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Biserova NM, Kutyrev IA, Malakhov VV. New Gland Type Discovered in Cestodes: Neurosecretory Neurons Release a Secret into the Fish Host. Dokl Biol Sci 2024; 514:1-5. [PMID: 38127162 PMCID: PMC11021276 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Free endings of peripheral neurosecretory neurons (NNs) were found in the tegument of plerocercoids of five species of parasitic cestodes of fish in an ultrastructural study. The free terminals secreted vesicles on the tegument surface and into the host body. Secretion was experimentally shown to increase in response to the host fish blood serum. In the cestode body, NNs form paracrine-type contacts near the cell membranes of the frontal glands, the tegument, and muscles, functioning as endocrine glands. Simultaneously, NNs function as exocrine glands and secrete the so-called manipulative factors, which influence the physiology of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I A Kutyrev
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
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2
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Steinsiepe VK, Ruf MT, Rossi M, Fricker-Feer C, Kolenc D, Buser BS, Concu M, Neumayr A, Schneider UC. Human Taenia martis Neurocysticercosis, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2569-2572. [PMID: 37987597 PMCID: PMC10683805 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is almost exclusively caused by Taenia solium tapeworms. We describe a case of neurocysticercosis in Switzerland caused by infection with Taenia martis, the marten tapeworm, and review all 5 published cases of human infection with the marten tapeworm. In epidemiologically nonplausible cases of neurocysticercosis, zoonotic spillover infections should be suspected.
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Ribeiro GB, de Almeida Moura I, e Silva AR, de Araújo JV, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, dos Santos Fonseca J, de Oliveira APD, de Souza Perinotto WM. Efficiency of Experimental Formulation Containing Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia against Moniezia expansa Eggs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1028. [PMID: 37623988 PMCID: PMC10459153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental formulation containing chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans and Pochonia chlamydosporia fungi, against Moniezia expansa. Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment evaluated the in vitro efficacy using 1 g of the experimental formulation (V1) added to 100 M. expansa eggs and the control (V2) (without the fungal formulation). Intact eggs or eggs with alterations were counted in order to evaluate their effectiveness. The second experiment evaluated the action of the fungal formulation on M. expansa eggs after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of goats. Three groups were identified as B1, B2, and B3, which received 1.0, 1.5 g of experimental fungal formulation, and placebo, respectively. In experiment 1, all the eggs in V1 were subjected to the predatory action of fungi, while in V2, the eggs remained intact. In experiment 2, the reduction of eggs in groups B1 and B2 were 49% and 57% 24 h after ingestion, 60% and 63% 48 h after, and 48% and 58% 72 h after. The predatory capacity against M. expansa eggs shown in the tests demonstrated that experimental fungal formulation has the potential to be used on integrated helminth control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Bomfim Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ially de Almeida Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - André Ricardo e Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Departamento de Veterinária, UFV, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (A.R.e.S.); (J.V.d.A.)
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil;
| | - Júlia dos Santos Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23897-000, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, BA, Brazil;
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Rodríguez-Ibarra E, Violante-González J, Monks S. Two new species of Acanthobothrium Blanchard, 1848 (Cestoda, Onchoproteocephalidea) from Urobatisjamaicensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Elasmobranchii, Batoidea, Myliobatiformes) of the Mexican Caribbean. Zookeys 2023; 1169:175-201. [PMID: 38328030 PMCID: PMC10848858 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1169.101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Eight specimens of Urobatisjamaicensis were collected from four localities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, of which four specimens were infected with cestodes of two new species of Acanthobothrium. Acanthobothriumgarciaprietoisp. nov. differs from congeners by a combination of characters including the size of the scolex and bothridia, length of the cephalic peduncle, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total length of the abaxial prongs of the hooks, size of the cirrus sac and testes in mature proglottids, and the total number of proglottids. The most prominent characteristic distinguishing A.pulidofloresaesp. nov. from other species of the Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Sea/Gulf of Mexico is the form of the scolex, which has the "clover leaf" configuration. In addition, it can be distinguished by the total length of the worm, total number of proglottids, small accessory suckers, the form of the bothridia, length of the axial and abaxial prongs and total abaxial prong length of hooks, and the number of testes. According to the current category scheme, A.garciaprietoisp. nov. and A.pulidofloresaesp. nov., belong to categories 1 and 5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Unidad Académica de Ecología Marina, Gran Vía Tropical No. 20, Fraccionamiento Las Playas, C.P. 39390, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Juan Violante-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Unidad Académica de Ecología Marina, Gran Vía Tropical No. 20, Fraccionamiento Las Playas, C.P. 39390, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Scott Monks
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Correa JP, Farías F, San Juan E, Yáñez-Meza A, Muñoz-Leal S, Botto-Mahan C, Oyarzún-Ruiz P. Tetrathyridia in an endemic lizard from Chile: molecular evidence for South America. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e51. [PMID: 37381606 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesocestoides is a controversial tapeworm with significant lack of data related to systematics and life cycles. This helminth has an indirect life cycle with vertebrates, mostly carnivorous mammals, as definitive hosts. Theoretically, a coprophagous arthropod would be the first intermediate host, and herptiles, mammals, and birds, which prey on these insects, would represent the second intermediate hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that this life cycle would require only two hosts, with no arthropods involved. In the Neotropics, although there are records of mammals and reptiles as hosts for Mescocestoides, no molecular analyses have been performed. This work aimed to record an additional intermediate host and molecularly characterize the isolated larvae. Thus, 18 braided tree iguanas (Liolaemus platei) from Northern Chile were collected and dissected during 2019. One lizard was parasitized by three morphotypes of larvae compatible with tetrathyridia of Mescocestoides. To achieve its specific identity, a molecular approach was performed: 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA loci were amplified through cPCR. The inferred phylogenies confirmed the morphological diagnosis and stated that all morphotypes were conspecifics. The sequences for both loci formed a monophyletic clade with high nodal support, representing a sister taxon to Mescocestoides clade C. This study represents the first molecular characterization of any taxon of Mescocestoides from the Neotropics. Future surveys from potential definitive hosts would help to elucidate its life cycle. Furthermore, an integrative taxonomic approach is required in additional studies from the Neotropical region, which would contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - F Farías
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E San Juan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Yáñez-Meza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - C Botto-Mahan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Oyarzún-Ruiz
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Franzese S, Facal GG, Menoret A. Tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from marine chondrichthyans of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic islands: a checklist. Zookeys 2023; 1163:78-119. [PMID: 37250366 PMCID: PMC10220498 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1163.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A parasite-host list of cestodes parasitizing chondrichthyans in the Southwest Atlantic off Argentina and surrounding waters of Antarctica is compiled based on the available literature. The list is based on published descriptions and redescriptions of species, and newly collected worms during the current study. A total of 57 valid species belonging to 28 genera of the orders Cathetocephalidea, Diphyllidea, Gyrocotylidea, Lecanicephalidea, Onchoproteocephalidea, Phyllobothriidea, Rhinebothriidea, "Tetraphyllidea", and Trypanorhyncha is listed. Information on hosts, localities, specimens in collections and comments on tapeworms are also included. A host-parasite list including chimaeras (1 order, 1 genus), batoids (4 orders, 10 genera), and sharks (3 orders, 5 genera) is provided. Tapeworm diversity, distribution range, and host associations are discussed. The cestodes orders Phyllobothriidea and Rhinebothriidea exhibit the highest species richness, with 13 and 12 species, respectively. Onchoproteocephalideans and rhinebothriideans have the broadest geographic distribution in the study area. Regarding hosts, arhynchobatid skates are the group most frequently associated with cestodes. However, further collecting efforts are necessary to understand whether this data reflect the real diversity and host association of these parasites or is a result of a bias in sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Franzese
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología de Parásitos de Organismos Acuáticos, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Guillermina García Facal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología de Parásitos de Organismos Acuáticos, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Adriana Menoret
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología de Parásitos de Organismos Acuáticos, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
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Crotti S, Brustenga L, Cruciani D, Bonelli P, D'Avino N, Felici A, Morandi B, Sebastiani C, Spina S, Gobbi M. Molecular Screening of Echinococcus spp. and Other Cestodes in Wild Carnivores from Central Italy. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050318. [PMID: 37235401 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tapeworm infections are among the most relevant parasitic diseases in humans and animals. Tapeworms from the Genus Echinococcus are particularly important as they can cause cystic or alveolar echinococcosis. A molecular screening was performed on 279 fecal samples collected from carcasses of wild carnivores from Central Italy using PCR targeting diagnostic fragments of nad1, rrnS, and nad5 genes. Samples positive for either Taenia spp. or Echinococcus granulosus were sequenced to taxonomically identify the parasitic DNA. Of the 279 samples, 134 (48.0%) gave positive results in the multiplex PCR. Only one (0.4%) sample from an Apennine wolf tested positive for Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (genotype G3), whereas no sample tested positive for E. multilocularis. The most frequently detected tapeworms were: Mesocestoides corti (syn M. vogae) (12.9%), M. litteratus (10.8%), Taenia serialis (9.3%), and T. hydatigena (6.5%), other tapeworms were rarely detected. The results suggest that Echinococcus infections in Central Italy do not seem to be sustained by sylvatic cycles, confirming the absence of E. multilocularis in Central Italy. The survey corroborates, yet again, the importance of passive surveillance of wild animals that can serve as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, especially on wild canids that in other areas are strongly implicated in the transmission of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 6, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Centro Nazionale di Referenza per l'Echinococcosi/Idatidosi (Ce.NRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Morandi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Spina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Scholz T, Kuchta R, Oros M. Tapeworms as pathogens of fish: A review. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1883-1900. [PMID: 34529835 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworms (Cestoda) represents a species rich (about 5000 species) group of flatworms (Neodermata) parasitizing all groups of vertebrates including humans, with about 1000 species parasitizing elasmobranchs and almost 500 occurring in teleosts as adults. They are common parasites of cultured fish, both as adults and larvae (metacestodes), but only few adult tapeworms are actually pathogenic for their fish hosts. In contrast, cestode larvae can be harmful for fish, especially plerocercoids migrating throughout their tissue and internal organs. Current knowledge of host-parasite relationships, including immune response of fish infected with tapeworms, is still insufficient to enable adequate control of cestodoses, and most data available were obtained several decades ago. Treatment of fish infected with adult tapeworms is effective, especially with praziquantel, whereas the treatment of metacestodes is problematic. Control measures include interruption of the complex life cycle and prevention of transport of uninspected fish to new region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kuchta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mikuláš Oros
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. This zoonotic disease has not been known to occur in Croatia. We report a confirmed case of human alveolar echinococcosis in a patient in Croatia who had never visited a known E. multilocularis–endemic area.
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Van Der Spuy L, Smit NJ, Schaeffner BC. Four new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) from the spotted skate, Raja straeleni Poll, off the Western Cape, South Africa. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 33390359 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The examination of eight spotted skates, Raja straeleni Poll, resulted in the discovery of four new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849, namely A. microhabentes sp. n., A. microtenuis sp. n., A. crassus sp. n., and A. dolichocollum sp. n., located off the Western Cape of South Africa. With a total of over 200 valid species of Acanthobothrium recognised worldwide, the use of an integrative approach becomes imperative in the interest of simplifying interspecific comparisons between congeners. In accordance with this, the four new species were incorporated into the category classification system established by Ghoshroy and Caira in 2001, where they were identified as category 2 species, which, at present, includes 47 recognised species of Acanthobothrium. Nevertheless, each of the four new species exhibits postovarian testes, a most intriguing and highly unusual feature among Acanthobothrium, instantly differentiating them from most congeners. This feature has been reported in 12 congeners, which have previously been considered to be restricted to waters of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Not only do the four new congeners represent the first species of Acanthobothrium reported from southern Africa, but they also represent the first reported species with postovarian testes from the southern Atlantic Ocean. Regarding the legitimacy of the four new species, only two other category 2 species are reported to exhibit this feature, namely A. popi Fyler, Caira et Jensen, 2009, and A. bobconniorum Fyler et Caira, 2010, to which the four congeners were compared to. Acanthobothrium microhabentes sp. n. is the smallest of the congeners and differs from A. popi and A. bobconniorum by having fewer testes and postovarian testes, a shorter body, fewer proglottids, a shorter scolex, and longer cephalic peduncle. Acanthobothrium microtenuis sp. n. differs from A. popi and A. bobconniorum by having fewer testes and postovarian testes, a shorter scolex, longer cephalic peduncle, and the possession of columnar spinitriches on the anterior region of the terminal proglottid. Acanthobothrium crassus sp.n. differs from A. popi and A. bobconniorum by having fewer postovarian testes, a narrower cirrus-sac, larger vitelline follicles, and a longer cephalic peduncle. Acanthobothrium dolichocollum sp. n. is the longest of the four new species and differs from A. popi and A. bobconniorum by having fewer postovarian testes, more postporal testes, a larger body, more proglottids, larger testes and vitelline follicles, and an exceptionally long cephalic peduncle. Apart from differences in overall size, the four new species differ in a combination of measurements for the scolex, vitelline follicles, muscular pad and cephalic peduncle, and the number of proglottids and testes. The four species were recovered from a previously unexplored host and locality, expanding the host associations and geographical distribution of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Van Der Spuy
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Shark Conservancy, Old Harbour, Hermanus, South Africa
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11
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Carlson CJ, Dallas TA, Alexander LW, Phelan AL, Phillips AJ. What would it take to describe the global diversity of parasites? Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201841. [PMID: 33203333 PMCID: PMC7739500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth parasites to highlight how little is known about parasite diversity, and how insufficient our current approach will be to describe the full scope of life on Earth. Using the largest database of host-parasite associations and one of the world's largest parasite collections, we estimate a global total of roughly 100 000-350 000 species of helminth endoparasites of vertebrates, of which 85-95% are unknown to science. The parasites of amphibians and reptiles remain the most poorly described, but the majority of undescribed species are probably parasites of birds and bony fish. Missing species are disproportionately likely to be smaller parasites of smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At current rates, it would take centuries to comprehensively sample, collect and name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, we argue that patterns described from a small, biased sample of diversity aren't necessarily reliable, especially as host-parasite networks are increasingly altered by global change. In the spirit of moonshots like the Human Genome Project and the Global Virome Project, we consider the idea of a Global Parasite Project: a global effort to transform parasitology and inventory parasite diversity at an unprecedented pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Carlson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tad A. Dallas
- Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, 00840 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura W. Alexander
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Phelan
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna J. Phillips
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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Sibanda TZ, O’Shea CJ, de Souza Vilela J, Kolakshyapati M, Welch M, Schneider D, Courtice J, Ruhnke I. Managing Free-Range Laying Hens-Part B: Early Range Users Have More Pathology Findings at the End of Lay but Have a Significantly Higher Chance of Survival-An Indicative Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101911. [PMID: 33081048 PMCID: PMC7603192 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Free-range facilities may present a biosecurity risk in some situations, but range use has also been associated with better hen welfare. We investigated the association between early-life range use (when hens were 18–21 weeks of age) and hen survival during the entire housing period as well as various health and welfare parameters at 74 weeks of age. Hens that preferred to use the range at early life were three times more likely to survive. Early range users were also 1.6 times more likely to become infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and showed significantly more frequent signs indicating spotty liver disease. Hens that preferred to stay in the shed during early life had a higher prevalence of Fatty Liver Syndrome and significantly less feather cover. In conclusion, hens that do not range during early life may benefit from additional management strategies to increase their likelihood of survival. Further investigations under controlled environmental conditions are warranted to quantify further the observed effects. Abstract While free-range laying hens frequently experience health and welfare challenges, the contribution of range use towards these risks are largely unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the survival, health and welfare of commercial free-range laying hens and explore the association with early range use. Range use of 9375 Lohmann Brown hens housed within five flocks was assessed during 18–21 weeks of age and individual hens were classified as “rangers” (frequent range users), “roamers” (intermittent range users), and “stayers” (rare/no range users) were then subject to necropsy at 74 weeks of age. Rangers and roamers were three times and 2.4 times more likely to survive than stayers, respectively (p = 0.001). Overall, rangers had significantly better feather cover and more lesions associated with spotty liver diseases compared to roamers and stayers (p = 0.001). Similarly, rangers and roamers had a higher prevalence of A. galli infection and less frequent signs of fatty liver syndrome compared to stayers. Rangers had a higher proportion of hens with full ovary follicle production compared to stayers and roamers (p = 0.035). This information is highly relevant to consider the targeted support of different flock subpopulations to improve hen health and welfare, directly affecting farm profitability. Further research on other farms is warranted to investigate the transferability of the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Zimazile Sibanda
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (J.d.S.V.); (M.K.); (I.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6773-5182
| | - Cormac J. O’Shea
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; Cormac.O' (C.J.O.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jessica de Souza Vilela
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (J.d.S.V.); (M.K.); (I.R.)
| | - Manisha Kolakshyapati
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (J.d.S.V.); (M.K.); (I.R.)
| | - Mitchell Welch
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; Cormac.O' (C.J.O.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Derek Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK; Cormac.O' (C.J.O.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jodi Courtice
- Division of Research and Innovation, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (J.d.S.V.); (M.K.); (I.R.)
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13
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Aguilar-Vega L, Plett-Torres T, Romano MC, Zurabian R. Evagination of metacestodes of the WFU strain of Taenia crassiceps and evaluation of the impact of immune suppression of hamsters during tapeworm development. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67:2020.022. [PMID: 32958724 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Taeniosis-cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) is a useful experimental model for biomedical research, in substitution of Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, studied during decades to develop effective vaccination, novel anti-helminthic drugs and diagnostic tools. Cysticercosis in mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus) is achieved by the larval subculturing of the Wake Forest University (WFU) strain of T. crassiceps. Golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse), has been shown to be the most suitable host for adult forms of parasite in experimental taeniosis. Metacestodes of T. crassiceps WFU multiply by budding without restrictions once inoculated into the mouse, while the number of tapeworms developed from these larvae in hamsters remains highly variable. Three objectives have been proposed to improve the infection of T. crassiceps WFU in hamsters: (1) to re-evaluate the need of immune suppression; (2) to investigate the advantage of infecting hamsters with metacestodes with in vitro protruded scolices; and (3) to compare a number of tapeworms developed from metacestodes subcultured in hamsters against those proliferated in mice. Our results demonstrated that when the evagination of murine metacestodes was high, the number of T. crassiceps WFU adults obtained from hamsters was also high. Immunosuppressive treatment remains relevant for this experimental rodent model. The hamster-to-hamster cysticercosis-taeniosis by T. crassiceps overcame the mouse-to-hamster model in the yield of adult specimens. In vitro scolex evagination and metacestode asexual proliferation in hamsters place this rodent model by T. crassiceps WFU as the most affordable experimental models with taeniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aguilar-Vega
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Tanya Plett-Torres
- Plan de Estudios Combinados en Medicina (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marta C Romano
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Biofisica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV del I.P.N., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rimma Zurabian
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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14
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Scholz T, Choudhury A, Nelson PA. The Proteocephalus species-aggregate (Cestoda) in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) of the Nearctic Region, including description of a new species from brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32866947 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae) is provided. The occurrence of three species in North America is confirmed: (i) Proteocephalus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802), which has been reported from the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, in the northeastern part of North America (Newfoundland); (ii) Proteocephalus pugetensis Hoff et Hoff, 1929 occurs also in G. aculeatus, but in northwestern North America (British Columbia and Washington); and (iii) Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n., which is described from the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland), in Manitoba (Canada). Another species, Proteocephalus ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845), a specific parasite of the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus), and type species of the genus, has also been found in North America (Alberta, Canada), but its vouchers are in poor condition and cannot be reliable assigned to this species. Both species reported from three-spined stickleback differ from each other by the shape of the scolex (rounded in P. filicollis versus continuously tapered towards the anterior extremity in P. pugetensis) and the apical sucker (widely oval to subspherical in frontal view in P. filicollis versus flattened in P. pugetensis). Proteocephalus culaeae sp. n. is characterised by a short body composed of a few, continuously widened proglottids, a short scolex narrower than the strobila and devoid of an apical sucker, a short, pyriform cirrus sac, no vaginal sphincter, and few testes. A key to species of the Proteocephalus-aggregate from sticklebacks is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anindo Choudhury
- Division of Natural Sciences, St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Kashinskaya EN, Simonov EP, Izvekova GI, Parshukov AN, Andree KB, Solovyev MM. Composition of the microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) and cestodes parasitizing the perch digestive tract. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:23-38. [PMID: 31663143 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using the approach of sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we have analysed the bacterial diversity associated with the distinct compartments of the gastrointestinal tract of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and cestodes (Proteocephalus sp.) parasitizing their digestive tract. The dominant microbiota associated with cestodes (Proteocephalus sp.) was represented by bacteria from the genera Serratia, Pseudomonas and Mycoplasma. By comparing the associated microbiota of perch and cestodes, a clear difference in bacterial composition and diversity was revealed between the community from the stomach content and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Microbiota associated with cestodes was not significantly different in comparison with microbiota of different subcompartments of perch (mucosa and content of intestine and pyloric caeca) (ADONIS, p > .05) excluding microbiota of stomach content (ADONIS, p ≤ .05). PICRUSt-based functional assessments of the microbial communities of perch and cestodes indicated that they mainly linked in terms of metabolism and environmental information processing and could play an important role in the nutrition and health of host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Kashinskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy P Simonov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina I Izvekova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - Aleksey N Parshukov
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail M Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Won EJ, Jung BK, Song H, Kim MS, Kim HS, Lee KH, Kim MJ, Shin MG, Shin JH, Suh SP, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Htoon TT, Tin HH, Chai JY. Molecular Diagnosis of Taenia saginata Tapeworm Infection in 2 Schoolchildren, Myanmar. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1156-1158. [PMID: 29774855 PMCID: PMC6004857 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.180217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia saginata is the most common human tapeworm worldwide but has been unknown in Myanmar. In 2017, fecal examination in Yangon, Myanmar, revealed eggs of Taenia species in 2 children from a monastic school. Several proglottids expelled after medication with praziquantel were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be T. saginata tapeworms.
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17
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Raza A, Rand J, Qamar AG, Jabbar A, Kopp S. Gastrointestinal Parasites in Shelter Dogs: Occurrence, Pathology, Treatment and Risk to Shelter Workers. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E108. [PMID: 30004469 PMCID: PMC6070783 DOI: 10.3390/ani8070108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs entering shelters can carry gastrointestinal parasites that may pose serious risks to other animals, shelter staff and visitors. Shelters provide an environment that could facilitate the spread of parasitic infections between animals. Nematodes and protozoa that transmit through ingestion or skin penetration are major enteric parasites of concern in shelter settings. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Dipylidium caninum are the major helminths while Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. are the most prevalent protozoan parasites in shelter dogs. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs is typically higher than in owned dogs. A range of cost-effective drugs is available for prevention and control of helminths in shelters, notably fenbendazole, pyrantel, oxantel, and praziquantel. Parasiticide options for protozoan parasites are often cost-prohibitive or limited by a lack of veterinary registration for use in dogs. Environmental control measures reliant upon hygiene and facility management are therefore a mainstay for control and prevention of protozoan parasites in shelters. This philosophy should also extend to helminth control, as integrated parasite control strategies can allow anthelmintics to be used more sparingly and judiciously. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites most commonly found in dogs in shelters, canvass recommended treatment programs in shelter dogs, and to explore the likelihood that parasiticide resistance might emerge in a shelter environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD 4069, Australia.
| | - Abdul Ghaffar Qamar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Steven Kopp
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
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18
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Spinicci M, Macchioni F, Rojo D, Gamboa H, Villagrán AL, Vallejos Y, Strohmeyer M, Roselli M, Gabrielli S, Cancrini G, Monasterio J, Castellanos P, Paredes GA, Maury S, Zárate A, Rocabado R, Olliaro P, Montresor A, Bartoloni A. Scaling down of a deworming programme among school-age children after a thirty-year successful intervention in the Bolivian Chaco. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:616-621. [PMID: 29660815 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preventive chemotherapy is the WHO-recommended control method for soil-transmitted helminthiases. In the Bolivian Chaco, 6-monthly single-dose mebendazole delivery to school-age children achieved a dramatic decrease in soil-transmitted helminthiases prevalence between 1987 and 2013. Consequently, in September 2016, preventive chemotherapy delivery was interrupted in nine rural communities. In compliance with WHO recommendations, we intensified surveillance to monitor soil-transmitted helminthiases prevalence and detect potential changes that would require interventions. METHODS We conducted two cross-sectional parasitology surveys 12 months apart (September 2016-2017) among school-age children living in the communities where preventive chemotherapy delivery had been halted. Study design, methods of sampling and sample analysis technique (direct microscopy, Kato-Katz technique) followed WHO recommendations, aiming to obtain data representative of the Bolivian Chaco ecological zone. RESULTS We collected 426 samples in 2016 and 520 in 2017. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence was unremarkable: 0.7% (95% CI 0-1.5%) in 2016 and 0.8% (0-1.5%) in 2017. Conversely, the prevalence of tapeworms (13% in 2016, 12% in 2017) and intestinal protozoan infections (81% in 2016 and 75% in 2017) continued to be high. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the role of preventive chemotherapy in reducing soil-transmitted helminthiases transmission, as otherwise poor hygienic and health conditions persist in the Bolivian Chaco. A national survey, involving areas from all the ecological zones of Bolivia, is now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Spinicci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David Rojo
- Escuela de Salud del Chaco Tekove Katu, Gutierrez, Bolivia
| | - Herlan Gamboa
- Facultad Integral del Chaco, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Camiri, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Mimmo Roselli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cancrini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sdenka Maury
- Unidad de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Adolfo Zárate
- Unidad de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Rodolfo Rocabado
- Servicios Generales de Salud, Ministerio de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Sulima A, Savijoki K, Bień J, Näreaho A, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Młocicki D. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoid and Adult Stages. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2672. [PMID: 29379475 PMCID: PMC5775281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cestodiases are common parasitic diseases of animals and humans. As cestodes have complex lifecycles, hexacanth larvae, metacestodes (including cysticercoids), and adults produce proteins allowing them to establish invasion and to survive in the hostile environment of the host. Hymenolepis diminuta is the most commonly used model cestode in experimental parasitology. The aims of the present study were to perform a comparative proteomic analysis of two consecutive developmental stages of H. diminuta (cysticercoid and adult) and to distinguish proteins which might be characteristic for each of the stages from those shared by both stages. Somatic proteins of H. diminuta were isolated from 6-week-old cysticercoids and adult tapeworms. Cysticercoids were obtained from experimentally infected beetles, Tenebrio molitor, whereas adult worms were collected from experimentally infected rats. Proteins were separated by GeLC-MS/MS (one dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry). Additionally protein samples were digested in-liquid and identified by LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins were classified according to molecular function, cellular components and biological processes. Our study showed a number of differences and similarities in the protein profiles of cysticercoids and adults; 233 cysticercoid and 182 adult proteins were identified. From these proteins, 131 were present only in the cysticercoid and 80 only in the adult stage samples. Both developmental stages shared 102 proteins; among which six represented immunomodulators and one is a potential drug target. In-liquid digestion and LC-MS/MS complemented and confirmed some of the GeLC-MS/MS identifications. Possible roles and functions of proteins identified with both proteomic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Parasitology and Vector-Borne Diseases, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,One Health Center, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Menoret A, Mutti L, Ivanov VA. New species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from eagle rays of the genus Myliobatis Cuvier (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) from off Argentina. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [PMID: 28402281 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of Aberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) have been collected from species of Myliobatis Cuvier along the coast of Argentina. Aberrapex ludmilae sp. n. parasitises M. goodei Garman in the San Matías Gulf. This species is unique in a combination of features including the shape and extent of the uterus, scolex size, testis distribution, and by lacking an external seminal vesicle and postovarian vitelline follicles. Aberrapex sanmartini sp. n. from M. goodei in San Blas Bay and A. vitalemuttiorum sp. n. from M. ridens Ruocco, Lucifora, Díaz de Astarloa, Mabragaña et Delpiani in coastal waters off Buenos Aires Province, are distinguished from all other congeners by the microthrix pattern on the scolex surface, uterus shape and extension, position of the connection of the uterine duct to the uterus, presence and extension of an external seminal vesicle, and its overall size and number of proglottids. The specimens of M. goodei and M. ridens show locally distinct cestode faunas, which are correlated with well-defined biogeographic regions. Some of these areas correspond with mating and nursery zones for species of Myliobatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Menoret
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Mutti
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina
| | - Veronica A Ivanov
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
An exhaustive literature search supplemented by a critical examination of records made it possible to present an annotated checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) that, as adults or larvae (metacestodes), parasitize freshwater, brackish water and marine fishes, i.e. cartilaginous and bony fishes, in South America. The current knowledge of their species diversity, host associations and geographical distribution is reviewed. Taxonomic problems are discussed based on a critical evaluation of the literature and information on DNA sequences of individual taxa is provided to facilitate future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. As expected, the current knowledge is quite uneven regarding the number of taxa and host-associations reported from the principal river basins and marine ecoregions. These differences may not only reflect the actual cestode richness but may also be due to the research effort that has been devoted to unravelling the diversity of these endoparasitic helminths in individual countries. A total of 297 valid species, 61 taxa identified to the generic level, in addition to unidentified cestodes, were recorded from 401 species of fish hosts. Among the recognized cestode orders, 13 have been recorded in South America, with the Onchoproteocephalidea displaying the highest species richness, representing c. 50% of all species diversity. The majority of records include teleost fish hosts (79%) that harbour larval and adult stages of cestodes, whereas stingrays (Myliobatiformes) exhibit the highest proportion of records (39%) among the elasmobranch hosts. Fish cestodes are ubiquitous in South America, being mostly recorded from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific (WTSP; 31%) for marine hosts and the Amazon River basin (45%) for freshwater ones. The following problems were detected during the compilation of literary data: (i) unreliability of many records; (ii) poor taxonomic resolution, i.e. identification made only to the genus or even family level; (iii) doubtful host identification; and (iv) the absence of voucher specimens that would enable us to verify identification. It is thus strongly recommended to always deposit representative specimens in any type of studies, including faunal surveys and ecological studies. An analysis of the proportion of three basic types of studies, i.e. surveys, taxonomic and ecological papers, has shown a considerable increase of ecological studies over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V. Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alain de Chambrier
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, CP 6434, CH - 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - José L. Luque
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, CP 74.540, BR 465, Km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Reyda FB, Healy CJ, Haslach AR, Ruhnke TR, Aprill TL, Bergman MP, Daigler AL, Dedrick EA, Delgado I, Forti KS, Herzog KS, Russell RS, Willsey DD. A new genus of rhinebothriidean cestodes from batoid elasmobranchs, with the description of five new species and two new combinations. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27973339 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Survey work of batoid elasmobranchs in the eastern Atlantic and Indo-Pacific revealed multiple species of a new genus of cestode. Stillabothrium Healy et Reyda gen. n. (Rhinebothriidea: Escherbothriidae) is unique in its possession of an even number of non-medial longitudinal septa in the posterior portion of the bothridia, resulting in a series of loculi that are longer than wide (i.e. vertically oriented) and are arranged in columns. Five new species of Stillabothrium are described, S. ashleyae Willsey et Reyda sp. n., S. davidcynthiaorum Daigler et Reyda sp. n., S. campbelli Delgado, Dedrick et Reyda sp. n., S. hyphantoseptum Herzog, Bergman et Reyda sp. n., S. jeanfortiae Forti, Aprill et Reyda sp. n., and two species are formally transferred to the genus, S. amuletum (Butler, 1987) comb. n., and S. cadenati (Euzet, 1954) comb. n., the latter of which is redescribed. The species differ in the configuration of the other bothridial septa and in proglottid anatomy. Species of Stillabothrium were found parasitising a total of 17 species of batoid elasmobranchs of the genera Dasyatis Rafinesque, Glaucostegus Bonaparte, Himantura Müller et Henle, Pastinachus Rüppell, Rhinobatos Linck and Zanobatus Garman, including several host species that are likely new to science. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on Bayesian analysis of 1 084 aligned positions of the D1-D3 region of 28S rDNA for 27 specimens representing 10 species of Stillabothrium and two outgroup species supported the monophyly of Stillabothrium. These results also supported morphologically determined species boundaries in all cases in which more than one specimen of a putative species was included in the analysis. Host specificity appears to vary across species of Stillabothrium, with the number of host species parasitised by each species of Stillabothrium ranging from one to four. The geographic distribution of species of Stillabothrium spans the eastern Hemisphere, including the eastern Atlantic (coastal Senegal) and several locations in the Indo-Pacific (coastal Vietnam, Borneo and Australia). In addition, Phyllobothrium biacetabulatum Yamaguti, 1960 is formally transferred into family Escherbothriidae, although its generic placement remains uncertain (species incertae sedis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian B Reyda
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Haslach
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy R Ruhnke
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Virginia, USA
| | - Tara L Aprill
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Bergman
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Andrew L Daigler
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Elsie A Dedrick
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Illari Delgado
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn S Forti
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Kaylee S Herzog
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca S Russell
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
| | - Danielle D Willsey
- Biology Department & Biological Field Station, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, New York, USA
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Mutti LD, Ivanov VA. A new species of Paraberrapex Jensen, 2001 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Squatina guggenheim Marini (Squatiniformes: Squatinidae) off Argentina. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27080495 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paraberrapex atlanticus sp. n. (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) is described from the spiral intestine of the angel shark Squatina guggenheim Marini from coastal waters off Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Paraberrapex atlanticus sp. n. can be distinguished from the only species described in the genus, P. manifestus Jensen, 2001 in having cocoons 5-6 times longer with more eggs per cocoon, the extension of the uterine duct, the distribution of vitelline follicles, and the size and density of microtriches on the bothridial surfaces. The presence of P. atlanticus sp. n. in S. guggenheim confirms the specificity of Paraberrapex Jensen, 2001 for squatiniform sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Mutti
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica A Ivanov
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
A checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) of vertebrates (fishes, birds and mammals) in Finland is presented, based on published observations, specimens deposited in the collections of the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki) and the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, and additional specimens identified by the present author. The checklist includes 170 tapeworm species from 151 host species, comprising 447 parasite species/host species combinations. Thirty of the tapeworm species and 96 of the parasite/host species combinations have not been previously reported from Finland. The total number of tapeworm species in Finland (170 spp.) is significantly lower than the corresponding figure for the Iberian Peninsula (257 spp.), Slovakia (225 spp.) and Poland (279 spp.). The difference between Finland and the other three regions is particularly pronounced for anseriform, podicipediform, charadriiform and passeriform birds, reflecting inadequate and/or biased sampling of these birds in Finland. It is predicted that there are actually ca. 270 species of tapeworms in Finland, assuming that true number of bird tapeworms in Finland corresponds to that in other European countries with more comprehensive knowledge of the local tapeworm fauna. The other main pattern emerging from the present data is the seemingly unexplained absence in (northern) Fennoscandia of several mammalian tapeworms that otherwise have extensive distributions in the Holarctic region or in Eurasia, including the northern regions. Previously unknown type specimens, that is, the holotype of Bothrimonusnylandicus Schneider, 1902 (a junior synonym of Diplocotyleolrikii Krabbe, 1874) (MZH 127096) and the syntypes of Caryophyllaeidesfennica (Schneider, 1902) (MZH 127097) were located in the collections of the Finnish Museum of Natural History.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voitto Haukisalmi
- Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, P. O. Box 17, P. Rautatiekatu 13, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Abstract
Our understanding of human evolutionary and population history can be advanced by ecological and evolutionary studies of our parasites. Many parasites flourish only in the presence of very specific human behaviors and in specific habitats, are wholly dependent on us, and have evolved with us for thousands or millions of years. Therefore, by asking when and how we first acquired those parasites, under which environmental and cultural conditions we are the most susceptible, and how the parasites have evolved and adapted to us and we in response to them, we can gain considerable insight into our own evolutionary history. As examples, the tapeworm life cycle is dependent on our consumption of meat, the divergence of body and head lice may have been subsequent to the development of clothing, and malaria hyperendemicity may be associated with agriculture. Thus, the evolutionary and population histories of these parasites are likely intertwined with critical aspects of human biology and culture. Here I review the mechanics of these and multiple other parasite proxies for human evolutionary history and discuss how they currently complement our fossil, archeological, molecular, linguistic, historical, and ethnographic records. I also highlight potential future applications of this promising model for the field of evolutionary anthropology.
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Pasquet V, Bisio H, López GV, Romanelli-Cedrez L, Bonilla M, Saldaña J, Salinas G. Inhibition of Tapeworm Thioredoxin and Glutathione Pathways by an Oxadiazole N-Oxide Leads to Reduced Mesocestoides vogae Infection Burden in Mice. Molecules 2015; 20:11793-807. [PMID: 26132905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic flatworms cause serious infectious diseases that affect humans and livestock in vast regions of the world, yet there are few effective drugs to treat them. Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) is an essential enzyme for redox homeostasis in flatworm parasites and a promising pharmacological target. We purified to homogeneity and characterized the TGR from the tapeworm Mesocestoides vogae (syn. M. corti). This purification revealed absence of conventional TR and GR. The glutathione reductase activity of the purified TGR exhibits a hysteretic behavior typical of flatworm TGRs. Consistently, M. vogae genome analysis revealed the presence of a selenocysteine-containing TGR and absence of conventional TR and GR. M. vogae thioredoxin and glutathione reductase activities were inhibited by 3,4-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole N2-oxide (VL16E), an oxadiazole N-oxide previously identified as an inhibitor of fluke and tapeworm TGRs. Finally, we show that mice experimentally infected with M. vogae tetrathyridia and treated with either praziquantel, the reference drug for flatworm infections, or VL16E exhibited a 28% reduction of intraperitoneal larvae numbers compared to vehicle treated mice. Our results show that oxadiazole N-oxide is a promising chemotype in vivo and highlights the convenience of M. vogae as a model for rapid assessment of tapeworm infections in vivo.
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Choi SJ, Park SH, Kim MJ, Jung M, Ko BH. Sparganosis of the breast and lower extremities: sonographic appearance. J Clin Ultrasound 2014; 42:436-438. [PMID: 24633936 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sparganosis is a rare parasitic infection caused by larvae of the genus Spirometra. It can involve any part of the human body and usually manifests as a mass in various locations. We report a case of recurrent sparganosis in the breast and lower extremities. Our patient had recurrent subcutaneous masses in her breast and lower leg that showed characteristic ultrasonographic imaging findings of serpentine, tubular structures with surrounding increased echogenicity. These imaging findings are well correlated with pathologic findings. Worms were identified in resected specimens confirming sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Abstract
Human echinococcosis is a reportable disease in Kyrgyzstan. Between 1995 and 2011, human alveolar echinococcosis increased from <3 cases per year to >60 cases per year. The origins of this epidemic, which started in 2004, may be linked to the socioeconomic changes that followed the dissolution of the former Soviet Union.
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Wang S, Luo X, Zhang S, Yin C, Dou Y, Cai X. Identification of putative insulin-like peptides and components of insulin signaling pathways in parasitic platyhelminths by the use of genome-wide screening. FEBS J 2013; 281:877-93. [PMID: 24286276 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
No endogenous insulin-like peptides in parasitic flatworms have been reported. Insulin receptors from flukes and tapeworms have been shown to interact directly with the host-derived insulin molecule, which suggests the exploitation of host-derived insulin. In this study, a strategy of genome-wide searches followed by comprehensive analyses of strictly conserved features of the insulin family was used to demonstrate the presence of putative insulin-like peptides in the genomes of six tapeworms and two flukes. In addition, whole insulin signaling pathways were annotated on a genome-wide scale. Two putative insulin-like peptide genes in each genome of tapeworms and one insulin-like peptide gene in each genome of flukes were identified. The comprehensive analyses revealed that all of these peptides showed the common features shared by other members of the insulin family, and the phylogenetic analysis implied a putative gene duplication event in the Cestoda during the evolution of insulin-like peptide genes. The quantitative expression analysis and immunolocalization results suggested a putative role of these peptides in reproduction. Entire sets of major components of the classic insulin signaling pathway were successfully identified, suggesting that this pathway in parasitic flatworms might also regulate many other important biological activities. We believe that the identification of the insulin-like peptides gives us a better understanding of the insulin signaling pathway in these parasites, as well as host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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