unfortunately, most CLEM methods have technical drawbacks, and many researchers face difficulties in applying CLEM methods. Here, we propose a live three-dimensional CLEM method, combined with a three-dimensional reconstruction technique using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy tomography, as a solution to such technical barriers. We review our method, the associated technical limitations and the options considered to perform live CLEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ohta
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shingo Hirashima
- Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyazono
- Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akinobu Togo
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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