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Hecker AJ, Goodpaster JV. Screening of volatiles from explosive initiators and plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:847-855. [PMID: 38362839 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The detection of explosives and explosive devices based on the volatile compounds they emit is a long-standing tool for law enforcement and physical security. Toward that end, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has become a crucial analytical tool for the identification of volatiles emitted by explosives. Previous SPME studies have identified many volatile compounds emitted by common explosive formulations that serve as the main charge in explosive devices. However, limited research has been conducted on initiators like fuses, detonating cords, and boosters. In this study, a variety of SPME fiber coatings (i.e., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), divinylbenzene/carboxin/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), and carboxin/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)) were employed for the extraction and analysis of volatiles from Composition C-4 (cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB)) and Red Dot double-base smokeless powder (nitroglycerine, phenylamine). The results revealed that a PDMS/DVB fiber was optimal. Then, an assortment of explosive items (i.e., detonation cord, safety fuse, slip-on booster, and shape charge) were analyzed with a PDMS/DVB fiber. A variety of volatile compounds were identified, including plasticizers (tributyl acetyl citrate, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide), taggants (DMNB), and degradation products (2-ethyl-1-hexanol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Hecker
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Forensic & Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Stelmaszczyk P, Iwan M, Pawcenis D, Wietecha-Posłuszny R. Comparison of ZrO 2 Particles and Polyaniline as Additives in Polystyrene-Based Sorbents for the Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Psychoactive Drugs from Biofluids. Molecules 2024; 29:761. [PMID: 38398513 PMCID: PMC10893364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intensive development of extraction methods based on μ-SPE extraction contributes to the increased interest in the synthesis of new sorption materials. This work presents the characterization of polystyrene fibers and polystyrene fibers blended with ZrO2 particles or polyaniline obtained by electrospinning and their use in the extraction of selected psychoactive drugs from biological samples. The characteristic of produced fibers is made by performing SEM images, measuring average fiber diameter, and examining their sorption abilities. Among the fibers based on pure polystyrene, tested in the first stage, the best sorption properties are demonstrated for the fibers obtained from a polystyrene solution in DMF with a concentration of 17.5 wt%. In the next stage, this material was modified with synthesized ZrO2 particles and polyaniline. Among the tested materials, the sorbent based on polystyrene with polyaniline shows the best sorption properties of the tested substances. The use of this material in the μ-SPE in a needle enables the extraction of selected compounds from aqueous and biological samples such as urine and human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.S.); (M.I.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Iwan
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Dominika Pawcenis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa St. 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.S.); (M.I.)
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Choksi H, Li S, Looby N, Kotlyar M, Jurisica I, Kulasingam V, Chandran V. Identifying Serum Metabolomic Markers Associated with Skin Disease Activity in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15299. [PMID: 37894979 PMCID: PMC10607811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease causing cutaneous and musculoskeletal inflammation that affects 25% of patients with psoriasis. Current methods for evaluating PsA disease activity are not accurate enough for precision medicine. A metabolomics-based approach can elucidate psoriatic disease pathogenesis, providing potential objective biomarkers. With the hypothesis that serum metabolites are associated with skin disease activity, we aimed to identify serum metabolites associated with skin activity in PsA patients. We obtained serum samples from patients with PsA (n = 150) who were classified into mild, moderate and high disease activity groups based on the Psoriasis Area Severity Index. We used solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for sample preparation, followed by data acquisition via an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach. Disease activity levels were predicted using identified metabolites and machine learning algorithms. Some metabolites tentatively identified include eicosanoids with anti- or pro-inflammatory properties, like 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which was previously implicated in joint disease activity in PsA. Other metabolites of interest were associated with dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and belonged to classes such as bile acids, oxidized phospholipids, and long-chain fatty acids. We have identified potential metabolites associated with skin disease activity in PsA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choksi
- Schroeder Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (H.C.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shenghan Li
- Schroeder Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (H.C.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Nikita Looby
- Schroeder Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (H.C.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (M.K.); (I.J.)
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (M.K.); (I.J.)
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravská cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Program, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; (H.C.); (S.L.); (N.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Castiñeira-Landeira A, Vazquez L, Dagnac T, Celeiro M, Llompart M. Allergens and Other Harmful Substances in Hydroalcoholic Gels: Compliance with Current Regulation. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:95. [PMID: 37888027 PMCID: PMC10609030 DOI: 10.3390/mps6050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroalcoholic gels or hand sanitisers have become essential products to prevent and mitigate the transmission of COVID-19. Depending on their use, they can be classified as cosmetics (cleaning the skin) or biocides (with antimicrobial effects). The aim of this work was to determine sixty personal care products frequently found in cosmetic formulations, including fragrance allergens, synthetic musks, preservatives and plasticisers, in hydroalcoholic gels and evaluate their compliance with the current regulation. A simple and fast analytical methodology based on solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS/MS) was validated and applied to 67 real samples. Among the 60 target compounds, 47 of them were found in the analysed hand sanitisers, highlighting the high number of fragrance allergens (up to 23) at concentrations of up to 32,458 μg g-1. Most of the samples did not comply with the labelling requirements of the EU Regulation No 1223/2009, and some of them even contained compounds banned in cosmetic products such as plasticisers. Method sustainability was also evaluated using the metric tool AGREEPrep, demonstrating its greenness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castiñeira-Landeira
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.-L.); (L.V.)
| | - Lua Vazquez
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.-L.); (L.V.)
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Galician Agency for Food Quality, Agronomic Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, P.O. Box 10, E-15080 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Maria Celeiro
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.-L.); (L.V.)
| | - María Llompart
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.-L.); (L.V.)
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D'Auria M, Racioppi R. Volatile organic compounds from Citrus australasica growing in Basilicata (Southern Italy). Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3302-3305. [PMID: 35428424 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2063857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SPME-GCMS analysis of vesicles of Sanguinea cultivar showed the presence of limonene (45.63%), sabinene (22.65%), and bicyclogermacrene (10.80%). The analysis of the peel showed that the main components were limonene (48.24%), sabinene (37.15%), and α-pinene (4.26%). In Pink Ice cultivar the main components of the vesicles were sabinene (31.68%), limonene (20.71%), and bicyclogermacrene (14.18%). Peel analysis showed the presence of limonene (37.68%), sabinene (33.33%), and α-pinene (5.55%). In Faustrime limonene (51.54%), γ-terpinene (10.01%), α-bergamotene (7.48%), β-bisabolene (7.07%), and a-phellandrene (5.68%) were detected. In peel analysis limonene (27.84%), α-pinene (9.41%), γ-terpinene (10.00%), and citronellal (10.51%) were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Gegechkori V, Kobakhidze T, Morton D. Solid-Phase Microextraction Techniques and Application in Food and Horticultural Crops. Molecules 2023; 28:6880. [PMID: 37836723 PMCID: PMC10574797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a sample preparation technique which utilizes small amounts of an extraction phase for the extraction of target analytes from investigated sample matrices. Its simplicity of use, relatively short sample processing time, and fiber reusability have made SPME an attractive choice for many analytical applications. SPME has been widely applied to the sampling and analysis of environmental, food, aromatic, metallic, forensic, and pharmaceutical samples. Solid phase microextraction is used in horticultural crops, for example, to determine water and soil contaminants (pesticides, alcohols, phenols, amines, herbicides, etc.). SPME is also used in the food industry to separate biologically active substances in food products for various purposes, for example, disease prevention, determining the smell of food products, and analyzing tastes. SPME has been applied to forensic analysis to determine the alcohol concentration in blood and that of sugar in urine. This method has also been widely used in pharmaceutical analysis. It is a solvent-free sample preparation technique that integrates sampling, isolation, and concentration. This review focuses on recent work on the use of SPME techniques in the analysis of food and horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (T.K.); (D.M.)
- School of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (T.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Tamara Kobakhidze
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (T.K.); (D.M.)
| | - David Morton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.G.); (T.K.); (D.M.)
- School of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Rd, Bendigo 3550, Australia
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McCabe AK, Keyes JK, Hemetsberger H, Kurr CV, Albright B, Ward MG, McKinley ML, Breezley SJ, Cole CA. Aroma Profile Development in Beer Fermented with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana Hops. Molecules 2023; 28:5802. [PMID: 37570773 PMCID: PMC10421000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hops are among the most costly and environmentally impactful raw materials used in brewing, yet they play a crucial role in the aroma of beer. However, predicting beer aroma based on hop variety or hopping method remains arduous. This is partly because hop oils are unique for each hop variety, and they may be biotransformed by yeast enzymes during fermentation. Even slight molecular structure modifications can dramatically affect the organoleptic properties of beer. Through combined chemical and sensory analysis of dry-hopped beers prepared with different hop varieties (Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana), this work aimed to profile the aromas and the overall biotransformation processes taking place during fermentation. A total of 51 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were semi-quantified and monitored: 19 esters, 13 sesquiterpenes, 7 ketones, 7 alcohols, 4 monoterpenes, and 1 volatile acid. There were significant similarities in the measured analytes and perceived aromas of these beers, but one hop variety (Sultana) delivered an increased quantity of unique aromas and an increased concentration of volatiles in the headspace for the same quantity of hop pellets added. This work provides practical information to brewers who utilize hops in beer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. McCabe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (A.K.M.); (J.K.K.); (M.G.W.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Jasmine K. Keyes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (A.K.M.); (J.K.K.); (M.G.W.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Heidi Hemetsberger
- Ska Brewing Company, 225 Girard St., Durango, CO 81303, USA; (H.H.); (C.V.K.); (B.A.); (S.J.B.)
| | - Chris V. Kurr
- Ska Brewing Company, 225 Girard St., Durango, CO 81303, USA; (H.H.); (C.V.K.); (B.A.); (S.J.B.)
| | - Bryan Albright
- Ska Brewing Company, 225 Girard St., Durango, CO 81303, USA; (H.H.); (C.V.K.); (B.A.); (S.J.B.)
| | - Michael G. Ward
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (A.K.M.); (J.K.K.); (M.G.W.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Megan L. McKinley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (A.K.M.); (J.K.K.); (M.G.W.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Steven J. Breezley
- Ska Brewing Company, 225 Girard St., Durango, CO 81303, USA; (H.H.); (C.V.K.); (B.A.); (S.J.B.)
| | - Callie A. Cole
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (A.K.M.); (J.K.K.); (M.G.W.); (M.L.M.)
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D'Auria M, Emanuele L, Lorenz R, Mecca M, Racioppi R, Romano VA, Viggiani L. HS-SPME-GC-MS determination of the scent of Anacamptis taxa (fam. Orchidaceae) from Basilicata (Southern Italy). Nat Prod Res 2023:1-5. [PMID: 36908103 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2187797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The scent of Anacamptis species has been analyzed by using HS-SPME-GC-MS. The sample was collected in Basilicata (Southern Italy). Every species showed a different composition of the scent in the analyses we performed. 1,2,4-Trimethoxybenzene and methyl 4-mehoxybenzoate were the main components of that of Anacamptis coriophora subsp. fragrans. The scent of Anacamptis laxiflora was due to the presence of caryophyllene. Linear hydrocarbons but also decanal were components of the scent of Anacamptis pyramidalis. Eucalyptol was found in the scent of Anacamptis papilonacea. Finally, β-sesquiphellandrene was the main component of the scent of Anacamptis morio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Department of Science, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Emanuele
- Department of Arts and Restoration, University of Dubrovnik, Du-brovnik, Croatia
| | - Richard Lorenz
- Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Baden-Wurttemberg, AHO Baden-Württemberg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marisabel Mecca
- Department of Science, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Department of Science, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Licia Viggiani
- Department of Science, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Liu S, Ye X, Zhou X, Chen C, Huang Y, Fang S, Guo P, Ouyang G. In Vivo Profiling and Quantification of Chlorinated Paraffin Homologues in Living Fish. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3053-3061. [PMID: 36790355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a dual-purpose periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) probe to track the complex chlorinated paraffin (CP) composition in living animals by assembling it as an adsorbent-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APCI-FT-ICR-MS) platform and synchronously performing it as the in vivo sampling device. First, synchronous solvent-free ionization and in-source thermal desorption of CP homologues were achieved by the introduction of the PMO adsorbent-assisted APCI module, generating exclusive adduct ions ([M - H]-) of individual CP homologues (CnClm) with enhanced ionization efficiency. Improved detection limits of short- and medium-chain CPs (0.10-24 and 0.48-5.0 pg/μL) were achieved versus those of the chloride-anion attachment APCI-MS methods. Second, the dual-purpose PMO probe was applied to extract the complex CP compositions in living animals, following APCI-FT-ICR-MS analysis. A modified pattern-deconvolution algorithm coupled with the sampling-rate calibration method was used for the quantification of CPs in living fish. In vivo quantification of a tilapia exposed to technical CPs for 7 days was successfully achieved, with ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs of the sampled fish calculated to be 1108 ± 289 and 831 ± 266 μg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, 58 potential CP metabolites were identified in living fish for the first time during in vivo sampling of CPs, a capacity that could provide an important tool for future study regarding its expected risks to humans and its environmental fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaoji Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yiquan Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuting Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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da Cruz MA, Plotto A, Ferrarezi RS, Leite Junior RP, Bai J. Effect of Huanglongbing on the Volatile Organic Compound Profile of Fruit Juice and Peel Oil in 'Ray Ruby' Grapefruit. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36832788 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with orange and mandarin, grapefruit production in Florida has declined sharply due to Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). HLB affects the volatile profiles of juice and peel oil in oranges, but there is limited information on grapefruit. In this research, 'Ray Ruby' grapefruit were harvested in 2020 and 2021 from healthy (HLB-) and HLB-affected (HLB+) trees. Peel oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the volatiles were analyzed by direct injection of the oil samples into gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatiles in the juice were analyzed by headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS. HLB significantly altered the volatile profiles of peel oil and juice in 'Ray Ruby' grapefruit. Juice samples of HLB+ fruits had lower decanal, nonanal, and octanal, important citrus juice flavor compounds. HLB+ samples also showed reduced content of nonterpene compounds, other aliphatic and terpene aldehydes, and terpene ketones. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butanoate were increased in HLB+ juice samples, indicating an HLB-induced stress response. The most abundant compounds D-limonene and β-caryophyllene, as well as other sesquiterpenes, were increased in HLB+ juice and peel oil samples. On the other hand, the oxidative/dehydrogenated terpenes were increased by HLB in peel oil but decreased in the juice sample. Nootkatone, the key grapefruit volatile was consistently reduced by HLB in both peel oil and juice samples. The impact of HLB on nootkatone deteriorated the quality of both juice and peel oil in grapefruits.
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Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Slováková L, Matejčík Š. Solid Phase Microextraction-Multicapillary Column-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (SPME-MCC-IMS) for Detection of Methyl Salicylate in Tomato Leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:15593-15601. [PMID: 36459422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is a plant-signaling molecule that plays an essential role in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic pathogens. In this work, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a multicapillary column (MCC) are coupled to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to detect MeSA in tomato leaves. The SPME-MCC-IMS method provides two-dimensional (2D) separation by both MCC and IMS, based on the retention and drift times. The effect of the IMS polarity on the separation efficiency of MCCs was also investigated. In the positive polarity, ionization of MeSA resulted in [MeSA + H]+ formation while, in the negative, deprotonated ions, [MeSA - H]-, and the O2- adduct ion, [MeSA + O2]-, were formed. In the real sample analysis, the negative polarity operation resulted in the suppression of many matrix molecules and thus in the reduction of interferences. Four different SPME fibers were used for head space analysis, and four MCC columns were investigated. In the negative polarity, complete separation was achieved for all of the MCCs columns. The limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1 μg mL-1 and linear range of 0.25-12 μg mL-1 were obtained for the measurement of MeSA in a standard solution (H2O/CH3OH, 50:50) by the SPME-IMS method with a 5 min extraction time using an SPME with a PDMS fiber, in the negative mode of IMS. The MeSA contents of fresh tomato leaves were determined as 1.5-9.8 μg g-1, 24-96 h after inoculation by tomato mosaic ringspot virus (ToRSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ilbeigi
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 34148-96818, Iran
| | - L'udmila Slováková
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F2, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
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12
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D'Auria M, Lorenz R, Mecca M, Racioppi R, Romano VA, Viggiani L. Fragrance components of Gymnadenia conopsea and Gymnadenia odoratissima collected at several sites in Italy and Germany. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:3435-3439. [PMID: 33249883 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1851227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The SPME-GC-MS analysis of the aroma components of Gymnadenia conopsea subsp. conopsea, subsp. densiflora, var. alpina and Gymnadenia odoratissima var. odoratissima, var. idae were reported. The main components of in total 78 found in G. conopsea subsp. conopsea were elemicin, cis-9-hexadecenal, hexadecanal, isoelemicin and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate; in subsp. densiflora benzyl benzoate, eugenol and trans-isoeugenol; in var. alpina benzyl benzoate, methyleugenol and elemicin. In the scent of G. odoratissima var. odoratissima were found 2-phenylethyl acetate, eugenol and pentadecane, in var. idae mainly C15-C21 alkanes and C16, C18 carbonic acids and some isoprenoid-derivatives. As all tested Gymnadenia-taxa are allogamous, the differences in scent composition may play a role in pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Richard Lorenz
- Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Baden-Württemberg, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Marisabel Mecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Licia Viggiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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13
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Ciesielski AL, Simon AG, Welch K, Wagner JR. Characterization of fentanyl HCl powder prior to and after systematic degradation. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1979-1988. [PMID: 35670248 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl HCl is of particular interest in forensic cases but there is a notable gap in literature regarding its analysis. This study utilized a multi-method approach to characterize fentanyl HCl powder, both fresh and following a forced degradation process. Using sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and direct injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), five compounds were identified in fresh fentanyl HCl powder. The identified compounds were: N-phenylpropanamide, 1-phenethyl-4-propionyloxypiperidine (1-P-4-POP), 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (4-ANPP), acetylfentanyl, and fentanyl; all identified compounds but acetylfentanyl and fentanyl decreased in quantity as the sample was degraded. Fresh headspace samples analyzed with solid phase microextraction (SPME)-GC-MS identified four compounds in common with the powder analyses: N-phenylpropanamide,1-P-4-POP, 4-ANPP, and fentanyl. Acetylfentanyl was not present in the headspace samples, although two additional compounds were: N-phenylacetamide and N-phenethyl-4-piperidinone (NPP). Where direct analysis of degraded fentanyl HCl showed decreased quantities of the identified compounds, headspace samples of the degraded fentanyl HCl resulted in higher quantities, implying that the degradation process drove those compounds to volatilize. Notably, fentanyl was identified in the headspace, implying that this could be an appropriate target for standoff detection. Finally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DCS) confirmed that the forced degradation process had little permanent effect on the powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Ciesielski
- School of Forensic Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Alison G Simon
- School of Forensic Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Katie Welch
- School of Forensic Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jarrad R Wagner
- School of Forensic Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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14
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Ferranti A, Hayward T. Group-type quantitative analysis of flavor compounds in ripening avocados. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1737-1745. [PMID: 35247293 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Avocados are a superfood gaining popularity in people's diet. Profiling and quantifying the volatiles associated with flavor can further the understanding of the fruit. However, this is challenging due to the relatively low abundances of volatile compounds. The complex mixtures inherent to avocado flavor can result in co-elutions using classical chromatographic techniques. To overcome these challenges, solid phase microextraction was used to extract and pre-concentrate volatiles, then separated and quantified using two-dimensional gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. This technique enhances separation power and produces well-ordered chromatograms, allowing for templated groupings of compounds of similar chemical composition into regions. Using the flame ionization detector, an average response factor was determined and used for quantification of these templated group-type regions, as well as individual compounds. This group-type quantification improved overall precision of compound classes in 50 avocados by at least a factor of 2, when compared to that of the individual components. Overall, the abundance of associated flavor groups such as terpenes and alcohols decreased, whereas aldehyde groups remained constant throughout ripening. The combination of solid phase microextraction with two-dimensional gas chromatography and group-type quantification allows for an overall better understanding of the volatiles associated with flavor of avocados. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor Hayward
- Apeel Sciences, 71 Los Carneros Rd., Goleta, CA, 93117, USA
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15
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Mishra SS, Manzoor K, Zafar M, Podmore ID. A novel approach to the analysis of spin-trapped free radicals using dimethyl sulfoxide and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with both solvent extraction and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Free Radic Res 2021; 55:569-578. [PMID: 34533413 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1980563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have utilized a novel strategy based upon the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and identification of spin-trapped free radicals. Hydroxymethyl (.CH2OH) radicals, generated by Fenton-type chemistry, have been trapped by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone (PBN) or one of its derivatives in the presence of DMSO to form a 1,3-diadduct [PBN-(CH2OH)(CH3)], which may be detected directly in the reaction mixture following chloroform extraction or in the reaction vial headspace by sampling with SPME. Separation and identification have been carried out by capillary gas chromatography coupled to electron-ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS). The results demonstrate that using DMSO aids GC-MS analysis of spin-trapped free radicals via the formation of radical-methyl di-adducts that are sufficiently volatile to be sampled both in the headspace or by an extracting solvent without the need for a derivatization step using silylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanatkumar S Mishra
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Kamran Manzoor
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Mudaser Zafar
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Ian D Podmore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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16
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Sobczak Ł, Kołodziej D, Goryński K. Benefits of Innovative and Fully Water-Compatible Stationary Phases of Thin-Film Microextraction (TFME) Blades. Molecules 2021; 26:4413. [PMID: 34361565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Octadecyl (C18) groups are arguably the most popular ligands used for preparation of solid phase microextraction (SPME) devices. However, conventional C18-bonded silica particles are not fully compatible with the nearly 100% aqueous composition of typical biological samples (e.g., plasma, saliva, or urine). This study presents the first evaluation of thin-film SPME devices coated with special water-compatible C18-bonded particles. Device performance was assessed by extracting a mixture of 30 model compounds that exhibited various chemical structures and properties, such as hydrophobicity. Additionally, nine unique compositions of desorption solvents were tested. Thin-film SPME devices coated with C18-bonded silica particles with polar end-capping groups (10 µm) were compared with conventional trimethylsilane end-capped C18-bonded silica particles of various sizes (5, 10, and 45 µm) and characteristics. Polar end-capped particles provided the best extraction efficacy and were characterized by the strongest correlations between the efficacy of the extraction process and the hydrophobicity of the analytes. The results suggest that the original features of octadecyl ligands are best preserved in aqueous conditions by polar end-capped particles, unlike with conventional trimethylsilane end-capped particles that are currently used to prepare SPME devices. The benefits associated with this improved type of coating encourage further implementation of microextractraction as greener alternative to the traditional sample preparation methods.
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17
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Patel DI, Roychowdhury T, Shah D, Jacobsen C, Herrington JS, Hoisington J, Myers C, Salazar BG, Walker AV, Bell DS, Linford MR. 6-Phenylhexyl silane derivatized, sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fiber for the parts-per-trillion detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and baby formula. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2824-2836. [PMID: 33989452 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of 6-phenylhexylsilane derivatized, sputtered silicon, solid phase microextraction fibers that show parts per trillion detection limits for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and negligible carry over and phase bleed. Their fabrication involves sputtering silicon on silica fibers under various conditions. Six different fibers were evaluated by generating three different thicknesses of sputtered silicon at two different throw distances, which altered the morphologies of the silicon surfaces. All of the fibers were coated with similar thicknesses of 6-phenylhexylsilane (ca. 2 nm). These fibers were characterized with multiple analytical techniques. The optimum fiber configuration was then used to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons via direct immersion, gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Our best fiber for the extraction of low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water had similar performance to that of a commercial fiber. However, our fiber demonstrated ca. 3 times the extraction efficiency for higher molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, it outperformed the commercial fiber by showing better linearity, repeatability, and detection limits. A method for analyzing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in baby formula was developed, which showed very good linearity (0.5-125 ppb), repeatability (2-26%), detection limits (0.12-0.81 ppb), and recoveries (103-135%). In addition, our fiber showed much less (negligible) carry over and phase bleed than the commercially available fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay I Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Jason S Herrington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Jason Hoisington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Colton Myers
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Bryan G Salazar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
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18
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Jagirani MS, Ozalp O, Soylak M. New Trend in the Extraction of Pesticides from the Environmental and Food Samples Applying Microextraction Based Green Chemistry Scenario: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1343-1369. [PMID: 33560139 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1874867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focused on the green microextraction methods used for the extraction of pesticides from the environmental and food samples. Microextraction techniques have been explored and applied in various fields of analytical chemistry since its beginning, as evinced by the numerous reviews published. The success of any technique in science and technology is measured by the simplicity, environmentally friendly, and its applications; and the microextraction technique is highly successive. Deliberations were attentive to studies where efforts have been made to validate the methods through the inter-laboratory comparison study to assess the analytical performance of microextraction techniques against conventional methods. Succinctly, developed microextraction methods are shown to impart significant benefits over conventional techniques. Provided that the analytical community continues to put forward attention and resources into the growth and validation of the microextraction technique, a promising future for microextraction is forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ozgur Ozalp
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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19
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Abstract
In this review, the ever-increasing use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in microextraction techniques will be discussed, focusing on the reasons needed to replace conventional extraction techniques with greener approaches that follow the principles of green analytical chemistry. The properties of DES will be discussed, pinpointing their exceptional performance and analytical parameters, justifying their current extensive scientific interest. Finally, a variety of applications for commonly used microextraction techniques will be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victoria Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (O.-E.P.); (E.A.)
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20
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Abstract
GC-MS of ethyl acetate solutions and HS-SPME-GC-MS of mastic oil and mastic gum showed the presence of α-pinene and β-myrcene as main components of the mixture. In the GC-MS analysis of mastic oil 19 compounds were detected, while mastic gum allowed to detect only twelve compounds. Mastic gum showed the presence of compounds with a higher molecular weight. In HS-SPME analysis the amount of β-myrcene increased in comparison to the results obtained in the analyses performed in solution. The relative ratio between α-pinene and β-myrcene showed that SPME analysis induces a preferential detection for β-myrcene (α-pinene/β-myrcene in the mastic oil 16.18 in GC-MS analysis, and 5.06 in SPME analysis; α-pinene/β-myrcene in mastic gum 10.64 in GC-MS analysis, and 2.25 in SPME analysis). These results can be explained considering a different absorption selectivity of these compounds on the SPME fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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21
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Costa CP, Bezerra AR, Almeida A, Rocha SM. Candida Species (Volatile) Metabotyping through Advanced Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1911. [PMID: 33266330 PMCID: PMC7760324 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolomics is a challenge strategy that allows a comprehensive analysis of metabolites within a microorganism and may support a new approach in microbial research, including the microbial diagnosis. Thus, the aim of this research was to in-depth explore a metabolomics strategy based on the use of an advanced multidimensional gas chromatography for the comprehensive mapping of cellular metabolites of C. albicans and non-C. albicans (C. glabrata and C. tropicalis) and therefore contributing for the development of a comprehensive platform for fungal detection management and for species distinction in early growth times (6 h). The volatile fraction comprises 126 putatively identified metabolites distributed over several chemical families: acids, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, monoterpenic and sesquiterpenic compounds, norisoprenoids, phenols and sulphur compounds. These metabolites may be related with different metabolic pathways, such as amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis, fatty acids metabolism, aromatic compounds degradation, mono and sesquiterpenoid synthesis and carotenoid cleavage. These results represent an enlargement of ca. 70% of metabolites not previously reported for C. albicans, 91% for C. glabrata and 90% for C. tropicalis. This study represents the most detailed study about Candida species exometabolome, allowing a metabolomic signature of each species, which signifies an improvement towards the construction of a Candida metabolomics platform whose application in clinical diagnostics can be crucial to guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pedrosa Costa
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Ana Rita Bezerra
- Health Sciences Department, Institute for Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sílvia M. Rocha
- Department of Chemistry & LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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22
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Boyaci E, Lendor S, Bojko B, Reyes-Garcés N, Gómez-Ríos GA, Olkowicz M, Diwan M, Palmer M, Hamani C, Pawliszyn J. Comprehensive Investigation of Metabolic Changes Occurring in the Rat Brain Hippocampus after Fluoxetine Administration Using Two Complementary In Vivo Techniques: Solid Phase Microextraction and Microdialysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3749-3760. [PMID: 33125227 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine is among the most prescribed antidepressant drugs worldwide. Nevertheless, limited information is known about its definitive mechanism. Although in vivo examinations performed directly in related brain structures can provide more realistic, and therefore more insightful, knowledge regarding the mechanisms and efficacy of this drug, only a few techniques are applicable for in vivo monitoring of metabolic alterations in the brain following an inducement. Among them, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and microdialysis (MD) have emerged as ideal in vivo tools for extraction of information from biosystems. In this investigation, we scrutinized the capabilities of SPME and MD to detect ongoing changes in the brain following acute fluoxetine administration. Sequential in vivo samples were collected simultaneously from male rats' hippocampi using SPME and MD before drug administration in order to establish a baseline; then samples were collected again following fluoxetine administration for an investigation of small molecule alterations. Our results indicate that MD provides more comprehensive information for polar compounds, while SPME provides superior information with respect to lipids and other medium level polar molecules. Interestingly, in the lipidomic investigation, all dysregulated features were found to be membrane lipids and associated compounds. Moreover, in the metabolomic investigations, dysregulation of hippocampal metabolite levels associated with fatty acid transportation and purine metabolisms were among the most notable findings. Overall, our evaluation of the obtained data corroborates that, when used in tandem, SPME and MD are capable of providing comprehensive information regarding the effect of fluoxetine in targeted brain structures and further elucidating this drug's mechanisms of action in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Germán Augusto Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mustansir Diwan
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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23
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Lendor S, Olkowicz M, Boyaci E, Yu M, Diwan M, Hamani C, Palmer M, Reyes-Garcés N, Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Investigation of Early Death-Induced Changes in Rat Brain by Solid Phase Microextraction via Untargeted High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: In Vivo versus Postmortem Comparative Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1827-1840. [PMID: 32407623 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of brain samples obtained postmortem remains a standard approach in neuroscience, despite often being suboptimal for inferring roles of small molecules in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. Sample collection and preservation further hinders conclusive interpretation of biomarker analysis in autopsy samples. We investigate purely death-induced changes affecting rat hippocampus in the first hour of postmortem interval (PMI) by means of untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The unique possibility of sampling the same brain area of each animal both in vivo and postmortem was enabled by employing solid phase microextraction (SPME) probes. Four millimeter probes coated with mixed mode extraction phase were used to sample awake, freely roaming animals, with 2 more sampling events performed after death. Significant changes in brain neurochemistry were found to occur as soon as 30 min after death, further progressing with increasing PMI, evidenced by relative changes in levels of metabolites and lipids. These included species from several distinct groups, which can be classified as engaged in energy metabolism-related processes, signal transduction, neurotransmission, or inflammatory response. Additionally, we perform thorough analysis of interindividual variability in response to death, which provides insights into how this aspect can obscure conclusions drawn from an untargeted study at single metabolite and pathway level. The results suggest high demand for systematic studies examining the PMI time course with in vivo sampling as a starting point to eliminate artifacts in the form of neurochemical changes assumed to occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mustansir Diwan
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - German Augusto Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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24
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Elliani R, Naccarato A, Malacaria L, Tagarelli A. A rapid method for the quantification of urinary phthalate monoesters: A new strategy for the assessment of the exposure to phthalate ester by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3061-3073. [PMID: 32399997 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the following work, a new method for the analysis of the phthalate monoesters in human urine was reported. Phthalate monoesters are metabolites generated as a result of phthalate exposure. In compliance with the dictates of Green Analytical Chemistry, a rapid and simple protocol was developed and optimized for the quantification of phthalate monoesters (i.e., monoethyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-n-octyl phthalate, monocyclohexyl phthalate, mono-isononyl phthalate) in human urine, which entails preceding derivatization with methyl chloroformate combined with the use of commercial solid phase microextraction and the analysis by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The affinity of the derivatized analytes toward five commercial coatings was evaluated, and in terms of analyte extraction, the best results were reached with the use of the divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber. The multivariate approach of experimental design was used to seek for the best working conditions of the derivatization reaction and the solid phase microextraction, thus obtaining the optimum response values. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines issued by the Food and Drug Administration achieving satisfactory values in terms of linearity, sensitivity, matrix effect, intra- and inter-day accuracy, and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Elliani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Attilio Naccarato
- Division of Rende, UNICAL-Polifunzionale, CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Luana Malacaria
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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25
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Manousi N, Tzanavaras PD, Zacharis CK. Bioanalytical HPLC Applications of In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction: A Two-Decade Overview. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092096. [PMID: 32365828 PMCID: PMC7248733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In-tube solid phase microextraction is a cutting-edge sample treatment technique offering significant advantages in terms of miniaturization, green character, automation, and preconcentration prior to analysis. During the past years, there has been a considerable increase in the reported publications, as well as in the research groups focusing their activities on this technique. In the present review article, HPLC bioanalytical applications of in-tube SPME are discussed, covering a wide time frame of twenty years of research reports. Instrumental aspects towards the coupling of in-tube SPME and HPLC are also discussed, and detailed information on materials/coatings and applications in biological samples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-231-099-7663
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26
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Kritikos A, Aska I, Ekonomou S, Mallouchos A, Parlapani FF, Haroutounian SA, Boziaris IS. Volatilome of Chill-Stored European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Fillets and Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Slices under Modified Atmosphere Packaging. Molecules 2020; 25:E1981. [PMID: 32340305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish spoilage occurs due to production of metabolites during storage, from bacterial action and chemical reactions, which leads to sensory rejection. Investigating the volatilome profile can reveal the potential spoilage markers. The evolution of volatile organic molecules during storage of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) slices under modified atmosphere packaging at 2 °C was recorded by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), microbiological, and sensory changes were also monitored. The shelf life of seabass fillets and salmon slices was 10.5 days. Pseudomonas and H2S-producing bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in both fish. TVB-N increased from the middle of storage, but never reached concentrations higher than the regulatory limit of 30–35 mg N/100 g. The volatilome consisted of a number of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and esters, common to both fish species. However, different evolution patterns were observed, indicating the effect of fish substrate on microbial growth and eventually the generation of volatiles. The compounds 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanedione and acetic acid could be proposed as potential spoilage markers. The identification and quantification of the volatilities of specific fish species via the development of a database with the fingerprint of fish species stored under certain storage conditions can help towards rapid spoilage assessment.
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27
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Hashemi SH, Kaykhaii M, Mirmoghaddam M, Boczkaj G. Preconcentration and Analytical Methods for Determination of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether and Other Fuel Oxygenates and Their Degradation Products in Environment: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:582-608. [PMID: 32312086 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1753164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fuel oxygenates (FOs) are mainly ethers or alcohols which are added to gasoline either to boost the octane number or to make the fuel burning process more "cleaner" with increasing the oxygen content, or to obtain a combination of both effects. FOs are water soluble with high mobility in the environment which presence even at very low concentrations lower the quality of water making it unsafe or unpleasant due to their objectionable taste and/or odor. Thus, their determination at trace in environmental samples is of high importance because of their sparingly biodegradability and their biological hazards. Instruments such as gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry are mainly used for the determination of FOs. However, the main challenge for determination of such oxygenates relates to proper sample preparation. Dilute or complex samples often demand a specific treatment to ensure effective enrichment of FOs before their detection. The main techniques used for this purpose are purge and trap, membrane extraction, and solid phase microextraction. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of extraction/preconcentration techniques and analytical methods for determination of FOs in environmental samples. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in details along with critical evaluation of currently available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hossein Hashemi
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Majid Mirmoghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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28
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Berrou K, Dunyach-Remy C, Lavigne JP, Roig B, Cadiere A. Comparison of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and Solid Phase Microextraction of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Metabolite Profile of Staphylococcus Aureus. Molecules 2019; 25:E55. [PMID: 31877955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the analysis of volatile bacterial compounds, solid phase microextraction (SPME) is currently the most widely used metabolite concentration technique. Recently, the potential of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for this use has been demonstrated. These two approaches were therefore used in combination with gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC–MS) for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile bacterial compounds produced by Staphylococcus aureus. In both cases, SPME and SBSE/headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) enrichment was carried out in two coating phases. A whole analytical and statistical process was developed to differentiate the metabolites produced from the metabolites consumed. The results obtained with SBSE/HSSE and SPME were compared and showed the recovery of 90% of the compounds by SBSE/HSSE. In addition, we were able to detect the production of 12 volatile/semi-volatile compounds by S. aureus, six of which had never been reported before. The extraction by SBSE/HSSE showed higher concentration capacities and greater sensitivity than SPME concerning bacterial compounds, suggesting that this technique may therefore become the new preferred option for bacterial volatile and semi-volatile compound analysis.
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29
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Ghosh C, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Recent advances in breath analysis to track human health by new enrichment technologies. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:226-240. [PMID: 31826324 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath has been gaining increasing attention as a tool for diagnosis of specific diseases. However, rapid and accurate quantification of biomarkers associated with specific diseases requires the use of analytical methods capable of fast sampling and preconcentration from breath matrix. In this regard, solid phase microextraction and needle trap technology are becoming increasingly popular in the field of breath analysis due to the unique benefits imparted by such methods, such as the integration of sampling, extraction, and preconcentration in a single step. This review discusses recent advances in breath analysis using these sample preparation techniques, providing a summary of recent developments of analytical methods based on breath volatile organic compounds analysis, including the successful identification of various biomarkers related to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Lee SM, Kim SB, Kim YS. Determination of Key Volatile Compounds Related to Long-Term Fermentation of Soy Sauce. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2758-2776. [PMID: 31509249 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The changes of volatile compounds in soy sauce during long-term fermentation (12 months) were investigated using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). A total of 144 and 129 compounds were identified in soy sauce with long-term fermentation by SPME and SBSE, respectively. The contents of most compounds, such as acids, aldehydes, benzene and benzene derivatives, esters, lactones, pyrazines, pyrones, and pyrroles, showed a tendency to increase, whereas those of alcohols and ketones decreased according to long-term fermentation. In addition, principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to discriminate soy sauce samples according to fermentation periods and determine key volatile compounds related to long-term fermentation. The initial fermentation stages were mainly associated with some alcohols, ketones, and lactones, whereas the later stages were strongly associated with most esters, some phenols, benzene and benzene derivatives, and pyrroles. Moreover, the key volatile compounds associated with long-term fermentation in soy sauce samples were ethyl 3-methylbutanoate (ethyl isovalerate), ethyl pentanoate (ethyl valerate), 1-octen-3-yl acetate, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol (methionol), ethyl benzoate, ethyl 2-phenylacetate, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone (2-acetylpyrrole), and 5-pentyl-2-oxolanone (γ-nonalactone). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study investigated changes of volatile compounds in soy sauce during long-term fermentation (12 months) using solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction. In addition, the key volatile compounds associated with long-term fermentation in soy sauce samples were determined. These results may help to predict the effective contributors related to long-term fermentation of soy sauce and improve the quality of soy sauce during long-term fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa-Bin Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans Univ., 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
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31
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Li G, Row KH. Hydrophilic Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Enrichment of Gallic Acid in Red Ginseng Tea. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1434. [PMID: 31480529 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic molecularly imprinted chitosan (HMICS) were synthesized based on hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and the DESs was used as both a template and functional monomer for the enrichment of gallic acid (GA) from red ginseng tea using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) method. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) strategy, the optimal extraction amount (8.57 mg·g−1) was found to be an extraction time of 30 min, a solid to liquid ratio of 20 mg·mL−1, and five adsorption/desorption cycles. Compared to traditional methods, the produced HMICS-SPME exhibited the advantages of simplicity of operation, higher recovery and selectivity, improved analytical characteristics and reduced sample and reagent consumption, and it is expected to promote the rapid development and wide applications of molecular imprinting.
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32
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Moein MM, Abdel-Rehim A, Abdel-Rehim M. Recent Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Sol-Gel Methodology in Sample Preparation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2889. [PMID: 31395795 PMCID: PMC6720762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their selectivity and chemical stability, molecularly imprinted polymers have attracted great interest in sample preparation. Imprinted polymers have been applied for the extraction and the enrichment of different sorts of trace analytes in biological and environmental samples before their analysis. Additionally, MIPs are utilized in various sample preparation techniques such as SPE, SPME, SBSE and MEPS. Nevertheless, molecularly imprinted polymers suffer from thermal (stable only up to 150 °C) and mechanical stability issues, improper porosity and poor capacity. The sol-gel methodology as a promising alternative to address these limitations allowing the production of sorbents with controlled porosity and higher surface area. Thus the combination of molecularly imprinted technology and sol-gel technology can create influential materials with high selectivity, high capacity and high thermal stability. This work aims to present an overview of molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymerization methods and their applications in analytical and bioanalytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Moein
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbi Abdel-Rehim
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-164 40 Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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D'Auria M, Racioppi R. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa. Nat Prod Res 2019; 33:2125-2127. [PMID: 30381960 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1488702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SPME analysis of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Curcuma longa L. were performed by using a DVB/CARB/PDMS fiber. The SPME analysis of Zingiber officinale showed that the main components found were camphene (7.27%), geranial (8.37%), α-zingiberene (14.50%), α-farnesene (9.14%), β-bisabolene (6.52%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (9.92%). The SPME analysis of Curcuma longa showed that main components were p-cymene (12.96%) and ar-turmerone (12.08%). Other components were β-phellandrene (7.86%), terpinolene (6.97%), ar-curcumene (8.53%), α-zingiberene (8.46%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.37%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- a Dipartimento di Scienze , Università della Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
| | - Rocco Racioppi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze , Università della Basilicata , Potenza , Italy
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34
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Oliver-Pozo C, Trypidis D, Aparicio R, García-González DL, Aparicio-Ruiz R. Implementing Dynamic Headspace With SPME Sampling of Virgin Olive Oil Volatiles: Optimization, Quality Analytical Study, and Performance Testing. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:2086-2097. [PMID: 30672272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Competition and interaction phenomena among volatiles during their adsorption process by solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers in static headspace sampling procedure (SHS) cast doubt on its ability to quantify virgin olive oil volatiles. SPME fibers being excellent traps, their use was analyzed with a new device allowing the concentration of volatiles in a dynamic headspace sampling procedure (DHS). A central composite experimental design optimized the main variables of the device (4 g sample weight, 40 °C temperature, 150 mL/min flow rate, 50 min adsorption time), while values of the analytical quality control parameters of the method (repeatability, limits of detection and quantification, working range, sensitivity, and resolution) were compared with those ones from static headspace. DHS shows better precision results for aldehydes and alcohols than SHS and allowed analyzing higher concentrations with no problem of saturation. In 19 of 28 compounds analyzed in 50 samples the chromatographic areas were higher when running DHS. The concentration values of volatile compounds in these samples after applying SHS and DHS are discussed together with the ability of the new method for distinguishing virgin olive oil by their categories (extra virgin, virgin, and lampante) by the volatiles quantified in commercial oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Oliver-Pozo
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC) , Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 , 41013 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Dimitrios Trypidis
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC) , Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 , 41013 Sevilla , Spain
- School of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Ramón Aparicio
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC) , Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 , 41013 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Diego L García-González
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC) , Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 , 41013 Sevilla , Spain
| | - Ramón Aparicio-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , Universidad de Sevilla , 41012 Sevilla , Spain
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35
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Navitha Reddy G, Dilip Zagade A, Sengupta P. Current direction and advances in analytical sample extraction techniques for drugs with special emphasis on bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:313-32. [PMID: 30663327 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical techniques may not be compatible or sufficiently sensitive to the analytes, unless it undergoes a specific sample extraction procedure. Sample extraction can be considered as one of the key steps in analysis. Analysis of a poorly treated sample may produce inferior quality of analytical data. Continuous advancement and development of newer sample extraction techniques such as solid phase microextraction, ultrasound, magnetically and microwave assisted magnetic extraction; electro-membrane extraction and dried blood spotting are to address the shortcomings of the existing techniques and to provide more automation, minimizing preparation time and make them high throughput. This review summarizes the suitability of application of the advanced sample preparation techniques available for chemical and bioanalysis in a comprehensive manner. This review also provides a scientific guidance for selecting the appropriate sample extraction technique based on sample type.
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36
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Huang S, Zheng J, Yang Q, Chen G, Xu J, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang G. High-Efficiency, Matrix Interference-Free, General Applicable Probes for Bile Acids Extraction and Detection. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1800774. [PMID: 30581699 PMCID: PMC6299822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although bile acids (BAs) have been suggested as important biomarkers for endocrine diseases, the identification and quantification of different BAs are still challenges due to their enormous species and wide range concentrations. Herein, a copolymer probe based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is fabricated through a simple in-mold photopolymerization for the selective extraction of BAs. Through the unique stereochemical affinity between BAs and the cavity of β-CD, the custom probe shows superior enriching capacities to series BAs. Moreover, the outstanding extraction ability is proved to be consistent in various interfering conditions, including pH changing and the addition of complex matrix. Further comparison shows that the stereostructure of the nucleus of BAs plays a vital role during the formation of the β-CD/BA complex, indicating the potential for efficient extraction of other BAs, including their structural analogues or some unknown ones. The developed probe is used for solid phase microextraction, and the limits of detection are lower than 0.075 ng mL-1 by coupling to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass analysis. The results in this study highlight the potential for effective improvement of immediate detection and profiling of BAs in real samples, which will make a tremendous impact in the analytical field or clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Jiating Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Yong Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Urology DepartmentSun Yat‐Sen University Sixth Affiliated HospitalGuangzhouGuangdong510000China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic ChemistrySchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510275China
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37
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Aprea E, Gasperi F, Betta E, Sani G, Cantini C. Variability in volatile compounds from lipoxygenase pathway in extra virgin olive oils from Tuscan olive germoplasm by quantitative SPME/GC-MS. J Mass Spectrom 2018; 53:824-832. [PMID: 30062818 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method, based on SPME GC-MS, for the quantification of volatile compounds derived from lipoxygenase pathway, considered the most important for the aroma of high-quality olive oil, was developed. The method was used to study the variation within the extra virgin olive oils from 67 cultivars of the Tuscan olive germplasm conserved at "Santa Paolina" experimental farm (Follonica, Italy). A great variability was observed among the 67 cultivars both for the total amount of volatile compounds and for the different ratios between the groups of volatile compounds from common precursors. The aim was to obtain basic information on the characteristics and the quality of the oils obtainable from nonwidely cultivated olive varieties. These data can support the reintroduction in the production chain of old autochthonous varieties and for exploitation in breeding programs as a source of positive characters to transmit to the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Aprea
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, S. Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Flavia Gasperi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, S. Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Emanuela Betta
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, S. Michele a/A, Italy
| | - Graziano Sani
- Trees and Timber Institute-National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA) Via Aurelia 49, 58022, Follonica, Italy
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and Timber Institute-National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA) Via Aurelia 49, 58022, Follonica, Italy
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Liu BB, Xia ZY, Ma JQ, Li P, Lü P, Zhou HM. [Relationship between the Change Rules of Volatile Organic Compounds in Rat Muscle and Postmortem Interval]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 33:120-124. [PMID: 29231015 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between the change rules of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rat muscle and postmortem interval (PMI). METHODS A total of 120 healthy rats were divided randomly into 12 groups (10 for each group). After the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the bodies were kept at (25±1) ℃. Rat muscle samples were separately obtained at 12 PMI points, including 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 d. The VOCs in rat muscles were collected, detected and analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). RESULTS In total, 15 species of VOCs were identified, including 9 aromatic compounds, 3 sulfur compounds, 2 aliphatic acids and 1 heterocyclic compound. The species of VOCs increased with PMI: no species were detected within 1 day, 3 species were detected on day 2, 9 on day 3, 11 on day 4, 14 from day 5 to 7, and 15 from day 8 to 10. Total peak area of 15 species of VOCs was significantly correlated to PMI (adjusted R²=0.15-0.96): the regression function was y=-17.05 x²+ 164.36 x-246.36 (adjusted R²=0.96) from day 2 to 5, and y=2.24 x+101.13 (adjusted R²=0.97) from day 6 to 10. CONCLUSIONS The change rules of VOCs in rat muscle are helpful for PMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Z Y Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - J Q Ma
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - P Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - P Lü
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - H M Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
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Patinha DJS, Tomé LC, Isik M, Mecerreyes D, Silvestre AJD, Marrucho IM. Expanding the Applicability of Poly(Ionic Liquids) in Solid Phase Microextraction: Pyrrolidinium Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2017; 10:E1094. [PMID: 28927003 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked pyrrolidinium-based poly(ionic liquids) (Pyrr-PILs) were synthesized through a fast, simple, and solventless photopolymerization scheme, and tested as solid phase microextraction (SPME) sorbents. A series of Pyrr-PILs bearing three different alkyl side chain lengths with two, eight, and fourteen carbons was prepared, characterized, and homogeneously coated on a steel wire by using a very simple procedure. The resulting coatings showed a high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 350 °C, excellent film stability, and lifetime of over 100 injections. The performance of these PIL-based SPME fibers was evaluated using a mixture of eleven organic compounds with different molar volumes and chemical functionalities (alcohols, ketones, and monoterpenes). The Pyrr-PIL fibers were obtained as dense film coatings, with 67 μm thickness, with an overall sorption increase of 90% and 55% as compared to commercial fibers of Polyacrylate (85 μm) (PA85) and Polydimethylsiloxane (7 μm) (PDMS7) coatings, respectively. A urine sample doped with the sample mixture was used to study the matrix effect and establish relative recoveries, which ranged from 60.2% to 104.1%.
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Gao D, Wang DD, Zhang Q, Yang FQ, Xia ZN, Zhang QH, Yuan CS. In Vivo Selective Capture and Rapid Identification of Luteolin and Its Metabolites in Rat Livers by Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Microextraction. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1158-1166. [PMID: 28111945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A method based on molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MIP-SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) was developed for the detection of luteolin and its metabolites in vivo. The MIP-SPME fibers were first fabricated by dopamine and silane, and then luteolin MIPs-coated fibers were successfully prepared using luteolin, acrylamide (AM), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the template, functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The characterizations of polymers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET). The properties involving adsorption and selective experiments were evaluated, and these results revealed that MIP fibers presented high adsorption capacity and selectivity to luteolin. Furthermore, the developed MIP-SPME coupled with the LC-QTOF-MS/MS method was adopted to capture and identify luteolin and its metabolites in rat livers in vivo, and eventually, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and diosmetin were rapidly identified as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University , Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Wang F, Zheng J, Qiu J, Liu S, Chen G, Tong Y, Zhu F, Ouyang G. In Situ Hydrothermally Grown TiO 2@C Core-Shell Nanowire Coating for Highly Sensitive Solid Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:1840-1846. [PMID: 28001349 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have great potential for solid phase microextraction (SPME) on account of their tiny size, distinct architectures and superior physical and chemical properties. Herein, a core-shell TiO2@C fiber for SPME was successfully fabricated by the simple hydrothermal reaction of a titanium wire and subsequent amorphous carbon coating. The readily hydrothermal procedure afforded in situ synthesis of TiO2 nanowires on a titanium wire and provided a desirable substrate for further coating of amorphous carbon. Benefiting from the much larger surface area of subsequent TiO2 and good adsorption property of the amorphous carbon coating, the core-shell TiO2@C fiber was utilized for the SPME device for the first time and proved to have better performance in extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In comparison to the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and PDMS/divinylbenzene (DVB) fiber for commercial use, the TiO2@C fiber obtained gas chromatography responses 3-8 times higher than those obtained by the commercial 100 μm PDMS and 1-9 times higher than those obtained by the 65 μm PDMS/DVB fiber. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the low detection limits were obtained in the range of 0.4-7.1 ng L-1 with wider linearity in the range of 10-2000 ng L-1. Moreover, the fiber was successfully used for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Pearl River water, which demonstrated the applicability of the core-shell TiO2@C fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yexiang Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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Xie Y, He Z, Lv J, Zhang E, Li H. Identification the Key Odorants in Different Parts of Hyla Rabbit Meat via Solid Phase Microextraction Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:719-728. [PMID: 28115882 PMCID: PMC5243955 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.6.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the volatile compounds of hind leg, foreleg, abdomen and Longissimus dorsi in both male and female Hyla rabbit meat by solid phase microextraction tandem with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and to seek out the key odorants via calculating the odor activity value and principal component analysis. Cluster analysis is used to study the flavor pattern differences in four edible parts. Sixty three volatile compounds were detected, including 23 aldehydes, 4 alcohols, 5 ketones, 11 esters, 5 aromatics, 8 acids and 7 hydrocarbons. Among them, 6 aldehydes and 3 acids were identified as the potential key odorants according to the ratio of concentration and threshold. The contents of volatile compounds in male Hyla rabbit meat were significantly higher than those in female one (p<0.05). The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two principal component cumulative variance contributions reach 87.69%; Hexanal, octanal, 2-nonenal, 2-decenal and decanal were regard as the key odorants of Hyla rabbit meat by combining odor activity value and principal component analysis. Therefore volatile compounds of rabbit meat can be effectively characterized. Cluster analysis indicated that volatile chemical compounds of Longissimus dorsi were significantly different from other three parts, which provide reliable information for rabbit processing industry and for possible future sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejie Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhifei He
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingzhi Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - En Zhang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, 401121, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Lee B, Lin PC, Cha HS, Luo J, Chen F. Characterization of volatile compounds in Cowart muscadine grape ( Vitis rotundifolia) during ripening stages using GC-MS combined with principal component analysis. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1319-26. [PMID: 30263411 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) is a popular fruit in the Southeastern United States because of its unique aroma and strong antioxidant capacity. Volatile compounds of a locally cultivated muscadine cultivar Cowart were characterized by solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS. Twenty-eight volatile compounds, including fruity short-chain esters, alcohols, terpenes, and carbonyl compounds, were detected based on mass spectra and Kovats indices. Based on principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, the grapes in stages I and II had relatively similar flavor patterns, which were different from that in stage III. Butyl-2-butenoate, hexyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl trans-2-butenoate, hexyl-2-butenoate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, 1-octanol, ethyl hexanoate, and β- citral were present as distinct volatile chemicals in stage III, while nonanal, decanal, and β-citronellol were distinct in stage II, and myrcenol, β-ocimene, and l-limonene were biomarkers in stage I. Understanding volatile compounds at each stage can assist farmers in choosing the optimal time to harvest muscadine grapes.
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Sánchez-Ortiz BL, Sánchez-Fernández RE, Duarte G, Lappe-Oliveras P, Macías-Rubalcava ML. Antifungal, anti-oomycete and phytotoxic effects of volatile organic compounds from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. strain PB3f3 isolated from Haematoxylon brasiletto. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1313-25. [PMID: 26920072 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antifungal, anti-oomycete and phytotoxic activity; and chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. PB3f3 isolated from Haematoxylon brasiletto Karst. METHODS AND RESULTS Bioactivity and chemical composition of the VOCs from Xylaria sp. PB3f3 were established by using simple and multiple antagonism bioassays, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that Xylaria sp. PB3f3 inhibited the growth of the oomycetes Pythium aphanidermatum (78·3%), Phytophthora capsici (48·3%), and the fungi Alternaria solani (24·5%) and Fusarium oxysporum (24·2%), in multiple antagonism bioassays. Volatile organic compounds, produced at 20 and 30 days of fungal growth, inhibited root elongation on Amaranthus hypochondriacus (27·6%) and on Solanum lycopersicum (53·2%). Forty VOCs were identified at 10, 20 and 30 days in Xylaria sp. PB3f3 cultures. The compounds with the highest fibre affinity were: 3-methyl-1-butanol and thujopsene, at 10 days of fungal growth; an unidentified amine and 2-methyl-1-butanol at 20 days; and 2-methyl-1-propanol at 30 days. In the gas phase assay method 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol showed significant inhibitory effects on root elongation and germination of Am. hypochondriacus and S. lycopersicum. CONCLUSIONS Xylaria sp. PB3f3 and its VOCs showed significant phytotoxic effects on root elongation and germination of Am. hypochondriacus and S. lycopersicum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The genus Xylaria produces a great variety of secondary metabolites, but, up date, there are no reports of the identification of bioactive volatile compounds. Thus, Xylaria sp. PB3f3 and its VOCs are a possible candidate for the biological control of weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Sánchez-Ortiz
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - R E Sánchez-Fernández
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - G Duarte
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - P Lappe-Oliveras
- Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
| | - M L Macías-Rubalcava
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Productos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México
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Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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Dong L, Hou Y, Li F, Piao Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Zhao C. Characterization of volatile aroma compounds in different brewing barley cultivars. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:915-921. [PMID: 24862930 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beer is a popular alcoholic malt beverage resulting from fermentation of the aqueous extract of malted barley with hops. The aroma of brewing barley impacts the flavor of beer indirectly, because some flavor compounds or their precursors in beer come from the barley. The objectives of this research were to study volatile profiles and to characterize odor-active compounds of brewing barley in order to determine the variability of the aroma composition among different brewing barley cultivars. RESULTS Forty-one volatiles comprising aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, organic acids, aromatic compounds and furans were identified using solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, among which aldehydes, alcohols and ketones were quantitatively in greatest abundance. Quantitative measurements performed by means of solvent extraction and calculation of odor activity values revealed that acetaldehyde, 2-methylpropanal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, cyclopentanol, 2,3-butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-heptanone, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 2-pentylfuran and benzeneacetaldehyde, whose concentrations exceeded their odor thresholds, could be considered as odor-active compounds of brewing barley. CONCLUSION Principal component analysis was employed to evaluate the differences among cultivars. The results demonstrated that the volatile profile based on the concentrations of aroma compounds enabled good differentiation of most barley cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Technology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034 Liaoning, China
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Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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48
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Wei JF, Yin ZH, Kang WY. Volatiles of Lysimachia paridiformis Var. Stenophylla, Lysimachia fortumei and Lysimachia chikungensis by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11:70-5. [PMID: 25371565 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysimachia paridiformis Var. Stenophylla mainly contain flavonoid constituents. Flavonoids and benzoquinones are the main compounds in L. fortumei Maxim. The objective of this paper was to study the volatile compounds of leaves in L. paridiformis Var. Stenophylla, L. fortumei and L. chikungensis for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Volatiles were extracted by the manual solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). The volatile constituents were analyzed by an Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph equipped and coupled with a 5975B mass selective detector spectrometer. RESULTS Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the leaves of L. paridiformis var. Stenophylla, accounting for 89.17% of the total volatile fraction. The main constituents were ethanol (13.58%), and β-ionone (8.05%). linalool and β-ionone were the main aroma constituents in L. paridiformis var. Stenophylla. Twenty-one compounds were identified in the leaves of L. fortumei, accounting for 94.72% of the total volatile fraction. The main constituents were tricosane (14.72%), docosane (11.02%), tetracosane (10.77%) and pentacosane (9.81%). Thirty-two compounds were identified in the leaves of L. chikungensis, accounting for 88.58% of the total volatile fraction. Typical compounds detected in L. chikungensis were cis-3-hexenyl pentanoate (13.33%), followed by ethanol (12.13%), ethyl palmitate (7.78%), and heneicosane (5.38%). CONCLUSION The results showed that the main composition types were similar in the three plants, but the content was different, which indicated that the similar composition types provided the same medical effect for three plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Wei
- Institute of Natural Products, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China ; Minsheng College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhen-hua Yin
- Institute of Natural Products, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wen-Yi Kang
- Institute of Natural Products, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Abstract
Results of solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, accomplished on sporophores of 11 species of truffles and false truffles, are reported. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in Gautieria morchelliformis were dimethyl sulphide, 1,3-octadiene, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, amorphadiene, isoledene and cis-muurola-3,5-diene. In Hymenogaster luteus var. luteus, presence of 1,3-octadiene, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol and 4-acetylanisole was revealed. Two VOCs, 4-acetylanisole and β-farnesene, constituted aroma of Hymenogaster olivaceus.Melanogaster broomeanus exhibited as components of its aroma 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylpropanol, isobutyl acetate, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3-octanone and β-curcumene. VOC profile of Octavianina asterosperma was characterised by the presence of dimethyl sulphide, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, methyl 2-methylbutanoate and 3-octanone. Tuber rufum var. rufum and Pachyphloeus conglomeratus showed the presence of dimethyl sulphide only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- a Dipartimento di Scienze , Università degli Studi della Basilicata , V.le Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 , Potenza , Italy
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Bessems JG, Loizou G, Krishnan K, Clewell HJ 3rd, Bernasconi C, Bois F, Coecke S, Collnot EM, Diembeck W, Farcal LR, Geraets L, Gundert-Remy U, Kramer N, Küsters G, Leite SB, Pelkonen OR, Schröder K, Testai E, Wilk-Zasadna I, Zaldívar-Comenges JM. PBTK modelling platforms and parameter estimation tools to enable animal-free risk assessment: recommendations from a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM ADME workshop. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:119-39. [PMID: 24287156 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Information on toxicokinetics is critical for animal-free human risk assessment. Human external exposure must be translated into human tissue doses and compared with in vitro actual cell exposure associated to effects (in vitro-in vivo comparison). Data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in humans (ADME) could be generated using in vitro and QSAR tools. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) computer modelling could serve to integrate disparate in vitro and in silico findings. However, there are only few freely-available PBTK platforms currently available. And although some ADME parameters can be reasonably estimated in vitro or in silico, important gaps exist. Examples include unknown or limited applicability domains and lack of (high-throughput) tools to measure penetration of barriers, partitioning between blood and tissues and metabolic clearance. This paper is based on a joint EPAA--EURL ECVAM expert meeting. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the availability of PBTK platforms as well as the in vitro and in silico methods to parameterise basic (Tier 1) PBTK models. Five high-priority issues are presented that provide the prerequisites for wider use of non-animal based PBTK modelling for animal-free chemical risk assessment.
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