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Petryaykina EE, Mayanskiy NA, Demina ES, Karamysheva IV, Gorst KA, Timofeev AV. [Erratum in "Point-of-Care Blood Glucose Testing: Post-Market Performance Assessment of the Accu-Chek Inform II Hospital-Use Glucose Meter" (DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.12.202522)]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2024; 96:312-314. [PMID: 38713050 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2024.03.202718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
In the article "Point-of-care blood glucose testing: post-market performance assessment of the Accu-Chek Inform II hospital-use glucose meter," published in the Terapevticheskii Arkhiv journal, Vol. 95, No.12, 2023 (DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2023.12.202522), errors were made: the term "measurements at the place of treatment" was changed, as well as the section "Conflict of interest." At the request of the authors' team, errors in the conflict of interest and the wording of the term have been corrected, and the section "Information about the authors" has been updated. The publisher replaced the original version of the published article with the corrected one; the information on the website was also corrected. Correct text of the section "Conflict of interest": Conflict of interest. All authors are not employees or consultants of Roche Diagnostics and have not received any compensation from Roche Diagnostics. Correct wording of the term in Russian: "измерения по месту лечения". Changes were made to the title of the article in Russian: "Измерения глюкозы по месту лечения: пострегистрационное испытание госпитального глюкометра Акку-Чек Информ II", the text of the abstract, keywords, citation, in the text of the article, and abbreviations. Information of the place of work has been updated: Center for Laboratory Diagnostics of the Russian Children Clinical Hospital, a Branch of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. The publisher apologizes to readers and authors for the errors and is confident that the correction of errors will ensure the correct perception and interpretation of the results of the study described in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Petryaykina
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - N A Mayanskiy
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - E S Demina
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - I V Karamysheva
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - K A Gorst
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - A V Timofeev
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital - Branch of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
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Chang M, Qian J, Li Z, Cheng X, Wang Y, Fan L, Cao J, Ding L. Ku-Band Mixers Based on Random-Oriented Carbon Nanotube Films. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:450. [PMID: 38470780 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of nanomaterial that have excellent electrical properties such as high carrier mobility, high saturation velocity, and small inherent capacitance, showing great promise in radio frequency (RF) applications. Decades of development have been made mainly on cut-off frequency and amplification; however, frequency conversion for RF transceivers, such as CNT-based mixers, has been rarely reported. In this work, based on randomly oriented carbon nanotube films, we focused on exploring the frequency conversion capability of CNT-based RF mixers. CNT-based RF transistors were designed and fabricated with a gate length of 50 nm and gate width of 100 μm to obtain nearly 30 mA of total current and 34 mS of transconductance. The Champion RF transistor has demonstrated cut-off frequencies of 78 GHz and 60 GHz for fT and fmax, respectively. CNT-based mixers achieve high conversion gain from -11.4 dB to -17.5 dB at 10 to 15 GHz in the X and Ku bands. Additionally, linearity is achieved with an input third intercept (IIP3) of 18 dBm. It is worth noting that the results from this work have no matching technology or tuning instrument assistance, which lay the foundations for the application of Ku band transceivers integrated with CNT amplifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence & Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiale Qian
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence & Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaohan Cheng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence & Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ling Fan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence & Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Juexian Cao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Li Ding
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kim SW, Lee JH, Ko HJ, Lee S, Bae GY, Kim D, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Mechanically Robust and Linearly Sensitive Soft Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor for a Wearable Human-Robot Interaction System. ACS Nano 2024; 18:3151-3160. [PMID: 38235650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Soft piezoresistive pressure sensors play an underpinning role in enabling a plethora of future Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as human-robot interaction (HRI) technologies, wearable devices, and metaverse ecosystems. Despite significant attempts to enhance the performance of these sensors, existing sensors still fall short of achieving high strain tolerance and linearity simultaneously. Herein, we present a low-cost, facile, and scalable approach to fabricating a highly strain-tolerant and linearly sensitive soft piezoresistive pressure sensor. Our design utilizes thin nanocracked gold films (NC-GFs) deposited on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as electrodes of the sensor. The large mismatch stress between gold (Au) and PDMS induces the formation of secondary wrinkles along the pyramidal-structured electrode under pressure; these wrinkles function as protuberances on the electrode and enable exceptional linear sensitivity of 4.2 kPa-1 over a wide pressure range. Additionally, our pressure sensor can maintain its performance even after severe mechanical deformations, including repeated stretching up to 30% strain, due to the outstanding strain tolerance of NC-GF. Our sensor's impressive sensing performance and mechanical robustness make it suitable for diverse IoT applications, as demonstrated by its use in wearable pulse monitoring devices and human-robot interaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Materials Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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NARAPARAJU S, YAMJALA P, CHAGANTI S, ANUMOLU DP. Spectrophotometric Quantification of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Based on Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction with 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt (NQS). Turk J Pharm Sci 2024; 20:405-411. [PMID: 38258290 PMCID: PMC10803925 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.09147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A simple, sensitive, selective, and cost-effective colorimetric method has been established for the quantitative estimation of atomoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and formulation.A simple, sensitive, selective and cost effective colorimetric method has been entrenched for the quantitative estimation of Atomoxetine hydrochloride in bulk and formulation. Materials and Methods It was established based on the visible reaction between atomoxetine hydrochloride and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt in a basic medium (potassium hydroxide). The resulting orange colored chromogen exhibited an absorption maximum at 474 nm. Results Based on the optimization studies, distilled water as the solvent, 1% w/v potassium hydroxide (2 mL), and 0.3% w/v 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (2 mL) were used in the method. The developed method was validated per the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linearity was found at a concentration of 10-50 μg/mL. The method showed a good correlation between the concentration of atomoxetine hydrochloride and its absorbance. The correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.999 evidenced the same. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.20 and 0.606 μg/mL, respectively, for atomoxetine hydrochloride. The accuracy and precision of the method were also evaluated and the results obtained were within the acceptance criteria (relative standard deviation % < 2.00). The percentage assay of atomoxetine hydrochloride proved to be 101.52, which is in accordance with its label claim. Conclusion The developed method is non-complex and can be effectively employed in the analytical practices of atomoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi NARAPARAJU
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana, India
| | - Padmavathi YAMJALA
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Telangana, India
| | - Soujanya CHAGANTI
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana, India
| | - Durga Panikumar ANUMOLU
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Telangana, India
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Zhang X, Liang T, Tian J, Wu J, Wang C, Chen M. Anti-Spoofing Method for Improving GNSS Security by Jointly Monitoring Pseudo-Range Difference and Pseudo-Range Sum Sequence Linearity. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8418. [PMID: 37896511 PMCID: PMC10610812 DOI: 10.3390/s23208418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Spoofing interference is one of the most emerging threats to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS); therefore, the research on anti-spoofing technology is of great significance to improving the security of GNSS. For single spoofing source interference, all the spoofing signals are broadcast from the same antenna. When the receiver is in motion, the pseudo-range of spoofing signals changes nonlinearly, while the difference between any two pseudo-ranges changes linearly. Authentic signals do not have this characteristic. On this basis, an anti-spoofing method is proposed by jointly monitoring the linearity of the pseudo-range difference (PRD) sequence and pseudo-range sum (PRS) sequence, which transforms the spoofing detection problem into the sequence linearity detection problem. In this paper, the model of PRD and PRS is derived, the hypothesis based on the linearity of PRD sequence and PRS sequence is given, and the detection performance of the method is evaluated. This method uses the sum of squares of errors (SSE) of linear fitting of the PRD sequence and PRS sequence to construct detection statistics, and has low computational complexity. Simulation results show that this method can effectively detect spoofing interference and distinguish spoofing signals from authentic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maolin Chen
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China; (X.Z.); (T.L.); (J.T.); (J.W.); (C.W.)
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Zorich JN. Technical note: estimating longer drug shelf-life with reliability plotting. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:799-801. [PMID: 37471644 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2236198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A graphical plot of drug stability-study data can be extrapolated to estimate the drug's percent degradation and therefore its shelf-life beyond the time period of the study. However, after a statistical confidence limit is applied, that shelf-life estimate is significantly reduced. Such a reduction can be minimized by transforming the data so that it plots as close as possible to linearity, a process that is called reliability plotting. Reliability plotting seems to have been rarely if ever used on drug stability data, despite its being mentioned in relevant guidance documents and its ability to justify longer shelf-life at no additional cost. For example, an 18-month stability study resulted in a 19-month shelf-life using standard extrapolation methods but resulted in a 23 month shelf-life using reliability plotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nicholas Zorich
- Biotechnology, Ohlone College Newark Center for Health Sciences and Technology, Newark, CA, USA
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Bianciardi S, Tesi G, Cerutti H, Cartocci A, Guerranti R, Silvestrini C, Gori S, Bandini T, Brogi A, Leoncini R. Validation, performance, and reliability of two automated tests for vitamin B12 and folate assay. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231217803. [PMID: 38108046 PMCID: PMC10722937 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231217803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deficiency of Vitamin B12 and folate may determine hematological, neurological, and metabolic alterations; therefore, an accurate quantification of their serum levels is required, especially in the presence of symptoms that might suggest a deficiency. CHORUS VIT B12 and CHORUS FOLATE are two automated immunoassays, developed to quantify vitamin B12 and folate, respectively, in human serum. Design and methods This single-center, non-pharmacological, diagnostic study described the validation and characterization of CHORUS VIT B12 and CHORUS FOLATE, with a specific focus on performance, precision, and reliability. For each assay, 500 serum samples were analyzed. A comparison between CHORUS assays and commercially available kit was also performed. Results For CHORUS VIT B12 the lower limit of quantification (LLoQ) was 165.0 pg/mL and the upper LoQ (ULoQ) was 1846.8 pg/mL. The assay was linear within the calibration range (150-2000 pg/mL) and the accuracy was described with the International Standard Vitamin B12, Serum Folate, HOLO TC (NIBSC code: 03/178), with a mean recovery on two lots of 111%. For CHORUS FOLATE (calibration range of 2.0-20.0 ng/mL), LLoQ was 2.0 ng/mL and ULoQ 19.6 ng/mL. The linearity was demonstrated from 2.4 to 20.0 ng/mL; the accuracy was described with the International Standard mentioned above, achieving a mean recovery on three lots of 92%. The lowest and highest values of both CHORUS and COBAS kits were similar and the median values did not significantly vary. Conclusion CHORUS VIT B12 and CHORUS FOLATE performed well, accurately, and reliably in quantifying vitamin B12 and folate in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bianciardi
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Tesi
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Helena Cerutti
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Guerranti
- Laboratorio Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Silvestrini
- Laboratorio Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Sabrina Gori
- Laboratorio Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bandini
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brogi
- DIESSE Diagnostica Senese S.p.A. Società Benefit, Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Leoncini
- Laboratorio Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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NARAPARAJU S, MUKTI A, ANUMOLU DP, CHAGANTI S. Development and Validation of a Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Quantification of Capecitabine in Bulk and Tablets. Turk J Pharm Sci 2023; 20:234-239. [PMID: 37606008 PMCID: PMC10445222 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2022.46364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives A new, simple, and affordable spectrofluorimetric method was established for quantification of capecitabine in bulk and in marketed formulations. Materials and Methods Native fluorescence of capecitabine in 0.1% (w/v) cetrimide was measured at 386 nm after excitation at 313 nm. Results A linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and capecitabine concentration was noticed in 0.2-1.0 μg/mL range. The method was supported by checking several validation parameters as stated using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values (0.032 and 0.096 μg/mL, respectively) and results of validation parameters demonstrated that the method procedure were sensitive, accurate, precise, and reproducible (% relative standard deviation <2.0). The percentage assay in commercial formulation was found to be 99.2, which agrees with ICH guidelines. Conclusion Due to the above findings, developed method can be successfully adopted for routine analysis of capecitabine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi NARAPARAJU
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ambati MUKTI
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hyderabad, India
| | - Durga Panikumar ANUMOLU
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hyderabad, India
| | - Soujanya CHAGANTI
- Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hyderabad, India
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Hamid SS, Mariappan S, Rajendran J, Rawat AS, Rhaffor NA, Kumar N, Nathan A, Yarman BS. A State-of-the-Art Review on CMOS Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communication Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1551. [PMID: 37630087 PMCID: PMC10456352 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Wireless communication systems have undergone significant development in recent years, particularly with the transition from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G). As the number of wireless devices and mobile data usage increase, there is a growing need for enhancements and upgrades to the current wireless communication systems. CMOS transceivers are increasingly being explored to meet the requirements of the latest wireless communication protocols and applications while achieving the goal of system-on-chip (SoC). The radio frequency power amplifier (RFPA) in a CMOS transmitter plays a crucial role in amplifying RF signals and transmitting them from the antenna. This state-of-the-art review paper presents a concise discussion of the performance metrics that are important for designing a CMOS PA, followed by an overview of the trending research on CMOS PA techniques that focuses on efficiency, linearity, and bandwidth enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyah Sal Hamid
- Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia; (S.S.H.); (J.R.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Selvakumar Mariappan
- Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia; (S.S.H.); (J.R.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Jagadheswaran Rajendran
- Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia; (S.S.H.); (J.R.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Arvind Singh Rawat
- School of Computing, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Nuha A. Rhaffor
- Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia; (S.S.H.); (J.R.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 9EU, UK;
| | - Binboga S. Yarman
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey;
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Zapf F, Butt W, Namachivayam SP. Opinion: on the importance of maintaining the functional form of explanatory variables. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:1337-1341. [PMID: 35924311 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951122002384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In medical research, continuous variables are often categorised into two or more groups before being included in the analysis; this practice often comes with a cost, such as loss of power in analysis, less reliable estimates, and can often leave residual confounding in the results. In this research report, we show this by way of estimates from a regression analysis looking at the association between acute kidney injury and post-operative mortality in a sample of 194 neonates who underwent the Norwood operation. Two models were developed, one using a continuous measure of renal function as the main explanatory variable and second using a categorised version of the same variable. A continuous measure of renal function is more likely to yield reliable estimates and also maintains more statistical power in the analysis to detect a relation between the exposure and outcome. It also reveals the true biological relationship between the exposure and outcome. Categorising a continuous variable may not only miss an important message, it can also get it wrong. Additionally, given a non-linear relationship is commonly encountered between the exposure and outcome variable, investigators are advised to retain a predictor with a linear term only when supported by data. All of this is particularly important in small data sets which account for the majority of clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zapf
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warwick Butt
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siva P Namachivayam
- Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Qian J, Cheng X, Zhou J, Cao J, Ding L. Aligned Carbon Nanotubes-Based Radiofrequency Transistors for Amplitude Amplification and Frequency Conversion at Millimeter Wave Band. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37464538 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Aligned carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) have been considered as a promising candidate semiconductor with great potential in radiofrequency (RF) electronics due to their high carrier mobility/saturation velocity and small intrinsic capacitance. However, almost all of previously reported works focused on only the cutoff frequency, which is far from enough for practical RF application. In this work, given the speed advantage of ACNTs, we further explore amplitude amplification and frequency conversion capability of ACNTs based RF devices simultaneously, which are two basic functions in RF electronics. Considering there is no de-embedding process for amplification/conversion and reduction power loss, multifinger configuration RF transistors (still having current density around 1 mA/μm) were fabricated with cutoff frequency and maximum oscillation frequency exceeding 150 and 130 GHz, respectively. Based on dedicated ACNTs based RF FETs, we demonstrate almost 7 dB power gain (S21) with over 40 GHz 3-dB bandwidth for amplification and from -12.7 to -17 dB of conversion gain with over 25 dBm IIP3 (input third-order intercept point) of linearity for conversion simultaneously operating at 30 GHz in millimeter wave (mmWave) band both without any tuning instruments and matching technology assistance. The performance achieved here is the best among all the nanomaterials at the mmWave band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Qian
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaohan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianshuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juexian Cao
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Li Ding
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Bhushan A, Rani D, Tabassum M, Kumar S, Gupta PN, Gairola S, Gupta AP, Gupta P. HPLC-PDA Method for Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Crude Extract and Fractions of Aucklandia costus Falc. and Cytotoxicity Studies against Cancer Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:4815. [PMID: 37375368 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aucklandia costus Falc. (Synonym: Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.) is a perennial herb of the family Asteraceae. The dried rhizome is an essential herb in the traditional systems of medicine in India, China and Tibet. The important pharmacological activities reported for Aucklandia costus are anticancer, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue activities. The objective of this study was the isolation and quantification of four marker compounds in the crude extract and different fractions of A. costus and the evaluation of the anticancer activity of the crude extract and its different fractions. The four marker compounds isolated from A. costus include dehydrocostus lactone, costunolide, syringin and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde. These four compounds were used as standard compounds for quantification. The chromatographic data showed good resolution and excellent linearity (r2 ˃ 0.993). The validation parameters, such as inter- and intraday precision (RSD < 1.96%) and analyte recovery (97.52-110.20%; RSD < 2.00%),revealed the high sensitivity and reliability of the developed HPLC method. The compounds dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide were concentrated in the hexane fraction (222.08 and 65.07 µg/mg, respectively) and chloroform fraction (99.02 and 30.21 µg/mg, respectively), while the n-butanol fraction is a rich source of syringin (37.91 µg/mg) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (7.94 µg/mg). Further, the SRB assay was performed for the evaluation of anticancer activity using lung, colon, breast and prostate cancer cell lines. The hexane and chloroform fractions show excellent IC50 values of 3.37 ± 0.14 and 7.527 ± 0.18 µg/mL, respectively, against the prostate cancer cell line (PC-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Bhushan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dixhya Rani
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Misbah Tabassum
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Saajan Kumar
- Drug Testing Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sumeet Gairola
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Plant Science and Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ajai P Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Drug Testing Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Prasoon Gupta
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Sahoo BM, Rao PV, Rao NS. Development And Validation Of Rp-Hplc Method For The Estimation Of Tenofovir And Emtricitabine In Bulk And Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Curr Drug Res Rev 2023:CDRR-EPUB-132270. [PMID: 37278041 DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230602151222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel, simple, efficient, rapid, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The currently developed method was subsequently validated according to ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, robustness, etc. Methods: The separation of the selected drugs was optimized after several trials including change of mobile phase and its composition, stationary phase, flow rate, column temperature, etc. The separation was performed by using an Inertsil ODS C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μ) and UV absorption was measured at 231 nm. Methanol: Acetonitrile: Water was selected as the mobile phase in the ratio of 50:20:30 (V/V/V) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. As per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 R1 guidelines, several validation parameters were evaluated which include specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ). RESULTS The acceptable degree of linearity range was found to be 40-100 µg/mL. The standard solution exhibited retention times of 3.06 minutes and 5.07 minutes for Tenofovir and Emtricitabine respectively. The LOD and LOQ obtained were 0.05µg/ml and 0.02µg/mL, 15µg/mL, and 0.08µg/mL for Tenofovir and Emtricitabine respectively. The percent recovery was found to be 98 to 102%. CONCLUSION Hence, the proposed method is simple, selective, and specifically meets the requirements of ICH guidelines for the validation of the analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India
| | | | - Naidu Srinivasa Rao
- Vikas College of Pharmacy, Vissannapeta, Krishna Dist-521215, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abunada M, Dhakal N, Andyar WZ, Li Y, Ajok P, Ghaffour N, Schippers JC, Kennedy MD. Calibrating and Validating the MFI-UF Method to Measure Particulate Fouling in Reverse Osmosis. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:membranes13050535. [PMID: 37233598 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to calibrate and validate the MFI-UF method in order to ensure the accuracy of particulate fouling measurements in RO. Firstly, the MFI-UF calibration was examined using two solutions of standard particles (dextran and polystyrene). Two main criteria were investigated: (i) MFI-UF linearity with particle concentrations at both low and high ranges of fouling potential and (ii) the reproducibility of MFI-UF linearity. Dextran solutions showed a strong MFI-UF linearity over the entire range of measured MFI-UF. However, the linearity was not reproducible, and different batches of dextran prepared under the same conditions produced very variable results. For polystyrene solutions, the MFI-UF linearity was verified at the higher range of MFI-UF (>10,000 s/L2), while the MFI-UF at the lower range (<5000 s/L2) appeared to be underestimated. Secondly, MFI-UF linearity was investigated using natural (surface) water under a wide range of testing conditions (at 20-200 L/m2·h using 5-100 kDa membranes). Strong MFI-UF linearity was obtained over the entire range of measured MFI-UF (up to 70,000 s/L2). Thus, the MFI-UF method was validated to measure different levels of particulate fouling in RO. However, future research focusing on MFI-UF calibration is still required through the selection, preparation, and testing of heterogeneous mixtures of standard particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Abunada
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nirajan Dhakal
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - William Z Andyar
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuke Li
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Ajok
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan C Schippers
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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Lee MW, Lin YC, Hsu HT, Gamiz F, Chang EY. Improvement of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Linearity Using Etched-Fin Gate Structure for Ka Band Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14050931. [PMID: 37241557 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with etched-fin gate structures fabricated to improve device linearity for Ka-band application are reported. Within the proposed study of planar, one-etched-fin, four-etched-fin, and nine-etched-fin devices, which have 50-μm, 25-μm, 10-μm, and 5-μm partial gate widths, respectively, the four-etched-fin gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices have demonstrated optimized device linearity with respect to the extrinsic transconductance (Gm) value, the output third order intercept point (OIP3), and the third-order intermodulation output power (IMD3) level. The IMD3 is improved by 7 dB at 30 GHz for the 4 × 50 μm HEMT device. The OIP3 is found to reach a maximum value of 36.43 dBm with the four-etched-fin device, which exhibits high potential for the advancement of wireless power amplifier components for Ka band applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wen Lee
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Yueh-Chin Lin
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Tung Hsu
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
| | - Francisco Gamiz
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Edward-Yi Chang
- International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 30010, Taiwan
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Li Y, Li R, Yang J, Xu J, Yu X. Effect of Excitation Signal on Double-Coil Inductive Displacement Transducer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3780. [PMID: 37050839 PMCID: PMC10098683 DOI: 10.3390/s23073780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A double-coil inductive displacement transducer is a non-contact element for measuring displacement and is widely used in large power equipment systems such as construction machinery and agricultural machinery equipment. The type of coil excitation signal has an impact on the performance of the transducer, but there is little research on this. Therefore, the influence of the coil excitation signal on transducer performance is investigated. The working principle and characteristics of the double-coil inductive displacement transducer are analyzed, and the circuit simulation model of the transducer is established. From the aspects of phase shift, linearity, and sensitivity, the effects of a sine signal, a triangle signal, and a pulse signal on the transducer are compared and analyzed. The results show that the average phase shift, linearity, and sensitivity of the sine signal were 11.53°, 1.61%, and 0.372 V/mm, respectively; the average phase shift, linearity and sensitivity of the triangular signal were 1.38°, 1.56%, and 0.300 V/mm, respectively; and the average phase shift, linearity, and sensitivity of the pulse signal were 0.73°, 1.95%, and 0.621 V/mm, respectively. It can be seen that the phase shift of a triangle signal and a pulse signal is smaller than that of a sine signal, which can result in better signal phase-locked processing. The linearity of the triangle signal is better than the sine signal, and the sensitivity of the pulse signal is better than that of the sine signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Ruichuan Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Junru Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Jikang Xu
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (Y.L.)
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Xu J, Li Y, Li R, Yang J, Yu X. Effect of the Coil Excitation Method on the Performance of a Dual-Coil Inductive Displacement Transducer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3703. [PMID: 37050765 PMCID: PMC10098673 DOI: 10.3390/s23073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A dual-coil inductive displacement transducer is a non-contact type measuring element for measuring displacement and is widely used in large power equipment systems such as construction machinery and agricultural equipment. However, the effect of the coil excitation method on the performance of dual-coil inductive displacement sensors has not been studied. This paper investigates the impact of different coil excitation methods on the operating performance of displacement transducers. The working principle, electromagnetic characteristics, and electrical characteristics were analyzed by building a mathematical model. A transducer measurement device was used to determine the relationship between core displacement and coil inductance. Three coil excitation methods were proposed, and the effects of the three coil excitation methods on the amplitude variation, phase shift, linearity, and sensitivity of the output signal were studied by simulation based on the AD630 chip as the core of the conditioning circuit. Finally, the study's feasibility was demonstrated by comparing the experiment to the simulation. The results show that, under the uniform magnetic field strength distribution in the coil, the coil voltage variation is proportional to the inductive core displacement. The amplitude variation is the largest for the dual-coil series three-wire (DCSTW) and is the same for the dual-coil series four-wire (DCSFW) and dual-coil parallel differential (DCPD). DCSFW has an enormous phase shift. DCSTW has the best linearity. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for selecting a suitable coil excitation, which is conducive to further improving the operating performance of dual-coil inductive displacement transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikang Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (J.X.); (R.L.)
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Yanchao Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (J.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruichuan Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (J.X.); (R.L.)
- College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Junru Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (J.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China; (J.X.); (R.L.)
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de la Paz Ramírez P, Ordaz G, de la Paz Gonzáles R, Pérez RE, López M, Ortiz R. Validation of portable electronic equipment (Accutrend ® Plus) to determine glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in rats ( Rattus) and dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris). J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:57-63. [PMID: 37155543 PMCID: PMC10122945 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to validate the analytical precision of the Accutrend® Plus portable electronic equipment (PE) to determine glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) in rats and dogs using the conventional laboratory method (CM) as a reference. Materials and Methods To determine the analytical accuracy of the Accutrend® Plus in the measurement of GLU, CT, and TG. The EP-9-A2 guide (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute), Bland-Altman graphical analysis, and Lin's correlation coefficient of concordance (CCC) were implemented. Results The average differences (p > 0.05) between PE and CM for GLU, TC, and TG were 2.21, 1.20, and 0.72 mg·dl-1, respectively, in rats and 1.06, 4.30, and 2.41 mg·dl-1, respectively, in dogs (p > 0.05). Both methods showed a linear relationship with Pearson's correlation coefficients > 0.96 and R 2 > 0.97 for the three biochemical indicators evaluated in both species. The GLU, TC, and TG values obtained by the PE were substantial, as evident from Lin's CCC > 0.96. Conclusion The PE Accutrend® Plus is potent for monitoring GLU, TC, and TG in rats and dogs because of its precision and ability to facilitate measurement by reducing stress in animals during sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de la Paz Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Gerardo Ordaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal-INIFAP, Querétaro, México
| | - Reynaldo de la Paz Gonzáles
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Bilógicas Dr. “Ignacio Chávez,” Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Rosa Elena Pérez
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Manuel López
- Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - Ruy Ortiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Wan X, Yu Z, Zhang G, Han C, Li X, Liu W. Improving the linearity of synaptic plasticity of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors via CdSe quantum dots decoration. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:175205. [PMID: 36689764 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The linearity of synaptic plasticity of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (SWCNT FET) was improved by CdSe quantum dots decoration. The linearity of synaptic plasticity in SWCNT FET with decorating QDs was further improved by reducing the P-type doping level from the atmosphere. The synaptic behavior of SWCNT FET is found to be dominated by the charging and discharging processes of interface traps and surface traps, which are predominantly composed of H2O/O2redox couples. The improved synaptic behavior is mainly due to the reduction of the interface trap charging process after QDs decoration. The inherent correlation between the device synaptic behavior and the electron capture process of the traps are investigated through charging-based trap characterization. This study provides an effective scheme for improving linearity and designing new-type SWCNT synaptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- No. 24 Institute, Electronics Technology Group Corporation, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjie Wan
- No. 24 Institute, Electronics Technology Group Corporation, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Yu
- No. 24 Institute, Electronics Technology Group Corporation, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohe Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Han
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liu
- Department of Microelectronics, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Micro-Nano Electronics and System Integration of Xi'an City, Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang 311215, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wan L, Jin Z. Linearity Enhancement Techniques for PGA Design. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:356. [PMID: 36838057 PMCID: PMC9963564 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents some techniques to improve the linearity of traditional resistive feedback PGAs. By utilizing the switched op-amp in the PGA, the MOS switches in the feedback resistor array can be eliminated and thus the PGA's linearity can be improved. The PGA's linearity is further improved with an additional capacitor, which is used for pre-charging the sampling capacitor to strengthen its capability to drive the sampling capacitor without any extra power consumption. The pre-charge technique is especially suitable for the case where the PGA drives a large sampling capacitance. Implemented in SMIC 0.18 um CMOS technology, the proposed PGA can achieve a gain of 0.5 or 1 and consumes 4.68 mW at a single 5 V supply with the switched output stage enabled. When driving a 20 pF sampling capacitor at a sampling frequency of 200 kHz, the simulation results show that the proposed PGA can give a 9 dBc improvement in SFDR of the sampled signal compared to the traditional PGA design and the SFDR can reach up to 114 dBc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Chengdu Tiger Microelectronics Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 611731, China
| | - Lixi Wan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhi Jin
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Nanda R, Shah S, Mohapatra E. Processing Validation Metrics of Syva Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) Methotrexate Assay for Beckman Coulter System. Cureus 2023; 15:e34025. [PMID: 36814748 PMCID: PMC9939913 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose greater than 500 mg/m2, is used to treat a variety of cancers; and though safe, it can cause major toxicity. Syva enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) methotrexate (MTX) assay (Gurgaon, India: Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Ltd.) uses a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay method. Low-end precision performances are very important for laboratory methods, especially when their results have clinical significance at these levels. METHODOLOGY A total of 25 replicates (five replicates per run, for five runs) were analyzed for profiling. Precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantification were determined using existing guidelines. Imprecision profile and limit of quantitation (LoQ) at 10% were determined by fitting data with hyperbolic regression. RESULTS The coefficient of variation percentage (CV%) for low, mid, and high-level internal quality control (IQC) was 1.25%, 3.45%, and 1.55%, respectively. Similarly, estimated bias was -4.58%, -3.54%, -7.21% for each level. The assay linearity was maintained from a range of 0.041-1.993 mmol/L with an R2 of 0.959. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.07 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Syva EMIT MTX assay can be precisely and accurately used to measure low levels of serum methotrexate at levels lower than claimed by the manufacturer, aiding in the monitoring of toxicity in patients.
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Rashid S, Bashir F, Khanday FA, Beigh MR. Double Gate 6H-Silicon Carbide Schottky Barrier FET as Dielectrically Modulated Label Free Biosensor. Silicon 2023; 15:3387-3398. [PMCID: PMC9788864 DOI: 10.1007/s12633-022-02273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a novel structure for efficient label free biosensing applications. The proposed device comprises of 6H-Silicon Carbide based double gate Schottky Barrier FET with two cavities to detect the biomolecules. Using Atlas TCAD simulations, it has been verified that the proposed device has the maximum ON current sensitivity of 1.02 × 105, transconductance sensitivity of 7.741 × 104, ION/IOFF sensitivity of 31.4, sub-threshold swing sensitivity of 77.19 mV/decade and threshold voltage sensitivity of 34.54 mV for neutral biomolecule with K = 12. Similar simulations have also been performed for different charged biomolecules, varying from ± 5 × 1010 C/cm2 to ± 1 × 1012 C/cm2. Besides, the proposed biosensor shows exceptional performance in terms of ON-current selectivity and sub-threshold swing selectivity. Finally, to check the device response for the changing input parameters, linearity of the biosensor has been analyzed. The achieved near-unity value of the Pearson’s fitness coefficient signifies the strong positive correlation between ION/IOFF and dielectric property of the biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rashid
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Faisal Bashir
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Farooq A. Khanday
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - M. Rafiq Beigh
- Department of Electronics, Govt. Degree College, Sumbal, J&K India
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Thawornsathit P, Juntasaro E, Rattanasonti H, Pengpad P, Saejok K, Leepattarapongpan C, Chaowicharat E, Jeamsaksiri W. Enhancing Performance of a MEMS-Based Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor by Groove: Investigation of Groove Design Using Finite Element Method. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2247. [PMID: 36557545 PMCID: PMC9781525 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The optimal groove design of a MEMS piezoresistive pressure sensor for ultra-low pressure measurement is proposed in this work. Two designs of the local groove and one design of the annular groove are investigated. The sensitivity and linearity of the sensor are investigated due to the variations of two dimensionless geometric parameters of these grooves. The finite element method is used to determine the stress and deflection of the diaphragm in order to find the sensor performances. The sensor performances can be enhanced by creating the annular or local groove on the diaphragm with the optimal dimensionless groove depth and length. In contrast, the performances are diminished when the local groove is created on the beam at the piezoresistor. The sensitivity can be increased by increasing the dimensionless groove length and depth. However, to maintain low nonlinearity error, the annular and local grooves should be created on the top of the diaphragm. With the optimal designs of annular and local grooves, the net volume of the annular groove is four times greater than that of the local groove. Finally, the functional forms of the stress and deflection of the diaphragm are constructed for both annular and local groove cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phongsakorn Thawornsathit
- Mechanical Engineering Simulation and Design Group, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Ekachai Juntasaro
- Mechanical Engineering Simulation and Design Group, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Hwanjit Rattanasonti
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Putapon Pengpad
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Karoon Saejok
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Chana Leepattarapongpan
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Ekalak Chaowicharat
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
| | - Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri
- Thai Microelectronics Center (TMEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 24000 Chachoengsao, Thailand
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Vera P, Wiesbauer A, Paton S. An Analysis of Noise in Multi-Bit ΣΔ Modulators with Low-Frequency Input Signals. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7458. [PMID: 36236556 PMCID: PMC9572562 DOI: 10.3390/s22197458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Digital and smart sensors are commonly implemented using multi-bit ΣΔ Modulators. Undesired signals can be present at the ADC input, such as low-frequency signals with medium or high amplitude, as a consequence of mechanical artifacts in the MEMS and/or temporary signal overload. Simulations and measurements of those sensors with such signals show temporary increments of in-band noise power. This paper investigates the factors that produce this transient performance loss. Interestingly, noise increments happen when the modulator is forced to toggle between three adjacent levels and is not correlated with the typical tonal behavior of ΣΔ Modulators. Hence, the sensor performance is sensitive to some specific input patterns even if tonal behavior is decreased by dithering the input of the ADC. Different error sources, such as the mismatch between DAC cells, loop filter linearity error, and quantization error, contribute to the observed noise increments. Our aim is to analyze each of these error sources to understand and quantify in-band noise power increments, and to desensitize the ADC from the undesired input patterns. Some estimation equations are proposed and verified through extensive simulations, by means of deterministic and stochastic methods. These equations are influenced by some modulator parameters and can be used to optimize them in order to reduce such in-band noise power increments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vera
- Electronics Technology Department, Carlos III University, 28903 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Susana Paton
- Electronics Technology Department, Carlos III University, 28903 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Che W, Wang Y, Wang X, Lyu J. Association between age and the presence and mortality of breast cancer synchronous brain metastases in the United States: A neglected SEER analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1000415. [PMID: 36211679 PMCID: PMC9539918 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extent of the relationship between age and the presence of breast cancer synchronous brain metastases (BCSBMs) and mortality has not yet been well-identified or sufficiently quantified. We aimed to examine the association of age with the presence of BCSBMs and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality outcomes using the SEER database. Methods Age-associated risk of the presence and survival of BCSBMs were evaluated on a continuous scale (restricted cubic spline, RCS) with logistic or Cox regression models. The main endpoints were the presence of BCSBMs and all-cause mortality or cancer-specific mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression and competing risk models were used in survival analysis. Results Among 374,132 adult breast cancer patients, 1,441 (0.38%) had BMs. The presence of BCSBMs displayed a U-shaped relationship with age, with the highest point of the curve occurring at the age of 62. In both the younger (age ≤ 61) and older (age ≥ 62) groups, the observed curve showed a nearly linear relationship between age and the presence of BCSBMs. The relationship between age and all-cause mortality (ASM) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was linear. Older age at diagnosis was associated with a higher risk of ASM (HR 1.019, 95% CI: 1.013-1.024, p < 0.001) and CSM (HR 1.016, 95% CI: 1.010-1.023, p < 0.001) in multivariable Cox models. Age (sHR 1.007, 95% CI 1-1.013, p = 0.049) was substantially related to a significantly increased risk of CSM in competing risk models. Conclusion Age had a non-linear U-shaped relationship with the presence of BCSBMs and a linear relationship with BCSBMs mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,Xiangyu Wang
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jun Lyu
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Kouhalvandi L. Directly Matching an MMIC Amplifier Integrated with MIMO Antenna through DNNs for Future Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7068. [PMID: 36146417 PMCID: PMC9502504 DOI: 10.3390/s22187068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the exponential growth of data communications, linearity specification is deteriorating and, in high frequency systems, impedance transformation leading to power delivering from power amplifiers (PAs) to antennas is becoming an increasingly important concept. Intelligent-based optimization methods can be a suitable solution for enhancing this characteristic in the transceiver systems. Herein, to tackle the problems of linearity and impedance transformations, deep neural network (DNN)-based optimizations are employed. In the first phase, the antenna is modeled through the DNN with using the long short-term memory (LSTM) leading to forecast the load impedances in the a wide frequency band. Afterwards, the PA is modeled and optimized through another LSTM-based DNN using Multivariate Newton's Method where the optimal drain impedances are predicted from the first DNN (i.e., modeled antenna). The whole optimization methodology is executed automatically leading to enhance linearity specification of the whole system. For proving the novelty of the proposed method, monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) along with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed, modeled, and optimized concurrently in the frequency band from 7.49 GHz to 12.44 GHz. The proposed method leads to enhancing the linearity of the transceiver in an effective way where DNN-based PA model gives rise to a solution for achieving the most optimal drain impedance through the modeled DNN-based antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Kouhalvandi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dogus University, Istanbul 34775, Turkey
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Tang L, Teng C, Xu R, Zhang Z, Khan U, Zhang R, Luo Y, Nong H, Liu B, Cheng HM. Controlled Growth of Wafer-Scale Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with a Vertical Composition Gradient for Artificial Synapses with High Linearity. ACS Nano 2022; 16:12318-12327. [PMID: 35913980 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial synapses are promising for dealing with large amounts of data computing. Great progress has been made recently in terms of improving the on/off current ratio, the number of states, and the energy efficiency of synapse devices. However, the nonlinear weight update behavior of a synapse caused by the uncertain direction of the conductive filament leads to complex weight modulation, which degrades the delivery accuracy of information. Here we propose a strategy to improve the weight update behavior of synapses using chemical-vapor-deposition-grown transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with a vertical composition gradient, where the sulfur concentration decreases gradually along the thickness direction of TMDCs and thus forms a certain direction of the conduction filament for synapse devices. It is worth noting that the devices show an excellent linear conductance of potentiation and depression with a high linearity of 0.994 (surpassing most state-of-the-art synapses), have a large number of states, and are able to fabricate synapse arrays with wafer-scale. Furthermore, the devices based on the TMDCs with the vertical composition gradient exhibit an asymmetric feature of potentiation and depression behaviors with high linearity and follow the simulated linear Leaky ReLU function, resulting in a high recognition accuracy of 94.73%, which overcomes the unreliability issue in the Sigmoid function due to the vanishing gradient phenomenon. This study not only provides a universal method to grow TMDCs with a vertical composition gradient but also contributes to exploring highly linear synapses toward neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiu Teng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Runzhang Xu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehao Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Usman Khan
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Nong
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilu Liu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Sciences, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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28
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Jo MS, Kim KH, Choi KW, Lee JS, Yoo JY, Kim SH, Jin H, Seo MH, Yoon JB. Wireless and Linear Hydrogen Detection up to 4% with High Sensitivity through Phase-Transition-Inhibited Pd Nanowires. ACS Nano 2022; 16:11957-11967. [PMID: 35621510 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) has been drawing increasing attention as a hydrogen (H2) detecting material due to its highly selective sensitivity to H2. However, at H2 concentrations above 2%, Pd undergoes an inevitable phase transition, causing undesirable electrical and mechanical alterations. In particular, nonlinear gas response (ΔR/R0) that accompanies phase transition has been a great bottleneck for detecting H2 in high concentrations, which is especially important as there is a risk of explosion over 4% H2. Here, we propose a phase-transition-inhibited Pd nanowire H2 sensor that can detect up to 4% H2 with high linearity and high sensitivity. Based on the calculation of the change in free energy, we designed Pd nanowires that are highly adhered to the substrate to withstand the stress that leads to phase transition. We theoretically optimized the Pd nanowire dimensions using a finite element method simulation and then experimentally fabricated the proposed sensor by exploiting a developed nanofabrication method. The proposed sensor exhibits a high sensing linearity (98.9%) with high and stable sensitivity (ΔR/R0/[H2] = 875%·bar-1) over a full range of H2 concentrations (0.1-4%). Using the fabricated Pd sensors, we have successfully demonstrated a wireless sensor module that can detect H2 with high linearity, notifying real-time H2 leakage through remote communication. Overall, our work suggests a nanostructuring strategy for detecting H2 with a phase-transition-inhibited pure Pd H2 sensor with rigorous scientific exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seung Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Kim
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Shin Lee
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yoo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Jin
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Seo
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Kim S, Yoon C, Oh G, Lee YW, Shin M, Kee EH, Park BH, Lee JH, Park S, Kang BS, Kim YH. Progressive and Stable Synaptic Plasticity with Femtojoule Energy Consumption by the Interface Engineering of a Metal/Ferroelectric/Semiconductor. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201502. [PMID: 35611436 PMCID: PMC9353489 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the era of "big data," the cognitive system of the human brain is being mimicked through hardware implementation of highly accurate neuromorphic computing by progressive weight update in synaptic electronics. Low-energy synaptic operation requires both low reading current and short operation time to be applicable to large-scale neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, an energy-efficient synaptic device is implemented comprising a Ni/Pb(Zr0.52 Ti0.48 )O3 (PZT)/0.5 wt.% Nb-doped SrTiO3 (Nb:STO) heterojunction with a low reading current of 10 nA and short operation time of 20-100 ns. Ultralow femtojoule operation below 9 fJ at a synaptic event, which is comparable to the energy required for synaptic events in the human brain (10 fJ), is achieved by adjusting the Schottky barrier between the top electrode and ferroelectric film. Moreover, progressive domain switching in ferroelectric PZT successfully induces both low nonlinearity/asymmetry and good stability of the weight update. The synaptic device developed here can facilitate the development of large-scale neuromorphic arrays for artificial neural networks with low energy consumption and high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohwi Kim
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Chansoo Yoon
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Gwangtaek Oh
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Young Woong Lee
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Minjeong Shin
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kee
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases & DevicesDepartment of PhysicsKonkuk UniversitySeoul05029South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Center for Correlated Electron Systems (CCES)Institute of Basic Science (IBS)Seoul08826South Korea
- Department of Physics and AstronomySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Applied PhysicsHanyang UniversityGyeonggi‐do15588South Korea
| | - Bo Soo Kang
- Department of Applied PhysicsHanyang UniversityGyeonggi‐do15588South Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and TechnologyChungnam National UniversityDaejoen34134South Korea
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30
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Kim SC, Cho YS. Predictive System Implementation to Improve the Accuracy of Urine Self-Diagnosis with Smartphones: Application of a Confusion Matrix-Based Learning Model through RGB Semiquantitative Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22145445. [PMID: 35891125 PMCID: PMC9320386 DOI: 10.3390/s22145445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Urinalysis, an elementary chemical reaction-based method for analyzing color conversion factors, facilitates examination of pathological conditions in the human body. Recently, considerable urinalysis-centered research has been conducted on the analysis of urine dipstick colors using smartphone cameras; however, such methods have a drawback: the problem of reproducibility of accuracy through quantitative analysis. In this study, to solve this problem, the function values for each concentration of a range of analysis factors were implemented in an algorithm through urine dipstick RGB semi-quantitative color analysis to enable real-time results. Herein, pH, glucose, ketones, hemoglobin, bilirubin, protein (albumin), and nitrites were selected as analysis factors, and the accuracy levels of the existing equipment and the test application were compared and evaluated using artificial urine. In the semi-quantitative analysis, the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) characteristic values were analyzed by extracting the RGB characteristic values of the analysis factors for each concentration of artificial urine and obtaining linear function values. In addition, to improve the reproducibility of detection accuracy, the measurement value of the existing test equipment was set to an absolute value; using a machine-learning technique, the confusion matrix, we attempted to stabilize test results that vary with environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | - Young-Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-4657-2479
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Kim SY, Yu JM, Lee GS, Yun DH, Kim MS, Kim JK, Kim DJ, Lee GB, Kim MS, Han JK, Seo M, Choi YK. Synaptic Segmented Transistor with Improved Linearity by Schottky Junctions and Accelerated Speed by Double-Layered Nitride. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:32261-32269. [PMID: 35797493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic devices have been extensively studied to overcome the limitations of a von Neumann system for artificial intelligence. A synaptic device is one of the most important components in the hardware integration for a neuromorphic system because a number of synaptic devices can be connected to a neuron with compactness as high as possible. Therefore, synaptic devices using silicon-based memory, which are advantageous for a high packing density and mass production due to matured fabrication technologies, have attracted considerable attention. In this study, a segmented transistor devoted to an artificial synapse is proposed for the first time to improve the linearity of the potentiation and depression (P/D). It is a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible device that harnesses both non-ohmic Schottky junctions of the source and drain for improved weight linearity and double-layered nitride for enhanced speed. It shows three distinct and unique segments in drain current-gate voltage transfer characteristics induced by Schottky junctions. In addition, the different stoichiometries of SixNy for a double-layered nitride is utilized as a charge trap layer for boosting the operation speed. This work can bring the industry potentially one step closer to realizing the mass production of hardware-based synaptic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- SK Hynix Inc., Icheon 17336, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Man Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Sung Lee
- National Nanofab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hwan Yun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- SK Hynix Inc., Icheon 17336, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Jin Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Beom Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Su Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kyu Han
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Seo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Gibson K, Moffatt S, Pollard TM. 'He called me out of the blue': An ethnographic exploration of contrasting temporalities in a social prescribing intervention. Sociol Health Illn 2022; 44:1149-1166. [PMID: 35608369 PMCID: PMC9544357 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Social prescribing, a way of connecting patients to local services, is central to the NHS Personalised Care agenda. This paper employs ethnographic data, generated with 19 participants between November 2018 and July 2020, to explore the socio-temporal relations shaping their experiences of a local social prescribing intervention. Our focus is on the ways in which the intervention synchronised with the multitude of shifting, complex and often contradictory 'timespaces' of our participants. Our focus on the temporal rhythms of everyday practice allows us to trace a tension between the linearity and long horizon of the intervention and the oft contrasting timeframes of participants, sometimes leading to a mismatch that limited the intervention's impact. Further, we observed an interventional 'drift' from continuity towards unsupported signposting and 'out-of-the-blue' contacts which favour the temporality of the intervention. We demonstrate a need for intervention planning to be flexible to multiple, often conflicting, temporalities. We argue that health interventions must account for the temporal relations lived by the people they seek to support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Gibson
- Faculty of Medical SciencesPopulation Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Suzanne Moffatt
- Faculty of Medical SciencesPopulation Health Sciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNewcastle upon TyneUK
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33
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Seo J, Han G, Lee D. Novel training method for metal-oxide memristive synapse device to overcome trade-off between linearity and dynamic range. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:365202. [PMID: 35580561 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac705d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synapse devices are essential for the hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing systems. However, it is difficult to realize ideal synapse devices because of issues such as nonlinear conductance change (linearity) and a small number of conductance states (dynamic range). In this study, the correlation between the linearity and dynamic range was investigated. Consequently, we found a trade-off relationship between the linearity and dynamic range and proposed a novel training method to overcome this trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Seo
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhui Han
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeseok Lee
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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34
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Stachniuk A, Kozub A, Czeczko R, Montowska M, Fornal E. LC-QTOF-MS evaluation of rabbit-specific peptide markers for meat quantitation. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:223-233. [PMCID: PMC9635904 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten rabbit-specific tryptic peptide markers and one marker peptide specific to both rabbit and hare were evaluated for mass signal linearity in binary meat mixtures using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Seven meat mixtures containing chicken and varying percentages of rabbit (1%, 5%, 10%, 30%, 60%, 90%, and 100%) were analyzed. Additionally, the signal linearity of twelve peptide markers for chicken meat was examined. The best candidate peptides for the quantification of meat content were selected. Five of eleven peptides for rabbit meat and five of twelve peptides for chicken meat showed good linearity (R 2 > 0.97). The limits of detection and limits of quantification for these markers were in the range of 0.43–1.91% [w/w] and 1.44–6.38% [w/w], respectively. The method allowed determination of the percentage content of rabbit and chicken meat in two- and three-component meat mixtures with good accuracy. The preliminary quantification data provide a starting point for developing label-free and absolute quantification methods for rabbit and chicken meat using multiple reaction monitoring of peptide markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachniuk
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Anna Kozub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Renata Czeczko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Live Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin,
Poland
| | - Magdalena Montowska
- Department of Meat Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań,
Poland
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin,
Poland
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Zou J, Xia H, Shi PY, Xie X, Ren P. A Single-Round Infection Fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Test for COVID-19 Serological Testing at a Biosafety Level-2 Laboratory. Viruses 2022; 14:1211. [PMID: 35746682 PMCID: PMC9230609 DOI: 10.3390/v14061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust serological test to measure neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) laboratories is useful for monitoring antibody response after vaccination or natural infection. The gold standard assay is the conventional plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) which requires extensive labor, live viruses, and BSL-3 facilities. Recently, we developed a novel single-round infection fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 virus (SFV) that can be safely used at BSL-2 laboratories for high-throughput neutralization and antiviral testing. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the neutralization test using this SFV with 80 PRNT-positive and 92 PRNT-negative clinical serum or plasma specimens. The SFV neutralization test (SFVNT) has 100% sensitivity and specificity compared to the PRNT. Furthermore, the neutralizing titers generated by the SFVNT and PRNT are highly correlated, with R2 = 0.903 (p < 0.0001). Due to high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility, the SFVNT can be deployed for the large-scale testing of COVID-19 patients or vaccinated people in general lab settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (J.Z.); (H.X.); (P.-Y.S.)
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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36
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Jeong TD, Kim SK, Kim S, Lim CY, Chung JW. Comparison between polynomial regression and weighted least squares regression analysis for verification of analytical measurement range. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:989-994. [PMID: 35531706 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, the linearity evaluation protocol by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) has been revised from EP6-A to EP6-ED2, with the statistical method of interpreting linearity evaluation data being changed from polynomial regression to weighted least squares linear regression (WLS). We analyzed and compared the analytical measurement range (AMR) verification results according to the present and prior linearity evaluation guidelines. METHODS The verification of AMR of clinical chemistry tests was performed using five samples with two replicates in three different laboratories. After analyzing the same evaluation data in each laboratory by the polynomial regression analysis and WLS methods, results were compared to determine whether linearity was verified across the five sample concentrations. In addition, whether the 90% confidence interval of deviation from linearity by WLS was included in the allowable deviation from linearity (ADL) was compared. RESULTS A linearity of 42.3-56.8% of the chemistry items was verified by polynomial regression analysis in three laboratories. For analysis of the same data by WLS, a linearity of 63.5-78.3% of the test items was verified where the deviation from linearity of all five samples was within the ADL criteria, and the cases where the 90% confidence interval of all deviation from linearity overlapped the ADL was 78.8-91.3%. CONCLUSIONS Interpreting AMR verification data by the WLS method according to the newly revised CLSI document EP6-ED2 could reduce laboratory workload, enabling efficient laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sollip Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yeon Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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37
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Zelmer KLC, Bauer N, Moritz A. Evaluation of the scil vCell 5, a novel laser- and impedance-based point-of-care hematology analyzer, for use in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:504-517. [PMID: 35331075 PMCID: PMC9066672 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel laser- and impedance-based point-of-care hematology analyzer (POCA), the vCell 5 (scil Animal Care), providing a complete blood count with 5-part leukocyte differential count has recently been introduced to veterinary laboratories. We evaluated the analyzer for use in dogs and cats including method comparison and assessment of linearity, carryover, and precision. Fresh blood samples from 192 healthy and diseased dogs and 159 cats were analyzed, and results were compared to reference methods (i.e., microhematocrit [PCV], Advia 2120 hematology analyzer). Total observed error (TEo) was calculated from CV, obtained at 3 concentrations, and bias%, and compared to total allowable error (TEa). For both species, excellent correlation (rs = 0.93-0.99) was seen between methods for WBC and RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet counts (PLT), except for feline PLT (rs = 0.79). Quality requirements (TEo < TEa) were fulfilled for WBC (TEo = 8.6-11.1%; TEa = 20%) and RBC (TEo = 3.5-7%; TEa = 10%), hematocrit (TEo = 5.7-9.4%; TEa = 10%), PCV (cat TEo = 7.8%; TEa = 10%), mean corpuscular volume (cat TEo = 5.1%; TEa = 7%), and PLT (TEo = 13.1-24.1%; TEa = 25%). Excellent linearity was demonstrated for WBC, RBC, and PLT, and hemoglobin. CVs of <2% for WBC, RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and of <5% (dog) and 8% (cat) for PLT were demonstrated for values within the RI. Except for calculated variables and well-known species-specific deviations in feline PLT, scil POCA results were correlated favorably with reference method results and complied with quality requirements for cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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38
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Bai N, Wang L, Xue Y, Wang Y, Hou X, Li G, Zhang Y, Cai M, Zhao L, Guan F, Wei X, Guo CF. Graded Interlocks for Iontronic Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and High Linearity over a Broad Range. ACS Nano 2022; 16:4338-4347. [PMID: 35234457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors that have high sensitivity, high linearity, and a wide pressure-response range are highly desired in applications of robotic sensation and human health monitoring. The challenge comes from the incompressibility of soft materials and the stiffening of microstructures in the device interfaces that lead to gradually saturated response. Therefore, the signal is nonlinear and pressure-response range is limited. Here, we show an iontronic flexible pressure sensor that can achieve high sensitivity (49.1 kPa-1), linear response (R2 > 0.995) over a broad pressure range (up to 485 kPa) enabled by graded interlocks of an array of hemispheres with fine pillars in the ionic layer. The high linearity comes from the fact that the pillar deformation can compensate for the effect of structural stiffening. The response-relaxation time of the sensor is <5 ms, allowing the device to detect vibration signals with frequencies up to 200 Hz. Our sensor has been used to recognize objects with different weights based on machine learning during the gripper grasping tasks. This work provides a strategy to make flexible pressure sensors that have combined performances of high sensitivity, high linearity, and wide pressure-response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiheng Xue
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Minkun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fangyi Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- State key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Kwon O, Oh S, Park H, Jeong SH, Park W, Cho B. In-depth analysis on electrical parameters of floating gate IGZO synaptic transistor affecting pattern recognition accuracy. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:215201. [PMID: 35147525 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reliable conductance modulation of synaptic devices is key when implementing high-performance neuromorphic systems. Herein, we propose a floating gate indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) synaptic device with an aluminum trapping layer to investigate the correlation between its diverse electrical parameters and pattern recognition accuracy. Basic synaptic properties such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired pulse facilitation, long/short term memory, and long-term potentiation/depression are demonstrated in the IGZO synaptic transistor. The effects of pulse tuning conditions associated with the pulse voltage magnitude, interval, duration, and cycling number of the applied pulses on the conductance update are systematically investigated. It is discovered that both the nonlinearity of the conductance update and cycle-to-cycle variation should be critically considered using an artificial neural network simulator to ensure the high pattern recognition accuracy of Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit images. The highest recognition rate of the MNIST handwritten dataset is 94.06% for the most optimized pulse condition. Finally, a systematic study regarding the synaptic parameters must be performed to optimize the developed synapse device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojun Kwon
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Oh
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Park
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Jeong
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Park
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjin Cho
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urban, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
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40
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Kwon O, Oh S, Park H, Jeong SH, Cho B, Park W. In-depth analysis on electrical parameters of floating gate IGZO synaptic transistor affecting pattern recognition accuracy. Nanotechnology 2022. [PMID: 35139499 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac533e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reliable conductance modulation of synaptic devices is key when implementing high-performance neuromorphic systems. Herein, we propose a floating gate IGZO synaptic device with an aluminum trapping layer to investigate the correlation between its diverse electrical parameters and pattern recognition accuracy. Basic synaptic properties such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired pulse facilitation, long/short term memory, and long-term potentiation/depression are demonstrated in the IGZO synaptic transistor. The effects of pulse tuning conditions associated with the pulse voltage magnitude, interval, duration, and cycling number of the applied pulses on the conductance update are systematically investigated. It is discovered that both the nonlinearity of the conductance update and cycle-to-cycle variation should be critically considered using an artificial neural network simulator to ensure the high pattern recognition accuracy of Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit images. The highest recognition rate of the MNIST handwritten dataset is 94.06% for the most optimized pulse condition. Finally, a systematic study regarding the synaptic parameters must be performed to optimize the developed synapse device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojun Kwon
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seyoung Oh
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Heejeong Park
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Soo-Hong Jeong
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Byungjin Cho
- Department of Advanced Material Engineering, Chungbuk National University, chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Woojin Park
- Chungbuk National University, chungdaero 1, Cheongju, 28644, Korea (the Republic of)
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41
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Lin L, Zhu R, He C, Qin Y. Effect of non- linearity on rheumatoid factor assay in Beckman system IMMAGE800. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:e25-e27. [PMID: 34533004 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhou Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, SMMU, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liling Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, SMMU, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, SMMU, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - ChengWen He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, SMMU, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanghua Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changhai Hospital, SMMU, Shanghai, P.R. China
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42
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Luo S, Au Yeung SL, Schooling CM. Assessing the linear and non-linear association of HbA 1c with cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2502-2510. [PMID: 34345974 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We aimed to evaluate whether genetically predicted HbA1c has an effect on the risk of cardiovascular diseases and investigate the shape of the relationship of genetically predicted HbA1c with cardiovascular diseases. METHODS We performed linear univariable, multivariable and non-linear Mendelian randomisation analyses in 373,571 white British participants (mean age 56.9) from the UK Biobank. RESULTS In univariable linear Mendelian randomisation analysis, a 1 mmol/mol increase in genetically predicted HbA1c was associated with higher risk of coronary artery disease (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02, 1.05), stroke (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.05) and hypertension (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01, 1.03). Multivariable Mendelian randomisation adjusted for the effect of haemoglobin gave a consistent conclusion for coronary artery disease. The associations with stroke and hypertension were directionally similar but with wider CI overlapping the null. Non-linear Mendelian randomisation indicated that the shape of the effect of genetically predicted HbA1c on cardiovascular outcomes was likely linear. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The study suggests a detrimental effect of HbA1c on coronary artery disease in both men and women, and the effect is via a glycaemic characteristic. The shape of the genetic association of HbA1c with these cardiovascular outcomes, in particular coronary artery disease, is likely to be linear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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43
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Lin Y, Zhou X, Naya Y, Gardner JL, Sun P. Voxel-Wise Linearity Analysis of Increments and Decrements in BOLD Responses in Human Visual Cortex Using a Contrast Adaptation Paradigm. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:541314. [PMID: 34531731 PMCID: PMC8439421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.541314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The linearity of BOLD responses is a fundamental presumption in most analysis procedures for BOLD fMRI studies. Previous studies have examined the linearity of BOLD signal increments, but less is known about the linearity of BOLD signal decrements. The present study assessed the linearity of both BOLD signal increments and decrements in the human primary visual cortex using a contrast adaptation paradigm. Results showed that both BOLD signal increments and decrements kept linearity to long stimuli (e.g., 3 s, 6 s), yet, deviated from linearity to transient stimuli (e.g., 1 s). Furthermore, a voxel-wise analysis showed that the deviation patterns were different for BOLD signal increments and decrements: while the BOLD signal increments demonstrated a consistent overestimation pattern, the patterns for BOLD signal decrements varied from overestimation to underestimation. Our results suggested that corrections to deviations from linearity of transient responses should consider the different effects of BOLD signal increments and decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lin
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuji Naya
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Justin L Gardner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Pei Sun
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Cognitive Brain Mapping, RIKEN Center for Brain Sciences, Wako, Japan
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Shashidhar KN, Lakshmaiah V, Muninarayana C, Nallagangula KS. Quantitative ELISA for SERPINA4/kallistatin. Biotechniques 2021; 71:556-565. [PMID: 34528838 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SERPINA4/kallistatin is a multifunctional protein expressed from the liver; its concentration in blood circulation reflects the degree of liver dysfunction and may serve as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker for chronic liver diseases (CLD). Materials & methods: Antibodies specific for SERPINA4/kallistatin were used for the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For correlative studies, blood samples from patients with cirrhotic liver and healthy patients were collected from R.L. Jalappa Hospital & Research Centre, Kolar. Results: Interference of other SERPINs was ruled out using western blot analysis. Quantitative ELISA was developed using monospecific antibodies as capture antibodies. Conclusion: The accuracy of the developed ELISA was determined by inter- and intra-assay precision. Linearity was defined using a spiked sample with serial dilutions. Reduced levels of SERPINA4/kallistatin were observed in patients with CLD compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurpad Nagaraj Shashidhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, 563101, India
| | - Venkata Lakshmaiah
- Department of Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, 563101, India
| | - Chandrappa Muninarayana
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, SDUAHER, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, 563101, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to estimate the threshold of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) effects on human brain based on analyses of published research results. To clarify the threshold of the RF EMF effects, two approaches have been applied: (1) the analyses of restrictions in sensitivity for different steps of the physical model of low-level RF EMF mechanism and (2) the analyses of experimental data to clarify the dependence of the RF EMF effect on exposure level based on the results of published original neurophysiological and behavioral human studies for 15 years 2007-2021. CONCLUSIONS The analyses of the physical model of nonthermal mechanisms of RF EMF effect leads to conclusion that no principal threshold of the effect can be determined. According to the review of experimental data, the rate of detected RF EMF effects is 76.7% in resting EEG studies, 41.7% in sleep EEG and 38.5% in behavioral studies. The changes in EEG probably appear earlier than alterations in behavior become evident. The lowest level of RF EMF at which the effect in EEG was detected is 2.45 V/m (SAR = 0.003 W/kg). There is a preliminary indication that the dependence of the effect on the level of exposure follows rather field strength than SAR alterations. However, no sufficient data are available for clarifying linearity-nonlinearity of the dependence of effect on the level of RF EMF. The finding that only part of people are sensitive to RF EMF exposure can be related to immunity to radiation or hypersensitivity. The changes in EEG caused by RF EMF appeared similar in the majority of analyzed studies and similar to these in depression. The possible causal relationship between RF EMF effect and depression among young people is highly important problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaanus Lass
- Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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Zhou J, Liu L, Shi H, Zhu M, Cheng X, Ren L, Ding L, Peng LM, Zhang Z. Carbon Nanotube Based Radio Frequency Transistors for K-Band Amplifiers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:37475-37482. [PMID: 34340306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the combination of high carrier mobility and saturation velocity, low intrinsic capacitance, and excellent stability, the carbon nanotube (CNT) has been considered as a perfect semiconductor to construct radio frequency (RF) field-effect transistors (FETs) and circuits with an ultrahigh frequency band. However, the reported CNT RF FETs usually exhibited poor real performance indicated by the as-measured maximum oscillation frequency (fmax), and then the amplifiers, which are the most important and fundamental RF circuits, suffered from a low power gain and a low frequency band. In this work, we build RF transistors on solution-derived randomly orientated CNT films with improved quality and uniformity. The randomly orientated CNT film FETs exhibit the record as-measured maximum fmax of 90 GHz, demonstrating the potential for over 28 GHz (at least one-third of 90 GHz) 5G mmWave (frequency range 2) applications. Benefiting from the large-scale uniformity of CNT films, FETs are designed and fabricated with a large channel width to present low internal resistance for the standard 50 Ω impedance matching guide line, which is critical to construct an RF amplifier. Furthermore, we first demonstrate amplifiers with a maximum power gain up to 11 dB and output third-order intercept point (OIP3) of 15 dBm, both at the K-band, which represents the record of a CNT amplifier and is even comparable with a commercial amplifier based on III-V RF transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiwen Shi
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohan Cheng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate determination of the aberrantly expressed biomarkers such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), mucin 1 (MUC1), and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF165 have played an essential role in the clinical management of the breast cancer. Assessment of these cancer-specific biomarkers has conventionally relied on time-taking methods like the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. However, recent development in the aptamer-based diagnostics has allowed developing tools that may substitute the conventional means of biomarker assessment in breast cancer. Adopting the aptamer-based diagnostic tools (aptasensors) to clinical practices will depend on their analytical performance on clinical samples. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an overview of the analytical merits of HER2, CEA, PDGF, MUC1, and VEGF165 aptasensors. Scopus and Pubmed databases were searched for studies reporting aptasensor development for the listed breast cancer biomarkers in the past one decade. Linearity, detection limit, and response time are emphasized. EXPERT OPINION In our opinion, aptasensors have proven to be on a par with the antibody-based methods for detection of various breast cancer biomarkers. Though robust validation of the aptasensors on significant sample size is required, their ability to detect pathophysiological range of biomarkers suggest the possibility of future clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ahirwar
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, India
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Camirand Lemyre F, Chalifoux K, Desharnais B, Mireault P. Squaring Things Up With R2: What it is, What it Can (and cannot) Tell You. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:443-448. [PMID: 33847757 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coefficient of correlation (r) and the coefficient of determination (R2 or r2) have long been used in analytical chemistry, bioanalysis and forensic toxicology as figures demonstrating linearity of the calibration data in method validation. We clarify here what these two figures are and why they should not be used for this purpose in the context of model fitting for prediction. R2 evaluates whether the data are better explained by the regression model used than by no model at all (i.e., a flat line of slope = 0 and intercept $\bar y$), and to what degree. Hopefully, in the context of calibration curves, the fact that a linear regression better explains the data than no model at all should not be a point of contention. Upon closer examination, a series of restrictions appear in the interpretation of these coefficients. They cannot indicate whether the dataset at hand is linear or not, because they assume that the regression model used is an adequate model for the data. For the same reason, they cannot disprove the existence of another functional relationship in the data. By definition, they are influenced by the variability of the data. The slope of the calibration curve will also change their value. Finally, when heteroscedastic data are analyzed, the coefficients will be influenced by calibration levels spacing within the dynamic range, unless a weighted version of the equations is used. With these considerations in mind, we suggest to stop using r and R2 as figures of merit to demonstrate linearity of calibration curves in method validations. Of course, this does not preclude their use in other contexts. Alternative paths for evaluation of linearity and calibration model validity are summarily presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Camirand Lemyre
- Department of Mathematics, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. De l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Kevin Chalifoux
- Department of Mathematics, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. De l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada.,Department of Toxicology, Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Pascal Mireault
- Department of Toxicology, Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec H2K 3S7, Canada
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Yan X, Wang Y, Cheng T, Li S. Photonic Crystal Fiber SPR Liquid Sensor Based on Elliptical Detective Channel. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12040408. [PMID: 33917055 PMCID: PMC8067755 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor model based on the surface plasmon resonance effect. The proposed PCF model also uses the full vector finite element method to transfer the structure under the anisotropic Perfect Matching Layer (PML) boundary condition. Numerical calculations were carried out on the sensor characteristics. The calculation results show that the elliptical air hole on the left side of the PCF core is coated with a gold-nano film which serves as a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensing channel to detect the refractive index of liquid materials. Compared with other structures, the resonant peak generated by the excited SPR effect from the elliptical sensing channel has a high sensitivity to the change of the refractive index of the liquid to be measured. With the help of this attribute, it is relatively easy to adjust the sensitivity. The refractive index range of this structure is within 1.43–1.49 and the sensitivity is up to 12,719.97 nm·RIU−1. The linearity is good; R2 = 0.99927, which is very suitable for liquid sensing.
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50
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Hannan KB, Todd MK, Pearson NJ, Forbes PA, Dakin CJ. Absence of Nonlinear Coupling Between Electric Vestibular Stimulation and Evoked Forces During Standing Balance. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:631782. [PMID: 33867958 PMCID: PMC8046432 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.631782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system encodes motion and orientation of the head in space and is essential for negotiating in and interacting with the world. Recently, random waveform electric vestibular stimulation has become an increasingly common means of probing the vestibular system. However, many of the methods used to analyze the behavioral response to this type of stimulation assume a linear relationship between frequencies in the stimulus and its associated response. Here we examine this stimulus-response frequency linearity to determine the validity of this assumption. Forty-five university-aged subjects stood on a force-plate for 4 min while receiving vestibular stimulation. To determine the linearity of the stimulus-response relationship we calculated the cross-frequency power coupling between a 0 and 25 Hz bandwidth limited white noise stimulus and induced postural responses, as measured using the horizontal forces acting at the feet. Ultimately, we found that, on average, the postural response to a random stimulus is linear across stimulation frequencies. This result supports the use of analysis methods that depend on the assumption of stimulus-response frequency linearity, such as coherence and gain, which are commonly used to analyze the body’s response to random waveform electric stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelci B Hannan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Makina K Todd
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Nicole J Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Patrick A Forbes
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Dakin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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