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Bhoi JD, Zhang Z, Janz R, You Y, Wei H, Wu J, Ribelayga CP. The SNARE regulator Complexin3 is a target of the cone circadian clock. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1066-1080. [PMID: 32783205 PMCID: PMC8190822 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BMAL1 is a core component of the mammalian circadian clockwork. Removal of BMAL1 from the retina significantly affects visual information processing in both rod and cone pathways. To identify potential pathways and/or molecules through which BMAL1 alters signal transmission at the cone pedicle, we performed an RNA-seq differential expression analysis between cone-specific Bmal1 knockout cones (cone-Bmal1-/- ) and wild-type (WT) cones. We found 88 genes differentially expressed. Among these, Complexin3 (Cplx3), a SNARE regulator at ribbon synapses, was downregulated fivefold in the mutant cones. The purpose of this work was to determine whether BMAL1 and/or the cone clock controls CPLX3 protein expression at cone pedicles. We found that CPLX3 expression level was decreased twofold in cone-Bmal1-/- cones. Furthermore, CPLX3 expression was downregulated at night compared to the day in WT cones but remained constitutively low in mutant cones both day and night. The transcript and protein expression levels of Cplx4-the other complexin expressed in cones-were similar in WT and mutant cones; in WT cones, CPLX4 protein level did not change with the time of day. In silico analysis revealed four potential BMAL1:CLOCK binding sites upstream from exon one of Cplx3 and none upstream of exon one of Cplx4. Our results suggest that CPLX3 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by the cone clock. The modulation of CPLX3 may be a mechanism by which the clock controls the cone synaptic transfer function to second-order cells and thereby impacts retinal signal processing during the day/night cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Bhoi
- Rice University, Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Houston, Texas
- Summer Research Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Program in Neuroscience, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Neuroscience Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yanan You
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Program in Neuroscience, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Neuroscience Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christophe P. Ribelayga
- Summer Research Program, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Program in Neuroscience, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Neuroscience Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Bernice Weingarten Chair in Ophthalmology, Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Zheng W, Chu Q, Yang L, Sun L, Xu T. Circular RNA circDtx1 regulates IRF3-mediated antiviral immune responses through suppression of miR-15a-5p-dependent TRIF downregulation in teleost fish. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009438. [PMID: 33735323 PMCID: PMC8009406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of widespread and diverse covalently closed circular endogenous RNAs that exert crucial functions in regulating gene expression in mammals. However, the function and regulation mechanism of circRNAs in lower vertebrates are still unknown. Here, we discovered a novel circRNA derived from Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (Dtx1) gene, namely, circDtx1, which was related to the antiviral responses in teleost fish. Results indicated that circDtx1 played essential roles in host antiviral immunity and inhibition of SCRV replication. Our study also found a microRNA miR-15a-5p, which could inhibit antiviral immune response and promote viral replication by targeting TRIF. Moreover, we also found that the antiviral effect inhibited by miR-15a-5p could be reversed with the circDtx1. In mechanism, our data revealed that circDtx1 was a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of TRIF by sponging miR-15a-5p, leading to activation of the NF-κB/IRF3 pathway, and then enhancing the innate antiviral responses. Our results indicated that circRNAs played a regulatory role in immune responses in teleost fish. Increasing evidence indicates that circRNAs participate in innate and adaptive immunity. However, the relationship between circRNAs and host antiviral responses remains unknown, particularly in lower vertebrates. Our results provided direct evidence that a circRNA, namely, circDtx1, is related to the antiviral responses in lower vertebrates. In addition, our study also found a microRNA, namely, miR-15a-5p, which could inhibit an antiviral immune response and promote viral replication by targeting TRIF. Moreover, circRNAs can serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and cross-talk with mRNAs by competing shared miRNAs. Such ceRNAs regulate the distribution of miRNA molecules on their targets and apply an additional level of post-transcriptional regulation. In our study, circDtx1 functions as a ceRNA for miR-15a-5p to control protein abundance of fish TRIF, thereby inhibiting viral replication and promoting antiviral responses. Our study demonstrates the ceRNA regulatory networks existing in lower vertebrates, which can provide new insights into understanding the effects of circRNAs on host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingping Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Yang CR, Zhang XY, Liu Y, Du JY, Liang R, Yu M, Zhang FQ, Mu XF, Li F, Zhou L, Zhou FH, Meng FJ, Wang S, Ming D, Zhou XF. Antidepressant Drugs Correct the Imbalance Between proBDNF/p75NTR/Sortilin and Mature BDNF/TrkB in the Brain of Mice with Chronic Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:171-182. [PMID: 31493120 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a worldwide problem with a great social and economic burden in many countries. In our previous research, we found that the expression of proBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin is upregulated in patients with major depressive disorder. In addition, the treatment of proBDNF antibodies reversed both the depressive behaviors and the reduced BDNF mRNA detected in our rodent chronic stress models. Antidepressant drugs are usually only effective in a subpopulation of patients with major depression with a delayed time window of 2-4 weeks to exert their efficacy. The mechanism underlying such delayed response is not known. In this study, we hypothesize that antidepressant drugs exert their therapeutic effect by modulating proBDNF/p75NTR and mature BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways. To test the hypothesis, C57 mice were randomly divided into normal control, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), vehicle (VEH), fluoxetine (FLU), and clozapine (CLO) groups. Behavioral tests (sucrose preference, open field, and tail suspension tests) were performed before and after 4 weeks of CUMS. The gene and protein expression of proBDNF, the neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), sortilin, and TrkB in the cortex and hippocampus were examined. At the protein level, CUMS induced a significant increase in proBDNF, p75NTR, and sortilin production while the TrkB protein level was found to be lower in the cortex and hippocampus compared with the control group. Consistently, at the mRNA level, p75NTR expression increased with reduced BDNF/TrkB mRNA in both cortex and hippocampus, while sortilin increased only in the hippocampus after CUMS. FLU and CLO treatments of CUMS mice reversed all protein and mRNA expression of the biomarkers in both cortex and hippocampus, except for sortilin mRNA in the cortex and proBDNF in the hippocampus, respectively. This study further confirms that the imbalance between proBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin and mBDNF/TrkB production is important in the pathogenesis of depression. It is likely that antidepressant FLU and antipsychotic CLO exert their antidepressant-like effect correcting the imbalance between proBDNF/p75NTR/sortilin and mBDNF/TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - X Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - J Y Du
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - R Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - M Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - F Q Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - X F Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - F Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L Zhou
- The Mental Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - F H Zhou
- School of Pharmacology and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - F J Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - S Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - D Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - X F Zhou
- School of Pharmacology and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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4
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Vuong NH, Salah Salah O, Vanderhyden BC. 17β-Estradiol sensitizes ovarian surface epithelium to transformation by suppressing Disabled-2 expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16702. [PMID: 29196616 PMCID: PMC5711839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk of human ovarian cancer and exogenous estradiol accelerates the onset of ovarian cancer in mouse models. This study uses primary cultures of mouse ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) to demonstrate that one possible mechanism by which estrogen accelerates the initiation of ovarian cancer is by up-regulation of microRNA-378 via the ESR1 pathway to result in the down-regulation of a tumour suppressor called Disabled-2 (Dab2). Estrogen suppression of Dab2 was reproducible in vivo and across many cell types including mouse oviductal epithelium and primary cultures of human ovarian cancer cells. Suppression of Dab2 resulted in increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, morphological dysplasia, and resistance to oncogene-induced senescence - all factors that can sensitize OSE to transformation. Given that DAB2 is highly expressed in healthy human OSE and is absent in the majority of ovarian tumours, this study has taken the first steps to provide a mechanistic explanation for how estrogen therapy may play a role in the initiation of ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/pathology
- Estradiol/adverse effects
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovarian Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovary/metabolism
- Ovary/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung H Vuong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Omar Salah Salah
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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5
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Sun X, Zhang W, Li H, Niu C, Ou Y, Song L, Zhang Y. Stonin 2 Overexpression is Correlated with Unfavorable Prognosis and Tumor Invasion in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081653. [PMID: 28758939 PMCID: PMC5578043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stonin 2 (STON2), which functions in adjusting endocytotic complexes, is probably involved in the monitoring of the internalization of dopamine D2 receptors which have an inhibitory action of dopamine on tumor progression. However, its clinical significance in tumor progression and prognosis remains unclear. We explored the association between STON2 and the clinicopathological characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The STON2 levels in ovarian cancer and normal cell lines and tissues were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. STON2 protein expression was also detected by an immunohistochemical analysis. The clinical significance of STON2 expression in ovarian cancer was statistically analyzed. STON2 significantly increased in the ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues compared to the normal ones. In the 89 EOC samples tested, STON2 expression was significantly correlated with intraperitoneal metastasis, intestinal metastasis, intraperitoneal recurrence, ascites containing tumor cells, and CA153 level. Moreover, patients with STON2 protein overexpression were more likely to exhibit platinum resistance and to have undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with high STON2 protein expression had a tendency to have a shorter overall survival and a poor prognosis. A multivariate analysis showed that STON2 was an independent prognostic predictor for EOC patients. In conclusion, STON2 plays an important role in the progression and prognosis of ovarian carcinoma, especially in platinum resistance, intraperitoneal metastasis, and recurrence. STON2 can be a novel antitumor drug target and biomarker which predicts an unfavorable prognosis for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Weijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Chunhao Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yulan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yanna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Adamson SE, Griffiths R, Moravec R, Senthivinayagam S, Montgomery G, Chen W, Han J, Sharma PR, Mullins GR, Gorski SA, Cooper JA, Kadl A, Enfield K, Braciale TJ, Harris TE, Leitinger N. Disabled homolog 2 controls macrophage phenotypic polarization and adipose tissue inflammation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1311-22. [PMID: 26927671 DOI: 10.1172/jci79590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic tissue injury results in the generation of a myriad of environmental cues that macrophages respond to by changing their phenotype and function. This phenotypic regulation is critical for controlling tissue inflammation and resolution. Here, we have identified the adaptor protein disabled homolog 2 (DAB2) as a regulator of phenotypic switching in macrophages. Dab2 expression was upregulated in M2 macrophages and suppressed in M1 macrophages isolated from both mice and humans, and genetic deletion of Dab2 predisposed macrophages to adopt a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. In mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of Dab2 (Dab2fl/fl Lysm-Cre), treatment with sublethal doses of LPS resulted in increased proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage activation. Moreover, chronic high-fat feeding exacerbated adipose tissue inflammation, M1 polarization of adipose tissue macrophages, and the development of insulin resistance in DAB2-deficient animals compared with controls. Mutational analyses revealed that DAB2 interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and attenuates IκB kinase β-dependent (IKKβ-dependent) phosphorylation of Ser536 in the transactivation domain of NF-κB p65. Together, these findings reveal that DAB2 is critical for controlling inflammatory signaling during phenotypic polarization of macrophages and suggest that manipulation of DAB2 expression and function may hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Mortazavi SH, Amin R, Alyasin S, Kashef S, Karimi MH, Babaei M, Younesi V. Down-regulation of TLR2, 3, 9 and Signaling Mediators, MyD88 and TRIF, Gene Transcript Levels in Patients with Kawasaki Disease Treated with IVIG. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 14:188-197. [PMID: 25780885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile systemic vasculitis of childhood characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators at the acute stage. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is well accepted as a conventional therapy for KD. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression level of Toll like receptors (TLRs) and their corresponding signaling mediators in PBMCs of IVIG-treated KD patients. TLR2, 3, 9 and signaling mediators, MyD88 and TRIF transcript levels were determined in PBMCs from 31 KD patients, before (acute phase), 2 weeks later (sub-acute phase) and 6 weeks later (convalescent phase) of IVIG therapy using real time PCR. The mean age of the patients was 3.6 years and 65% of subjects were male and 35% were female. 20 age-matched irrelevant febrile patients and 20 healthy subjects were included as control groups. Elevated levels of TLR2, MyD88, and TRIF gene transcripts were observed in the PBMCs at acute phase of untreated KD patients in compression with normal subjects. IVIG therapy resulted in significant decrease in TLR2, 3 and 9 (60-90%) as well as MyD88 and TRIF (60-70%) transcripts following 2 and 6 weeks. With Regard to significant up-regulation of MyD88 and TRIF at the acute phase of KD, our findings suggest TLR signaling pathway potential in KD pathogenesis and may also support the assumption of an infectious background in KD. Down-regulation of TLR members and corresponding mediators in IVIG treated patient suggest general TLR pathway suppression as a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Mortazavi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran and Department of Pediatrics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Amin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheyla Alyasin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Kashef
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Babaei
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Yan N, Su J, Yang C, Rao Y, Feng X, Wan Q, Lei C. Grass carp SARM1 and its two splice variants negatively regulate IFN-I response and promote cell death upon GCRV infection at different subcellular locations. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:102-115. [PMID: 25280626 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sterile alpha and Toll/IL-1R motif containing 1 (SARM1) negatively regulates TRIF-dependent TLR signaling in mammals. However, its immune function remains unclear in teleost. Here, a grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella SARM1 (CiSARM1) gene and its two novel splice variants (CiSARM1s1 and CiSARM1s2) were identified. CiSARM1s1 and CiSARM1s2 are generated by intron retention mechanism, and they only retain N-terminal HEAT/armadillo motifs. In C. idella kidney (CIK) cells, CiSARM1 and CiSARM1s1 are located in mitochondria, whereas CiSARM1s2 distributes in the whole cell. All the three transcripts are ubiquitously expressed in 15 investigated tissues. They were responsive to GCRV in vivo and in vitro and to viral/bacterial PAMPs in vitro, implying they participate in both antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. By overexpression experiment, CiSARM1 and its two isoforms affected each other's expression in CIK cells. CiSARM1 inhibited GCRV-triggered IFN-I response by affecting the expressions of CiTRIF, CiMyD88, CiIPS-1, CiTRAF6, CiTBK1, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7 in TRIF-, MyD88- and IPS-1-dependent pathways; CiSARM1s1 and CiSARM1s2 inhibited GCRV-triggered IFN-I production through suppressing the expressions of CiMyD88, CiIPS-1, CiTRAF6, CiTBK1, CiIRF3 and CiIRF7 in MyD88- and IPS-1-dependent pathways. Moreover, antiviral activity assays indicated that all the three genes promote GCRV-induced cell death. These results were further verified by RNAi experiments. Thus, CiSARM1 and its two splice variants jointly prevent excessive activation of the host immune response. These findings uncover the regulatory mechanisms of SARM1 in teleost and lay a foundation for further functional and evolutionary researches on SARM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Youliang Rao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Quanyuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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9
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Ahn M, Moon C, Park C, Kim J, Sim KB, Shin T. Transient activation of an adaptor protein, disabled-2, in rat spinal cord injury. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:56-61. [PMID: 25432322 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that disabled-2 (Dab-2), a cytosolic adaptor protein, was expressed in inflammatory and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral cryoinjury. Here, to determine the pattern of Dab-2 expression in a clip compression-induced rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model, the protein level and localization of Dab-2 in the spinal cord were investigated in rats with SCI using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting revealed that the expression of both the 75- and 100-kDa isoforms of Dab-2 peaked significantly in the spinal cord after clip compression injury 7 days post-injury compared to sham controls, and declined slightly thereafter. Immunohistochemistry revealed weak Dab-2 immunostaining in some neurons, glial cells, and ependymal cells in the spinal cords of the control animals, compared to staining in the macrophages and reactive astrocytes in lesions of the SCI animals. Overall, these findings suggest that both isoforms of Dab-2 are transiently upregulated in response to SCI and that the increased expression of Dab-2 is associated with the early activation of macrophages and astrogliosis in the course of CNS inflammation.
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10
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Xu X, Wang W, Su N, Zhu X, Yao J, Gao W, Hu Z, Sun Y. miR-374a promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting SRCIN1 in gastric cancer. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:407-13. [PMID: 25554419 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a prominent role in gastric cancer (GC) initiation and progression. In this study, we found that miR-374a expression was up-regulated in human GC cell lines and tissues. Inhibition of miR-374a suppressed GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and slowed tumor growth in vivo. SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (SRCIN1) was identified as a direct target of miR-374a. Silencing of SRCIN1 significantly enhanced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas SRCIN1 reintroduction partially abrogated the oncogenic effects of miR-374a. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-374a functions as a candidate oncogene in GC by directly targeting SRCIN1. miR-374a may therefore be useful as a promising therapeutic target for malignant GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiqian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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11
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Xie XH, Zang N, Li SM, Wang LJ, Deng Y, He Y, Yang XQ, Liu EM. Resveratrol Inhibits respiratory syncytial virus-induced IL-6 production, decreases viral replication, and downregulates TRIF expression in airway epithelial cells. Inflammation 2013; 35:1392-401. [PMID: 22391746 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen responsible for lower respiratory diseases in children. So far, there is no effective treatment or preventative vaccine available for RSV infection, although ribavirin and dexamethasone are commonly prescribed. Resveratrol has been shown to inhibit the replication of several other viruses, thus the effect of resveratrol on RSV-induced inflammatory mediators in 9HTEo cell cultures was evaluated, and possible mechanisms of action were explored and compared with dexamethasone and ribavirin. Incubation with resveratrol resulted in decreased IL-6 production and partial inhibition of RSV replication. Resveratrol treatment also inhibited virus-induced TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) protein expression. These data demonstrate the ability of resveratrol to inhibit cytokine production by RSV in airway epithelial cells, indicating that it might be a therapeutic agent with both anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential for the treatment of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
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12
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Yamazaki S, Maruyama A, Okada K, Matsumoto M, Morita A, Seya T. Dendritic cells from oral cavity induce Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells upon antigen stimulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51665. [PMID: 23272135 PMCID: PMC3525649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that dendritic cells (DCs) from the intestines have the capacity to induce Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T-regs) and regulate immunity versus tolerance in the intestines. However, the contribution of DCs to controlling immunity versus tolerance in the oral cavity has not been addressed. Here, we report that DCs from the oral cavity induce Foxp3(+) T-regs as well as DCs from intestine. We found that oral-cavity-draining cervical lymph nodes contained higher frequencies of Foxp3(+) T-regs and ROR-γt(+) CD4(+)T cells than other lymph nodes. The high frequency of Foxp3(+) T-regs in the oral-cavity-draining cervical lymph nodes was not dependent on the Toll like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecules, Myd88 and TICAM-1 (TRIF). In contrast, the high frequency of ROR-γt(+) CD4(+)T cells relies on Myd88 and TICAM-1. In vitro data showed that CD11c(+) DCs from oral-cavity-draining cervical lymph nodes have the capacity to induce Foxp3(+) T-regs in the presence of antigen. These data suggest that, as well as in the intestinal environment, antigen-presenting DCs may play a vital role in maintaining tolerance by inducing Foxp3(+) T-regs in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (SY)
| | - Akira Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Okada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (SY)
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13
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Abstract
Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and myocardial infarction (MI). Much of the insight into LDL metabolism has been gained through the study of Mendelian disorders of lipid metabolism. Genome-wide associations studies (GWAS) are now being used to identify novel genes and loci that contribute to variations in LDL-C levels, and they have identified the SORT1 gene as an important modulator of LDL-C levels and ASCVD risk. Mechanistic studies in mice and cell culture also suggest that the SORT1 gene is an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism; however, these studies disagree on the directionality of the effect of Sort1 expression on plasma lipids and the mechanism for the lipid changes. Here we review the identification of the SORT1 locus as a modulator of LDL-C levels and ASCVD risk and the first mechanistic studies that explore the role of Sortilin in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Strong
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
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14
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Neumann D, Suter M, Tuerk R, Riek U, Wallimann T. Co-expression of LKB1, MO25alpha and STRADalpha in bacteria yield the functional and active heterotrimeric complex. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 36:220-31. [PMID: 17873408 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor LKB1 plays a critical role in cell proliferation, polarity and energy metabolism. LKB1 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that is associated with STRAD and MO25 in vivo. Here, we describe the individual expression of the three components of the LKB1 complex using monocistronic vectors and their co-expression using tricistronic vectors that were constructed from monocistronic vectors using a fully modular cloning approach. The data show that among the three individually expressed components of the LKB1 complex, only MO25alpha can be expressed in soluble form, whereas the other two, LKB1 and STRADalpha are found almost exclusively in inclusion bodies. However, using the tricistronic vector system, functional LKB1-MO25alpha-STRADalpha complex was expressed and purified from soluble extracts by sequential immobilized-metal affinity and heparin chromatography, as shown by Western blotting using specific antibodies. In size exclusion chromatography, MO25alpha and STRADalpha exactly co-elute with LKB1 with an apparent molecular weight of the heterotrimeric complex of 160 kDa. The specific activity in the peak fraction of the size exclusion chromatography was 250 U/mg at approximately 25% purity. As shown by autoradiography, LKB1 and STRADalpha, both strongly autophosphorylate in vitro. Moreover, recombinant LKB1 complex activates AMPK by phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit at the Thr-172 site as shown (i) by Western blotting using phospho-specific antibodies after LKB1-dependent phosphorylation, (ii) by LKB1-dependent incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the alpha-subunit of kinase dead AMPK heterotrimer, and (iii) by activity determination of AMPK. Functional mammalian LKB1 complex is constitutively active, and when enriched from bacteria should prove to be a valuable tool for studying its molecular function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietbert Neumann
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Cell Biology, HPM D23, Schafmattstr 18, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Seifert M, Ampofo C, Mehraein Y, Reichrath J, Welter C. Expression analysis of human intersectin 2 gene (ITSN2) minor splice variants showing differential expression in normal human brain. Oncol Rep 2007; 17:1207-11. [PMID: 17390067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intersectins 1 and 2 (ITSN1 and ITSN2) are conserved proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In both, two major splice variants, the so-called long and short isoforms have been identified. Whereas most analyses so far focussed on ITSN1, little is known about ITSN2. Data from expression analyses for the intersectin genes mainly refer to the major isoforms. Only recently have a few minor splice variants of ITSN2 been described, though no detailed analyses of their expression in different tissues have been performed. Using RT-PCR-studies we analyzed ITSN2 minor splice variants and their expression in an adult tissue panel. Thereby we demonstrated at least one new minor variant lacking exon 7. Differential expression was demonstrated for a previously described minor splice variant including exon 16 (ITSN2C) with a relative increase in adult human brain tissue. Additional comparative expression analyses in oligodendrogliomas furthermore revealed differential expression with lack of this specific minor splice variant in the brain tumor tissue. These results indicate that ITSN2C may be specifically expressed in neurons hinting to a physiologic role in neuronal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Seifert
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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16
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Ho A, Morishita W, Atasoy D, Liu X, Tabuchi K, Hammer RE, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. Genetic analysis of Mint/X11 proteins: essential presynaptic functions of a neuronal adaptor protein family. J Neurosci 2007; 26:13089-101. [PMID: 17167098 PMCID: PMC6674967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2855-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mints/X11s are adaptor proteins composed of three isoforms: neuron-specific Mints 1 and 2, and the ubiquitously expressed Mint 3. We have now analyzed constitutive and conditional knock-out mice for all three Mints/X11s. We found that approximately 80% of mice lacking both neuron-specific Mint isoforms (Mints 1 and 2) die at birth, whereas mice lacking any other combination of Mint isoforms survive normally. The approximately 20% surviving Mint 1/2 double knock-out mice exhibit a decrease in weight and deficits in motor behaviors. Hippocampal slice electrophysiology uncovered a decline in spontaneous neurotransmitter release, lowered synaptic strength, and enhanced paired-pulse facilitation in Mint-deficient mice, suggesting a decreased presynaptic release probability. Acute ablation of Mint expression in cultured neurons from conditional Mint 1/2/3 triple knock-in mice also revealed a decline in spontaneous release, confirming that deletion of Mints impair presynaptic function. Quantitation of synaptic proteins showed that acute deletion of Mints caused a selective increase in Munc18-1 and Fe65 proteins, and overexpression of Munc18-1 in wild-type neurons also produced a decrease in spontaneous release, suggesting that the interaction of Mints with Munc18-1 may contribute to the presynaptic phenotype observed in Mint-deficient mice. Our studies thus indicate that Mints are important regulators of presynaptic neurotransmitter release that are essential for mouse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wade Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304
| | | | | | | | - Robert E. Hammer
- Biochemistry, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111, and
| | - Robert C. Malenka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Center for Basic Neuroscience
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9111, and
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17
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Wahle T, Thal DR, Sastre M, Rentmeister A, Bogdanovic N, Famulok M, Heneka MT, Walter J. GGA1 is expressed in the human brain and affects the generation of amyloid beta-peptide. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12838-46. [PMID: 17151287 PMCID: PMC6674839 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1982-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is a major component of Alzheimer disease (AD)-associated senile plaques and is generated by sequential cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase (BACE1) and gamma-secretase. BACE1 cleaves APP at the N terminus of the Abeta domain, generating a membrane-bound C-terminal fragment (CTF-beta) that can be subsequently cleaved by gamma-secretase within the transmembrane domain to release Abeta. Because BACE1 initiates Abeta generation, it represents a potential target molecule to interfere with Abeta production in therapeutic strategies for AD. BACE1 interacts with Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, ADP ribosylation factor-binding (GGA) proteins that are involved in the subcellular trafficking of BACE1. Here, we show that GGA1 is preferentially expressed in neurons of the human brain. GGA1 was also detected in activated microglia surrounding amyloid plaques in AD brains. Functional analyses with cultured cells demonstrate that GGA1 is implicated in the proteolytic processing of APP. Overexpression of GGA1 or a dominant-negative variant reduced cleavage of APP by BACE1 as indicated by a decrease in CTF-beta generation. Importantly, overexpression of GGA1 reduced, whereas RNAi-mediated suppression of GGA1 increased the secretion of Abeta. The modulation of APP processing by GGA1 is independent of a direct interaction of both proteins. Because total cellular activity of BACE1 was not affected by GGA1 expression, our data indicate that changes in the subcellular trafficking of BACE1 or other GGA1-dependent proteins contribute to changes in APP processing and Abeta generation. Thus, GGA proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Karolinska Institute, Neurotec, Geriatric Department and Huddinge Brain Bank Klinisk Forskingscentrum, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Famulok
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany, and
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18
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Zhou J, Hernandez G, Tu SW, Scholes J, Chen H, Tseng CP, Hsieh JT. Synergistic induction of DOC-2/DAB2 gene expression in transitional cell carcinoma in the presence of GATA6 and histone deacetylase inhibitor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6089-96. [PMID: 16024609 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The down-regulation of DOC-2/DAB2 gene, which encodes a unique phosphoprotein modulating signal pathways elicited by exogenous stimuli, is often associated with several cancer types; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Dramatically different expression levels of DOC-2/DAB2 mRNA and protein are observed among several human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines, suggesting that transcriptional regulation may play a role in these cells. In this study, we have shown that the histone acetylation status associated with the 5' upstream regulatory sequence of DOC-2/DAB2 gene is one of the key determinants for its gene expression. In addition, GATA6 but not other GATA family members, such as GATA2 and GATA4, can specifically induce DOC-2/DAB2 promoter activity, although GATA transcription factors share a very similar DNA-binding sequence. We also show that increased histone acetylation and the presence of GATA6 have a synergistic effect on DOC-2/DAB2 promoter activity, which results in the elevation of DOC-2/DAB2 protein expression. Thus, we conclude that transcriptional regulation of DOC-2/DAB2 gene in human TCC is determined by histone acetylation and a specific transcription factor (i.e., GATA6), which underlie the reduced DOC-2/DAB2 protein expression in TCC cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- GATA6 Transcription Factor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
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19
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Osterlund P, Veckman V, Sirén J, Klucher KM, Hiscott J, Matikainen S, Julkunen I. Gene expression and antiviral activity of alpha/beta interferons and interleukin-29 in virus-infected human myeloid dendritic cells. J Virol 2005; 79:9608-17. [PMID: 16014923 PMCID: PMC1181545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9608-9617.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) respond to microbial infections by undergoing phenotypic maturation and by producing multiple cytokines. In the present study, we analyzed the ability of influenza A and Sendai viruses to induce DC maturation and activate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta), and IFN-like interleukin-28A/B (IFN-lambda2/3) and IL-29 (IFN-lambda1) gene expression in human monocyte-derived myeloid DCs (mDC). The ability of influenza A virus to induce mDC maturation or enhance the expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha/beta, interleukin-28 (IL-28), and IL-29 genes was limited, whereas Sendai virus efficiently induced mDC maturation and enhanced cytokine gene expression. Influenza A virus-induced expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IL-28, and IL-29 genes was, however, dramatically enhanced when cells were pretreated with IFN-alpha. IFN-alpha priming led to increased expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR7, TLR8, MyD88, TRIF, and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) genes and enhanced influenza-induced phosphorylation and DNA binding of IRF3. Influenza A virus also enhanced the binding of NF-kappaB to the respective NF-kappaB elements of the promoters of IFN-beta and IL-29 genes. In mDC IL-29 induced MxA protein expression and possessed antiviral activity against influenza A virus, although this activity was lower than that of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta. Our results show that in human mDCs viruses can readily induce the expression of IL-28 and IL-29 genes whose gene products are likely to contribute to the host antiviral response.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antiviral Agents/genetics
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon-beta/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Interferons
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Sendai virus/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3
- Toll-Like Receptor 7
- Toll-Like Receptor 8
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Osterlund
- Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Nishimura S, Yoshida T, Sugiura H, Shirota S, Tsuchiya K, Nihei H. CD2AP expression in a renal ischemia/reperfusion injury model and analysis of its related genes using overexpression and RNA interference technique. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:373-81. [PMID: 16088078 DOI: 10.1159/000087209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is a ubiquitously expressed 80-kDa intracellular protein, and has been speculated to act as an intracellular signaling pathway between plasma membrane proteins and cytoskeleton proteins. CD2AP expression has been reported in both the glomerulus and tubular epithelium in the kidney, and CD2AP knockout mice exhibit congenital nephrotic syndrome. However, the precise properties and its role in the renal tubules have not been clarified. METHODS We used an established rat model of ischemic/reperfusion renal injury (IRI) to examine the expression of CD2AP by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. We also investigated the expression of genes related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in mouse collecting duct-derived cells (M1 cells) transfected with full-length of CD2AP cDNA or short interfering RNA. RESULTS CD2AP mRNA and protein expression had significantly increased in the IRI kidney. Real-time PCR indicated that expression of genes regulating apoptosis, such as B-Raf and Caspase-12, and genes regulating cell proliferation factors, CDC2, was decreased in CD2AP-overexpressing M1 cells and increased in CD2AP-interfered M1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CD2AP expression was increased following renal ischemia and that CD2AP may be related to the process of cell repair and/or cell differentiation following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Nishimura
- Department of Medicine IV, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The membrane-associated adaptor protein LAX is a linker for activation of T cells (LAT)-like molecule that is expressed in lymphoid tissues. Upon stimulation of T or B cells, it is phosphorylated and interacts with Grb2 and the p85 subunit of PI3K. LAX, however, is not capable of replacing LAT in the TCR signaling pathway. In this study we report that upon T or B cell activation, the LAX protein was up-regulated dramatically. Although disruption of the LAX gene by homologous recombination had no major impact on lymphocyte development, it caused a significant reduction in CD23 expression on mature B cells. Interestingly, naive LAX(-/-) mice had spontaneous germinal center formation. Compared with normal T and B cells, LAX(-/-) T and B cells were hyperresponsive and had enhanced calcium flux, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, MAPK and Akt activation, and cell survival upon engagement of the T or B AgRs. Our data demonstrate that LAX functions as a negative regulator in lymphocyte signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Targeting
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Naiki Y, Michelsen KS, Zhang W, Chen S, Doherty TM, Arditi M. Transforming Growth Factor-β Differentially Inhibits MyD88-dependent, but Not TRAM- and TRIF-dependent, Lipopolysaccharide-induced TLR4 Signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:5491-5. [PMID: 15623538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c400503200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a multifunctional, potent anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by many cell types that regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are therefore a pivotal component of the innate immune system. In this study we show that TGF-beta1 blocks the NF-kappaB activation and cytokine release that is stimulated by ligands for TLRs 2, 4, and 5. We further show that TGF-beta1 can specifically interfere with TLR2, -4, or -5 ligand-induced responses involving the adaptor molecule MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) but not the TRAM/TRIF signaling pathway by decreasing MyD88 protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner without altering its mRNA expression. The proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin abolished the MyD88 degradation induced by TGF-beta1. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 resulted in ubiquitination of MyD88 protein, suggesting that TGF-beta1 facilitates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of MyD88 and thereby attenuates MyD88-dependent signaling by decreasing cellular levels of MyD88 protein. These findings importantly contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanisms mediating anti-inflammatory modulation of immune responses by TGF-beta1.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Naiki
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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23
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Hardy MP, McGGettrick AF, O'Neill LAJ. Transcriptional regulation of the human TRIF (TIR domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon beta) gene. Biochem J 2004; 380:83-93. [PMID: 14960149 PMCID: PMC1224148 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
TRIF [TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon beta; also known as TICAM-1 (TIR-containing adaptor molecule-1)] is a key adaptor for TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3)- and TLR4-mediated signalling. We have performed a detailed annotation of the human TRIF gene and fine analysis of the basal and inducible promoter elements lying 5' to the site of initiation of transcription. Human TRIF maps to chromosome 19p13.3 and is flanked upstream by TIP47, which encodes the mannose 6-phosphate receptor binding protein, and downstream by a gene encoding FEM1a, a human homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans Feminisation-1 gene. Using promoter-reporter deletion constructs, we identified a distal region with the ability to negatively regulate basal transcription and a proximal region containing an Sp1 (stimulating protein 1) site that confers approx. 75% of basal transcriptional activity. TRIF expression can be induced by multiple stimuli, such as the ligands for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4, and by the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1alpha. All of these stimuli act via an NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) motif at position -127. In spite of the presence of a STAT1 (signal transduction and activators of transcription 1) motif at position -330, the addition of type I or type II interferon had no effect on TRIF activity. The human TRIF gene would therefore appear to be regulated primarily by NF-kappaB.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 3
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Hardy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Institute, Trinity College, University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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Kawahara T, Kohjima M, Kuwano Y, Mino H, Teshima-Kondo S, Takeya R, Tsunawaki S, Wada A, Sumimoto H, Rokutan K. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide activates Rac1 and transcription of NADPH oxidase Nox1 and its organizer NOXO1 in guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C450-7. [PMID: 15469954 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00319.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of guinea pig gastric mucosal cells express NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), a homolog of gp91(phox), and produce superoxide anion (O2-) at a rate of approximately 100 nmol.mg protein(-1).h(-1) in response to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from virulent type I strains. The upregulated O2- production also enhances H. pylori LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha or cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression, which suggests a potential role for Nox1 in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated diseases. The H. pylori LPS-stimulated O2- production in cultured gastric mucosal cells was inhibited by actinomycin D as well as cycloheximide, suggesting that the induction is regulated at the transcriptional level. The LPS treatment not only increased the Nox1 mRNA to a greater extent but also induced expression of the message-encoding, Nox-organizing protein 1 (NOXO1), a novel p47phox homolog required for Nox1 activity. In addition, H. pylori LPS activated Rac1; i.e., it converted Rac1 to the GTP-bound state. A phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, LY-294002, blocked H. pylori LPS-induced Rac1 activation and O2- generation without interfering with the expression of Nox1 and NOXO1 mRNA. O2- production inhibited by LY-294002 was completely restored by transfection of an adenoviral vector encoding a constitutively active Rac1 but not an inactive Rac1 or a constitutively active Cdc42. These findings indicate that Rac1 plays a crucial role in Nox1 activation. Thus the H. pylori LPS-stimulated O2- production in gastric mucosal cells appears to require two distinct events: 1) transcriptional upregulation of Nox1 and NOXO1 and 2) activation of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kawahara
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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25
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Terme M, Tomasello E, Maruyama K, Crépineau F, Chaput N, Flament C, Marolleau JP, Angevin E, Wagner EF, Salomon B, Lemonnier FA, Wakasugi H, Colonna M, Vivier E, Zitvogel L. IL-4 confers NK stimulatory capacity to murine dendritic cells: a signaling pathway involving KARAP/DAP12-triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 molecules. J Immunol 2004; 172:5957-66. [PMID: 15128777 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) regulate NK cell functions, but the signals required for the DC-mediated NK cell activation, i.e., DC-activated NK cell (DAK) activity, remain poorly understood. Upon acute inflammation mimicked by LPS or TNF-alpha, DC undergo a maturation process allowing T and NK cell activation in vitro. Chronic inflammation is controlled in part by Th2 cytokines. In this study, we show that IL-4 selectively confers to DC NK but not T cell stimulatory capacity. IL-4 is mandatory for mouse bone marrow-derived DC grown in GM-CSF (DC(GM/IL-4)) to promote NK cell activation in the draining lymph nodes. IL-4-mediated DAK activity depends on the KARAP/DAP12-triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 signaling pathway because: 1) gene targeting of the adaptor molecule KARAP/DAP12, a transmembrane polypeptide with an intracytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, suppresses the DC(GM/IL-4) capacity to activate NK cells, and 2) IL-4-mediated DAK activity is significantly blocked by soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 Fc molecules. These data outline a novel role for Th2 cytokines in the regulation of innate immune responses through triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/biosynthesis
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Terme
- ERM0208 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Department of Clinical Biology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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26
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Lee MS, Igawa T, Chen SJ, Van Bemmel D, Lin JS, Lin FF, Johansson SL, Christman JK, Lin MF. p66Shc protein is upregulated by steroid hormones in hormone-sensitive cancer cells and in primary prostate carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2004; 108:672-8. [PMID: 14696093 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Members of Shc family conventionally serve as critical adaptors in tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction pathways. p66(Shc) protein, a member of Shc family, is predominantly expressed in epithelial cells, whereas the regulation of its expression remains an enigma. We describe the effect of steroid hormones on the protein level of p66(Shc) and growth stimulation in hormone-sensitive human prostate, testicular and breast cancer cells. In DHT-treated androgen-sensitive prostate cancer LNCaP C-33 cells, the protein level of p66(Shc) was elevated by approximately 3-fold, correlating with increased cell growth. This DHT effect on p66(Shc) protein level and growth regulation was also observed in another androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line MDA PCa2b as well as 2 testicular cancer cell lines, Tera-1 and Tera-2 cells. Similarly, the female sex hormone estrogen had a stimulating effect on p66(Shc) protein level and proliferation in estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The upregulation of p66(Shc) protein level by DHT was competitively abolished by Casodex, an androgen antagonist used to treat prostate cancer. Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses showed that the p66(Shc) protein level was significantly higher in primary prostate tumors than in adjacent non-cancerous cells (p < 0.05). The data collectively indicate that p66(Shc) protein levels correlate with steroid hormone-stimulated cell growth and prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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27
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Abstract
Clathrin adaptor protein (AP)180 is a synaptic protein that regulates the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles. Several endocytic proteins including AP2, CALM, and epsin 1 have functions or molecular structures similar to AP180. We determined if AP180 associates with functional synapses in cultured hippocampal neurons. We also compared the expression pattern of AP180 with the other endocytic proteins. The distribution of AP180 corresponded with the synaptic vesicle-associated protein synapsin I, and with functional presynaptic terminals labeled with the styryl dye FM1-43. Synaptic AP2 colocalized with AP180, but the distribution of AP2 was not limited to synapses of neurons and it was also expressed in glia. CLAM and epsin 1 immunoreactivities were also detected in both neurons and glia. Unlike AP180, the neuronal immunoreactivity of CALM was not intense in the synaptic puncta. Epsin 1 immunoreactivity was found in both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, and its synaptic distribution only partially overlapped with that of AP180. These results support roles for AP180 in synaptic function in neurons. The findings also provide information on the distribution of AP2, CALM, and epsin 1 in cells of the nervous system that suggest different roles for these endocytic proteins in the biology of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Gerontology Research Center, NIA/NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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28
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Donlin LT, Roman CA, Adlam M, Regelmann AG, Alexandropoulos K. Defective thymocyte maturation by transgenic expression of a truncated form of the T lymphocyte adapter molecule and Fyn substrate, Sin. J Immunol 2002; 169:6900-9. [PMID: 12471123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adapter molecules that promote protein-protein interactions play a central role in T lymphocyte differentiation and activation. In this study, we examined the role of the T lymphocyte-expressed adapter protein and Src kinase substrate, Sin, on thymocyte function using transgenic mice expressing an activated, truncated allele of Sin (SinDeltaC). We found that SinDeltaC expression led to reduced numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive cells and reduced thymic cellularity due to increased thymocyte apoptosis. Because the adapter properties of Sin are mediated by tyrosine-based motifs and given that Sin is a substrate for Src tyrosine kinases, we examined the involvement of these kinases in the inhibitory effects of SinDeltaC. We found that in transgenic thymocytes, SinDeltaC was constitutively phosphorylated by the Src kinase Fyn, but not by the related kinase Lck. Using SinDeltaC and fyn(-/-) animals, we also found that the expression of Fyn was required for the inhibitory effect of SinDeltaC on thymocyte apoptosis but not for SinDeltaC-mediated inhibition of T cell maturation. The inhibitory effect of SinDeltaC on thymocyte maturation correlated with defective activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Our results suggest that the Sin mutant inhibits thymocyte differentiation through Fyn-dependent and -independent mechanisms and that endogenous Sin may be an important regulator of thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Donlin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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