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Hu P, Liang H, Kong B, Lv J, Qileng A, Zhu H, Liu Y. Real-time monitoring of pork freshness using polyvinyl alcohol/modified agar multilayer gas-sensitive labels. Food Chem 2024; 449:139245. [PMID: 38583402 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Accurate consumer perception of food packages should provide real-time feedback on any changes inside food packaging. Hence, a new multilayer gas-sensitive label (POA-12) was prepared using a layer-by-layer pouring method for simple, visual, and real-time detection of pork's freshness, while the front side was developed by immobilizing red carbon dots and fluorescein isothiocyanate in POA as indicator for volatile nitrogen, and the back side was created using bromothymol blue in POA as pH indicator. The swelling index of the multilayer gas-sensitive labels reduced from 159.19% to 148.36%, and the tensile strength increased from 25.52 MPa to 42.61 MPa. In addition, the POA-12 multilayer label showed a red-to-yellow fluorescence change as TVB-N increased from 6.84 to 31.4 and a yellow-brown-to-blue-green color change as pH increased from 5.74 to 7.24 when detecting pork samples. Thus, it provides dual-indicator monitoring that improves the accuracy and reliability of assessing the freshness of high-protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puli Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Beier Kong
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinjiang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aori Qileng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongshuai Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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2
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Felipe Melo Lima Gomes B, Araujo CMBD, do Nascimento BF, Silva Santos RKD, Freire EMPDL, Da Motta Sobrinho MA, Carvalho MN. Adsorption of Cd (II) ions and methyl violet dye by using an agar-graphene oxide nano-biocomposite. Environ Technol 2024; 45:2957-2968. [PMID: 37002614 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2198732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an agar-graphene oxide hydrogel was prepared to adsorb Cd (II) and Methyl Violet (MV) from water. The hydrogel was synthesised and characterised through SEM and EDS. Kinetic, equilibrium and regeneration studies were carried out, in which Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were fitted to the equilibrium experimental data; and regarding the kinetics, studies were conducted by modelling experimental data considering both empirical and phenomenological models. SEM and EDS have shown the composite present a 3D-disordered porous microstructure and that it is mainly constituted of C and O. Sips model fitted well to Cd (II) (R2 = 0.968 and χ2 = 0.176) and MV (R2 = 0.993 and χ2 = 0.783). The qmax values for MV and Cd (II) were 76.65 and 11.70 mg.g-1, respectively. Pseudo-order models satisfactorily described Cd (II) and MV adsorption kinetics with R2 > 0.90. Regeneration experiments revealed an outstanding reuse capacity of the adsorbent after three cycles of adsorption-desorption for both Cd (II) and MV. This study evidences the possibility of a feasible adsorbent for Cd (II) and MV removal from water for successive cycles of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brener Felipe Melo Lima Gomes
- Group of Physical Organic Chemistry (GPOC), Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological and Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Rural Technology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marilda Nascimento Carvalho
- Department of Rural Technology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
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Lalebeigi F, Kashtiaray A, Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi H, Moghadaskhou F, Pajoum Z, Nokandeh SM, Mahdavi M, Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Maleki A. Agar-tragacanth/silk fibroin hydrogel containing Zn-based MOF as a novel nanobiocomposite with biological activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10508. [PMID: 38714808 PMCID: PMC11076289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite consisting of agar (Ag), tragacanth gum (TG), silk fibroin (SF), and MOF-5 was synthesized and extensively investigated by various analytical techniques and basic biological assays for potential biomedical applications. The performed Trypan blue dye exclusion assay indicated that the proliferation percentage of HEK293T cells was 71.19%, while the proliferation of cancer cells (K-562 and MCF-7) was significantly lower, at 10.74% and 3.33%. Furthermore, the Ag-TG hydrogel/SF/MOF-5 nanobiocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus strains, with growth inhibition rates of 76.08% and 69.19% respectively. Additionally, the hemolytic index of fabricated nanobiocomposite was found approximately 19%. These findings suggest that the nanobiocomposite exhibits significant potential for application in cancer therapy and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Lalebeigi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Amir Kashtiaray
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Moghadaskhou
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Zeinab Pajoum
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Seyede Mehrnoush Nokandeh
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran.
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4
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Gerada A, Harper N, Howard A, Reza N, Hope W. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations using machine-learning-assisted agar dilution. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0420923. [PMID: 38517194 PMCID: PMC11064640 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04209-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective policy to address the global threat of antimicrobial resistance requires robust antimicrobial susceptibility data. Traditional methods for measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are resource intensive, subject to human error, and require considerable infrastructure. AIgarMIC streamlines and standardizes MIC measurement and is especially valuable for large-scale surveillance activities. MICs were measured using agar dilution for n = 10 antibiotics against clinical Enterobacterales isolates (n = 1,086) obtained from a large tertiary hospital microbiology laboratory. Escherichia coli (n = 827, 76%) was the most common organism. Photographs of agar plates were divided into smaller images covering one inoculation site. A labeled data set of colony images was created and used to train a convolutional neural network to classify images based on whether a bacterial colony was present (first-step model). If growth was present, a second-step model determined whether colony morphology suggested antimicrobial growth inhibition. The ability of the AI to determine MIC was then compared with standard visual determination. The first-step model classified bacterial growth as present/absent with 94.3% accuracy. The second-step model classified colonies as "inhibited" or "good growth" with 88.6% accuracy. For the determination of MIC, the rate of essential agreement was 98.9% (644/651), with a bias of -7.8%, compared with manual annotation. AIgarMIC uses artificial intelligence to automate endpoint assessments for agar dilution and potentially increases throughput without bespoke equipment. AIgarMIC reduces laboratory barriers to generating high-quality MIC data that can be used for large-scale surveillance programs. IMPORTANCE This research uses modern artificial intelligence and machine-learning approaches to standardize and automate the interpretation of agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentration testing. Artificial intelligence is currently of significant topical interest to researchers and clinicians. In our manuscript, we demonstrate a use-case in the microbiology laboratory and present validation data for the model's performance against manual interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gerada
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Clinical Support Services Building (CSSB), Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust—Royal Liverpool Site, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Harper
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Howard
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Clinical Support Services Building (CSSB), Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust—Royal Liverpool Site, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nada Reza
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Hope
- Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Clinical Support Services Building (CSSB), Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust—Royal Liverpool Site, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Jiang F, Xu X, Xiao Q, Li Z, Weng H, Chen F, Xiao A. Fabrication, structure, characterization and emulsion application of citrate agar. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131451. [PMID: 38614177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, citric acid successfully reacted with agar through the dry heat method, and citrate agar (CA) gel was used to stabilize O/W emulsions. The mechanisms of the CA structure and emulsion pH that affected emulsion stabilization were analyzed, and the application of CA gel emulsion (CAGE) was explored. Compared with native agar (NA), CA showed lower gel strength, higher transparency, and higher water contact angle. These changes indicate that a cross-linking reaction occurred, and it was demonstrated via FTIR and NMR. The emulsion properties were evaluated using particle size, ζ-potential, and the emulsification activity index. Results showed that CAGEs had a smaller particle size and lower ζ-potential than the native agar gel emulsion (NAGE). Meanwhile, confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the CA gels stabilized the emulsions by forming a protective film around the oil droplets. Stability experiments revealed that CAGE (prepared with CA gel [DS = 0.145]) exhibited better stability than NAGE in the pH range of 3-11, and the rheological results further confirmed that the stability of the emulsions was influenced by the network structure and oil droplet interaction forces. Afterward, the application prospect of CAGE was evaluated by encapsulating vitamin D3 and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Zhenyi Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Huifen Weng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Fuquan Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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6
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Muzika NS, Kamai T, Williams LE, Kleiman M. Characterization of gelling agents in callus inducing media: Physical properties and their effect on callus growth. Physiol Plant 2024; 176:e14312. [PMID: 38651242 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In plant tissue culture, callus formation serves as a crucial mechanism for regenerating entire plants, enabling the differentiation of diverse tissues. Researchers have extensively studied the influence of media composition, particularly plant growth regulators, on callus behavior. However, the impact of the physical properties of the media, a well-established factor in mammalian cell studies, has received limited attention in the context of plant tissue culture. Previous research has highlighted the significance of gelling agents in affecting callus growth and differentiation, with Agar, Phytagel, and Gelrite being the most used options. Despite their widespread use, a comprehensive comparison of their physical properties and their subsequent effects on callus behavior remains lacking. Our study provides insights into optimizing plant tissue culture media by analyzing the physical properties of gelling agents and their impact on callus induction and differentiation. We compared the phenotypes of calli grown on media composed of these different gelling agents and correlated them to the physical properties of these media. We tested water retention, examined pore size using cryo-SEM, measured the media mechanical properties, and studied diffusion characteristics. We found that the mechanical properties of the media are the only quality correlated with callus phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Sadot Muzika
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamir Kamai
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Gilat Research Center, Israel
| | - Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Institute of Plant Sciences, Israel
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7
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Thanh Ha DT, Kim Thoa LT, Phuong Thao TT, Dung TT, Minh Ha TT, Phuong Lan TT, Khoo KS, Show PL, Huy ND. Production of extracellular agarase from Priestia megaterium AT7 and evaluation on marine algae hydrolysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110339. [PMID: 37857079 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Agar is a common component biosynthesized from various marine algae species that is widely applied in various fields including food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the structural composition of agar is highly resisted against chemical and biological hydrolysis. Therefore, tremendous research is exploring various pretreatment strategies to break down the intrinsic chemical structural of agar linkage (i.e. neutral agarose and highly sulfated agaropectin) prior for its industrial potential usage. In this research work, a novel agar degrading bacterium was screened and isolated from agriculture soils. Molecular identification using nucleotide sequence of 16 s rRNA region comparison has indicated that the isolate belonged to Priestia genus, and was identified as Priestia megaterium AT7. The maximum enzyme activity was 52.85 ± 1.76 U/mL after 96 h of culture with 5% inoculum size and agitation speed of 180 rpm. Results indicated that the optimal condition for the production of agarose was achieved at pH 7 at 50 °C. The effects of metal ions (e.g. Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+) and organic solvents (e.g. acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane and isopropanol) on enzyme activity were also evaluated. Marine algae hydrolysis evaluation at concentration of 0.1% indicated the enzyme produced reducing sugar of 683.94 ± 26.93 µg/g after 24 h of treatment. It was also found that the highest antioxidant activities obtained after 20 h of treatment was able to achieve 81.76 ± 3.90% at marine algae concentration of 0.1%. The findings obtained from this research work shows the promising application of extracellular agarase to saccharify marine algae for the recovery of value-added bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Thi Kim Thoa
- Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tran Trung Dung
- Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak 63000, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nguyen Duc Huy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hue University, Hue 49000, Viet Nam.
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He S, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Luo X, Gibson CT, Gao J, Jellicoe M, Wang H, Young DJ, Raston CL. Enhanced mechanical strength of vortex fluidic mediated biomass-based biodegradable films composed from agar, alginate and kombucha cellulose hydrolysates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127076. [PMID: 37769780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable, biomass derived kombucha cellulose films with increased mechanical strength from 9.98 MPa to 18.18 MPa were prepared by vortex fluidic device (VFD) processing. VFD processing not only reduced the particle size of kombucha cellulose from approximate 2 μm to 1 μm, but also reshaped its structure from irregular to round. The increased mechanical strength of these polysaccharide-derived films is the result of intensive micromixing and high shear stress of a liquid thin film in a VFD. This arises from the incorporation at the micro-structural level of uniform, unidirectional strings of kombucha cellulose hydrolysates, which resulted from the topological fluid flow in the VFD. The biodegradability of the VFD generated polymer films was not compromised relative to traditionally generated films. Both films were biodegraded within 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China; College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yixiao Wu
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher T Gibson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jingrong Gao
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan City, China; Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matt Jellicoe
- Institute of Process Research & Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.
| | - David J Young
- College of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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9
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Yu M, Wu M, Secundo F, Liu Z. Detection, production, modification, and application of arylsulfatases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108207. [PMID: 37406746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase is a subset of sulfatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate ester. Arylsulfatase is widely distributed among microorganisms, mammals and green algae, but the arylsulfatase-encoding gene has not yet been found in the genomes of higher plants so far. Arylsulfatase plays an important role in the sulfur flows between nature and organisms. In this review, we present the maturation and catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase, and the recent literature on the expression and production of arylsulfatase in wild-type and engineered microorganisms, as well as the modification of arylsulfatase by genetic engineering are summarized. We focus on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and give an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the researches about arylsulfatase application on the field of agar desulfation, soil sulfur cycle and soil evaluation are also discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the future research on arylsulfatase are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
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10
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Labade D, Sevamani S, Tabassum H, Madhyastha H, Wani M. Statistical optimization of process variables for agarase production using Microbacterium sp. SS5 strain from non-marine sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 54:393-406. [PMID: 37671950 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Agar oligosaccharides are thought to be valuable biomolecules with high bioactivity potential, along with a wide range of applications and advantages. The current study aimed to optimize the culture parameters required to produce agarase enzyme and agar oligosaccharides from industrial waste agar. Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 was isolated from a non-marine source and could synthesize oligo derivatives for use in a variety of industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the strain and culture conditions were optimized to maximize extracellular agarase production. The bacterium grew best at pH 5.0 - 9.0, with an optimal pH of 7.5 - 8.0; temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, with an optimal of 35 °C; and carbon and nitrogen concentrations of 0.5% each. Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methods were used to optimize various process parameters for agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5. Using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, eleven process factors were screened, and agar, beef extract, CaCl2, and beginning pH were found as the most significant independent variables affecting agarase production with confidence levels above 90%. To determine the optimal concentrations of the identified process factors on agarase production, the Box- Behnken design was used. Agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 after optimization was 0.272 U/mL, which was determined to be greater than the result obtained from the basal medium (0.132 U/mL) before screening using Plackett-Burman and BBD with a fold increase of 2.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Labade
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Selvaraju Sevamani
- Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardio-Vascular Physiology, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
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11
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González-Sierra NE, Perez-Corte JM, Padilla-Martinez JP, Cruz-Vanegas S, Bonfadini S, Storti F, Criante L, Ramos-García R. Bubble dynamics and speed of jets for needle-free injections produced by thermocavitation. J Biomed Opt 2023; 28:075004. [PMID: 37484974 PMCID: PMC10362157 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.7.075004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance The number of injections administered has increased dramatically worldwide due to vaccination campaigns following the COVID-19 pandemic, creating a problem of disposing of syringes and needles. Accidental needle sticks occur among medical and cleaning staff, exposing them to highly contagious diseases, such as hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus. In addition, needle phobia may prevent adequate treatment. To overcome these problems, we propose a needle-free injector based on thermocavitation. Aim Experimentally study the dynamics of vapor bubbles produced by thermocavitation inside a fully buried 3D fused silica chamber and the resulting high-speed jets emerging through a small nozzle made at the top of it. The injected volume can range from ∼ 0.1 to 2 μ L per shot. We also demonstrate that these jets have the ability to penetrate agar skin phantoms and ex-vivo porcine skin. Approach Through the use of a high-speed camera, the dynamics of liquid jets ejected from a microfluidic device were studied. Thermocavitation bubbles are generated by a continuous wave laser (1064 nm). The 3D chamber was fabricated by ultra-short pulse laser-assisted chemical etching. Penetration tests are conducted using agar gels (1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2% concentrations) and porcine tissue as a model for human skin. Result High-speed camera video analysis showed that the average maximum bubble wall speed is about 10 to 25 m/s for almost any combination of pump laser parameters; however, a clever design of the chamber and nozzle enables one to obtain jets with an average speed of ∼ 70 m / s . The expelled volume per shot (0.1 to 2 μ l ) can be controlled by the pump laser intensity. Our injector can deliver up to 20 shots before chamber refill. Penetration of jets into agar of different concentrations and ex-vivo porcine skin is demonstrated. Conclusions The needle-free injectors based on thermocavitation may hold promise for commercial development, due to their cost and compactness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Perez-Corte
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Coordinación de Óptica, Puebla, México
| | | | - Samuel Cruz-Vanegas
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Coordinación de Óptica, Puebla, México
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Storti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nano Science and Technology, Milano, Italy
| | - Rubén Ramos-García
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Coordinación de Óptica, Puebla, México
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12
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Moradi O, Pudineh A, Sedaghat S. Synthesis and characterization Agar/GO/ZnO NPs nanocomposite for removal of methylene blue and methyl orange as azo dyes from food industrial effluents. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113412. [PMID: 36087616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, with using graphene oxide (GO), agar and ZnO NPs was synthesized as nanocomposite to removal of dyes contaminants from food industry effluents. Synthesis and characterization of the nanocomposite adsorbent were carried out by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX and DLS analyses. The effects of various parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature on the removal of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) as azo dyes were investigated. The used nanocomposite can be effective in the adsorption of dyes due to their different functional groups. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to investigate the isotherm of contaminants removal. The results showed that the removal of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes followed the Freundlich isotherm, and the values of the R2 correlation coefficient for agar/GO, and agar/GO/ZnO nanocomposites for MB dye was 0.9640 and 0.9977, respectively, and for dye MO, 0.9918 and 0.9683, respectively. The maximum removal percentages for MB and MO dyes were 88% and 91%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Pudineh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Sedaghat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Filippou A, Damianou C. Evaluation of ultrasonic scattering in agar-based phantoms using 3D printed scattering molds. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:597-609. [PMID: 34997563 PMCID: PMC9402872 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acoustic characterization of tissue mimicking materials in terms of attenuation, absorption, scattering and propagation velocity is essential for their utilisation in experiments, thus sparing the need for living tissues or cadavers. Although there is a vast literature regarding the acoustic characterization of such materials in terms of attenuation or propagation velocity, there is limited data regarding the quantification of the scattering coefficient. Herein stimulated the utilisation of four agar-based phantoms featuring different sizes of scattering agar-structures on one of their surfaces so as to provide experimental evaluation of the magnitude of scattering. METHODS The agar-based phantoms were developed with 6% w/v agar and 4% w/v silica and featured scatterers of sizes of 0-1 mm. The acoustic properties of propagation speed, impedance, insertion loss and attenuation were evaluated utilising the pulse-echo and through-transmission techniques. Scattering was deduced from the data. RESULTS The propagation speed measured at 2.7 MHz was in the range of 1531.23-1542.97 m/s. Respectively the attenuation as measured at 1.1 MHz was in the range of 1.216-1.546 dB/cm increasing with increased scatterer size. Respectively the scattering coefficient was in the range of 0.078-0.324 dB/cm. Moreover, the scattering coefficient was linearly dependent on frequency in the range of 0.8-2.1 MHz indicating a 6-23% effect of the total attenuation. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results demonstrate the utilisation of the procedure for quantification of the scattering coefficient of tissue mimicking materials thus improving the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antria Filippou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Street, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Christakis Damianou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 30 Archbishop Kyprianou Street, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus.
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14
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Benech N, Camargo A, Negreira C. Simplified Green's function for surface waves in quasi-incompressible elastic plates with application to elastography. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:214004. [PMID: 35234669 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface wave elastography is a growing method to estimate the elasticity in soft solids. It is particularly useful in the case of agrifoods like meat, cheese, or fruits because it does not require major infrastructure or large equipment and could be developed in portable devices. However, estimating the shear elastic properties from surface wave measurements is not straightforward. The shear wavelength in those materials is cm sized for the excitation frequencies usually employed in elastography (∼102 Hz), and the size of samples is comparable to it. Thus, the surface wave speed is frequency dependent with no direct relation to the shear wave speed. In this work we propose a simplified Green's function for soft solid elastic plates which allows to retrieve the shear elasticity from near field measurements. The model is compared with experimental results obtained in agar-gelatin phantoms and food samples (cheese and bovine liver). The results show a good overall agreement although improvements can be achieved by incorporating diffraction and viscosity to the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Benech
- Laboratorio de Acústica Ultrasonora, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Camargo
- Laboratorio de Acústica Ultrasonora, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Negreira
- Laboratorio de Acústica Ultrasonora, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Antoniou A, Damianou C. MR relaxation properties of tissue-mimicking phantoms. Ultrasonics 2022; 119:106600. [PMID: 34627028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High quality tissue-mimicking phantoms (TMPs) have a critical role in the preclinical testing of emerging modalities for diagnosis and therapy. TMPs capable of accurately mimicking real tissue in Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) applications should be fabricated with precise T1 and T2 relaxation times. Given the current popularity of the MRgFUS technology, we herein performed a systematic review on the MR relaxation properties of different phantoms types. Polyacrylamide (PAA) and agar based phantoms were proven capable of accurately replicating critical thermal, acoustical, and MR relaxation properties of various body tissues. Although gelatin phantoms were also proven factional in this regard, they lack the capacity to withstand ablation temperatures, and thus, are only recommended for hyperthermia applications. Other gelling agents identified in the literature are Poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), silicone, and TX-150/ TX-151; however, their efficacy in thermal studies is yet to be established. PAA gels are favorable in that they offer optical transparency enabling direct visualization of coagulative lesions. On the other hand, agar phantoms have lower preparation costs and were proven very promising for use with the MRgFUS technology, without the toxicity issues related to the preparation and storage of PAA materials. Remarkably, agar turned out to be the prominent modifier of the T2 relaxation time even for phantoms containing other types of gelling agents instead of agar. This review could be useful in manufacturing realistic MRgFUS phantoms while simultaneously indicating an opportunity for further research in the field with a particular focus on the MR behavior of agar-based TMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Antoniou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Christakis Damianou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
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16
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Rukmanikrishnan B, Lee J. Montmorillonite clay and quaternary ammonium silane-reinforced pullulan/agar-based nanocomposites and their properties for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:956-963. [PMID: 34571125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic combinations of pullulan, agar, montmorillonite (MMT) clay, and quaternary ammonium silane (QAS)-based (Pullulan/agar/MMT clay/QAS) active nanocomposites were prepared by a simple, cost-effective method. The Pullulan/agar/MMT clay/QAS nanocomposites were studied via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The concentration of MMT clay played a very important role in the properties of the nanocomposites. However, the transparency of the composite was not significantly affected by the addition of MMT clay. The ultraviolet (UV) transmittance of Pullulan/agar/MMT clay/QAS was in the range of 91.4-79.8 at 600 nm. The thermal and mechanical properties were significantly improved by the MMT clay. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites were in the range of 23.8-39.7 MPa and 37.2-26.9%, respectively. The long alkyl chain in QAS significantly improved the hydrophobic nature of the Pullulan/agar/MMT clay nanocomposites, impacting the contact angle (66.2-71.2°), water vapor permeability (3.17-2.20 × 10-9 g/m2 Pa·s), and swelling ratio (1837-836%). The combination of Pullulan/agar/MMT clay/QAS had a synergistic effect on the rheological properties. MMT clay and QAS significantly increased the viscosity, storage, and loss modulus of the hydrogel composites. With the addition of QAS, the Pullulan/agar/MMT clay nanocomposites showed good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Fiber System Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea.
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17
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Belattmania Z, Bhaby S, Nadri A, Khaya K, Bentiss F, Jama C, Reani A, Vasconcelos V, Sabour B. Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Southern Moroccan Atlantic Coast) as Source of Agar: Content, Chemical Characteristics, and Gelling Properties. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120672. [PMID: 34940671 PMCID: PMC8703883 DOI: 10.3390/md19120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agar is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from certain marine red algae, and its gel properties depend on the seaweed source and extraction conditions. In the present study, the seaweed Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Dakhla (Moroccan Atlantic Coast) was investigated for its agar content, structure, and gel properties. The agar yields of G. gracilis were 20.5% and 15.6% from alkaline pretreatment and native extraction, respectively. Agar with alkaline pretreatment showed a better gelling property supported by higher gel strength (377 g·cm-2), gelling (35.4 °C), and melting (82.1 °C) temperatures with a notable increase in 3,6-anhydro-galactose (11.85%) and decrease in sulphate (0.32%) contents. The sulfate falling subsequent to alkaline pretreatment was verified through FT-IR spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that alkaline-pretreated agar has a typical unsubstituted agar pattern. However, native agar had a partially methylated agarose structure. Overall, this study suggested the possibility of the exploitation of G. gracilis to produce a fine-quality agar. Yet, further investigation may need to determine the seasonal variability of this biopolymer according to the life cycle of G. gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahira Belattmania
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Sanaa Bhaby
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Amal Nadri
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Khaoulaa Khaya
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Fouad Bentiss
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Corrosion of Materials, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
- Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Charafeddine Jama
- Materials and Transformations Unit, University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207-UMET, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Abdeltif Reani
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223-401-817
| | - Brahim Sabour
- Phycology, Blue Biodiversity and Biotechnology RU, Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization—CNRST Labeled Research Unit N°10, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, P.O. Box 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco; (Z.B.); (S.B.); (A.N.); (K.K.); (A.R.); (B.S.)
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18
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Xiao Q, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Chen F, Xiao A. Pretreatment Techniques and Green Extraction Technologies for Agar from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110617. [PMID: 34822488 PMCID: PMC8619328 DOI: 10.3390/md19110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the alkali treatment process alone without tracking the changes of algae and agar quality with each pretreatment process will not achieve the optimal agar yield and final quality. In this study, we monitored the changes of the morphology and weight of algae with each treatment process, and comprehensively analyzed the effects of each pretreatment process on the quality of agar by combining the changes of the physicochemical properties of agar. In conventional alkali-extraction technology, alkali treatment (7%, w/v) alone significantly reduced the weight of algae (52%), but hindered the dissolution of algae, resulting in a lower yield (4%). Acidification could solve the problem of algal hardening after alkali treatment to improve the yield (12%). In enzymatic extraction technology, agar with high purity cannot be obtained by enzyme treatment alone, but low gel strength (405 g/cm2) and high sulfate content (3.4%) can be obtained by subsequent acidification and bleaching. In enzyme-assisted extraction technology, enzyme damage to the surface fiber of algae promoted the penetration of low-concentration alkali (3%, w/v), which ensured a high desulfurization efficiency and a low gel degradation rate, thus improving yield (24.7%) and gel strength (706 g/cm2), which has the potential to replace the traditional alkali-extraction technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fuquan Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Q.X.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.); (F.C.)
- National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-592-6180075
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19
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Contessa CR, da Rosa GS, Moraes CC. New Active Packaging Based on Biopolymeric Mixture Added with Bacteriocin as Active Compound. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910628. [PMID: 34638967 PMCID: PMC8508738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a chitosan/agar-agar bioplastic film incorporated with bacteriocin that presents active potential when used as food packaging. The formulation of the film solution was determined from an experimental design, through the optimization using the desirability function. After establishing the concentrations of the biopolymers and the plasticizer, the purified bacteriocin extract of Lactobacillus sakei was added, which acts as an antibacterial agent. The films were characterized through physical, chemical, mechanical, barrier, and microbiological analyses. The mechanical properties and water vapor permeability were not altered by the addition of the extract. The swelling property decreased with the addition of the extract and the solubility increased, however, the film remained intact when in contact with the food, thus allowing an efficient barrier. Visible light protection was improved by increased opacity and antibacterial capacity was effective. When used as Minas Frescal cream cheese packaging, it contributed to the increase of microbiological stability, showing a reduction of 2.62 log UFC/g, contributing a gradual release of the active compound into the food during the storage time. The film had an active capacity that could be used as a barrier to the food, allowing it to be safely packaged.
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Otero P, Carpena M, Garcia-Oliveira P, Echave J, Soria-Lopez A, Garcia-Perez P, Fraga-Corral M, Cao H, Nie S, Xiao J, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Seaweed polysaccharides: Emerging extraction technologies, chemical modifications and bioactive properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1901-1929. [PMID: 34463176 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, consumers are increasingly aware of the relationship between diet and health, showing a greater preference of products from natural origin. In the last decade, seaweeds have outlined as one of the natural sources with more potential to obtain bioactive carbohydrates. Numerous seaweed polysaccharides have aroused the interest of the scientific community, due to their biological activities and their high potential on biomedical, functional food and technological applications. To obtain polysaccharides from seaweeds, it is necessary to find methodologies that improve both yield and quality and that they are profitable. Nowadays, environmentally friendly extraction technologies are a viable alternative to conventional methods for obtaining these products, providing several advantages like reduced number of solvents, energy and time. On the other hand, chemical modification of their structure is a useful approach to improve their solubility and biological properties, and thus enhance the extent of their potential applications since some uses of polysaccharides are still limited. The present review aimed to compile current information about the most relevant seaweed polysaccharides, available extraction and modification methods, as well as a summary of their biological activities, to evaluate knowledge gaps and future trends for the industrial applications of these compounds.Key teaching pointsStructure and biological functions of main seaweed polysaccharides.Emerging extraction methods for sulfate polysaccharides.Chemical modification of seaweeds polysaccharides.Potential industrial applications of seaweed polysaccharides.Biological activities, knowledge gaps and future trends of seaweed polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - J Echave
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - A Soria-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - P Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - M A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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Murugan NJ, Kaltman DH, Jin PH, Chien M, Martinez R, Nguyen CQ, Kane A, Novak R, Ingber DE, Levin M. Mechanosensation Mediates Long-Range Spatial Decision-Making in an Aneural Organism. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2008161. [PMID: 34263487 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protist Physarum polycephalum is an important emerging model for understanding how aneural organisms process information toward adaptive behavior. Here, it is revealed that Physarum can use mechanosensation to reliably make decisions about distant objects in its environment, preferentially growing in the direction of heavier, substrate-deforming, but chemically inert masses. This long-range sensing is abolished by gentle rhythmic mechanical disruption, changing substrate stiffness, or the addition of an inhibitor of mechanosensitive transient receptor potential channels. Additionally, it is demonstrated that Physarum does not respond to the absolute magnitude of strain. Computational modeling reveales that Physarum may perform this calculation by sensing the fraction of its perimeter that is distorted above a threshold substrate strain-a fundamentally novel method of mechanosensation. Using its body as both a distributed sensor array and computational substrate, this aneural organism leverages its unique morphology to make long-range decisions. Together, these data identify a surprising behavioral preference relying on biomechanical features and quantitatively characterize how the Physarum exploits physics to adaptively regulate its growth and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J Murugan
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaltman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Paul H Jin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Melanie Chien
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ramses Martinez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Anna Kane
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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22
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Rukmanikrishnan B, Ramalingam S, Lee J. Quaternary ammonium silane-reinforced agar/polyacrylamide composites for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1301-1309. [PMID: 33989690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Agar/polyacrylamide/quaternary ammonium silane-based (A/P/QAS-based) composite films were developed for food and biomedical packaging applications. The structural, optical, and surface morphological properties of the A/P and A/P/QAS composites were characterized by various characterization techniques in terms of thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analyses, mechanical and rheological properties. Results showed that the 5% gravimetric loss (57.8-139.1 °C), glass transition temperature (179-189.9 °C) and tensile strength (35.2-47.8 MPa) of the prepared composites increased with increasing polyacrylamide content. The contact angle and water barrier properties of the composites were considerably improved by the addition of QAS. To compare WVP values of the A/P/QAS composite with neat AP composite films it reduced nearly 46% (2.45 to 1.32 × 10-9 g/m2 Pas). The A/P/QAS composites showed excellent antimicrobial properties against five different organisms. The Staphylococcus aureus exhibited highest 25 mm for gel and 18.1 mm for film of A/P/QAS composites. All the composites exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and their viscosity increased with increasing polyacrylamide content. The storage moduli of the prepared hydrogel composites were in the range of 5000-10,600 Pa at 1 rad/s and increased continuously over the entire frequency range. The dynamic rheological properties of A/P and A/P/QAS composites indicated that the prepared composites had good mechanical strength. Biopolymer based A/P and A/P/QAS composite films are suitable for green composite packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Fiber System Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea.
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23
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Chudasama NA, Sequeira RA, Moradiya K, Prasad K. Seaweed Polysaccharide Based Products and Materials: An Assessment on Their Production from a Sustainability Point of View. Molecules 2021; 26:2608. [PMID: 33947023 PMCID: PMC8124237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various natural polymers, polysaccharides are one of the oldest biopolymers present on the Earth. They play a very crucial role in the survival of both animals and plants. Due to the presence of hydroxyl functional groups in most of the polysaccharides, it is easy to prepare their chemical derivatives. Several polysaccharide derivatives are widely used in a number of industrial applications. The polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, chitosan, etc., have several applications but due to some distinguished characteristic properties, seaweed polysaccharides are preferred in a number of applications. This review covers published literature on the seaweed polysaccharides, their origin, and extraction from seaweeds, application, and chemical modification. Derivatization of the polysaccharides to impart new functionalities by chemical modification such as esterification, amidation, amination, C-N bond formation, sulphation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and graft copolymerization is discussed. The suitability of extraction of seaweed polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, and alginate using ionic solvent systems from a sustainability point of view and future prospects for efficient extraction and functionalization of seaweed polysaccharides is also included in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishith A. Chudasama
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, CHARUSAT Campus, Charotar University of Sciences and Technology, Changa 388421, India;
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; (R.A.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Rosy Alphons Sequeira
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; (R.A.S.); (K.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kinjal Moradiya
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; (R.A.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Kamalesh Prasad
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India; (R.A.S.); (K.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Chen X, Fu X, Huang L, Xu J, Gao X. Agar oligosaccharides: A review of preparation, structures, bioactivities and application. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118076. [PMID: 33966840 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a gelatinous polysaccharide which is in the cell wall of many red algae, is widely used as food and gelling agent. Agar oligosaccharides (AOs), the hydrolysate of agar, show much more kinds of bio-activities because of its lower molecular weight, better water solubility and higher absorption efficiency. It is indicated that AOs with different structure and degree of polymerization, i.e. series of agaro-oligosaccharides and neoagaro-oligosaccharides, can be obtained under different preparation conditions. In addition, the biological activities of AOs are diversely and closely correlated to the composition and structure. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the preparation, structural characteristics and bio-activities of AOs, so as to provide a reference for applications of AOs as marine natural products in pharmacological, cosmetics and nutraceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Luqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization of Fujian Province, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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25
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Akshay Kumar KP, Zare EN, Torres-Mendieta R, Wacławek S, Makvandi P, Černík M, Padil VVT, Varma RS. Electrospun fibers based on botanical, seaweed, microbial, and animal sourced biomacromolecules and their multidimensional applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:130-149. [PMID: 33412195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes and broadly classifies all of the major sustainable natural carbohydrate bio-macromolecular manifestations in nature - from botanical (cellulose, starch, and pectin), seaweed (alginate, carrageenan, and agar), microbial (bacterial cellulose, dextran, and pullulan), and animal (hyaluronan, heparin, chitin, and chitosan) sources - that have been contrived into electrospun fibers. Furthermore, a relative study of these biomaterials for the fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning and their characteristics viz. solution behavior, blending nature, as well as rheological and fiber attributes are discussed. The potential multidimensional applications of nanofibers (filtration, antimicrobial, biosensor, gas sensor, energy storage, catalytic, and tissue engineering) originating from these polysaccharides and their major impacts on the properties, functionalities, and uses of these electrospun fibers are compared and critically examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Akshay Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), India
| | | | - Rafael Torres-Mendieta
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Vinod V T Padil
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic..
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26
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Korem M, Cohen MJ, Michael-Gayego A, Castiel D, Assous MV, Amit S. Misidentification of Candida dubliniensis isolates with the VITEK MS. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101107. [PMID: 33388671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relatedness of Candida dubliniensis and C. albicans may lead to misidentification of C. dubliniensis and underestimation of its clinical significance. We evaluated the performance of VITEK-MS in identifying C. dubliniensis isolates following growth on different culture media. Correct identification was documented in 98% of the isolates grown on blood agar media whereas only 44% were correctly identified from SDA or CHROMagar. The use of non-manufacturer validated media for identifying C. dubliniensis with VITEK-MS, may result in misidentification of these isolates as C. albicans. This finding calls for reassessing the accuracy of fungal isolates identification in local workflows using non-validated culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Korem
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Matan Joel Cohen
- Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem District, affiliated with the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Michael-Gayego
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dafna Castiel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marc V Assous
- Clinical Microbiology laboratory, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Amit
- Clinical Microbiology laboratory, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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27
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Wang Q, Boshoff HIM. Determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in Liquid Cultures or on Solid Medium. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2314:595-609. [PMID: 34235672 PMCID: PMC10500673 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is the mainstay of tuberculosis drug development programs. In this chapter, we describe methods for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis growing in liquid media as a function of carbon source, detergent, and environmental stress imposed by acidic pH as well as reactive nitrogen intermediates. Methods for determining the effect of bovine serum albumin in the growth medium on antimicrobial susceptibility are also described. Finally, we provide a method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing on agar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Wang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helena I M Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Mueller S, Scheffler K, Zaiss M. On the interference from agar in chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI parameter optimization in model solutions. NMR Biomed 2021; 34:e4403. [PMID: 32929815 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is currently set to become part of clinical routine as it enables indirect detection of low concentrated molecules and proteins. Recently, intermediate to fast exchanging functional groups of glucose and its derivatives, glutamate and dextran, have gained attention as promising CEST contrast agents. To increase the specificity of CEST MRI for certain functional groups, the presaturation module is commonly optimized. At an early stage, this is performed in well-defined model solutions, in which, for instance, the relaxation times are adjusted to mimic in vivo conditions. This often involves agar, assuming the substance would not yield significant CEST effects by itself, which the current study proves to be an invalid assumption. Model solutions at different pH values and concentrations of agar were investigated at different temperatures at a 9.4 T human whole body MR scanner. High power presaturation of around 4 μT, optimal for investigating intermediate to fast exchanging groups, was applied. Postprocessing included spatiotemporal corrections for B0 and spatial corrections for B1+ . CEST effects of up to 3 % of the bulk water signal were observed. From pH, concentration and temperature dependency, it was concluded that the observed behavior reflects a CEST effect of agar. It was also shown how to remove this undesirable contribution from CEST MRI data. It was concluded that if agar is involved in the CEST MRI parameter optimization process, its contribution to the observed effects has to be taken into account. CEST agent concentration must be sufficiently high to be able to neglect the contribution of agar, or a control sample at matched pH is necessary for correction. Experiments on pure agarose showed reduced CEST effects compared with agar but did not provide a neutral baseline either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mueller
- High-field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Zaiss
- High-field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Song T, Wang X, Wu M, Zhao K, Wang X, Chu Y, Lin J. Agarase cocktail from agar polysaccharide utilization loci converts homogenized Gelidium amansii into neoagarooligosaccharides. Food Chem 2020; 352:128685. [PMID: 33691998 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) are drawing more and more attention because of their numerous bioactivities, yet limited number of agarases impedes NAOs production from red algae. In this study, predicted agar polysaccharide utilization loci (agar-PUL) were firstly used as inventory for agarase. 6 agarases were identified from agar-PULs and two of them were successfully expressed and analyzed. Then enzyme cocktail (GH16-1:GH16-2:Aga50D = 2:1:1) was proved to have highest synergistic effect. Finally homogenization was applied to G. amansii and proved to be an efficient way to release agar from tissues. When liquid-to-solid ratio was 9 g/150 mL, homogenization time was 20 min, and enzyme cocktail loading was 150 U/150 mL, maximum NAOs production (90.2 mg per 9 g wet G. amansii) could be achieved. Enzyme supported one-step process (ESOP) proposed in study is environment-friendly, time saving, cost saving and none-destructive, therefore has a potential industrial application in red algae utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Xiaotao Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Minghao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, 610500 Chengdu, PR China
| | - Kelei Zhao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Jiafu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China.
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Nawaz MA, Pervez S, Rehman HU, Jamal M, Jan T, Hazrat A, Attaullah M, Khan W, Qader SAU. Utilization of different polymers for the improvement of catalytic properties and recycling efficiency of bacterial maltase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1344-1352. [PMID: 32698068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current study deals with the comparative study related to immobilization of maltase using synthetic (polyacrylamide) and non-synthetic (calcium alginate, agar-agar and agarose) polymers via entrapment technique. Polyacrylamide beads were formed by cross-linking of monomers, agar-agar and agarose through solidification while alginate beads were prepared by simple gelation. Results showed that the efficiency of enzyme significantly improved after immobilization and among all tested supports agar-agar was found to be the most promising and biocompatible for maltase in terms of immobilization yield (82.77%). The catalytic behavior of maltase was slightly shifted in terms of reaction time (free enzyme, agarose and polyacrylamide: 5.0 min; agar-agar and alginate: 10.0 min), pH (free enzyme, alginate and polyacrylamide: 6.5; agar-agar, agarose: 7.0) and temperature (free enzyme: 45 °C; alginate: 50 °C; polyacrylamide: 55 °C; agarose: 60 °C; agar-agar: 65 °C). Stability profile of immobilized maltase also revealed that all the supports utilized have significantly enhanced the activity of maltase at higher temperatures then its free counterpart. However, recycling data showed that agar-agar entrapped maltase retained 20.0% of its initial activity even after 10 cycles followed by agarose (10.0%) while polyacrylamide and alginate showed no activity after 8 and 6 cycles respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Pakistan; The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Pervez
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Haneef Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Kech, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Tour Jan
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ali Hazrat
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Wali Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shah Ali Ul Qader
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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31
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Manavhela M, Sichilima A, Samie A. Distribution and Potential Effects of 17β-Estradiol (E2) on <i>Aeromonas </i>Diversity in Wastewater and Fish Samples. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:278-286. [PMID: 31944089 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.278.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recently, there has been evidence for the accumulation of steroid hormones in the water environment with negative consequences on fish and humans. However, there is paucity of information on how the steroid hormones influence the microbial community in environmental waters. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of 17β-estradiol (E2) and its potential influence on the diversity of Aeromonas spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wastewater samples were obtained from sewage treatment plants in northern South Africa and fish samples were collected from the Nandoni dam. Aeromonas spp. were isolated using microbiological methods and PCR protocols were used for their identification. A commercial Elisa kit was used for measuring the concentration of 17β-estradiol (E2) from the wastewater samples as well as the fish samples. RESULTS 17β-estradiol (E2) was found in high concentration in sewage samples varying from 0.32-348.6 pg mL-1 while in fish samples, it ranged from 1.1-73.6 pg mL-1. There was a tendency of samples with high E2 concentrations to have higher diversity of Aeromonas spp., implying that steroid hormones may serve as nutrient for Aeromonas spp. Aeromonas hydrophila was the most prevalent species (71%), followed by A. sobria with (68%). CONCLUSION The presence of Aeromonas spp. in environmental waters and fish that is consumed by the local community poses a serious health concern. The high content of E2 in treated wastewater is of serious concern as well. For the first time, the present study showed a positive impact of E2 on Aeromonas growth.
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Mukherjee A, Sarkar S, Parvin R, Bera D, Roy U, Gachhui R. Remarkably high Pb 2+ binding capacity of a novel, regenerable bioremediator Papiliotrema laurentii RY1: Functional in both alkaline and neutral environments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 195:110439. [PMID: 32182528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of P. laurentii strain RY1 to remediate lead (Pb2+) from water was investigated in batch and column studies. The lead removal ability of non-viable biomass, non-viable biomass immobilised on agar-agar (biobeads) and agar-agar at different pH was compared in batch studies. It was found that among the three, biobeads have maximum ability to remove Pb2+ followed by biomass and agar-agar beads. Maximum and almost equal lead removal by biobeads was observed at both neutral and alkaline pH making it a novel and more applicable bioremediator as all other reported bioremediators have a single pH for optimum activity. Studies were performed to determine the optimum conditions for lead removal from aqueous solutions for biobeads. The physical and chemical characterization of the biobeads before and after Pb2+ biosorption was done by using S.E.M. and F.T.I.R. respectively. The adsorption of Pb2+ on biobeads obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo first order kinetics. These mean that the Pb2+ binding sites are identical, located on the surface of the adsorbant and the rate of Pb2+ removal from aqueous solution is directly proportional to the number of Pb2+ binding sites on the biobeads. The thermodynamics of the biosorption process is also investigated. The binding capacity of the biobeads in batch study was found to be 52.91mg/gm which is higher in comparison to other reported yeast bioremediators. The used biobeads can be desorbed using 0.1(M) CaCl2. The desorbed biobeads can be used subsequently for several cycles of lead removal making it cost-effective. Column studies were also performed for biobeads with the help of Thomas model for examining its suitability for industrial application. Maximum specific lead uptake of the biobeads when applied in the column was found to be 58.26mg/gm which being promising makes it suitable for application in industries involved in the treatment of wastewater contaminated with high amounts of lead. The high mass transfer co-efficient indicate that small sized column can be used effectively to remove high amounts of lead which makes the bioremediation process by the biobeads more economical and advantageous for industrial application. Several factors like effectiveness of the biobeads in Pb2+removal at both neutral and alkaline pH, reusability, high mass transfer co-efficient, regenerability and high binding capacity makes it a novel versatile, cost-effective and high utility bioremediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Mukherjee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188,Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Soumyadev Sarkar
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rubia Parvin
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188,Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debbethi Bera
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, 188,Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Uttariya Roy
- Department of Environmental Science, Budge Budge College, University of Calcutta, 7,Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das Road, Shyampur, Budge Budge, Kolkata, 700137, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratan Gachhui
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188,Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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De Angelis G, Menchinelli G, Torelli R, De Carolis E, Posteraro P, Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B. Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226467. [PMID: 32203515 PMCID: PMC7089522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the Candida bromcresol green (BCG) medium with the chromogenic (CHROM) Brilliance Candida agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media in regard to their capability of detecting Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures. We prepared Candida isolates' suspensions to obtain mono-species (n = 18) or dual-species (n = 153) culture plates per each medium, and three readers independently observed 513 plates at 24-h, 48-h and 72-h incubation time. We scored reading results as correct, over or under detection compared to the expected species number(s). BCG showed significantly higher correct-detection and lower under-detection rates for all Candida species when observed by at least one reader. At 24-h reading, 12 mono-species cultures had correct (or over) detections in all media, whereas 106, 60 and 78 dual-species cultures had correct (or over) detections in BCG, CHROM or SDA, respectively. BCG provides the basis for an accurate laboratory diagnosis of Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Angelis
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Menchinelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Torelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena De Carolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Posteraro
- Laboratorio di Analisi Cliniche e Microbiologiche, GVM Ospedale San Carlo di Nancy, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Brunella Posteraro
- Istituto di Patologia Medica e Semeiotica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino-Metaboliche e Nefro-Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Cai B, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Tang Y, Bao J. Agar-induced hollow porous carbon nanospheres anchored platinum for high-performance hydrogenation. Chemosphere 2020; 243:125387. [PMID: 31995867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hollow porous carbon has attracted a great deal of interest as catalyst-support because of its high surface area, low density and large pore volume. Herein, we develop a layer-by-layer assembly method to effectively load Pt nanoparticles on hollow porous carbon nanospheres (Pt/HPC) through using modified-SiO2 nanospheres as the template and agar as the carbon resource. The gel properties of agar (e.g., sensitivity to temperature and high mechanical strength) makes the Pt nanoparticles well crosslink with carbon, as well as endows the carbon nanospheres with robust stability. The synthesized Pt/HPC was employed as a catalyst in the hydrogenation reduction of rhodamine B (RhB). The catalytic results demonstrate that Pt/HPC is very promising for RhB hydrogenation as compared to commercial Pt/C catalyst. It is proven that such excellent activity of Pt/HPC can be attributed to the combined merits of hollow porous architecture and well combination between HPC and Pt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfeng Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhijuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yawen Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Jianchun Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Basha SI, Ghosh S, Vinothkumar K, Ramesh B, Kumari PHP, Mohan KVM, Sukumar E. Fumaric acid incorporated Ag/agar-agar hybrid hydrogel: A multifunctional avenue to tackle wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 111:110743. [PMID: 32279739 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wound and its treatment is one of the major health concerns throughout the globe. Various extrinsic and intrinsic factors can influence the dynamics of healing mechanism. One such extrinsic factor is moist environment in wound healing. The advantages of optimum hydration in wound healing are enhanced autolytic debridement, angiogenesis and accelerated cell proliferation and collagen formation. But hydrated wounds often end up with patient's uncomfortability, associated infection, and tissue lipid peroxidation. Healing process prefers antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and optimum moist microenvironment. Here, we have synthesized fumaric acid incorporated agar-silver hydrogel (AA-Ag-FA); characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and TEM. The surface morphology is evaluated through SEM. The size of the silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was found to be 10-15 nm. The hydrogel shows potential antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which are predominantly responsible for wound infection. The gel shows reasonable antioxidant property evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Topical application of the gel on the wound site heals the wound at much faster rate even compared to standard (Mega heal, Composition: Colloidal silver 32 ppm hydrogel) gel. Histological analysis reveals better tissue proliferation (i.e. epithelialization), more granulation tissue formation, neovascularisation, fibroblast and mature collagen bundles. The lipid peroxidation of wound tissue estimated through malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was found to be reasonably less when treated with AA-Ag-FA hydrogel compared to standard (Mega heal). Cytotoxicity of the samples tested through MTT assay and live-dead cell staining shows its nontoxic biocompatibility nature. In our hydrogel scaffold, the bio-degradable agar-agar provides the moist environment; the Ag NPs inside the gel acts as bactericidal agent and fumaric acid facilities the antioxidant and angiogenesis path implicitly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ilias Basha
- GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (GIMSR), Department of Pharmacology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India; Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed University), Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 602105, India
| | - Somnath Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE), Department of Chemistry, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530003, India.
| | - K Vinothkumar
- VPro Biotech, 51-Arumparthapuram Main Road, Puducherry-605 110, India
| | - B Ramesh
- GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (GIMSR), Department of Pharmacology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - P Hema Praksh Kumari
- GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (GIMSR), Department of Microbiology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - K V Murali Mohan
- GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (GIMSR), Department of Pathology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - E Sukumar
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed University), Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 602105, India.
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Nguyen TM, Ranamukhaarachchi SL. Effect of Different Culture Media, Grain Sources and Alternate Substrates on the Mycelial Growth of <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> and <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:223-230. [PMID: 31944082 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.223.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oyster mushroom Pleurotus is one of the most aromatic edible mushrooms. This study evaluated a few selected determinants for promoting mycelial growth and spawn production of P. eryngii and P. ostreatus such as culture media, grain sources and alternate substrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven different substrate formulations were evaluated, viz: TS1 (100% wheat straw-S), TS2 (100% cardboard-C), TS3 (100% spent coffee ground-SCG), TS4 (50% S+50% C), TS5 (50% S+50% SCG), TS6 (80% S+20% C) and TS7 (80% S+20% SCG). The efficiency of different culture media potato dextrose agar (PDA), yeast malt agar ( YMA) and malt extract agar (MEA) and selected grains (wheat, rye, barley and oat) was investigated. Each study was arranged in the complete randomized design with 4 replicates. RESULTS PDA media was the most suitable for mycelial growth of P. eryngii while P. ostreatus had a better mycelial growth on YMA and MEA media. Barley and rye grains were the most favourable for the mycelium growth of P. eryngii while oat grains were the best source that enhanced both of mycelial extension and density levels of P. ostreatus. The supplement of wheat straw (S) with SCG substrate improved mycelial extension while the substrate containing 50% S+50% C was the most favourable for both of mycelial growth and primordia formation in P. eryngii and P. ostreatus. CONCLUSION The results revealed the feasibility of using recyclable wastes of cardboards and spent coffee ground for Pleurotus mushrooms cultivation. This would alleviate accumulation of urban generated wastes thus protecting the environment.
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Abstract
Enzymatic bioautography enables the detection of enzyme inhibitors absorbed on a thin-layer chromatography plate. Therefore, it is an assay format that is particularly useful for the detection of inhibitors present in complex mixtures. The inhibition properties of compounds separated by thin-layer chromatography can be directly analyzed to produce an inhibition profile. Here, we describe the conditions to detect inhibitor of the enzymes xanthine oxidase and β-glucosidase immobilized on agar gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ayelen Ramallo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario O Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina.
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Koike H, Nozaki K, Iwamura M. Microscopic Imaging of Chiral Amino Acids in Agar Gel through Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Eu III Complex. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:85-90. [PMID: 31729130 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that [Eu(pda)2 ]- (pda: 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid), which has an achiral structure in crystals, exhibits circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in aqueous solutions containing chiral amino acids such as arginine and histidine. CPL measurements were performed for agar gel, which includes an aqueous solution of [Eu(pda)2 ]- and chiral arginine or histidine. The spectral shape, concentration, and pH dependences on CPL intensity in the agar gels were very close to those in aqueous solutions, indicating that the CPL of the EuIII complex in the agar gels was induced by mechanism similar to that in aqueous solutions. We performed spatially resolved CPL measurements using a laboratory-built microscopic CPL spectroscopic system for agar-gel samples, where d- and l- amino acids were separately dispersed. We successfully recorded CPL imaging maps showing spatial dispersions of d- and l-amino acid in the agar gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Koike
- Graduated School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, 3190, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koichi Nozaki
- Graduated School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, 3190, Toyama, Japan
| | - Munetaka Iwamura
- Graduated School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, 3190, Toyama, Japan
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Van TT, Mata K, Dien Bard J. Automated Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes Pharyngitis by Use of Colorex Strep A CHROMagar and WASPLab Artificial Intelligence Chromogenic Detection Module Software. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00811-19. [PMID: 31434725 PMCID: PMC6812993 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00811-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorex Strep A agar (CHROMagar, Paris, France) was evaluated with PhenoMATRIX chromogenic detection module (CDM) software (Copan Diagnostics Inc., Murrieta, CA) to detect group A Streptococcus (GAS) from throat specimens. The software results were compared to those of manual plate image reading. In addition, GAS PCR testing was performed on all specimens. True-positive specimens were defined as culture-positive (by either PhenoMATRIX CDM or manual reading) specimens confirmed as GAS by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry plus any culture-negative specimens that were positive by both initial and repeat PCR testing. Of 480 specimens, 96 were considered true-positive specimens. Software reading of the chromogenic agar for suspected colonies detected 110 orange colonies, whereas technologist reading interpreted only 93/110 specimens (84.5%) as positive. None of the 361 cultures interpreted as negative by the PhenoMATRIX CDM software was positive by manual reading. In comparison with true-positive results, the sensitivity and specificity were 96.9% and 100% for PCR testing, 87.5% and 97.7% for technologist reading of chromogenic agar, 90.6% and 94.0% for software reading of chromogenic agar, 83.3% and 97.7% for technologist reading for β-hemolysis on blood agar, and 39.5% and 83.1% for technologist reading for β-hemolysis on blood agar accompanied by any zone of inhibition around a bacitracin-impregnated disk, respectively. The software had the most accurate results of the non-molecular testing methods, detecting all suspected colonies on the chromogenic agar and identifying 3 additional true-positive specimens that were missed by manual reading. The PhenoMATRIX CDM software and the Colorex Strep A agar can improve detection of GAS from throat specimens, and they compared favorably to molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Van
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Mata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Two colonies of Bacillus subtilis of identical strains growing adjacent to each other on an agar plate exhibit two distinct types of interactions: they either merge as they grow or demarcation occurs leading to formation of a line of demarcation at the colony fronts. The nature of this interaction depends on the agar concentration in the growth medium and the initial separation between the colonies. When the agar concentration was 0.67% or lower, the two sibling colonies were found to always merge. At 1% or higher concentrations, the colonies formed a demarcation line only when their initial separation was 20 mm or higher. Interactions of a colony with solid structures and liquid drops have indicated that biochemical factors rather than the presence of physical obstacles are responsible for the demarcation line formation. A reaction diffusion model has been formulated to predict if two sibling colonies will form a demarcation line under given agar concentration and initial separation. The model prediction agrees well with experimental findings and generates a dimensionless phase diagram containing merging and demarcation regimes. The phase diagram is in terms of a dimensionless initial separation, d[combining macron], and a dimensionless diffusion coefficient, D[combining macron], of the colonies. The phase boundary between the two interaction regimes can be described by a power law relation between d[combining macron] and D[combining macron].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajorshi Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tanushree Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aloke Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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McIlvain G, Ganji E, Cooper C, Killian ML, Ogunnaike BA, Johnson CL. Reliable preparation of agarose phantoms for use in quantitative magnetic resonance elastography. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 97:65-73. [PMID: 31100487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Agarose phantoms are one type of phantom commonly used in developing in vivo brain magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) sequences because they are inexpensive and easy to work with, store, and dispose of; however, protocols for creating agarose phantoms are non-standardized and often result in inconsistent phantoms with significant variability in mechanical properties. Many magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound studies use phantoms, but often these phantoms are not tailored for desired mechanical properties and as such are too stiff or not mechanically consistent enough to be used in MRE. In this work, we conducted a systematic study of agarose phantom creation parameters to identify those factors that are most conducive to producing mechanically consistent agarose phantoms for MRE research. We found that cooling rate and liquid temperature affected phantom homogeneity. Phantom stiffness is affected by agar concentration (quadratically), by final liquid temperature and salt content in phantoms, and by the interaction of these two metrics each with stir rate. We captured and quantified the implied relationships with a regression model that can be used to estimate stiffness of resulting phantoms. Additionally, we characterized repeatability, stability over time, impact on MR signal parameters, and differences in agar gel microstructure. This protocol and regression model should prove beneficial in future MRE development studies that use phantoms to determine stiffness measurement accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McIlvain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Elahe Ganji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Catherine Cooper
- Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Curtis L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Tigini V, Bevione F, Prigione V, Poli A, Ranieri L, Spennati F, Munz G, Varese GC. Wastewater-Agar as a selection environment: A first step towards a fungal in-situ bioaugmentation strategy. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 171:443-450. [PMID: 30639870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viable and metabolically active fungi in toxic mixed liquors, treating landfill leachates and municipal wastewaters, were identified by culture depending methods. A selective culture medium consisting of wastewater and agar (WA) restrained fungi that could be randomly present (94% of the 51 taxa retrieved on WA were sample-specific), overcoming the problem of fast growing fungi or mycoparasite fungi. Moreover, WA allowed the isolation of fungi with a possible role in the degradation of pollutants typically present in the two wastewaters. Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis, Chaetomium globosum, and Geotrichum candidum were mainly found in municipal wastewater, whereas Pseudallescheria boydii, Scedosporium apiospermum, Aspergillus pseudodeflectus, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were typical of landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Tigini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Federico Bevione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Prigione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Poli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Ranieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Spennati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University or Florence, via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Munz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University or Florence, via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Saidi S, Boudrahem F, Yahiaoui I, Aissani-Benissad F. Agar-agar impregnated on porous activated carbon as a new adsorbent for Pb(II) removal. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1316-1326. [PMID: 31123231 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new sorbent, agar-agar (AA), impregnated on porous activated carbon (AC) - and its Pb(II) sorption properties. The influence of impregnation ratio (AA/AC) on the Pb(II) ion sorption properties is studied in order to optimize this parameter. The developed AC-AA shows substantial capability to sorb Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions and 75% represents the optimal impregnation ratio. The AC-AA sorbent with impregnation ratio of 75% was characterized by a liquid displacement method, point of zero charge pH (pHPZC), scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effect of parameters such as sorbent dosage, pH, agitation time and initial Pb(II) concentration on Pb(II) removal were examined. In addition, sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms were determined. The maximum uptake of Pb(II) was about 242 mg/g at 25 °C, pH 5 and initial Pb(II) concentration of 100 mg/L. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, and the experimental results follow closely the pseudo-second-order model. The results also reveal that the experimental equilibrium is very close to those predicted by the Freundlich model. The developed AC-AA exhibits high Pb(II) sorption capacity, offering possibilities for future practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Saidi
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement (LGE), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algérie E-mail:
| | - Farouk Boudrahem
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement (LGE), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algérie E-mail:
| | - Idris Yahiaoui
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement (LGE), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algérie E-mail:
| | - Farida Aissani-Benissad
- Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement (LGE), Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algérie E-mail:
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44
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Kanvatirth P, Jeeves RE, Bacon J, Besra GS, Alderwick LJ. Utilisation of the Prestwick Chemical Library to identify drugs that inhibit the growth of mycobacteria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213713. [PMID: 30861059 PMCID: PMC6414029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that kills approximately 1.3 million people every year. Despite global efforts to reduce both the incidence and mortality associated with TB, the emergence of drug resistant strains has slowed any progress made towards combating the spread of this deadly disease. The current TB drug regimen is inadequate, takes months to complete and poses significant challenges when administering to patients suffering from drug resistant TB. New treatments that are faster, simpler and more affordable are urgently required. Arguably, a good strategy to discover new drugs is to start with an old drug. Here, we have screened a library of 1200 FDA approved drugs from the Prestwick Chemical library using a GFP microplate assay. Drugs were screened against GFP expressing strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG as surrogates for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB in humans. We identified several classes of drugs that displayed antimycobacterial activity against both M. smegmatis and BCG, however each organism also displayed some selectivity towards certain drug classes. Variant analysis of whole genomes sequenced for resistant mutants raised to florfenicol, vanoxerine and pentamidine highlight new pathways that could be exploited in drug repurposing programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchali Kanvatirth
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rose E. Jeeves
- TB Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Research Group, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J. Alderwick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sasuga K, Yamanashi T, Nakayama S, Ono S, Mikami K. Discolored Red Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis with Low Commercial Value Is a Novel Resource for Production of Agar Polysaccharides. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2018; 20:520-530. [PMID: 29696549 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis has been demonstrated to be a novel resource for the production of high-quality agar. P. yezoensis is grown for the food industry in large-scale Japanese mariculture operations. However, discolored P. yezoensis is mostly discarded as an industrial waste, although it has some kind of utility values. Here, we evaluated the utility of discolored P. yezoensis as a resource for agar production. The quality of agar from the discolored seaweed was comparable to that from normal seaweed. In addition, as a distinguishing characteristic, agar yield was higher from discolored seaweeds than from normal types. Moreover, we successfully used agar from discolored P. yezoensis for bacterial plate media and DNA electrophoresis gels without agarose purification. Thus, our results demonstrate that discolored P. yezoensis is suitable for agar production and use in life science research. Diverting discolored P. yezoensis from disposal to agar production provides a solution to the current industrial waste problem in mariculture, as well as a secure source of agar for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Sasuga
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
- Suzuyo Research Institute, Co. Ltd., 11-26 Tsukiji-cho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0944, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamanashi
- Suzuyo Research Institute, Co. Ltd., 11-26 Tsukiji-cho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0944, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakayama
- Suzuyo Research Institute, Co. Ltd., 11-26 Tsukiji-cho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0944, Japan
| | - Syuetsu Ono
- Miyagi Prefecture Fisheries Cooperative Association, 1-27 Kaisei, Ishinomaki, 986-0032, Japan
| | - Koji Mikami
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Wang Y, Cai R, Tao G, Wang P, Zuo H, Zhao P, Umar A, He H. A Novel AgNPs/Sericin/Agar Film with Enhanced Mechanical Property and Antibacterial Capability. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071821. [PMID: 30041405 PMCID: PMC6100604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk sericin is a protein from a silkworm's cocoon. It has good biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, bioactivity, and biodegradability. However, sericin could not be used in biomedical materials directly because of its frangible characteristic. To develop multifunctional sericin-based materials for biomedical purposes, we prepared a sericin/agar (SS/agar) composite film through the blending of sericin and agar and repetitive freeze-thawing. Then, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ on the surface of the composite film to endow it with antibacterial activity. Water contact angle, swelling and losing ratio, and mechanical properties analysis indicated that the composite film had excellent mechanical property, hydrophilicity, hygroscopicity, and stability. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful modification of AgNPs on the composite film. X-ray powder diffraction showed the face-centered cubic structures of the AgNPs. This AgNPs modified composite film exhibited an excellent antibacterial capability against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Our study develops a novel AgNPs/sericin/agar composite film with enhanced mechanical performance and an antimicrobial property for potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Rui Cai
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Gang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hua Zuo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronics Devices, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Abstract
3,6-Anhydro-l-galactose (l-AHG) is a bioactive constituent of agar polysaccharides. To be used as a cosmetic or pharmaceutical ingredient, l-AHG is more favorably prepared by enzymatic saccharification of agar using a combination of agarolytic enzymes. Determining the optimum enzyme combination from the natural repertoire is a bottleneck for designing an efficient enzymatic-hydrolysis process. We consider all theoretical enzymatic-saccharification routes in the natural agarolytic pathway of a marine bacterium, Saccharophagus degradans 2-40. Among these routes, three representative routes were determined by removing redundant enzymatic reactions. We simulated each l-AHG production route with simple kinetic models and validated the reaction feasibility with an experimental procedure. The optimal enzyme mixture (with 67.3% maximum saccharification yield) was composed of endotype β-agarase, exotype β-agarase, agarooligosaccharolytic β-galactosidase, and α-neoagarobiose hydrolase. This approach will reduce the time and effort needed for developing a coherent enzymatic process to produce l-AHG on a mass scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duleepa Pathiraja
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Saeyoung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841 , Korea
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Abstract
After several decades of widespread use for mapping elemental ions and small molecular fragments in surface science, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for molecular imaging in biology. Biomolecular SIMS imaging has primarily been used as a qualitative technique; although the distribution of a single analyte can be accurately determined, it is difficult to map the absolute quantity of a compound or even to compare the relative abundance of one molecular species to that of another. We describe a method for quantitative SIMS imaging of small molecules in agar-based microbial communities. The microbes are cultivated on a thin film of agar, dried under nitrogen, and imaged directly with SIMS. By use of optical microscopy, we show that the area of the agar is reduced by 26 ± 2% (standard deviation) during dehydration, but the overall biofilm morphology and analyte distribution are largely retained. We detail a quantitative imaging methodology, in which the ion intensity of each analyte is (1) normalized to an external quadratic regression curve, (2) corrected for isomeric interference, and (3) filtered for sample-specific noise and lower and upper limits of quantitation. The end result is a two-dimensional surface density image for each analyte. The sample preparation and quantitation methods are validated by quantitatively imaging four alkyl-quinolone and alkyl-quinoline N-oxide signaling molecules (including Pseudomonas quinolone signal) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony biofilms. We show that the relative surface densities of the target biomolecules are substantially different from values inferred through direct intensity comparison and that the developed methodologies can be used to quantitatively compare as many ions as there are available standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage J. B. Dunham
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Joseph F. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Nameera F. Baig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Nydia Morales-Soto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Tianyuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Joshua D. Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Savardi M, Ferrari A, Signoroni A. Automatic hemolysis identification on aligned dual-lighting images of cultured blood agar plates. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2018; 156:13-24. [PMID: 29428064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The recent introduction of Full Laboratory Automation systems in clinical microbiology opens to the availability of streams of high definition images representing bacteria culturing plates. This creates new opportunities to support diagnostic decisions through image analysis and interpretation solutions, with an expected high impact on the efficiency of the laboratory workflow and related quality implications. Starting from images acquired under different illumination settings (top-light and back-light), the objective of this work is to design and evaluate a method for the detection and classification of diagnostically relevant hemolysis effects associated with specific bacteria growing on blood agar plates. The presence of hemolysis is an important factor to assess the virulence of pathogens, and is a fundamental sign of the presence of certain types of bacteria. METHODS We introduce a two-stage approach. Firstly, the implementation of a highly accurate alignment of same-plate image scans, acquired using top-light and back-light illumination, enables the joint spatially coherent exploitation of the available data. Secondly, from each segmented portion of the image containing at least one bacterial colony, specifically designed image features are extracted to feed a SVM classification system, allowing detection and discrimination among different types of hemolysis. RESULTS The fine alignment solution aligns more than 98.1% images with a residual error of less than 0.13 mm. The hemolysis classification block achieves a 88.3% precision with a recall of 98.6%. CONCLUSIONS The results collected from different clinical scenarios (urinary infections and throat swab screening) together with accurate error analysis demonstrate the suitability of our system for robust hemolysis detection and classification, which remains feasible even in challenging conditions (low contrast or illumination changes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Savardi
- Information Engineering Dept., University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Signoroni
- Information Engineering Dept., University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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50
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Jeong DW, Hyeon JE, Joo YC, Shin SK, Han SO. Integration of Bacterial Expansin on Agarolytic Complexes to Enhance the Degrading Activity of Red Algae by Control of Gelling Properties. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2018; 20:1-9. [PMID: 29151139 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Expansin act by loosening hydrogen bonds in densely packed polysaccharides. This work characterizes the biological functions of expansin in the gelling and degradation of algal polysaccharides. In this study, the bacterial expansin BpEX from Bacillus pumilus was fused with the dockerin module of a cellulosome system for assembly with agarolytic complexes. The assembly of chimeric expansin caused an indicative enhancement in agarase activity. The enzymatic activities on agar substrate and natural biomass were 3.7-fold and 3.3-fold higher respectively than that of agarase as a single enzyme. To validate the effect on the agar degradation, the regulation potential of parameters related to gel rheology by bacterial expansin was experimentally investigated to indicate that the bacterial expansin lowered the gelling temperature and viscosity of agar. Thus, these results demonstrated the possibility of advancing more efficient strategies for utilizing agar as oligo sugar source in the biorefinery field that uses marine biomass as feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Woon Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19702, USA
| | - Young-Chul Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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