1
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Kurtović K, Schmidt V, Nehasilová M, Vosolsobě S, Petrášek J. Rediscovering Chara as a model organism for molecular and evo-devo studies. Protoplasma 2024; 261:183-196. [PMID: 37880545 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chara has been used as a model for decades in the field of plant physiology, enabling the investigation of fundamental physiological processes. In electrophysiological studies, Chara has been utilized thanks to its large internodal cells that can be easily manipulated. Additionally, Chara played a pioneering role in elucidating the presence and function of the cytoskeleton in cytoplasmic streaming, predating similar findings in terrestrial plants. Its representation considerably declined following the establishment and routine application of genetic transformation techniques in Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, the recent surge in evo-devo studies can be attributed to the whole genome sequencing of the Chara braunii, which has shed light on ancestral traits prevalent in land plants. Surprisingly, the Chara braunii genome encompasses numerous genes that were previously regarded as exclusive to land plants, suggesting their acquisition prior to the colonization of terrestrial habitats. This review summarizes the established methods used to study Chara, while incorporating recent molecular data, to showcase its renewed importance as a model organism in advancing plant evolutionary developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kurtović
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Schmidt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Nehasilová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Levins J, Dierschke T, Bowman JL. A subclass II bHLH transcription factor in Marchantia polymorpha gives insight into the ancestral land plant trait of spore formation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:895-901.e5. [PMID: 38280380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is often said to be one of the toughest biopolymers known to man. The shift in dormancy cell wall deposition from around the diploid zygotes of charophycean algae to sporopollenin around the haploid spores of land plants essentially imparted onto land plants the gift of passive motility, a key acquisition that contributed to their vast and successful colonization across terrestrial habitats.1,2 A putative transcription factor controlling the land plant mode of sporopollenin deposition is the subclass II bHLHs, which are conserved and novel to land plants, with mutants of genes in angiosperms and mosses divulging roles relating to tapetum degeneration and spore development.3,4,5,6,7 We demonstrate that a subclass II bHLH gene, MpbHLH37, regulates sporopollenin biosynthesis and deposition in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Mpbhlh37 sporophytes show a striking loss of secondary wall deposits of the capsule wall, the elaters, and the spore exine, all while maintaining spore viability, identifying MpbHLH37 as a master regulator of secondary wall deposits of the sporophyte. Localization of MpbHLH37 to the capsule wall and elaters of the sporophyte directly designates these tissue types as a bona fide tapetum in liverworts, giving support to the notion that the presence of a tapetum is an ancestral land plant trait. Finally, as early land plant spore walls exhibit evidence of tapetal deposition,8,9,10,11,12 a tapetal capsule wall could have provided these plants with a developmental mechanism for sporopollenin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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3
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Donoghue PCJ, Clark JW. Plant evolution: Streptophyte multicellularity, ecology, and the acclimatisation of plants to life on land. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R86-R89. [PMID: 38320478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Land plants are celebrated as one of the three great instances of complex multicellularity, but new phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses are revealing deep evolutionary roots of multicellularity among algal relatives, prompting questions about the causal basis of this major evolutionary transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - James W Clark
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AZ, UK
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4
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Flores-Sandoval E, Nishihama R, Bowman JL. Hormonal and genetic control of pluripotency in bryophyte model systems. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2024; 77:102486. [PMID: 38041967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Land plant meristems are reservoirs of pluripotent stem cells where new tissues emerge, grow and eventually differentiate into specific cell identities. Compared to algae, where cells are produced in two-dimensional tissues via tip or marginal growth, land plants have meristems that allow three-dimensional growth for successful exploration of the terrestrial environment. In land plants, meristem maintenance leads to indeterminate growth and the production of new meristems leads to branching or regeneration via reprogramming of wounded somatic cells. Emerging model systems in the haploid dominant and monophyletic bryophytes are allowing comparative analyses of meristem gene regulatory networks to address whether all plants use common or diverse programs to organise, maintain, and regenerate meristems. In this piece we aim to discuss recent advances in genetic and hormonal control of bryophyte meristems and possible convergence or discrepancies in an exciting and emerging field in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia.
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia
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5
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Kamble A, Michavila S, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Redkar A. Shared infection strategy of a fungal pathogen across diverse lineages of land plants, the Fusarium example. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2024; 77:102498. [PMID: 38142620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage with a wide variety of microorganisms either in parasitic or mutualistic relationships, which have helped them to adapt to terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial interactions have driven plant evolution and led to the emergence of complex interaction outcomes via suppression of host defenses by evolving pathogens. The evolution of plant-microbe interactions is shaped by conserved host and pathogen gene modules and fast-paced lineage-specific adaptability which determines the interaction outcome. Recent findings from different microbes ranging from bacteria, oomycetes, and fungi suggest recurrent concepts in establishing interactions with evolutionarily distant plant hosts, but also clade-specific adaptation that ultimately contributes to pathogenicity. Here, we revisit some of the latest features that illustrate shared colonization strategies of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum on distant plant lineages and lineage-specific adaptability of mini-chromosomal units encoding effectors, for shaping host-specific pathogenicity in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Santiago Michavila
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Campus Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Amey Redkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCBS-TIFR), GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
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6
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Bowles AMC, Williamson CJ, Williams TA, Donoghue PCJ. Cryogenian Origins of Multicellularity in Archaeplastida. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae026. [PMID: 38333966 PMCID: PMC10883732 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Earth was impacted by global glaciations during the Cryogenian (720 to 635 million years ago; Ma), events invoked to explain both the origins of multicellularity in Archaeplastida and radiation of the first land plants. However, the temporal relationship between these environmental and biological events is poorly established, due to a paucity of molecular and fossil data, precluding resolution of the phylogeny and timescale of archaeplastid evolution. We infer a time-calibrated phylogeny of early archaeplastid evolution based on a revised molecular dataset and reappraisal of the fossil record. Phylogenetic topology testing resolves deep archaeplastid relationships, identifying two clades of Viridiplantae and placing Bryopsidales as sister to the Chlorophyceae. Our molecular clock analysis infers an origin of Archaeplastida in the late-Paleoproterozoic to early-Mesoproterozoic (1712 to 1387 Ma). Ancestral state reconstruction of cytomorphological traits on this time-calibrated tree reveals many of the independent origins of multicellularity span the Cryogenian, consistent with the Cryogenian multicellularity hypothesis. Multicellular rhodophytes emerged 902 to 655 Ma while crown-Anydrophyta (Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta) originated 796 to 671 Ma, broadly compatible with the Cryogenian plant terrestrialization hypothesis. Our analyses resolve the timetree of Archaeplastida with age estimates for ancestral multicellular archaeplastids coinciding with the Cryogenian, compatible with hypotheses that propose a role of Snowball Earth in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M C Bowles
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Tom A Williams
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Biological Sciences and School of Earth Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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7
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Morales M, Munné-Bosch S. Malondialdehyde Assays in Higher Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2798:79-100. [PMID: 38587737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3826-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde is a three-carbon dialdehyde produced as a byproduct of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation widely used as a marker of the extent of lipid peroxidation in plants. There are several methodological approaches to quantify malondialdehyde contents in higher plants, ranging from the simplest, cheapest, and quickest spectrophotometric approaches to the more complex ones using tandem mass spectrometry. This chapter summarizes the advantages and limitations of approaches followed and provides brief protocols with some tips to facilitate the selection of the best method for each experimental condition and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morales
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Busch FA. Photosynthetic Gas Exchange in Land Plants at the Leaf Level. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:41-61. [PMID: 38649565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Leaf-level gas exchange enables insights into the physiology and in vivo biochemical processes of plants. Advances in infrared gas analysis have resulted in user-friendly off-the-shelf gas exchange systems that allow researchers to collect physiological measurements with the push of a few buttons. Here, I describe how to set up the gas exchange equipment, what to pay attention to while making measurements, and provide some guidelines on how to analyze and interpret the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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9
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D'Ario M, Lane B, Fioratti Junod M, Leslie A, Mosca G, Smith RS. Hidden functional complexity in the flora of an early land ecosystem. New Phytol 2024; 241:937-949. [PMID: 37644727 PMCID: PMC10952896 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The first land ecosystems were composed of organisms considered simple in nature, yet the morphological diversity of their flora was extraordinary. The biological significance of this diversity remains a mystery largely due to the absence of feasible study approaches. To study the functional biology of Early Devonian flora, we have reconstructed extinct plants from fossilised remains in silico. We explored the morphological diversity of sporangia in relation to their mechanical properties using finite element method. Our approach highlights the impact of sporangia morphology on spore dispersal and adaptation. We discovered previously unidentified innovations among early land plants, discussing how different species might have opted for different spore dispersal strategies. We present examples of convergent evolution for turgor pressure resistance, achieved by homogenisation of stress in spherical sporangia and by torquing force in Tortilicaulis-like specimens. In addition, we show a potential mechanism for stress-assisted sporangium rupture. Our study reveals the deceptive complexity of this seemingly simple group of organisms. We leveraged the quantitative nature of our approach and constructed a fitness landscape to understand the different ecological niches present in the Early Devonian Welsh Borderland flora. By connecting morphology to functional biology, these findings facilitate a deeper understanding of the diversity of early land plants and their place within their ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriella Mosca
- Technical University of Munich80333MunichGermany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology‐ZMBPUniversity of Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
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10
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Niklas KJ. Deciphering the hidden complexity of early land plant reproduction. New Phytol 2024; 241:523-524. [PMID: 37817379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on D'Ario et al. (2024), 241: 937–949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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11
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Niklas KJ, Tiffney BH. Viridiplantae Body Plans Viewed Through the Lens of the Fossil Record and Molecular Biology. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1316-1330. [PMID: 36316013 PMCID: PMC10755189 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of the fossil record coupled with insights gained from molecular and developmental biology reveal a series of body plan transformations that gave rise to the first land plants. Across diverse algal clades, including the green algae and their descendants, the plant body plan underwent a unicellular $\to $ colonial $\to $ simple multicellular → complex multicellular transformation series. The colonization of land involved increasing body size and associated cell specialization, including cells capable of hydraulic transport. The evolution of the life-cycle that characterizes all known land plant species involved a divergence in body plan phenotypes between the haploid and diploid generations, one adapted to facilitate sexual reproduction (a free-water dependent gametophyte) and another adapted to the dissemination of spores (a more water-independent sporophyte). The amplification of this phenotypic divergence, combined with indeterminate growth in body size, resulted in a desiccation-adapted branched sporophyte with a cuticularized epidermis, stomates, and vascular tissues. Throughout the evolution of the land plants, the body plans of the sporophyte generation involved "axiation," i.e., the acquisition of a cylindrical geometry and subsequent organographic specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- The School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bruce H Tiffney
- Department of Earth Science and College of Creative Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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12
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Podio NS, Sun C, Dudley S, Gan J. Enantioselective uptake and translocation of atenolol in higher plants. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166720. [PMID: 37657535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater has been an increasing area of research since they can represent a possible route for human exposure when these waters are used to irrigate crops. The concentration of these drugs in crops depends on their uptake and translocation within plants. A less recognized question is that over 50 % of pharmaceuticals are chiral compounds, but there is little knowledge about their enantioselectivity in plants. In this study, we evaluated the uptake, bioconcentration, and translocation of enantiomers of atenolol, a commonly used beta-blocker, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and Lactuca sativa plants under hydroponic conditions. Atenolol was taken up by Arabidopsis thaliana cells during 120 h of exposure to solutions with 1 mg/L of R/S-(±)-atenolol. A moderate preference for R-(+)-atenolol over S-(-)-atenolol was observed, with the enantiomeric fraction (EF) reaching 0.532 ± 0.002 for the R enantiomer. Atenolol was also taken up and translocated by Lactuca sativa after hydroponic cultivation in nutrient solutions containing 1 or 10 μg/L R/S-(±)-atenolol. Moderate enantioselectivity was detected in the treatment with 10 μg/L, and the EF after 168 h was 0.42 ± 0.01, suggesting that S-(-)-atenolol was preferentially accumulated. Selectivity was also observed in the translocation factor (TF), calculated as the ratio of the concentration in the leaves over that in the roots. As many emerging contaminants are chiral, our findings highlight the importance to consider their fate and risks in terrestrial ecosystems at the enantiomer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Podio
- ICYTAC, CONICET and ISIDSA, Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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13
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Kongsted TE, Glover BJ. Phylogenetic analysis of bHLH classes III and IV in land plants and their algal relatives. New Phytol 2023; 240:1717-1721. [PMID: 37578088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thea E Kongsted
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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14
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Rieseberg TP, Dadras A, Bergschmidt LIN, Bierenbroodspot MJ, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Irisarri I, de Vries S, Darienko T, de Vries J. Divergent responses in desiccation experiments in two ecophysiologically different Zygnematophyceae. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14056. [PMID: 38148198 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity can be considered a major stressor on land, with desiccation being its most extreme form. Land plants have found two different solutions to this challenge: avoidance and tolerance. The closest algal relatives to land plants, the Zygnematophyceae, use the latter, and how this is realized is of great interest for our understanding of the conquest of land. Here, we worked with two representatives of the Zygnematophyceae, Zygnema circumcarinatum SAG 698-1b and Mesotaenium endlicherianum SAG 12.97, who differ in habitats and drought resilience. We challenged both algal species with severe desiccation in a laboratory setup until photosynthesis ceased, followed by a recovery period. We assessed their morphological, photophysiological, and transcriptomic responses. Our data pinpoint global differential gene expression patterns that speak of conserved responses, from calcium-mediated signaling to the adjustment of plastid biology, cell envelopes, and amino acid pathways, between Zygnematophyceae and land plants despite their strong ecophysiological divergence. The main difference between the two species appears to rest in a readjustment of the photobiology of Zygnema, while Mesotaenium experiences stress beyond a tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Luisa I N Bergschmidt
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Rapin MN, Murray L, Sadler IH, Bothwell JH, Fry SC. Same but different - pseudo-pectin in the charophytic alga Chlorokybus atmophyticus. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14079. [PMID: 38148229 PMCID: PMC10953000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
All land-plant cell walls possess hemicelluloses, cellulose and anionic pectin. The walls of their cousins, the charophytic algae, exhibit some similarities to land plants' but also major differences. Charophyte 'pectins' are extractable by conventional land-plant methods, although they differ significantly in composition. Here, we explore 'pectins' of an early-diverging charophyte, Chlorokybus atmophyticus, characterising the anionic polysaccharides that may be comparable to 'pectins' in other streptophytes. Chlorokybus 'pectin' was anionic and upon acid hydrolysis gave GlcA, GalA and sulphate, plus neutral sugars (Ara≈Glc>Gal>Xyl); Rha was undetectable. Most Gal was the l-enantiomer. A relatively acid-resistant disaccharide was characterised as β-d-GlcA-(1→4)-l-Gal. Two Chlorokybus 'pectin' fractions, separable by anion-exchange chromatography, had similar sugar compositions but different sulphate-ester contents. No sugars were released from Chlorokybus 'pectin' by several endo-hydrolases [(1,5)-α-l-arabinanase, (1,4)-β-d-galactanase, (1,4)-β-d-xylanase, endo-polygalacturonase] and exo-hydrolases [α- and β-d-galactosidases, α-(1,6)-d-xylosidase]. 'Driselase', which hydrolyses most land-plant cell wall polysaccharides to mono- and disaccharides, released no sugars except traces of starch-derived Glc. Thus, the Ara, Gal, Xyl and GalA of Chlorokybus 'pectin' were not non-reducing termini with configurations familiar from land-plant polysaccharides (α-l-Araf, α- and β-d-Galp, α- and β-d-Xylp and α-d-GalpA), nor mid-chain residues of α-(1→5)-l-arabinan, β-(1→4)-d-galactan, β-(1→4)-d-xylan or α-(1→4)-d-galacturonan. In conclusion, Chlorokybus possesses anionic 'pectic' polysaccharides, possibly fulfilling pectic roles but differing fundamentally from land-plant pectin. Thus, the evolution of land-plant pectin since the last common ancestor of Chlorokybus and land plants is a long and meandering path involving loss of sulphate, most l-Gal and most d-GlcA; re-configuration of Ara, Xyl and GalA; and gain of Rha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N. Rapin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's BuildingsEdinburghUK
| | - Lorna Murray
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ian H. Sadler
- EastChem School of Chemistry, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's BuildingsEdinburghUK
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16
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Yotsui I, Matsui H, Miyauchi S, Iwakawa H, Melkonian K, Schlüter T, Michavila S, Kanazawa T, Nomura Y, Stolze SC, Jeon HW, Yan Y, Harzen A, Sugano SS, Shirakawa M, Nishihama R, Ichihashi Y, Ibanez SG, Shirasu K, Ueda T, Kohchi T, Nakagami H. LysM-mediated signaling in Marchantia polymorpha highlights the conservation of pattern-triggered immunity in land plants. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3732-3746.e8. [PMID: 37619565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-triggered immunity (PTI) wards off a wide range of pathogenic microbes, playing a pivotal role in angiosperms. The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha triggers defense-related gene expression upon sensing components of bacterial and fungal extracts, suggesting the existence of PTI in this plant model. However, the molecular components of the putative PTI in M. polymorpha and the significance of PTI in bryophytes have not yet been described. We here show that M. polymorpha has four lysin motif (LysM)-domain-containing receptor homologs, two of which, LysM-receptor-like kinase (LYK) MpLYK1 and LYK-related (LYR) MpLYR, are responsible for sensing chitin and peptidoglycan fragments, triggering a series of characteristic immune responses. Comprehensive phosphoproteomic analysis of M. polymorpha in response to chitin treatment identified regulatory proteins that potentially shape LysM-mediated PTI. The identified proteins included homologs of well-described PTI components in angiosperms as well as proteins whose roles in PTI are not yet determined, including the blue-light receptor phototropin MpPHOT. We revealed that MpPHOT is required for negative feedback of defense-related gene expression during PTI. Taken together, this study outlines the basic framework of LysM-mediated PTI in M. polymorpha and highlights conserved elements and new aspects of pattern-triggered immunity in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Yotsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Titus Schlüter
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Santiago Michavila
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yijia Yan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Selena Gimenez Ibanez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Corlett RT. Zero extinction of known land plants is both desirable and achievable: a reply to Cannon and Lerdau. Trends Plant Sci 2023; 28:973-974. [PMID: 37419790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China.
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18
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Abstract
Despite the importance of plants for humans and the threats to their future, plant conservation receives far less support compared with vertebrate conservation. Plants are much cheaper and easier to conserve than are animals, but, although there are no technical reasons why any plant species should become extinct, inadequate funding and the shortage of skilled people has created barriers to their conservation. These barriers include the incomplete inventory, the low proportion of species with conservation status assessments, partial online data accessibility, varied data quality, and insufficient investment in both in and ex situ conservation. Machine learning, citizen science (CS), and new technologies could mitigate these problems, but we need to set national and global targets of zero plant extinction to attract greater support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China; Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China.
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19
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Utermöhlen J, Erdt F, Zehge JBJ, Schubert H, Classen B. The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13989. [PMID: 37616003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felicitas Erdt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean Bastian Just Zehge
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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20
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Waller M, Frangedakis E, Marron AO, Sauret‐Güeto S, Rever J, Sabbagh CRR, Hibberd JM, Haseloff J, Renzaglia KS, Szövényi P. An optimized transformation protocol for Anthoceros agrestis and three more hornwort species. Plant J 2023; 114:699-718. [PMID: 36811359 PMCID: PMC10952725 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Land plants comprise two large monophyletic lineages, the vascular plants and the bryophytes, which diverged from their most recent common ancestor approximately 480 million years ago. Of the three lineages of bryophytes, only the mosses and the liverworts are systematically investigated, while the hornworts are understudied. Despite their importance for understanding fundamental questions of land plant evolution, they only recently became amenable to experimental investigation, with Anthoceros agrestis being developed as a hornwort model system. Availability of a high-quality genome assembly and a recently developed genetic transformation technique makes A. agrestis an attractive model species for hornworts. Here we describe an updated and optimized transformation protocol for A. agrestis, which can be successfully used to genetically modify one more strain of A. agrestis and three more hornwort species, Anthoceros punctatus, Leiosporoceros dussii, and Phaeoceros carolinianus. The new transformation method is less laborious, faster, and results in the generation of greatly increased numbers of transformants compared with the previous method. We have also developed a new selection marker for transformation. Finally, we report the development of a set of different cellular localization signal peptides for hornworts providing new tools to better understand the hornwort cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Susanna Sauret‐Güeto
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address:
Crop Science CentreUniversity of Cambridge93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Jenna Rever
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Cyrus Raja Rubenstein Sabbagh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant BiologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois62901USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
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21
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Singh H, Singh Z, Kashyap R, Yadav SR. Lateral root branching: evolutionary innovations and mechanistic divergence in land plants. New Phytol 2023; 238:1379-1385. [PMID: 36882384 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The root system architecture in plants is a result of multiple evolutionary innovations over time in response to changing environmental cues. Dichotomy and endogenous lateral branching in the roots evolved in lycophytes lineage but extant seed plants use lateral branching instead. This has led to the development of complex and adaptive root systems, with lateral roots playing a key role in this process exhibiting conserved and divergent features in different plant species. The study of lateral root branching in diverse plant species can shed light on the orderly yet distinct nature of postembryonic organogenesis in plants. This insight provides an overview of the diversity in lateral root (LR) development in various plant species during the evolution of root system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rohan Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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22
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Casey A, Dolan L. Genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases associated with herbicide resistance evolved before the origin of land plants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273594. [PMID: 36800395 PMCID: PMC9937507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are enzymes that catalyse chemical modifications of a range of organic compounds. Herbicide resistance has been associated with higher levels of CYP and GST gene expression in some herbicide-resistant weed populations compared to sensitive populations of the same species. By comparing the protein sequences of 9 representative species of the Archaeplastida-the lineage which includes red algae, glaucophyte algae, chlorophyte algae, and streptophytes-and generating phylogenetic trees, we identified the CYP and GST proteins that existed in the common ancestor of the Archaeplastida. All CYP clans and all but one land plant GST classes present in land plants evolved before the divergence of streptophyte algae and land plants from their last common ancestor. We also demonstrate that there are more genes encoding CYP and GST proteins in land plants than in algae. The larger numbers of genes among land plants largely results from gene duplications in CYP clans 71, 72, and 85 and in the GST phi and tau classes [1,2]. Enzymes that either metabolise herbicides or confer herbicide resistance belong to CYP clans 71 and 72 and the GST phi and tau classes. Most CYP proteins that have been shown to confer herbicide resistance are members of the CYP81 family from clan 71. These results demonstrate that the clan and class diversity in extant plant CYP and GST proteins had evolved before the divergence of land plants and streptophyte algae from a last common ancestor estimated to be between 515 and 474 million years ago. Then, early in embryophyte evolution during the Palaeozoic, gene duplication in four of the twelve CYP clans, and in two of the fourteen GST classes, led to the large numbers of CYP and GST proteins found in extant land plants. It is among the genes of CYP clans 71 and 72 and GST classes phi and tau that alleles conferring herbicide resistance evolved in the last fifty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Casey
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. Mol Plant 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Colston CM, Landaw K, Tomescu AMF. An early snapshot of plant-herbivore interactions: Psilophyton diakanthon sp. nov. from the Early Devonian of Gaspé (Quebec, Canada). Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16082. [PMID: 36219504 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Trimerophytes are a plexus of early tracheophytes that form the base of the euphyllophyte clade and, thus, represent the link between the earliest land plants and modern-day ferns, sphenophytes, and seed plants. As the best-characterized trimerophyte, the genus Psilophyton occupies a key position in the euphyllophyte fossil record. We describe a new Psilophyton species that has implications for the evolution of plant-animal interactions. METHODS The fossil material is preserved by permineralization in the Lower Devonian (Emsian) Battery Point Formation (Québec, Canada) and was studied in serial sections using the cellulose acetate peel technique. RESULTS Psilophyton diakanthon sp. nov. differs from other Psilophyton species in possessing fibers that form a discontinuous layer in the inner cortex and two distinct types of spinescent emergences whose anatomy and morphology are consistent with roles in anti-herbivore defense. CONCLUSIONS Psilophyton diakanthon adds another species to an already diverse genus. Its two morphologically distinct types of spinescence suggest that herbivory was rampant in plant-animal interactions and demonstrate that anti-herbivory defenses had reached a previously unrecognized level of sophistication by 400 million years ago, in the Early Devonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Colston
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
| | - Kevin Landaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
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25
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Davies KM, Landi M, van Klink JW, Schwinn KE, Brummell DA, Albert NW, Chagné D, Jibran R, Kulshrestha S, Zhou Y, Bowman JL. Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants. Ann Bot 2022; 130:613-636. [PMID: 36070407 PMCID: PMC9670752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments. SCOPE In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure-function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - John W van Klink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Samarth Kulshrestha
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yanfei Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Bowman JL, Arteaga-Vazquez M, Berger F, Briginshaw LN, Carella P, Aguilar-Cruz A, Davies KM, Dierschke T, Dolan L, Dorantes-Acosta AE, Fisher TJ, Flores-Sandoval E, Futagami K, Ishizaki K, Jibran R, Kanazawa T, Kato H, Kohchi T, Levins J, Lin SS, Nakagami H, Nishihama R, Romani F, Schornack S, Tanizawa Y, Tsuzuki M, Ueda T, Watanabe Y, Yamato KT, Zachgo S. The renaissance and enlightenment of Marchantia as a model system. Plant Cell 2022; 34:3512-3542. [PMID: 35976122 PMCID: PMC9516144 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has been utilized as a model for biological studies since the 18th century. In the past few decades, there has been a Renaissance in its utilization in genomic and genetic approaches to investigating physiological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects of land plant biology. The reasons for its adoption are similar to those of other genetic models, e.g. simple cultivation, ready access via its worldwide distribution, ease of crossing, facile genetics, and more recently, efficient transformation, genome editing, and genomic resources. The haploid gametophyte dominant life cycle of M. polymorpha is conducive to forward genetic approaches. The lack of ancient whole-genome duplications within liverworts facilitates reverse genetic approaches, and possibly related to this genomic stability, liverworts possess sex chromosomes that evolved in the ancestral liverwort. As a representative of one of the three bryophyte lineages, its phylogenetic position allows comparative approaches to provide insights into ancestral land plants. Given the karyotype and genome stability within liverworts, the resources developed for M. polymorpha have facilitated the development of related species as models for biological processes lacking in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Arteaga-Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Frederic Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Liam N Briginshaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adolfo Aguilar-Cruz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ana E Dorantes-Acosta
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa VER 91090, México
| | - Tom J Fisher
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eduardo Flores-Sandoval
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kazutaka Futagami
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Facundo Romani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Yasuhiro Tanizawa
- Department of Informatics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuzuki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, School of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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27
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Kisnieriene V, Trębacz K, Pupkis V, Koselski M, Lapeikaite I. Evolution of long-distance signalling upon plant terrestrialization: comparison of action potentials in Characean algae and liverworts. Ann Bot 2022; 130:457-475. [PMID: 35913486 PMCID: PMC9510943 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we summarize data concerning action potentials (APs) - long-distance electrical signals in Characean algae and liverworts. These lineages are key in understanding the mechanisms of plant terrestrialization. Liverworts are postulated to be pioneer land plants, whereas aquatic charophytes are considered the closest relatives to land plants. The drastic change of the habitat was coupled with the adaptation of signalling systems to the new environment. SCOPE APs fulfil the 'all-or-nothing' law, exhibit refractory periods and propagate with a uniform velocity. Their ion mechanism in the algae and liverworts consists of a Ca2+ influx (from external and internal stores) followed by/coincident with a Cl- efflux, which both evoke the membrane potential depolarization, and a K+ efflux leading to repolarization. The molecular identity of ion channels responsible for these fluxes remains unknown. Publication of the Chara braunii and Marchantia polymorpha genomes opened up new possibilities for studying the molecular basis of APs. Here we present the list of genes which can participate in AP electrogenesis. We also point out the differences between these plant species, e.g. the absence of Ca2+-permeable glutamate receptors (GLRs) and Cl--permeable SLAC1 channel homologues in the Chara genome. Both these channels play a vital role in long-distance signalling in liverworts and vascular plants. Among the common properties of APs in liverworts and higher plants is their duration (dozens of seconds) and the speed of propagation (mm s-1), which are much slower than in the algae (seconds, and dozens of mm s-1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Future studies with combined application of electrophysiological and molecular techniques should unravel the ion channel proteins responsible for AP generation, their regulation and transduction of those signals to physiological responses. This should also help to understand the adaptation of the signalling systems to the land environment and further evolution of APs in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka, Lublin, Poland
| | - Indre Lapeikaite
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave, Vilnius, Lithuania
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28
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Puginier C, Keller J, Delaux PM. Plant-microbe interactions that have impacted plant terrestrializations. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:72-84. [PMID: 35642902 PMCID: PMC9434271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants display a tremendous diversity of developmental and physiological features, resulting from gains and losses of functional innovations across the plant phylogeny. Among those, the most impactful have been undoubtedly the ones that allowed plant terrestrializations, the transitions from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Although the embryophyte terrestrialization has been particularly scrutinized, others occurred across the plant phylogeny with the involvement of mutualistic symbioses as a common theme. Here, we review the current pieces of evidence supporting that the repeated colonization of land by plants has been facilitated by interactions with mutualistic symbionts. In that context, we detail two of these mutualistic symbioses: the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in embryophytes and the lichen symbiosis in chlorophyte algae. We suggest that associations with bacteria should be revisited in that context, and we propose that overlooked symbioses might have facilitated the emergence of other land plant clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Puginier
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
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29
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Cuitun‐Coronado D, Rees H, Colmer J, Hall A, de Barros Dantas LL, Dodd AN. Circadian and diel regulation of photosynthesis in the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2381-2394. [PMID: 35611455 PMCID: PMC9546472 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h biological cycles that align metabolism, physiology, and development with daily environmental fluctuations. Photosynthetic processes are governed by the circadian clock in both flowering plants and some cyanobacteria, but it is unclear how extensively this is conserved throughout the green lineage. We investigated the contribution of circadian regulation to aspects of photosynthesis in Marchantia polymorpha, a liverwort that diverged from flowering plants early in the evolution of land plants. First, we identified in M. polymorpha the circadian regulation of photosynthetic biochemistry, measured using two approaches (delayed fluorescence, pulse amplitude modulation fluorescence). Second, we identified that light-dark cycles synchronize the phase of 24 h cycles of photosynthesis in M. polymorpha, whereas the phases of different thalli desynchronize under free-running conditions. This might also be due to the masking of the underlying circadian rhythms of photosynthesis by light-dark cycles. Finally, we used a pharmacological approach to identify that chloroplast translation might be necessary for clock control of light-harvesting in M. polymorpha. We infer that the circadian regulation of photosynthesis is well-conserved amongst terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cuitun‐Coronado
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Antony N. Dodd
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
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30
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Pellicer J. Uncovering the influence of genomic traits in shaping land plant diversity. A commentary on 'Are chromosome number and genome size associated with habit and environmental niche variables? Insights from the Neotropical orchids'. Ann Bot 2022; 130:i-iii. [PMID: 35699527 PMCID: PMC9295919 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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31
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Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Bryophyte ultraviolet-omics: from genes to the environment. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4412-4426. [PMID: 35274697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has contributed to the evolution of organisms since the origins of life. Bryophytes also have evolutionary importance as the first clearly identified lineage of land plants (embryophytes) colonizing the terrestrial environment, thus facing high UV and water scarcity, among other new challenges. Here we review bryophyte UV-omics, the discipline relating bryophytes and UV, with an integrative perspective from genes to the environment. We consider species and habitats investigated, methodology, response variables, protection mechanisms, environmental interactions, UV biomonitoring, molecular and evolutionary aspects, and applications. Bryophyte UV-omics shows convergences and divergences with the UV-omics of other photosynthetic organisms, from algae to tracheophytes. All these organisms converge in that UV damage may be limited under realistic UV levels, due to structural protection and/or physiological acclimation capacity. Nevertheless, bryophytes diverge because they have a unique combination of vegetative and reproductive characteristics to cope with high UV and other concomitant adverse processes, such as desiccation. This interaction has both evolutionary and ecological implications. In addition, UV effects on bryophytes depend on the species and the evolutionary lineage considered, with mosses more UV-tolerant than liverworts. Thus, bryophytes do not constitute a homogeneous functional type with respect to their UV tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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32
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Wang J, Jiang Y, Sun T, Zhang C, Liu X, Li Y. Genome-Wide Classification and Evolutionary Analysis Reveal Diverged Patterns of Chalcone Isomerase in Plants. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070961. [PMID: 35883518 PMCID: PMC9313115 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids as a class of important secondary metabolites are widely present in land plants, and chalcone isomerase (CHI) is the key rate-limiting enzyme that participates in catalyzing the stereospecific isomerization of chalcones to yield their corresponding flavanones. However, the phylogenetic dynamics and functional divergence of CHI family genes during the evolutionary path of green plants remains poorly understood. Here, a total of 122 CHI genes were identified by performing a genome-wide survey of 15 representative green plants from the most ancestral basal plant chlorophyte algae to higher angiosperm plants. Phylogenetic, orthologous groups (OG) classification, and genome structure analysis showed that the CHI family genes have evolved into four distinct types (types I–IV) containing eight OGs after gene duplication, and further studies indicated type III CHIs consist of three subfamilies (FAP1, FAP2, and FAP3). The phylogeny showed FAP3 CHIs as an ancestral out-group positioned on the outer layers of the main branch, followed by type IV CHIs, which are placed in an evolutionary intermediate between FAP3 CHIs and bona fide CHIs (including type I and type II). The results imply a potential intrinsic evolutionary connection between CHIs existing in the green plants. The amino acid substitutions occurring in several residues have potentially affected the functional divergence between CHI proteins. This is supported by the analysis of transcriptional divergence and cis-acting element analysis. Evolutionary dynamics analyses revealed that the differences in the total number of CHI family genes in each plant are primarily attributed to the lineage-specific expansion by natural selective forces. The current studies provide a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and functional diversification of CHI family genes in green plants, which will guide further investigation on molecular characteristics and biological functions of CHIs.
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33
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Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. NO source in higher plants: present and future of an unresolved question. Trends Plant Sci 2022; 27:116-119. [PMID: 34893427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling free radical, is directly or indirectly involved in virtually all plant physiological processes. Although the enzymatic NO source L-arginine (L-Arg)-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been well characterized in animal systems, how NO is enzymatically generated in higher plants remains a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain.
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), Granada, Spain
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34
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Edwards D, Morris JL, Axe L, Taylor WA, Duckett JG, Kenrick P, Pressel S. Earliest record of transfer cells in Lower Devonian plants. New Phytol 2022; 233:1456-1465. [PMID: 34806776 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Key sources of information on the nature of early terrestrial ecosystems are the fossilized remains of plants and associated organic encrustations, which are interpreted as either biofilms, biological soil crusts or lichens. The hypothesis that some of these encrustations might be the remains of the thalloid gametophytes of embryophytes provided the stimulus for this investigation. Fossils preserved in charcoal were extracted from Devonian Period (Lochkovian Stage, c. 410-419 Myr old) sediments at a geological site in Shropshire (UK). Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the fossils were compared with new and published SEMs of extant bryophytes and tracheophytes, respectively. One specimen was further prepared and imaged by transmission electron microscopy. Fossils of thalloid morphology were composed almost entirely of cells with labyrinthine ingrowths; these also were present in fossils of axial morphology where they were associated with putative food-conducting cells. Comparison with modern embryophytes demonstrates that these distinctive cells are transfer cells (TCs). Our fossils provide by far the earliest geological evidence of TCs. They also show that some organic encrustations are the remains of thalloid land plants and that these are possibly part of the life cycle of a newly recognized group of plants called the eophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Edwards
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jennifer L Morris
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lindsey Axe
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Wilson A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, 54701-4004, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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35
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Edwards D, Morris JL, Axe L, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Kenrick P. Piecing together the eophytes - a new group of ancient plants containing cryptospores. New Phytol 2022; 233:1440-1455. [PMID: 34806774 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The earliest evidence for land plants comes from dispersed cryptospores from the Ordovician, which dominated assemblages for 60 million years. Direct evidence of their parent plants comes from minute fossils in Welsh Borderland Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian rocks. We recognize a group that had forking, striated axes with rare stomata terminating in valvate sporangia containing permanent cryptospores, but their anatomy was unknown especially regarding conducting tissues. Charcoalified fossils extracted from the rock using HF were selected from macerates and observed using scanning electron microscopy. Promising examples were split for further examination and compared with electron micrographs of the anatomy of extant bryophytes. Fertile fossil axes possess central elongate cells with thick walls bearing globules, occasional strands and plasmodesmata-sized pores. The anatomy of these cells best matches desiccation-tolerant food-conducting cells (leptoids) of bryophytes. Together with thick-walled epidermal cells and extremely small size, these features suggest that these plants were poikilohydric. Our new data on conducting cells confirms a combination of characters that distinguish the permanent cryptospore-producers from bryophytes and tracheophytes. We therefore propose the erection of a new group, here named the Eophytidae (eophytes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Edwards
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jennifer L Morris
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lindsey Axe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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36
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Jia X, Wang L, Zeng H, Yi K. Insights of intracellular/intercellular phosphate transport and signaling in unicellular green algae and multicellular land plants. New Phytol 2021; 232:1566-1571. [PMID: 34482553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development. Vacuoles play a fundamental role in the storage and remobilization of P in plants, while our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of creating and reusing P stores are limited. Besides, we also know very little about the coordination of intercellular P translocation, neither the inorganic phosphate (Pi) signaling nor the Pi transport patterns. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the core elements involved in cellular and/or subcellular P homeostasis and signaling in unicellular green algae and multicellular land plants. We also propose further work that might help to uncover the high-resolution intracellular and intercellular landscape of Pi distribution and signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Keke Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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37
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Frangedakis E, Waller M, Nishiyama T, Tsukaya H, Xu X, Yue Y, Tjahjadi M, Gunadi A, Van Eck J, Li F, Szövényi P, Sakakibara K. An Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation technique for the hornwort model Anthoceros agrestis. New Phytol 2021; 232:1488-1505. [PMID: 34076270 PMCID: PMC8717380 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite their key phylogenetic position and their unique biology, hornworts have been widely overlooked. Until recently there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation. Anthoceros agrestis has been proposed as the model species to study hornwort biology. We have developed an Agrobacterium-mediated method for the stable transformation of A. agrestis, a hornwort model species for which a genetic manipulation technique was not yet available. High transformation efficiency was achieved by using thallus tissue grown under low light conditions. We generated a total of 274 transgenic A. agrestis lines expressing the β-glucuronidase (GUS), cyan, green, and yellow fluorescent proteins under control of the CaMV 35S promoter and several endogenous promoters. Nuclear and plasma membrane localization with multiple color fluorescent proteins was also confirmed. The transformation technique described here should pave the way for detailed molecular and genetic studies of hornwort biology, providing much needed insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying symbiosis, carbon-concentrating mechanism, RNA editing and land plant evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research CenterKanazawa UniversityIshikawa920‐8640Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Xia Xu
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Yuling Yue
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
| | | | | | - Joyce Van Eck
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Fay‐Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
- Plant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
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Franková L, Fry SC. Hemicellulose-remodelling transglycanase activities from charophytes: towards the evolution of the land-plant cell wall. Plant J 2021; 108:7-28. [PMID: 34547150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases remodel cell-wall polymers, having a critical impact on many physiological processes. Unlike xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, widely studied in land plants, very little is known about charophyte wall-modifying enzymes - information that would promote our understanding of the 'primordial' wall, revealing how the wall matrix is remodelled in the closest living algal relatives of land plants, and what changed during terrestrialisation. We conducted various in-vitro assays for wall-remodelling transglycosylases, monitoring either (a) polysaccharide-to-[3 H]oligosaccharide transglycosylation or (b) non-radioactive oligosaccharide-to-oligosaccharide transglycosylation. We screened a wide collection of enzyme extracts from charophytes (and early-diverging land plants for comparison) and discovered several homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities. In contrast to most land plants, charophytes possess high trans-β-1,4-mannanase activity, suggesting that land plants' algal ancestors prioritised mannan remodelling. Trans-β-1,4-xylanase activity was also found, most abundantly in Chara, Nitella and Klebsormidium. Exo-acting transglycosidase activities (trans-β-1,4-xylosidase and trans-β-1,4-mannosidase) were also detected. In addition, charophytes exhibited homo- and hetero-trans-β-glucanase activities (XET, mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) despite the paucity or lack of land-plant-like xyloglucan and MLG as potential donor substrates in their cell walls. However, trans-α-xylosidase activity (which remodels xyloglucan in angiosperms) was absent in charophytes and early-diverging land plants. Transglycanase action was also found in situ, acting on endogenous algal polysaccharides as donor substrates and fluorescent xyloglucan oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates. We conclude that trans-β-mannanase and trans-β-xylanase activities are present and thus may play key roles in charophyte walls (most of which possess little or no xyloglucan and MLG, but often contain abundant β-mannans and β-xylans), comparable to the roles of XET in xyloglucan-rich land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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Hedenäs L, Larsson P, Cronholm B, Bisang I. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer between land plant plastids has surprising conservation implications. Ann Bot 2021; 127:903-908. [PMID: 33608721 PMCID: PMC8225274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary mechanism because it transfers genetic material that may code for traits or functions between species or genomes. It is frequent in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes but has not been demonstrated between plastid genomes of different green land plant species. METHODS We Sanger-sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and 2) and the plastid rpl16 G2 intron (rpl16). In five individuals with foreign rpl16 we also sequenced atpB-rbcL and trnLUAA-trnFGAA. KEY RESULTS We discovered 14 individuals of a moss species with typical nuclear ITSs but foreign plastid rpl16 from a species of a distant lineage. None of the individuals with three plastid markers sequenced contained all foreign markers, demonstrating the transfer of plastid fragments rather than the entire plastid genome, i.e. entire plastids were not transferred. The two lineages diverged 165-185 Myr BP. The extended time interval since lineage divergence suggests that the foreign rpl16 is more likely explained by HGT than by hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first conclusive evidence of interspecific plastid-to-plastid HGT among land plants. Two aspects are critical: it occurred at several localities during the massive colonization of recently disturbed open habitats that were created by large-scale liming as a freshwater biodiversity conservation measure; and it involved mosses whose unique life cycle includes spores that first develop a filamentous protonema phase. We hypothesize that gene transfer is facilitated when protonema filaments of different species intermix intimately when colonizing disturbed early succession habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hedenäs
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Petter Larsson
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bodil Cronholm
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Bisang
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Abstract
Most land plants are now known to be ancient polyploids that have rediploidized. Diploidization involves many changes in genome organization that ultimately restore bivalent chromosome pairing and disomic inheritance, and resolve dosage and other issues caused by genome duplication. In this review, we discuss the nature of polyploidy and its impact on chromosome pairing behavior. We also provide an overview of two major and largely independent processes of diploidization: cytological diploidization and genic diploidization/fractionation. Finally, we compare variation in gene fractionation across land plants and highlight the differences in diploidization between plants and animals. Altogether, we demonstrate recent advancements in our understanding of variation in the patterns and processes of diploidization in land plants and provide a road map for future research to unlock the mysteries of diploidization and eukaryotic genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Michael T W McKibben
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Geoffrey S Finch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Paul D Blischak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Brittany L Sutherland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Michael S Barker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA; , , , , ,
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41
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Genau AC, Li Z, Renzaglia KS, Fernandez Pozo N, Nogué F, Haas FB, Wilhelmsson PKI, Ullrich KK, Schreiber M, Meyberg R, Grosche C, Rensing SA. HAG1 and SWI3A/B control of male germ line development in P. patens suggests conservation of epigenetic reproductive control across land plants. Plant Reprod 2021; 34:149-173. [PMID: 33839924 PMCID: PMC8128824 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Bryophytes as models to study the male germ line: loss-of-function mutants of epigenetic regulators HAG1 and SWI3a/b demonstrate conserved function in sexual reproduction. With the water-to-land transition, land plants evolved a peculiar haplodiplontic life cycle in which both the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte are multicellular. The switch between these phases was coined alternation of generations. Several key regulators that control the bauplan of either generation are already known. Analyses of such regulators in flowering plants are difficult due to the highly reduced gametophytic generation, and the fact that loss of function of such genes often is embryo lethal in homozygous plants. Here we set out to determine gene function and conservation via studies in bryophytes. Bryophytes are sister to vascular plants and hence allow evolutionary inferences. Moreover, embryo lethal mutants can be grown and vegetatively propagated due to the dominance of the bryophyte gametophytic generation. We determined candidates by selecting single copy orthologs that are involved in transcriptional control, and of which flowering plant mutants show defects during sexual reproduction, with a focus on the under-studied male germ line. We selected two orthologs, SWI3a/b and HAG1, and analyzed loss-of-function mutants in the moss P. patens. In both mutants, due to lack of fertile spermatozoids, fertilization and hence the switch to the diploid generation do not occur. Pphag1 additionally shows arrested male and impaired female gametangia development. We analyzed HAG1 in the dioecious liverwort M. polymorpha and found that in Mphag1 the development of gametangiophores is impaired. Taken together, we find that involvement of both regulators in sexual reproduction is conserved since the earliest divergence of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Genau
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Zhanghai Li
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Noe Fernandez Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Per K I Wilhelmsson
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Mona Schreiber
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Grosche
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Auxin is fundamental to the growth and development of land plants, and acts in large part through the control of gene activity. Genetic and biochemical analysis of the nuclear auxin signaling pathway (NAP) has led to the establishment of a generic model for auxin-dependent gene regulation. To understand how this dynamic system operates in living cells, quantitative data are needed. For this, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha provides a useful model system. Its limited number of NAP components, combined with experimental approaches to determine concentrations, binding affinities, and turnover rates, will enable a new, quantitative view on the mechanisms that allow auxin to control plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Das
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem Borst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Romani F, Moreno JE. Molecular mechanisms involved in functional macroevolution of plant transcription factors. New Phytol 2021; 230:1345-1353. [PMID: 33368298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are key components of the transcriptional regulation machinery. In plants, they accompanied the evolution from unicellular aquatic algae to complex flowering plants that dominate the land environment. The adaptations of the body plan and physiological responses required changes in the biological functions of TFs. Some ancestral gene regulatory networks are highly conserved, while others evolved more recently and only exist in particular lineages. The recent emergence of novel model organisms provided the opportunity for comparative studies, producing new insights to infer these evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we comprehensively revisit the recent literature on TFs of nonseed plants and algae, focusing on the molecular mechanisms driving their functional evolution. We discuss the particular contribution of changes in DNA-binding specificity, protein-protein interactions and cis-regulatory elements to gene regulatory networks. Current advances have shown that these evolutionary processes were shaped by changes in TF expression pattern, not through great innovation in TF protein sequences. We propose that the role of TFs associated with environmental and developmental regulation was unevenly conserved during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Romani
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Javier E Moreno
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
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Přerovská T, Henke S, Bleha R, Spiwok V, Gillarová S, Yvin JC, Ferrières V, Nguema-Ona E, Lipovová P. Arabinogalactan-like Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Show Unique Features Compared to Land Plants AGPs. J Phycol 2021; 57:619-635. [PMID: 33338254 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Gillarová
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Aluminium (Al) and silicon (Si) are abundant in soils, but their availability for plant uptake is limited by low solubility. However, Al toxicity is a major problem in naturally occurring acid soils and in soils affected by acidic precipitation. When, in 1995, we reviewed this topic for the Journal of Experimental Botany, it was clear that under certain circumstances soluble Si could ameliorate the toxic effects of Al, an effect mirrored in organisms beyond the plant kingdom. In the 25 years since our review, it has become evident that the amelioration phenomenon occurs in the root apoplast, with the formation of hydroxyaluminosilicates being part of the mechanism. A much better knowledge of the molecular basis for Si and Al uptake by plants and of Al toxicity mechanisms has been developed. However, relating this work to amelioration by Si is at an early stage. It is now clear that co-deposition of Al and Si in phytoliths is a fairly common phenomenon in the plant kingdom, and this may be important in detoxification of Al. Relatively little work on Al-Si interactions in field situations has been done in the last 25 years, and this is a key area for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Hodson
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - David E Evans
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford, UK
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Seale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
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47
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Harper CJ, Walker C, Schwendemann AB, Kerp H, Krings M. Archaeosporites rhyniensis gen. et sp. nov. (Glomeromycota, Archaeosporaceae) from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert: a fungal lineage morphologically unchanged for more than 400 million years. Ann Bot 2020; 126:915-928. [PMID: 32577725 PMCID: PMC7539360 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Structurally preserved arbuscular mycorrhizas from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert represent core fossil evidence of the evolutionary history of mycorrhizal systems. Moreover, Rhynie chert fossils of glomeromycotan propagules suggest that this lineage of arbuscular fungi was morphologically diverse by the Early Devonian; however, only a small fraction of this diversity has been formally described and critically evaluated. METHODS Thin sections, previously prepared by grinding wafers of chert from the Rhynie beds, were studied by transmitted light microscopy. Fossils corresponding to the description of Archaeospora spp. occurred in 29 slides, and were measured, photographed and compared with modern-day species in that genus. KEY RESULTS Sessile propagules <85 µm in diameter, some still attached to a sporiferous saccule, were found in early land plant axes and the chert matrix; they developed, in a similar manner to extant Archaeospora, laterally or centrally within the saccule neck. Microscopic examination and comparison with extant fungi showed that, morphologically, the fossils share the characters used to circumscribe the genus Archaeospora (Glomeromycota; Archaeosporales; Archaeosporaceae). CONCLUSIONS The fossils can be assigned with confidence to the extant family Archaeosporaceae, but because molecular analysis is necessary to place organisms in these taxa to present-day genera and species, they are placed in a newly proposed fossil taxon, Archaeosporites rhyniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Harper
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Christopher Walker
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Hans Kerp
- Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik am Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Krings
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. Ann Bot 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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49
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Peñuelas J. Chlorophyll hormesis: Are chlorophylls major components of stress biology in higher plants? Sci Total Environ 2020; 726:138637. [PMID: 32330746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High oxidative stress inhibits the synthesis and accumulation of chlorophylls, the pigments that absorb and use light. We collated evidence from a diverse array of studies demonstrating that chlorophyll concentration increases in response to low-level stress and decreases in response to high-level stress. These observations were from 33 species, >20 stress-inducing agents, 43 experimental setups and 177 dose responses, suggesting generality. Data meta-analysis indicated that the maximum stimulatory response did not differ significantly among species and agents. The stimulatory response maximized within a defined time window (median = 150-160% of the control response), after which it decreased but remained elevated (median = 120-130% of control response). The common stimulation of chlorophylls by low-level stress indicates that chlorophylls are major components of stress biology, with their increased concentration at low-level stress suggestive of their requirement for normal functioning and health. Increased chlorophyll concentration in response to low-level stress may equip systems with an enhanced capacity for defense against high-level (health-threatening) challenges within defined time windows, such as pollution or herbivores. These developments have wide-ranging implications in ecophysiology, biotic interactions and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - ZhaoZhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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50
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Caisová L. Draparnaldia: a chlorophyte model for comparative analyses of plant terrestrialization. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:3305-3313. [PMID: 32100007 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that land plants evolved from streptophyte algae. However, there are also many chlorophytes (a sister group of streptophyte algae and land plants) that moved to terrestrial habitats and even resemble mosses. This raises the question of why no land plants evolved from chlorophytes. In order to better understand what enabled streptophyte algae to conquer the land, it is necessary to study the chlorophytes as well. This review will introduce the freshwater filamentous chlorophyte alga Draparnaldia sp. (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyceae) as a model for comparative analyses between these two lineages. It will also focus on current knowledge about the evolution of morphological complexity in chlorophytes versus streptophytes and their respective morphological/behavioural adaptations to semi-terrestrial habitats, and will show why Draparnaldia is needed as a new model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Caisová
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
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