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Røisgård S, Nopp A, Lindam A, Nilsson CA, West CE. Basophil allergen threshold sensitivity to casein (casein-specific CD-sens) predicts allergic reactions at a milk challenge in most but not all patients. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1265. [PMID: 38722265 PMCID: PMC11080960 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basophil activation test is an emerging clinical tool in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA). The aim was to assess the association between the basophil allergen threshold sensitivity to the major milk protein casein (casein-specific CD-sens), the levels of milk- and casein-specific Immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE-ab), and the severity of allergic reactions at milk challenges. METHODS We enrolled 34 patients aged 5-15 (median 9) years who underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled milk-challenge (DBPCMC) as screening before inclusion in an oral immunotherapy study for CMA. The severity of the allergic reaction at the DBPCMC was graded using Sampson's severity score. Venous blood was drawn before the DBPCMC. Milk- and casein-specific IgE-ab were analyzed. Following in vitro stimulation of basophils with casein, casein-specific CD-sens, was determined. RESULTS Thirty-three patients completed the DBPCMC. There were strong correlations between casein-specific CD-sens and IgE-ab to milk (rs = 0.682, p < .001), and between casein-specific CD-sens and IgE-ab to casein (rs = 0.823, p < .001). There was a correlation between the severity of the allergic reaction and casein-specific CD-sens level (rs = 0.395, p = .041) and an inverse correlation between casein-specific CD-sens level and the cumulative dose of milk protein to which the patient reacted at the DBPCMC (rs = -0.418, p = .027). Among the 30 patients with an allergic reaction at the DBPCMC, 67% had positive casein-specific CD-sens, 23% had negative casein-specific CD-sens, and 10% were declared non-responders. CONCLUSION Two thirds of those reacting at the DBPMC had positive casein-specific CD-sens, but reactions also occurred despite negative casein-specific CD-sens. The association between casein-specific CD-sens and the severity of the allergic reaction and cumulative dose of milk protein, respectively, was moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Røisgård
- Department of Clinical SciencesPediatrics, Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Anna Nopp
- Clinical Science and EducationKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Sachs Children and Youth HospitalSödersjukhusetStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Lindam
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Research, Education and Development ÖstersundUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Caroline A. Nilsson
- Clinical Science and EducationKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Sachs Children and Youth HospitalSödersjukhusetStockholmSweden
| | - Christina E. West
- Department of Clinical SciencesPediatrics, Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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Xie Q, Xu K, Sang Z, Luo D, Chen C, Fu W, Xue W. Allergenicity Modulation of Casein with the Modifications of Linearization, Cross-Linking, and Glycation via the Regulation of Th1/Th2 Homeostasis. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:10031-10045. [PMID: 38629959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Casein (CN) is the primary allergenic protein in cow's milk, contributing to the worldwide escalating prevalence of food allergies. However, there remains limited knowledge regarding the effect of structural modifications on CN allergenicity. Herein, we prepared three modified CNs (mCN), including sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol-induced linear CN (LCN), transglutaminase-cross-linked CN (TCN), and glucose-glycated CN (GCN). The electrophoresis results indicated widespread protein aggregation among mCN, causing variations in their molecular weights. The unique internal and external structural characteristics of mCN were substantiated by disparities in surface microstructure, alterations in the secondary structure, variations in free amino acid contents, and modifications in functional molecular groups. Despite the lower digestibility of TCN and GCN compared to LCN, they significantly suppressed IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells without significantly promoting their proliferation. Moreover, GCN showed the weakest capacity to induce LAD2 cell degranulation. Despite the therapeutic effect of TCN, GCN-treated mice displayed the most prominent attenuation of allergic reactions and a remarkably restored Th1/Th2 imbalance, while LCN administration resulted in severe allergic phenotypes and endotypes in both cellular and murine models. This study highlighted the detrimental effect of linear modifications and underscored the significance of glycation in relation to CN allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Zhejiang Academy of Science & Technology for Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311200, P. R. China
| | - Ziqing Sang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wentong Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, P. R. China
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Liang X, Qu Y, Gou X, Hu X, Zhou W, Bai J, Qin R, Wang J, Diao E, Zhou X. Characterization of the potential allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed casein in Balb/c mouse model. J Food Sci 2024; 89:3037-3047. [PMID: 38563099 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bovine casein is a major allergen present in cow milk to induce anaphylaxis. In this study, the potential allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (HC) was evaluated based on in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Alcalase and Protamex treatment (AT, PT) reduced the potential allergenicity of CN, with the greatest reductions of 68.25% and 50.75%, respectively. In addition, in vivo results showed that HC effectively alleviated allergic response symptoms of Balb/c mice; a significant tendency toward decreased serum IgG1 and mast cell tryptase levels was observed, accompanied by a decrease of Th2-associated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and an increase of IFN-γ levels in spleen. Moreover, the inflammation of the lung, jejunum, and ileum was remarkably ameliorated. The findings indicated that HC induced a shift toward Th1 response and maintained the Th1/Th2 immune balance. Importantly, our results provide the basis for the production of hypoallergenic dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yezhi Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiurong Gou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xiuming Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Weini Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jingyan Bai
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Enjie Diao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, China
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Złotkowska D, Stachurska E, Fuc E, Wróblewska B, Mikołajczyk A, Wasilewska E. Differences in Regulatory Mechanisms Induced by β-Lactoglobulin and κ-Casein in Cow's Milk Allergy Mouse Model-In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020349. [PMID: 33503831 PMCID: PMC7911159 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of various proteins, including modified ones, in food which exhibit diverse immunogenic and sensitizing properties increases the difficulty of predicting host immune responses. Still, there is a lack of sufficiently reliable and comparable data and research models describing allergens in dietary matrices. The aim of the study was to estimate the immunomodulatory effects of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) in comparison to those elicited by κ-casein (κ-CN), in vivo and ex vivo, using naïve splenocytes and a mouse sensitization model. Our results revealed that the humoral and cellular responses triggered by β-lg and κ-CN were of diverse magnitudes and showed different dynamics in the induction of control mechanisms. β-Lg turned out to be more immunogenic and induced a more dominant Th1 response than κ-CN, which triggered a significantly higher IgE response. For both proteins, CD4+ lymphocyte profiles correlated with CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells induction and interleukin 10 secretion, but β-lg induced more CD4+CD25+Foxp3- Tregs. Moreover, ex vivo studies showed the risk of interaction of immune responses to different milk proteins, which may exacerbate allergy, especially the one caused by β-lg. In conclusion, the applied model of in vivo and ex vivo exposure to β-lg and κ-CN showed significant differences in immunoreactivity of the tested proteins (κ-CN demonstrated stronger allergenic potential than β-lg), and may be useful for the estimation of allergenic potential of various food proteins, including those modified in technological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (E.W.); Tel.: +48-89-523-46-75 (D.Z.); +48-89-523-46-03 (E.W.)
| | - Emilia Stachurska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Ewa Fuc
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ewa Wasilewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.S.); (E.F.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (E.W.); Tel.: +48-89-523-46-75 (D.Z.); +48-89-523-46-03 (E.W.)
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Wróblewska B, Kaliszewska-Suchodoła A, Fuc E, Markiewicz LH, Ogrodowczyk AM, Złotkowska D, Wasilewska E. Effect of Low-Immunogenic Yogurt Drinks and Probiotic Bacteria on Immunoreactivity of Cow's Milk Proteins and Tolerance Induction-In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3390. [PMID: 33158132 PMCID: PMC7694189 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no effective therapy for milk allergy. The role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and probiotics in protection against allergy-related outcomes is still under investigation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulative and therapeutic potential of yogurt drinks in cow's milk allergy (CMA) management. We compared immunoreactivity of α-casein (α-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) in 27 yogurt drinks fermented with different basic yogurt cultures, or yogurt cultures enriched with Lactobacillus plantarum and/or Bifidobacterium lactis strains, by competitive ELISA assay. Drinks with the lowest antigenic potential were used as allergoids for CMA therapy. BALB/c mice were sensitized via intraperitoneal injection of α-CN + β-LG mixture with aluminum adjuvant, and gavaged with increasing doses of selected low-immunogenic drinks (YM-basic, or YM-LB-enriched with L. plantarum and B. lactis) to induce tolerance. Milk- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-dosed mice served as controls. Compared to milk, the immunoreactivity of proteins in drinks increased or decreased, depending on the bacterial sets applied for fermentation. Only a few sets acted synergistically in reducing immunoreactivity. The selected low-immunogenic drinks stimulated allergic mice for profiling Th2 to Th1 response and acquire tolerance, and the effect was greater with YM-LB drink, which during long-lasting interventional feeding strongly increased the secretion of regulatory cytokines, i.e., IL-10 and TGF-β, and IgA and decreased IL-4, IgE, and anti-(α-CN + β-LG) IgG1. The studies revealed variations in the potency of yogurt bacteria to change allergenicity of milk proteins and the need for their strict selection to obtain a safe product for allergy sufferers. The YM-LB drink with reduced antigenic potential may be a source of allergoids used in the immunotherapy of IgE mediated CMA, but further clinical or volunteer studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Ewa Fuc
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lidia Hanna Markiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Anna Maria Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
| | - Ewa Wasilewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (B.W.); (E.F.); (L.H.M.); (A.M.O.); (D.Z.)
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Mohsin AZ, Sukor R, Selamat J, Meor Hussin AS, Ismail IH, Jambari NN, Mustaffa-Kamal F. Generation of High Affinity Anti-Peptide Polyclonal Antibodies Recognizing Goat α s1-Casein. Molecules 2020; 25:E2622. [PMID: 32516919 PMCID: PMC7321099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical, technological and allergy properties of goat's milk are significantly affected by the level of αs1-casein. Detection and quantification of αs1-casein requires high-specificity methods to overcome high-sequence similarity between this protein and others in the casein family. Unavailability of antibodies with high affinity and specificity towards goat αs1-casein hinders the development of immuno-based analytical methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biosensors. Here, we report the generation of polyclonal antibodies (or immunoglobulins, IgGs) raised towards goat αs1-casein N- (Nter) and C-terminal (Cter) peptide sequences. The Nter and Cter peptides of goat αs1-casein were immunized in rabbits for the generation of antisera, which were purified using protein G affinity chromatography. The binding affinity of the antisera and purified IgGs were tested and compared using indirect ELISA, where peptide-BSA conjugates and goat αs1-casein were used as the coating antigens. The Nter antiserum displayed higher titer than Cter antiserum, at 1/64,000 and 1/32,000 dilutions, respectively. The purification step further yielded 0.5 mg/mL of purified IgGs from 3 mL of antisera. The purified Nter IgG showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher binding affinity towards peptide-BSA and goat αs1-casein, with lower Kd value at 5.063 × 10-3 μM compared to 9.046 × 10-3 μM for the Cter IgG. A cross-reactivity test showed that there was no binding in neither Nter nor Cter IgGs towards protein extracts from the milk of cow, buffalo, horse and camel. High-quality antibodies generated will allow further development of immuno-based analytical methods and future in vitro studies to be conducted on goat αs1-casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliah Zannierah Mohsin
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (J.S.); (N.N.J.)
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (J.S.); (N.N.J.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (J.S.); (N.N.J.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (J.S.); (N.N.J.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy, which occurs in approximately 5-10% of the population of infants and children, has become an important public food safety problem. As a major allergen in cow's milk, the most abundant protein casein (CN) is considered to be potent in inducing food allergy. In recent years, ultrasound treatment has played a significant role in the field of colloidal particulate system. In this study, we found that ultrasound treatment dramatically decreased the diameter of a CN particle to less than 100 nm in the presence of Tween 80, producing colloidal casein (c-CN) with high transparency. The electrophoretic and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the advanced protein structure of CN changed significantly. In addition, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with allergic sera showed that the immunoglobulin-E-binding capacity of c-CN was significantly decreased. In the meantime, the LAD2 mast cell line degranulation assay demonstrated that ultrasound treatment made CN hypoallergenic. The colloidal and hypoallergenic properties of c-CN were stably maintained for more than 30 days. Likewise, the allergenicity of fresh whole milk also decreased after ultrasound treatment. This work provided an effective way to reduce the allergenicity of milk allergen, which could be beneficial to the production of hypoallergenic cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Linglin Fu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
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Fuc E, Złotkowska D, Wróblewska B. Milk and Meat Allergens from Bos taurus β-Lactoglobulin, α-Casein, and Bovine Serum Albumin: An In-Vivo Study of the Immune Response in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2095. [PMID: 31487844 PMCID: PMC6769769 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of food allergy may vary. This study aimed to compare the effects of milk, yogurt, or beef meat supplementation on humoral and cellular immune responses in a mice model. Mice were divided into four groups: The "Milk group" was sensitized with a β-lactoglobulin (β-lg)/α-casein (α-CN) mixture and supplemented cow milk; the "Yogurt group" was sensitized with β-lg/α-CN and supplemented yogurt; the "Beef group" was immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and supplemented beef meat; and the "PBS group" received PBS in all procedures. ELISA was used to measure humoral response, including: Total IgE, specific IgG, and IgA. Cellular response was determined by phenotyping lymphocyte from lymphoid tissue and measuring the Th1/Th2 cytokine concentration with flow cytometry. The qPCR method was used for quantification of the fecal microbiota. The results obtained revealed a lower IgE level for the Yogurt group than for the Milk one. In the Yogurt group, the contribution of regulatory T cells to MLN and PP was higher compared to the other groups. We confirmed that diet supplementation with yogurt modulates the immune response to the prime allergen, and changes the activity of serum antibodies to milk proteins and BSA. Based on a specific antibodies level, we cannot exclude the possibility of CMA mice reaction against BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Fuc
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Złotkowska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Dąbrowska A, Bajzert J, Babij K, Szołtysik M, Stefaniak T, Willak-Janc E, Chrzanowska J. Reduced IgE and IgG antigenic response to milk proteins hydrolysates obtained with the use of non-commercial serine protease from Yarrowia lipolytica. Food Chem 2019; 302:125350. [PMID: 31415999 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the use of serine protease from Yarrowia lipolytica yeast for reduction of milk proteins allergenicity. Whey protein concentrate (WPC-80), αs-casein and their hydrolysates were analyzed for the capacity to bind IgE and IgG antibodies present in sera from patients with cow milk protein allergy using a competitive ELISA. The hydrolysis of αs-casein and whey protein concentrate contributed to a significant reduction of their immunoreactive epitopes. In case of IgE antibodies, the lowest binding capacity was detected in the 24 h hydrolysates of both proteins in which the inhibition of the reaction was ≤20 and ≤68% for αs-casein and whey protein concentrate respectively. One hour hydrolysis of WPC-80 reduced the protein antigenicity, while the longer time (5 h) might lead to the exposure of new IgE - reactive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dąbrowska
- Dept. of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, 51-640 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bajzert
- Dept. of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida Str. 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Konrad Babij
- Dept. of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, 51-640 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Szołtysik
- Dept. of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, 51-640 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Dept. of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida Str. 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ewa Willak-Janc
- 1st Institute and Clinic of Pediatric Allergology and Cardiology, Wrocław Medical University, Hoene-Wrońskiego Str. 13c, 50-376 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Józefa Chrzanowska
- Dept. of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław Uniwersity of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, 51-640 Wrocław, Poland.
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Monaco S, Russo G, Romano A, Liotti L, Verga MC, Miceli Sopo S. Yogurt is tolerated by the majority of children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:322-327. [PMID: 30573322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (IgE-CMA) with gastrointestinal symptoms tolerate yogurt at 100%. Yogurt tolerance in children with IgE-CMA with urticaria and anaphylaxis was 7%. METHODS We enrolled children with IgE-CMA with cutaneous, respiratory, gastrointestinal and anaphylactic symptoms. All performed prick by prick (PbP) and oral food challenge (OFC) with yogurt. Some children performed also an OFC with CM mixed with wheat flour and baked, baked liquid CM, parmesan. RESULTS 34 children were enrolled, 31/34 (91%) with systemic adverse reaction after ingestion of CM (systemic CMA), 3/34 (9%) with isolated contact urticaria (ICU CMA). PbP with yogurt was negative only in one patient. OFC with yogurt was passed (that is, the OFC was negative) by 20/31 (64%) of the children with systemic CMA. 10/11 (91%) of the patients who failed OFC (that is, the OFC was positive) with yogurt were positive to SPT with casein vs. 8/20 (40%) of the patients who passed it (p=0.018). None of the 19 children who passed OFC with yogurt failed all OFC with processed CM forms other than yogurt that tested vs. 4/8 among those who failed OFC with yogurt (p=0.006). The rub test with yogurt was negative in 1/3 (33%) of the patients with ICU CMA. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study are placed alongside others already present in the literature and concerning other methods of processing CM proteins and help to reduce the dietary restrictions of the majority of children with systemic IgE-CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monaco
- Allergy Unit, Pediatrics Area, Department of Woman and Child Health, Policlinico Gemelli Universitary Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacre Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - G Russo
- Allergy Unit, Pediatrics Area, Department of Woman and Child Health, Policlinico Gemelli Universitary Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacre Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - A Romano
- Allergy Unit, Pediatrics Area, Department of Woman and Child Health, Policlinico Gemelli Universitary Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacre Hearth, Rome, Italy
| | - L Liotti
- Allergy Unit, Pediatric Clinic, Civil Hospital, Senigallia, Italy
| | - M C Verga
- Primary Care Pediatrics, ASL Salerno, Italy
| | - S Miceli Sopo
- Allergy Unit, Pediatrics Area, Department of Woman and Child Health, Policlinico Gemelli Universitary Foundation IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacre Hearth, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Castillo DS, Cassola A. Novel sensitive monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of raw and processed bovine beta-casein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182447. [PMID: 28759641 PMCID: PMC5536360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most common childhood food allergy, which can sometimes persist or can newly develop in adulthood with severe symptoms. CMPA's treatment is complete dietary avoidance of milk proteins. To achieve this task, patients have to be aware of milk proteins found as "hidden allergens" in food commodities. In regard to milk proteins, it has been reported that allergenicity of caseins remains unaffected upon heat treatment. For these reasons, we aimed to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against native and denatured β-casein, one of the most abundant and antigenic caseins, in order to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) to detect and quantify traces of this milk allergen in raw and processed foodstuffs. We developed two specific hybridoma clones, 1H3 and 6A12, which recognized β-casein in its denatured and native conformations by indirect ELISA (iELISA). Cross-reaction analysis by Western blot and iELISA indicated that these mAbs specifically recognized β-casein from bovine and goat milk extracts, while they did not cross-react with proteins present in other food matrixes. These highly specific mAbs enabled the development of sensitive, reliable and reproducible icELISAs to detect and quantify this milk protein allergen in food commodities. The extraction of β-casein from foodstuff was efficiently carried out at 60°C for 15 minutes, using an extraction buffer containing 1% SDS. The present study establishes a valid 1H3 based-icELISA, which allows the detection and quantification -0.29 ppm and 0.80 ppm, respectively- of small amounts of β-casein in raw and processed foods. Furthermore, we were able to detect milk contamination in incurred food samples with the same sensitivity as a commercial sandwich ELISA thus showing that this icELISA constitutes a reliable analytical method for control strategies in food industry and allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas—Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Cassola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas—Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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12
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Daneshmandi S, Nourizadeh M, Pourpak Z, Pourfathollah AA. Eliciting Th1 Immune Response Using Casein- (Alpha S1) loaded Dendritic Cells. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 16:159-168. [PMID: 28601056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has been recently considered as an alternative approach to ameliorate the symptoms of allergen exposure and improvement the patients' quality of life. Dendritic cells (DC) in the forms of tolerogenic or Th1-induced cells have been investigated in several studies as one of the promising approaches of AIT in allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of casein-loaded DCs in eliciting the Th1 immune responses in Balb/c mice as a potential therapeutic approach in allergic condition. Immature bone marrow-derived DCs were loaded with casein (protein or mRNA) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA. DCs were evaluated based on the expression of specific markers and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Expression of DC markers in all groups was significantly higher than immature DCs, but lower than LPS-activated DCs. Despite an increase in TNF-α and IL-12, IL-6 was decreased in casein-DC treatments. Caseinloaded DCs could induce proliferation in lymphocytes and stimulate them to produce higher amounts of IFN-γ and in some extent IL-10 and TGF-β, while they could not stimulate IL-4 secretion. Casein-loaded DCs could partially elicit the Th1 responses; this would be a promising approach to use them as an allergic protective way for applying immune cell therapy in cow's milk allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Daneshmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nourizadeh
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourpak
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Vitaliti G, Pavone P, Giugno GR, Vecchio M, Cocuzza S, Serra A, Maiolino L, Di Mauro P, Lubrano R, Falsaperla R. Parasympathetic nervous system involvement in food allergy: description of a paediatric case. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2016; 30:1137-1140. [PMID: 28078865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The latest research data emphasize the interaction between the nervous and the immune systems. It has been demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) can be involved secondarily due to blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption via pro-inflammatory cytokines released in allergy. More recently it was demonstrated that the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) could also be equally involved in models of peripheral inflammation such as food allergy; although this last clinical presentation has rarely been described. Herein, the authors report the case of a five-year-old Caucasian female who was admitted to our Pediatric Acute and Emergency Operative Unit for cyclic vomiting. Her vomiting, which was preceded by objective torque vertigo, headache and weakness, had been recurring with constant frequency every two months since she was 3 years old. After a complex diagnostic flow-chart, it was found that this spectrum of neurologic symptoms was due to a food allergy syndrome, which postulates some etiopathogenic hypotheses to explain the relationship between the two mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vitaliti
- Paediatric Operative Unit and Acute and Emergency, Vittorio-Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Italy
| | - P Pavone
- Paediatric Operative Unit and Acute and Emergency, Vittorio-Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Italy
| | - G R Giugno
- Paediatric and Neonatal Operative Unit, Gravina Hospital, Caltagirone, Italy
| | - M Vecchio
- Centre of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, University of Catania, Italy
| | - S Cocuzza
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Serra
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - L Maiolino
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - P Di Mauro
- ENT Department G.F. Ingrassia, Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Lubrano
- Pediatric Department, Pediatric Nephrology Operative Unit of La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Falsaperla
- Paediatric Operative Unit and Acute and Emergency, Vittorio-Emanuele University Hospital, University of Catania, Italy
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14
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Abstract
The level of IgA antibodies to gluten and gliadin proteins found in grains and to casein found in milk, as well as the level of IgG to gluten and gliadin, have been examined in 23 girls with Rett syndrome and 53 controls. Highly statistically significant increases were found for the Rett population compared to the controls. The reason for this remains unknown, but because IgA antibodies reflect the uptake of proteins and/or epitopes of proteins from the gut, this may be indicative of increased protein uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Reichelt
- Institute of Pediatric Research, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Banda C. Systematic review in The BMJ leads to changes to Australian guidelines on hydrolysed formula. BMJ 2016; 352:i1710. [PMID: 27033252 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clever Banda
- University of Queensland, Hervey Bay Rural Clinical School, Hervey Bay Hospital, Urraween, QLD 4655, Australia
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16
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Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Dharmage SC. Do hydrolysed infant formulas reduce the risk of allergic disease? BMJ 2016; 352:i1143. [PMID: 26955817 PMCID: PMC4783515 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With no supporting evidence, guidelines should stop recommending these products
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Jane Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Adrian John Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Shyamali Chandrika Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
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Boyle RJ, Ierodiakonou D, Khan T, Chivinge J, Robinson Z, Geoghegan N, Jarrold K, Afxentiou T, Reeves T, Cunha S, Trivella M, Garcia-Larsen V, Leonardi-Bee J. Hydrolysed formula and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016; 352:i974. [PMID: 26956579 PMCID: PMC4783517 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether feeding infants with hydrolysed formula reduces their risk of allergic or autoimmune disease. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis, as part of a series of systematic reviews commissioned by the UK Food Standards Agency to inform guidelines on infant feeding. Two authors selected studies by consensus, independently extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and LILACS searched between January 1946 and April 2015. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Prospective intervention trials of hydrolysed cows' milk formula compared with another hydrolysed formula, human breast milk, or a standard cows' milk formula, which reported on allergic or autoimmune disease or allergic sensitisation. RESULTS 37 eligible intervention trials of hydrolysed formula were identified, including over 19,000 participants. There was evidence of conflict of interest and high or unclear risk of bias in most studies of allergic outcomes and evidence of publication bias for studies of eczema and wheeze. Overall there was no consistent evidence that partially or extensively hydrolysed formulas reduce risk of allergic or autoimmune outcomes in infants at high pre-existing risk of these outcomes. Odds ratios for eczema at age 0-4, compared with standard cows' milk formula, were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.07; I(2)=30%) for partially hydrolysed formula; 0.55 (0.28 to 1.09; I(2)=74%) for extensively hydrolysed casein based formula; and 1.12 (0.88 to 1.42; I(2)=0%) for extensively hydrolysed whey based formula. There was no evidence to support the health claim approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that a partially hydrolysed formula could reduce the risk of eczema nor the conclusion of the Cochrane review that hydrolysed formula could allergy to cows' milk. CONCLUSION These findings do not support current guidelines that recommend the use of hydrolysed formula to prevent allergic disease in high risk infants. REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42013004252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Boyle
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Despo Ierodiakonou
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Tasnia Khan
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Zoe Robinson
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | | | | | - Thalia Afxentiou
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Tim Reeves
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | | | - Marialena Trivella
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Vanessa Garcia-Larsen
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Jo Leonardi-Bee
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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18
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Yao M, Xu Q, Luo Y, Shi J, Li Z. Study on reducing antigenic response and IgE-binding inhibitions of four milk proteins of Lactobacillus casei 1134. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:1303-1312. [PMID: 25042354 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy has aroused public concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus casei 1134 on the antigenicity and allergenicity (IgE-binding inhibitions) of milk proteins. The effects of pH value on the antigenicity and allergenicity of four milk proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, α-casein and β-casein) were examined by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The free amino acids which were produced in the fermentation process were analysed and the proteolysis of milk proteins was detected. RESULTS Fermentation by L. casei 1134 could significantly reduce the antigenicity and allergenicity of the four proteins in reconstituted milk. The allergenicity of milk proteins was further reduced in the process of simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Moreover, we could deduce that one of the potential factors of antigenicity was lactic acid with the comparison of the antigenicity of the four proteins between L. casei 1134 fermented milk and lactic acid milk at different pH values. CONCLUSION There are many factors which can affect the milk proteins allergen, including lactic acid and proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 112, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
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19
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Ito Y, Shimomura M, Tokunaga F, Meguro T, Seto S, Hashiguchi A, Kimura M. [Evaluation of the allergenicity of β-casein in Japanese children with cow milk allergy by using the basophil activation test]. Arerugi 2014; 63:1330-1337. [PMID: 25634458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the casein components, αs-casein (αs-CAS) is considered the major allergen in Japan, and there are very few reports on the allergenicity of β-casein (β-CAS). In this study, we compared the allergenicity of β-CAS with that of αs-CAS in Japanese children with cow milk allergy (CMA). METHOD The allergenicity of αs-CAS and β-CAS in 29 CMA patients and 11 control subjects was assessed using the basophil activation test (BAT). The accuracy of the BAT to distinguish the patients with CMA from the control subjects was estimated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and was expressed as the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS BAT results for CM were positive in 93.1% of the CMA patients. The results of the β-CAS-BAT and αs-CAS-BAT were found to be positive in 86.2% and 69.0% of the CMA patients, respectively, however, the difference was not significant. The AUC for the β-CAS-BAT was 0.893, which was not significantly different from that for the αs-CAS-BAT (0.859). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the allergenicities of β-CAS and αs-CAS are similar in Japanese patients with CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
| | - Masaki Shimomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
| | - Fumika Tokunaga
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
| | - Takaaki Meguro
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
| | - Shiro Seto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
| | | | - Mituaki Kimura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital
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20
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Knipping K, Simons PJ, Buelens-Sleumer LS, Cox L, den Hartog M, de Jong N, Teshima R, Garssen J, Boon L, Knippels LMJ. Development of β-lactoglobulin-specific chimeric human IgEκ monoclonal antibodies for in vitro safety assessment of whey hydrolysates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106025. [PMID: 25153680 PMCID: PMC4143325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cow’s milk-derived whey hydrolysates are nutritional substitutes for allergic infants. Safety or residual allergenicity assessment of these whey hydrolysates is crucial. Currently, rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells expressing the human IgE receptor α-chain (huFcεRIα-RBL-2H3), sensitized with serum IgE from cow’s milk allergic children, are being employed to assess in vitro residual allergenicity of these whey hydrolysates. However, limited availability and inter-lot variation of these allergic sera impede standardization of whey hydrolysate safety testing in degranulation assays. Objective An oligoclonal pool of chimeric human (chu)IgE antibodies against bovine β-lactoglobulin (a major allergen in whey) was generated to increase sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of existing degranulation assays. Methods Mice were immunized with bovine β-lactoglobulin, and subsequently the variable domains of dissimilar anti-β-lactoglobulin mouse IgG antibodies were cloned and sequenced. Six chimeric antibodies were generated comprising mouse variable domains and human constant IgE/κ domains. Results After sensitization with this pool of anti-β-lactoglobulin chuIgEs, huFcεRIα-expressing RBL-2H3 cells demonstrated degranulation upon cross-linking with whey, native 18 kDa β-lactoglobulin, and 5–10 kDa whey hydrolysates, whereas a 3 kDa whey hydrolysate and cow’s milk powder (mainly casein) showed no degranulation. In parallel, allergic serum IgEs were less sensitive. In addition, our pool anti-β-lactoglobulin chuIgEs recognized multiple allergenic immunodominant regions on β-lactoglobulin, which were also recognized by serum IgEs from cow’s milk allergic children. Conclusion Usage of our ‘unlimited’ source and well-defined pool of β-lactoglobulin-specific recombinant chuIgEs to sensitize huFcεRIα on RBL-2H3 cells showed to be a relevant and sensitive alternative for serum IgEs from cow’s milk allergic patients to assess safety of whey-based non-allergic hydrolyzed formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (KK); (PS)
| | - Peter J. Simons
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (KK); (PS)
| | | | - Linda Cox
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Reiko Teshima
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léon M. J. Knippels
- Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Saenger T, Braukmann A, Vordenbäumen S, Altendorfer I, Bleck E, Hochwallner H, Valenta R, Schneider M, Jose J. Development of a surface display ELISA to detect anti-IgG antibodies against bovine αS1-casein in human sera. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:144-50. [PMID: 24747146 PMCID: PMC4415149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a surface display ELISA (SD-ELISA) for IgG-serum reaction against bovine casein αS1 (CSN1S1). In a SD-ELISA, the antigen is displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli using the autodisplay technology and whole cells of E. coli are used to coat the microplates for serum testing. After establishing the setup of the SD-ELISA with polyclonal rabbit antiserum against bovine CSN1S1, the SD-ELISA was validated with 20 human sera, of which 10 sera were proven to have an IgG-mediated reaction against bovine CSN1S1 and 10 sera were shown to be negative for this reaction. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% at a cut-off value of 0.133. Furthermore, human serum of 48 patients with known reactivity against human CSN1S1 (31 positive and 17 negative) was examined by the newly developed SD-ELISA to exclude cross-reactivity. Twenty human sera showed an IgG-mediated reaction against bovine CSN1S1. Eleven of these sera were positive for the reactivity against human CSN1S1, and nine were negative. In conclusion it was demonstrated that the performance of SD-ELISA is comparable to established ELISA without loss in sensitivity or specificity. Based on the advantages of this method - in particular no need for time-consuming and expensive antigen production and purification - the SD-ELISA is a potent alternative to convenient methods for identification and especially high-throughput screening of new antigens in the field of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Saenger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Achim Braukmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vordenbäumen
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Rheumatology, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Irina Altendorfer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ellen Bleck
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Rheumatology, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Hochwallner
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Department of Rheumatology, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Deckwart M, Carstens C, Webber-Witt M, Schäfer V, Eichhorn L, Kang S, Fischer M, Brockow K, Christmann M, Paschke-Kratzin A. Development of a sensitive ELISA for the detection of casein-containing fining agents in red and white wines. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:6803-6812. [PMID: 24960632 DOI: 10.1021/jf5006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fining of wine with proteinogenic fining agents such as casein from cow's milk is a traditional and commonly used technique all over the world. Casein and other proteins from cow's milk are well-known food allergens, which pose a risk for allergic consumers. Temporary regulations exempting the labeling of milk and products thereof in wine expired. Since July 1, 2012, these fining agents have to be declared on the wine label under Regulation (EU) No. 579/2012 in conjunction to article 120g of Regulation (EU) No. 1234/2007 if exceeding the threshold of 0.25 mg/L allergenic protein. The aim of the presented study was to develop sensitive ELISA methods for the detection of casein in white and red wines and to investigate the risk of allergenic residues in fined wines. In this context it was shown that the used substance for calibration is highly relevant. Casein wine fining agents of different commercial producers were investigated by LDS-PAGE and immunoblot. In addition to casein, they contain other milk proteins, which are potentially allergic and therefore have to be incorporated in the development of antibodies for an ELISA method to be set up. An indirect ELISA for the investigation of white wine was developed. The LOD is 0.1 mg/L. For red wine the LOD is 0.2 mg/L in an indirect sandwich ELISA setup. The LOD of the indirect sandwich ELISA for white wine depends on the calibration standard. It is 0.1 mg/L for the fining agent casein and 0.01 mg/L for casein from a chemical trader. It is also shown that the use of different technological procedures during winemaking leads to no detectable amounts of casein in various wine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Deckwart
- Institute for Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Bellini F, Ricci G, Remondini D, Pession A. Cow's milk allergy (CMA) in children: identification of allergologic tests predictive of food allergy. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 46:100-105. [PMID: 24853567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral food challenge (OFC) is still considered the gold standard for diagnosis of food allergy (FA). Skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) tests are very useful but limited in their predictive accuracy. End point test (EPT) has been recently considered to determine the starting dose to induce oral desensitization. Allergometric tests combined may discriminate children at higher risk of reactions during OFC. We considered 94 children referred to our Allergy and Immunology Pediatric Department between January 2009 and December 2011 with CMA. Cutaneous allergometric skin tests (SPT and EPT) were periodically performed on all 94 children with CMA; sIgE levels against cow's milk proteins (CMP) α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and casein were periodically evaluated through blood samples every 6-12 months. During the period of the study, 26/94 (27.6%) children underwent more than once OFC. We collected 135 OFC compared with clinical presentation: 49/135 (36.2%) OFC were performed shortly after the onset of symptoms directly related to spontaneous intake of milk, to confirm suspicion of FA; 86/135 (63.7%) OFC were performed to evaluate the acquisition of tolerance. Of these, 52/86 (60.4%) OFC resulted positive, 34/86 (39.5%) were negative. The 3D EPT has the best ratio sensitivity (SE) / positive predictive value (PPV), SE 83%, specificity (SP) 58.3%, PPV 89.3%, negative predictive value (NPV) 45.1%. EPT 6D and 7D have the best PPV (100%) with a low NPV (respectively 22.2% and 21.2%). We obtained that a mean fresh milk wheal diameter ≥ 12 mm was predictive of 97% OFC, but only 32/101 (31.6%) allergic children presented this value. The tests with a wheal diameter ≤ 5 were performed on younger children, all of which were less than 9 months old; only 5 other tests performed on less than 9 months olds resulted in the others subgroups (1 in ≥ 12 mm wheal and 4 in the group between 6-11 mm). We also found that 95% of children with 4D EPT wheal diameter < 6 mm resulted tolerant. This cut off could be useful to decide which children have a lower risk of reactions during the OFC. EPT is more useful than SPT especially for children < 1 year of age being a less operator dependent test, and it could be helpful to discriminate between children with the highest risk to develop anaphylaxis following an OFC (≥ 5D positive EPT) and children with lowest risk (> 2D positive EPT), but it can't replace OFC, that currently remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of FA. We also underline that in allergic children younger than 9 months old, the values of SPT with fresh milk is much lower than in older children, so that it's better to separate this group of age when we try to predict the evolution of OFC through the evaluation with EPT. A validation of such results in a prospective study could maybe be useful to confirm the outcome of our data in the predictivity of OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bellini
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. E-mail:
| | - G Ricci
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. E-mail:
| | - D Remondini
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy E-mail:
| | - A Pession
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. E-mail:
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Vojdani A, Kharrazian D, Mukherjee PS. The prevalence of antibodies against wheat and milk proteins in blood donors and their contribution to neuroimmune reactivities. Nutrients 2013; 6:15-36. [PMID: 24451306 PMCID: PMC3916846 DOI: 10.3390/nu6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to look for the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against two widely consumed foods, wheat and milk, in a relatively large number of specimens. As wheat, milk, and their antigens have been found to be involved in neuroimmune disorders, we measured the co-occurrence of their antibodies against various neural antigens. We assessed the reactivity of sera from 400 donors to wheat and milk proteins, GAD-65, cerebellar, MBP, and MOG. Statistical analysis showed significant clustering when certain wheat and milk protein antibodies were cross-referenced with neural antibodies. Approximately half of the sera with antibody elevation against gliadin reacted significantly with GAD-65 and cerebellar peptides; about half of the sera with elevated antibodies against α + β-casein and milk butyrophilin also showed antibody elevation against MBP and MOG. Inhibition studies showed that only two out of four of the samples with elevated cerebellar or MOG antibodies could be inhibited by gliadin or α + β-casein, confirming individual variation in epitope recognition. We conclude that a subgroup of blood donors, due to a breakdown in immunological tolerance, may react and produce significant levels of antibodies (p-values less than 0.05) against wheat and milk antigens that cross-react with different neural antigens, which may have broader implications in the induction of neuroimmune reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA.
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Bastyr University California, 4106 Sorrento Valley Blvd, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Tripodi S, Comberiati P, Di Rienzo Businco A, Bianchi A, Bondanini F, Sargentini V, Pingitore G, Ballabio C, Restani P, Miceli Sopo S. Severe anaphylaxis to sheep's milk cheese in a child desensitized to cow's milk through specific oral tolerance induction. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 45:56-60. [PMID: 23821834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Specific oral tolerance induction to food (SOTI) is a new promising treatmentfor persistent IgE-mediatedfood allergy. Our paper reports a case of a 5-year-old girl with cow's milk allergy, who developed severe anaphylaxis after the ingestion of a croissant containing sheep's milk ricotta cheese, even though she had been previously desensitized to cow's milk through SOTI. The sheep's milk specific allergen causing the severe allergic reaction (a derivative of alpha-casein of 54,1kDa) was identified by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. We conclude that SOTI is a species-specific procedure and the induced tolerance to cow's milk doesn't necessarily provide protection against milk of other mammals. Therefore, children desensitized to cow's milk through SOTI should strictly avoid the intake of milk of other mammals, until tolerance to those kinds of milk is documented by an oral food challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tripodi
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, "Sandro Pertini" Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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26
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Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Wensing CL, Kneepkens CMFF, Meijer Y, de Vries E, Sprikkelman AB. [One guideline for diagnosing cow milk allergy; for primary, secondary and tertiary care in the Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2013; 157:A6311. [PMID: 24050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the new Dutch guideline 'Diagnosing Cow Milk Allergy in Children in the Netherlands' are to provide an evidence-based instrument for the reliable and safe diagnosis of cow milk allergy and to improve the collaboration between health care professionals at well-baby clinics, general practices and hospitals. The double-blind, placebo-controlled cow-milk provocation test is the only test available for establishing an allergy to cows' milk. The double-blind provocation test in children at a low risk of severe reactions may be performed at the better-equipped well-baby clinics and at all general practices, thereby shifting care from secondary to primary care. The use of extensively hydrolysed formulas based on whey protein as well as on casein can be advised for a cow-milk-free diet. The general practitioner and well-baby physician should collaborate in designating responsibilities during the diagnostic phase of cow milk allergy in primary care.
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27
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Caubet JC, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Moshier E, Godbold J, Wang J, Sampson HA. Utility of casein-specific IgE levels in predicting reactivity to baked milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:222-4.e1-4. [PMID: 22921870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Coscia A, Orrù S, Di Nicola P, Giuliani F, Rovelli I, Peila C, Martano C, Chiale F, Bertino E. Cow's milk proteins in human milk. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2012; 26:39-42. [PMID: 23158513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk proteins (CMPs) are among the best characterized food allergens. Cow's milk contains more than twenty five different proteins, but only whey proteins alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and lactoferrin, as well as the four caseins, have been identified as allergens. Aim of this study was to investigate by proteomics techniques cow's milk allergens in human colostrum of term and preterm newborns' mothers, not previously detected, in order to understand if such allergens could be cause of sensitization during lactation. Term colostrum samples from 62 healthy mothers and preterm colostrum samples from 11 healthy mothers were collected for this purpose. The most relevant finding was the detection of the intact bovine alpha-S1-casein in both term and preterm colostrum. Using this method, which allows direct proteins identification, beta-lactoglobulin was not detected in any of colostrum samples. According to our results bovine alpha 1 casein that is considered a major cow's milk allergen is readily secreted in human milk: further investigations are needed in order to clarify if alpha-1-casein has a major role in sensitization or tolerance to cow's milk of exclusively breastfed predisposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coscia
- Neonatal Unit, University of Turin, Italy
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29
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Severance EG, Alaedini A, Yang S, Halling M, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Vaughan C, Khushalani S, Leweke FM, Dickerson FB, Yolken RH. Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:48-53. [PMID: 22446142 PMCID: PMC4244845 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune factors are implicated in normal brain development and in brain disorder pathogenesis. Pathogen infection and food antigen penetration across gastrointestinal barriers are means by which environmental factors might affect immune-related neurodevelopment. Here, we test if gastrointestinal inflammation is associated with schizophrenia and therefore, might contribute to bloodstream entry of potentially neurotropic milk and gluten exorphins and/or immune activation by food antigens. IgG antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA, a marker of intestinal inflammation), bovine milk casein, wheat-derived gluten, and 6 infectious agents were assayed. Cohort 1 included 193 with non-recent onset schizophrenia, 67 with recent onset schizophrenia and 207 non-psychiatric controls. Cohort 2 included 103 with first episode schizophrenia, 40 of whom were antipsychotic-naïve. ASCA markers were significantly elevated and correlated with food antigen antibodies in recent onset and non-recent onset schizophrenia compared to controls (p≤0.00001-0.004) and in unmedicated individuals with first episode schizophrenia compared to those receiving antipsychotics (p≤0.05-0.01). Elevated ASCA levels were especially evident in non-recent onset females (p≤0.009), recent onset males (p≤0.01) and in antipsychotic-naïve males (p≤0.03). Anti-food antigen antibodies were correlated to antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, an intestinally-infectious pathogen, particularly in males with recent onset schizophrenia (p≤0.002). In conclusion, gastrointestinal inflammation is a relevant pathology in schizophrenia, appears to occur in the absence of but may be modified by antipsychotics, and may link food antigen sensitivity and microbial infection as sources of immune activation in mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD 21287-4933, USA.
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30
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Petermann K, Vordenbäumen S, Maas R, Braukmann A, Bleck E, Saenger T, Schneider M, Jose J. Autoantibodies to αS1-casein are induced by breast-feeding. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32716. [PMID: 22496735 PMCID: PMC3319542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of antibodies is impaired in newborns due to an immature immune system and reduced exposure to pathogens due to maternally derived antibodies and placental functions. During nursing, the immune system of newborns is challenged with multiple milk-derived proteins. Amongst them, caseins are the main constituent. In particular, human αS1-casein (CSN1S1) was recently shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. We were thus interested to determine if auto-antibodies to CSN1S1 are induced by breast-feeding and may be sustained into adulthood. Methods 62 sera of healthy adult individuals who were (n = 37) or were not (n = 25) breast-fed against human CSN1S1 were investigated by a new SD (surface display)-ELISA. For cross-checking, these sera were tested for anti Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies by a commercial ELISA. Results IgG-antibodies were predominantly detected in individuals who had been nursed. At a cut-off value of 0.4, the SD-ELISA identified individuals with a history of having been breast-fed with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 92%. Under these conditions, 35 out of 37 sera from healthy donors, who where breast-fed, reacted positively but only 5 sera of the 25 donors who were not breast-fed. The duration of breast-feeding was of no consequence to the antibody reaction as some healthy donors were only short term breast-fed (5 days minimum until 6 weeks maximum), but exhibited significant serum reaction against human CSN1S1 nonetheless. Conclusion We postulate that human CSN1S1 is an autoantigen. The antigenicity is orally determined, caused by breast-feeding, and sustained into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Petermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Vordenbäumen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruth Maas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Braukmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen Bleck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Saenger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cases B, García-Ara C, Boyano MT, Pérez-Gordo M, Pedrosa M, Vivanco F, Quirce S, Pastor-Vargas C. Phosphorylation reduces the allergenicity of cow casein in children with selective allergy to goat and sheep milk. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011; 21:398-400. [PMID: 21905504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the role of phosphorylation of caseins in selective allergy to goat milk (GM) and sheep milk (SM) in patients with good tolerance to cow milk (CM). We performed skin prick tests with milk and caseins from CM, GM, and SM and immunoblotting and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E determinations with milk and casein from cow and GM and SM. Sensitization to milk and caseins from goat and sheep was demonstrated in all 3 patients by skin tests, determination of specific IgE, or both. Immunoblotting confirmed that GM/SM proteins but not CM proteins were involved in the allergic symptoms. IgE reacted with several protein bands from the caseins and milk extracts of both sheep and goat. Phosphorylation was involved in the different allergenicity of CM caseins. We report the implication of phosphorylation in the allergenicity of caseins involved in selective allergy to GM and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cases
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Knip M, Virtanen SM, Seppä K, Ilonen J, Savilahti E, Vaarala O, Reunanen A, Teramo K, Hämäläinen AM, Paronen J, Dosch HM, Hakulinen T, Akerblom HK. Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1900-8. [PMID: 21067382 PMCID: PMC4242902 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with genetic susceptibility. We tested the hypothesis that supplementing breast milk with highly hydrolyzed milk formula would decrease the cumulative incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in such children. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned 230 infants with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and at least one family member with type 1 diabetes to receive either a casein hydrolysate formula or a conventional, cow's-milk-based formula (control) whenever breast milk was not available during the first 6 to 8 months of life. Autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the insulinoma-associated 2 molecule (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 were analyzed with the use of radiobinding assays, and islet-cell antibodies were analyzed with the use of immunofluorescence, during a median observation period of 10 years (mean, 7.5). The children were monitored for incident type 1 diabetes until they were 10 years of age. RESULTS The unadjusted hazard ratio for positivity for one or more autoantibodies in the casein hydrolysate group, as compared with the control group, was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.95), and the hazard ratio adjusted for an observed difference in the duration of exposure to the study formula was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.28 to 0.91). The unadjusted hazard ratio for positivity for two or more autoantibodies was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.21 to 1.17), and the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.19 to 1.07). The rate of reported adverse events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intervention during infancy appears to have a long-lasting effect on markers of beta-cell autoimmunity--markers that may reflect an autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00570102.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Knip
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Konishi E, Kitai Y, Nishimura K, Harada S. Antibodies to bovine serum albumin in human sera: problems and solutions with casein-based ELISA in the detection of natural Japanese encephalitis virus infections. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010; 63:296-298. [PMID: 20657075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An ELISA system for measuring antibodies to nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of Japanese encephalitis virus has already been established. This system uses an ELISA diluent containing casein, instead of bovine serum albumin (BSA). During a survey, we found that 21 (21%) of 102 children aged 1-5 years, who had no history of Japanese encephalitis vaccination and were without detectable neutralizing antibodies, showed positive results with this ELISA system. Western blotting analysis showed that sera from 19 (91%) of these 21 subjects had antibodies to BSA, but not NS1. These sera reacted with BSA antigen remaining in immunoaffinity-purified NS1 antigen. One solution to this problem was to reduce the BSA level to < or =1% of the NS1 amount. Another was to use a control well sensitized with BSA with the same amount as that contained in the NS1 antigen preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Konishi
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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35
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Nakano T, Shimojo N, Morita Y, Arima T, Tomiita M, Kohno Y. [Sensitization to casein and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) in children with cow's milk allergy (CMA)]. Arerugi 2010; 59:117-122. [PMID: 20212353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS The objective of this study was to analyze the sensitization to casein and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) in children with cow's milk allergy (CMA) in Japan. To this end, 115 CMA children were selected on the basis of the presence of cow's milk-specific IgE antibodies in serum and compatible clinical history. Specific IgE antibodies against casein and BLG were determined using CAP-RAST (considered positive when score 2 or more). RESULTS Titer of anti-casein IgE was significantly higher than that of anti-BLG IgE in CMA patients. IgE antibodies specific to casein were positive in 107 patients (97.3%), while those to BLG were positive in 51 patients (46.6%). Forty-eight patients (43.6%) were positive to both casein and BLG. We divided patients to two groups who were sensitized to casein only (C group) and who were sensitized to both casein and BLG (C/B group). No significant difference was seen in sensitization rate to white egg between C/B group and C group. However titer of anti-white egg IgE was significantly higher in C/B group than C group. As for sensitization rate and levels of specific antibodies to mite and Japanese cedar pollen there was no difference between two groups. Rates of resolution of CMA at the 3 years of age were higher in the C group than C/B group. CONCLUSION In conclusion we found that casein is a major allergen of cow's milk allergy in Japanese children. Patients who are sensitized to several milk allergens are likely to be more sensitized to other food allergens. Sensitization to several milk allergens tends to have poor prognosis of CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University.
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Patrick W, Hans S, Angelika P. Determination of the bovine food allergen casein in white wines by quantitative indirect ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western blot and immunostaining. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:8399-8405. [PMID: 19754170 DOI: 10.1021/jf9013982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the characterization of allergic bovine casein and caseinate fining agents by SDS-PAGE analysis and the development of a quantitative indirect ELISA for the detection of these substances in wines. The ELISA was applied to various experimental wines that were treated with different caseinate dosages and went through different processing steps and to a panel of commercial wines. Positive results were assured by SDS-PAGE, Western blot, and immunostaining. Comprehensive literature research was done to evaluate the demanded sensitivity of the ELISA. The results showed that alpha- and beta-caseins remain in some wines and are detectable. Estimated amounts were in the range or below an estimated no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.9 mg/L, but it was concluded that there is still an uncertainty about this NOAEL. Additional applied processing, referring to bentonite treatment and successive filtration, was determined to contribute to a significant decrease of casein residues in wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weber Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Mueller DB, Koczwara K, Mueller AS, Pallauf J, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. Influence of early nutritional components on the development of murine autoimmune diabetes. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 54:208-17. [PMID: 19478481 PMCID: PMC2814014 DOI: 10.1159/000220416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Infant diet is suggested to modify autoimmune diabetes risk. The aim of this study was to determine whether infant food components affect diabetes development in the nonobese autoimmune diabetes (NOD) mouse. METHODS A basal low-diabetogenic diet was identified by feeding litter-matched female NOD mice standardized diets with and without casein and wheat proteins after weaning. In subsequent trials, basal diet with supplements of wheat (5, 10 and 30%), gluten, wheat globulin/albumin, corn (5%), potato (5%), apple (5%) or carrot (5%) was fed to litter-matched female NOD mice after weaning. Mice were followed for diabetes development and insulin autoantibodies. RESULTS A casein- and wheat-free diet was associated with the lowest rate of diabetes development (37% by age 25 weeks). Increased diabetes rates were observed when the basal diet was supplemented with 5% wheat (71% by age 25 weeks; p = 0.023) and 5% corn (57% by age 25 weeks; p = 0.05). Increasing wheat concentrations returned diabetes development to that in basal diet-fed mice. Other food supplements had no or minimal effects on diabetes development. CONCLUSIONS Early supplementation of a basal low-diabetogenic diet with low concentrations of the cereals wheat or corn is associated with a moderate increase in the rate of diabetes. Removal of cereals, however, does not abrogate diabetes development in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B. Mueller
- Institut für Diabetesforschung der Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. am Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koczwara
- Institut für Diabetesforschung der Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. am Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Mueller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Preventive Nutrition Group, University Halle, Halle/Saale, Dresden, Germany
| | - Josef Pallauf
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institut für Diabetesforschung der Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. am Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Suchtmedizin, Klinikum Schwabing, Städt. Klinikum München GmbH, München, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Cabrera-Chávez F, Rouzaud-Sández O, Sotelo-Cruz N, Calderón de la Barca AM. Bovine milk caseins and transglutaminase-treated cereal prolamins are differentially recognized by IgA of celiac disease patients according to their age. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:3754-3759. [PMID: 19290628 DOI: 10.1021/jf802596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) has increased worldwide, which could be related to some dietary proteins in infant regimens and/or new food processes, affecting CD-predisposed infants and older children or adults differentially. IgA reactivity to human and bovine caseins, as well as yogurt caseins and prolamins from wheat or maize breads, microbial transglutaminase (mTG)-treated or not, was evaluated in three patient groups: G1, <2 years old; G2, approximately 3 years old; and G3 >8 years old. Human caseins were not recognized by IgA, whereas IgA reactivity of G2 and G3 was higher to bovine milk caseins. Immunoreactivity of G1 to yogurt caseins was lower and comparable to controls, with no effects due to mTG treatment. However, mTG treatment increased reactivity of G3 to wheat and maize prolamins. IgA immunoreactivity of CD patients to caseins and mTG-treated or not prolamins was age-dependent, which could reflect a differential manifestation of the effects of such proteins on the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cabrera-Chávez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, P.O. Box 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
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Lifrani A, Dos Santos J, Dubarry M, Rautureau M, Blachier F, Tome D. Development of animal models and sandwich-ELISA tests to detect the allergenicity and antigenicity of fining agent residues in wines. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:525-534. [PMID: 19115954 DOI: 10.1021/jf8024584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy can cause food-related anaphylaxis. Food allergen labeling is the principal means of protecting sensitized individuals. This motivated European Directive 2003/89 on the labeling of ingredients or additives that could trigger adverse reactions, which has been in effect since 2005. During this study, we developed animal models with allergy to ovalbumin, caseinate, and isinglass in order to be able to detect fining agent residues that could induce anaphylactic reactions in sensitized mice. The second aim of the study was to design sandwich ELISA tests specific to each fining agent in order to detect their residue antigenicity, both during wine processing and in commercially available bottled wines. Sensitized mice and sandwich ELISA methods were established to test a vast panel of wines. The results showed that although they were positive to our highly sensitive sandwich-ELISA tests, some commercially available wines are not allergenic in sensitized mice. Commercially available bottled wines made using standardized processes, fining, maturation, and filtration, do not therefore represent any risk of anaphylactic reactions in sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatif Lifrani
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
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Chen YH, Wu HJ, Tsai JJ, Lee MF. Anaphylactic shock caused by a 33-kDa alpha S1-casein-like allergen in kingfish caviar. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:245-246. [PMID: 19610275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chen
- Division ofAllergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Clare DA, Gharst G, Maleki SJ, Sanders TH. Effects of transglutaminase catalysis on the functional and immunoglobulin binding properties of peanut flour dispersions containing casein. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:10913-10921. [PMID: 18975960 DOI: 10.1021/jf801641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of light roasted peanut flour (PF) dispersions containing supplemental casein (CN) was altered after polymerization with microbial transglutaminase (TGase). The formation of high molecular weight covalent cross-links was observed with likely development of PF-PF, PF-CN, and CN-CN polymers based on Western blotting patterns visualized using antiserum directed against Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, or casein. The gelling temperature of TGase-treated PF dispersions containing 2.5% CN was significantly raised compared to the nontreated PF-CN control solutions. Furthermore, the gel strength and water holding capacity of cross-linked PF-CN test samples containing 5% CN was increased, while the yield stress and apparent viscosity were lowered compared to control dispersions. The immunological staining patterns were also changed where, in some cases, IgE binding to TGase-treated PF-CN fractions appeared less reactive compared to equivalent polymeric PF dispersions lacking supplemental CN and non-cross-linked PF-CN samples. Perhaps, covalent modification masked IgE peanut protein binding epitopes, at least to some degree, on an individual patient basis. Casein proved to be an effective cosubstrate with PF for creating Tgase modified PF-CN dispersions for use as a novel high protein food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Clare
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA.
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Curciarello R, Lareu JF, Fossati CA, Docena GH, Petruccelli S. Immunochemical characterization of Glycine max L. Merr. var Raiden, as a possible hypoallergenic substitute for cow's milk-allergic patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1559-65. [PMID: 18631353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cows' milk allergy (CMA) is the most common cause of food allergy in infancy. The only proven treatment is the complete elimination of cows' milk proteins (CMPs) from the diet by means of hypoallergenic formulas. Soybean-based formulae are widely used although intolerance to soy has been reported to occur in 15-40% of infants with CMA. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to analyse the in vitro reactivity of the soybean cultivar Raiden, which naturally lacks glycinin A(4)A(5)B(3), to evaluate whether this genotype could be a safe CMP substitute for CMA patients. METHODS The reactivity of conventional soybean (CS) and Raiden soybean (RS) genotypes and also recombinant glycinin A(4)A(5)B(3) and alphabeta-conglycinin with casein-specific monoclonal antibodies and CMP-specific polyclonal serum was evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. A sequential competitive ELISA with the polyclonal antiserum and different soluble inhibitors was performed. In addition, an indirect ELISA with sera of atopic children with CMA was carried out to analyse the IgE-binding capacity of the different soybean components. RESULTS We have shown that CS contains four components that cross-react with CMP, while RS has only one. The remaining cross-reactive component in RS was identified as alpha-subunit beta-conglycinin. By means of inhibitory ELISA, we demonstrated that CS, RS and the alpha-subunit beta-conglycinin extracts inhibited the binding of CMP-specific antibodies to the CMP-coated solid phase. Finally, we showed that CS, RS and the recombinant proteins were recognized by human CMP-specific IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION This work shows that although Raiden has fewer cross-reactive components than conventional soybean, it still has a residual cross-reactive component: the alpha-subunit beta-conglycinin. This reactivity might make this genotype unsuitable to treat CMA and also explains adverse reactions to soybean in CMA infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Curciarello
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de los Alimentos (CIDCA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Roth-Walter F, Berin MC, Arnaboldi P, Escalante CR, Dahan S, Rauch J, Jensen-Jarolim E, Mayer L. Pasteurization of milk proteins promotes allergic sensitization by enhancing uptake through Peyer's patches. Allergy 2008; 63:882-90. [PMID: 18588554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms responsible for allergic sensitization to food proteins remain elusive. To investigate the intrinsic properties (as well as the effect of pasteurization) of the milk proteins alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and casein that promote the induction of milk allergy. METHODS Alteration of structure and immune-reactivity of native and pasteurized proteins was assessed by gel filtration and ELISA. Uptake of these proteins was compared in vitro and in vivo. The biological effect was assessed by orally sensitizing C3H/HeJ mice with milk proteins followed by a graded oral challenge. Required dose to induce anaphylaxis, symptoms and mean body temperature was recorded. Antigen-specific antibodies and cytokine production by splenocytes were analyzed. RESULTS Soluble beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin but not insoluble casein were readily transcytosed through enterocytes in vitro and in vivo. Pasteurization caused aggregation of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin inhibiting uptake by intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, aggregation redirected uptake to Peyer's patches, which promoted significantly higher Th2-associated antibody and cytokine production in mice than their native counterparts. Despite this only the soluble forms of beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin elicited anaphylaxis (following priming) when allergens were administered orally. Aggregated beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin as well as casein required systemic administration to induce anaphylaxis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that triggering of an anaphylactic response requires two phases (1) sensitization by aggregates through Peyer's patches and (2) efficient transfer of soluble protein across the epithelial barrier. As the majority of common food allergens tend to form aggregates, this may be of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Roth-Walter
- Center of Immunobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kabuki T, Joh K. Extensively hydrolyzed formula (MA-mi) induced exacerbation of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in a male infant. Allergol Int 2007; 56:473-6. [PMID: 17965587 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.c-06-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a severe, cell-mediated food allergy in which digestive symptoms such as severe vomiting and diarrhea are induced by cow's milk and/or soy protein in infants. Generally, a food-specific IgE is not detected, and FPIES may be caused by inadvertent exposure to allergenic foods. CASE SUMMARY The patient in our case was a male infant in whom vomiting had been induced by ingestion of a cow's milk-based formula and bloody diarrhea had been caused by ingestion of breast milk during the neonatal period. Accidental ingestion of a new and extensively hydrolyzed casein/whey formula, MA-mi, caused watery diarrhea at 8 months of age, and FPIES was diagnosed based on these symptoms. In antigen-specific lymphocyte stimulation tests, New MA-1 was negative, but MA-mi and cow's milk antigens were positive. The only causative antigens were derived from cow's milk, and the symptoms were not induced by another extensively hydrolyzed casein formula, New MA-1. The patient grew and developed normally thereafter, and no symptoms were induced by solid food during the course of the condition. DISCUSSION MA-mi is likely to be used increasingly for allergic infants, but it is not necessarily a substitute for other hydrolyzed milk formulae in all cases, and care should be taken regarding its use and possible misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kabuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
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Cocco RR, Järvinen KM, Han N, Beyer K, Sampson HA. Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of ?-casein and ?-lactoglobulin showed a heterogeneous pattern of critical amino acids between individual patients and pooled sera. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:831-8. [PMID: 17517096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For immunotherapeutic approaches, 'critical' amino acids (AAs) within allergenic epitopes are replaced with alternate AAs to eliminate IgE antibody binding. OBJECTIVE To determine the critical AAs for IgE binding in beta-casein and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). METHODS Peptides of 10-14 AAs in length were synthesized on a derivatized cellulose membrane with single AA substitutions (alanine or glycine) at each position. Membranes were incubated with a pool of sera from 15 cow's milk-allergic patients and individual sera from six of the 15 patients. In cases where no decrease in binding occurred with a single AA substitution, peptides with two AA substitutions were generated and labelled. RESULTS Using pooled patient sera, single AA substitutions led to complete elimination of binding to six of 11 peptides for beta-casein and to all six peptides for BLG. Substituting two AAs led to an elimination of binding to four of the remaining five beta-casein epitopes. However, in three of the 11 modified beta-casein peptides and five of the six BLG peptides, no decrease in IgE binding occurred in at least one individual patient. For these patients, critical AAs other than those defined by the patient serum pool were identified, indicating a heterogeneous pattern of IgE recognition. CONCLUSION These results indicate that AAs critical for IgE binding are more heterogeneous than initially defined by pooled milk-allergic patient sera. For future immunotherapeutic interventions with mutated peptides, critical AAs should also be identified with individual patient sera to account for heterogeneity of IgE binding between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Cocco
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology and Jaffe Institute for Food Allergy, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Abstract
Patients with coeliac disease (CD) on a gluten-free diet may still have gastrointestinal symptoms. On clinical grounds cow's milk (CM) protein sensitivity may be suspected. Here, using rectal protein challenge, we investigated the local inflammatory reaction to gluten and CM protein in adult patients with CD in remission. Rectal challenges with wheat gluten and dried CM powder were performed in 20 patients with CD and 15 healthy controls. Fifteen hours after challenge the mucosal reaction was recorded by the mucosal patch technique with measurements of local release of neutrophil and eosinophil granule constituents; myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). We measured the mucosal production of nitric oxide (NO) simultaneously. Six of the patients who reacted to CM were also challenged with alpha-lactalbumin and casein. In 18 of 20 patients gluten challenge induced neutrophil activation defined as increased MPO release and increased NO synthesis. Ten of these 20 patients showed a similarly strong inflammatory reaction to CM challenge. Six of the CM sensitive patients were challenged with specific CM proteins: casein and alpha-lactalbumin. Casein, in contrast to alpha-lactalbumin, induced an inflammatory response similar to that produced by CM. A mucosal inflammatory response similar to that elicited by gluten was produced by CM protein in about 50% of the patients with coeliac disease. Casein, in particular, seems to be involved in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kristjánsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sletten GBG, Halvorsen R, Egaas E, Halstensen TS. Casein-specific immunoglobulins in cow's milk allergic patient subgroups reveal a shift to IgA dominance in tolerant patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18:71-80. [PMID: 17295802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Differences in casein-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G-subclass and IgA serum levels between reactive and tolerant patients may hint at the immunopathogenesis during tolerance development in cow's milk allergy (CMA). alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein-specific IgG(1), IgG(4), IgE and IgA serum levels were compared in clinically reactive and tolerized IgE-mediated (n = 15) and non-IgE-mediated (n = 14) CMA with delayed gastrointestinal symptoms, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot techniques. The median anti-casein IgE levels in clinically reactive IgE-mediated CMA patients (n = 9) were 140- to 180-fold higher than in tolerized patients (n = 6) and 160- to 200-fold higher than in controls (n = 10). Median alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein-specific IgG(1) and IgG(4) levels were nine- to 60-fold higher in reactive patients and five- to 60-fold in tolerized patients. Clinical tolerance in IgE-mediated CMA was thus associated with decreased casein-specific IgE, IgG(4) and IgG(1), whereas serum IgA anti-alpha -, beta- and kappa-casein remained practically unaltered. Tolerized cow's milk protein (CMP)-sensitive atopic dermatitis had, in particular, decreased kappa-casein-specific IgG(1) levels, compared with clinically reactive patients. The ELISA levels to immunoblot correlation profile for the alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein-specific IgE suggested that the IgE-mediated CMA patients predominantly reacted to tertiary alpha- and beta-casein epitopes whereas the IgE in non-IgE-mediated patients reacted to linearized alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein epitopes. Clinical tolerance in non-IgE-mediated CMA patients (n = 9) was associated with a four- to 10-fold decrease in casein-specific IgE levels, accompanied by a five- to eightfold decrease in IgG(1) and five- to 60-fold decrease in IgG(4) levels, whereas casein-specific IgA levels remained unaltered. Thus, tolerance in both patient groups was characterized by a generalized decreased humoral immune response to caseins, which induced a functional shift to IgA dominance.
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Ruiter B, Rozemuller EH, van Dijk AJ, Garssen J, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Tilanus MG, Knol EF, van Hoffen E. Role of human leucocyte antigen DQ in the presentation of T cell epitopes in the major cow's milk allergen alphas1-casein. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 143:119-26. [PMID: 17228168 DOI: 10.1159/000098660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and cow's milk allergy (CMA). The aim of the present study was to determine the HLA restriction of T cell clones (TCCs) specific to alphas1-casein, the most abundant milk protein, and to study possible HLA class II allele associations with CMA. METHODS alphas1-Casein-specific TCCs were derived from 6 children with CMA, 9 atopic children without CMA and 5 non-atopic children. T cell epitope specificity was defined by stimulation with overlapping peptides, spanning the alphas1-casein molecule. HLA restriction was determined in proliferation assays using antibodies blocking either HLA-DP, HLA-DQ or HLA-DR. HLA genotyping was performed in 32 subjects with CMA, 23 atopic and 22 non-atopic individuals. RESULTS Ten TCCs were restricted to HLA-DQ, 6 TCCs to HLA-DR and 4 TCCs to HLA-DP. The sequence in alphas1-casein that was most immunogenic to T cells from children with CMA contained T cell epitopes restricted to DQB1*0201, DPB1*0401 and DRB1*1501. The DQB1*0501 allele frequency was lower in children with CMA than in non-atopic children, but this difference could not be confirmed in an additional group of subjects with and without CMA. CONCLUSIONS HLA-DQ plays a substantial role in the presentation of T cell epitopes in alphas1-casein. However, HLA class II allele frequencies do not show major differences between cow's milk allergic, atopic and non-atopic subjects. T cell epitopes in the most immunogenic region are presented by various abundantly present HLA genotypes. Therefore, this sequence may be a suitable target for peptide immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiter
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sletten GBG, Halvorsen R, Egaas E, Halstensen TS. Memory T cell proliferation in cow's milk allergy after CD25+ regulatory T cell removal suggests a role for casein-specific cellular immunity in IgE-mediated but not in non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:190-8. [PMID: 17106206 DOI: 10.1159/000097021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously reported increased lymphocyte proliferative responses in cow's milk allergy (CMA) may have been influenced by the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which contaminate most commercial cow's milk protein (CMPs). Moreover, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contain both B cells, CD45RA+ naïve T cells, CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in addition to antigen-specific CD45RA- memory T cells. METHODS PBMC from clinically reactive and tolerised patients with IgE- and non-IgE-mediated CMA were depleted of CD45RA+ T cells and putative CD25+ Tregs. The proliferative index to LPS-depleted alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin was compared in the memory T-cell-enriched, Treg-depleted PBMC and in bulk PBMC. RESULTS Clinically reactive IgE-mediated CMA patients had increased responses to caseins only. Tolerised patients, particularly those with atopic dermatitis, had decreased responses to kappa-casein which were restored after Treg depletion. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma were generally not detected in the culture supernatants. No differences were seen between reactive and tolerant delayed non-IgE-mediated CMA patients. CONCLUSIONS Proliferative responses to alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins (but not beta-lactoglobulin) were observed in clinically reactive IgE-mediated CMA patients only. A markedly decreased proliferative response to kappa-casein in tolerised IgE-mediated CMA patients with atopic dermatitis, which was abrogated by Treg depletion, suggested a role for kappa-casein in tolerance induction. Non-IgE-mediated CMA patients had no increased proliferative response to any milk proteins.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk (CM) allergy is the most frequent cause of food allergy in infants. Most children who are allergic to CM are also sensitized to whey proteins and/or to the casein fraction and many of them cannot tolerate goat's or sheep's milk (GSM) either. Conversely, the GSM allergies that are not associated with allergic cross-reactivity to CM are rare. METHODS Twenty-eight children who had severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after consumption of GSM products but tolerated CM products were recruited in a retrospective study. Whole casein and whey proteins were fractionated from CM and GSM. beta-Lactoglobulin and the different caseins were isolated, purified and used to perform enzyme allergosorbent tests (EAST) and EAST inhibition studies with the sera of the allergic children. RESULTS Clinical observations, skin prick testing and immunoglobulin (Ig)E-binding studies confirmed the diagnosis of GSM allergy without associated CM allergy. EAST determinations demonstrated that GSM allergy involves the casein fraction and not whey proteins. Cow's milk caseins were not at all or poorly recognized by the patient's IgE, while alphaS(1)-, alphaS(2)- and beta-caseins from GSM were recognized with a high specificity and affinity. In all cases, increasing concentrations of CM caseins failed to inhibit the binding of patient's IgE to sheep or goat milk caseins, whereas this binding was completely inhibited by GSM caseins. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of GSM allergy differ from those of the CM allergy because it affects older children and appears later. CM products do not elicit any clinical manifestation in GSM allergic patients, whereas CM allergic patients, usually cross-react to GSM. In all the GSM allergic children, the IgE antibodies recognized the caseins but not the whey proteins. Moreover, IgE specificity and affinity was high to GSM and lower to CM caseins despite their marked sequence homology. Doctors and allergic individuals should be aware that GSM allergy requires a strict avoidance of GSM and milk-derived products because reactions could be severe after ingestion of minimal doses of the offending food.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ah-Leung
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire INRA, CEA-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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