1
|
Fraser LD, Zhao Y, Lutalo PMK, D'Cruz DP, Cason J, Silva JS, Dunn‐Walters DK, Nayar S, Cope AP, Spencer J. Immunoglobulin light chain allelic inclusion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2409-19. [PMID: 26036683 PMCID: PMC5102633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The principles of allelic exclusion state that each B cell expresses a single light and heavy chain pair. Here, we show that B cells with both kappa and lambda light chains (Igκ and Igλ) are enriched in some patients with the systemic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but not in the systemic autoimmune disease control granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Detection of dual Igκ and Igλ expression by flow cytometry could not be abolished by acid washing or by DNAse treatment to remove any bound polyclonal antibody or complexes, and was retained after two days in culture. Both surface and intracytoplasmic dual light chain expression was evident by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We observed reduced frequency of rearrangements of the kappa-deleting element (KDE) in SLE and an inverse correlation between the frequency of KDE rearrangement and the frequency of dual light chain expressing B cells. We propose that dual expression of Igκ and Igλ by a single B cell may occur in some patients with SLE when this may be a consequence of reduced activity of the KDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise D. Fraser
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - David P. D'Cruz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - John Cason
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joselli S. Silva
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Saba Nayar
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew P. Cope
- Academic Department of RheumatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manoharan A, Du Roure C, Rolink AG, Matthias P. De novo DNA Methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b regulate the onset of Igκ light chain rearrangement during early B-cell development. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2343-55. [PMID: 26059604 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin genes V(D)J rearrangement during early lymphopoiesis is a critical process involving sequential recombination of the heavy and light chain loci. A number of transcription factors act together with temporally activated recombinases and chromatin accessibility changes to regulate this complex process. Here, we deleted the de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in early B cells of conditionally targeted mice, and monitored the process of V(D)J recombination. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b deletion resulted in precocious recombination of the immunoglobulin κ light chain without impairing the differentiation of mature B cells or overall B-cell development. Ex vivo culture of IL-7 restricted early B-cell progenitors lacking Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b showed precocious Vκ-Jκ rearrangements that are limited to the proximal Vκ genes. Furthermore, B-cell progenitors deficient in Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b showed elevated levels of germline transcripts at the proximal Vκ genes, alterations in methylation patterns at Igκ enhancer sites and increased expression of the transcription factor E2A. Our data suggest that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are critical to regulate the onset of Igκ light chain rearrangement during early B-cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Manoharan
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Du Roure
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McKean D, Huppi K, Bell M, Staudt L, Gerhard W, Weigert M. Pillars article: generation of antibody diversity in the immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza virus hemagglutinin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 3180-3184, May 1984. J Immunol 2008; 180:5765-5769. [PMID: 18424692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Hybridomas/cytology
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Quantitative Trait Loci/immunology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
Collapse
|
4
|
Vela JL, Aït-Azzouzene D, Duong BH, Ota T, Nemazee D. Rearrangement of mouse immunoglobulin kappa deleting element recombining sequence promotes immune tolerance and lambda B cell production. Immunity 2008; 28:161-70. [PMID: 18261939 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recombining sequence (RS) of mouse and its human equivalent, the immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa deleting element (IGKDE), are sequences found at the 3' end of the Ig kappa locus (Igk) that rearrange to inactivate Igk in developing B cells. RS recombination correlates with Ig lambda (Iglambda) light (L) chain expression and likely plays a role in receptor editing by eliminating Igk genes encoding autoantibodies. A mouse strain was generated in which the recombination signal of RS was removed, blocking RS-mediated Igk inactivation. In RS mutant mice, receptor editing and self-tolerance were impaired, in some cases leading to autoantibody formation. Surprisingly, mutant mice also made fewer B cells expressing lambda chain, whereas lambda versus kappa isotype exclusion was only modestly affected. These results provide insight into the mechanism of L chain isotype exclusion and indicate that RS has a physiological role in promoting the formation of lambda L chain-expressing B cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Hybridomas
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Recombination, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Vela
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alt FW. From gene amplification to V(D)J recombination and back: a personal account of my early years in B cell biology. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37 Suppl 1:S138-47. [PMID: 17972338 PMCID: PMC2572819 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
I have been invited to write a short historical feature in the context of being a co-recipient with Klaus Rajewsky and Fritz Melchers of the 2007 Novartis Prize in Basic Immunology that was given in the general area of the molecular biology of B cells. In this feature, I cover the main points of the short talk that I presented at the Award Ceremony at the International Immunology Congress in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This talk focused primarily on the work and people involved early on in generating the models and ideas that have formed the basis for my ongoing efforts in the areas of V(D)J recombination and B cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, The Immune Disease Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Loo PF, Dingjan GM, Maas A, Hendriks RW. Surrogate-light-chain silencing is not critical for the limitation of pre-B cell expansion but is for the termination of constitutive signaling. Immunity 2007; 27:468-80. [PMID: 17869135 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR), composed of immunoglobulin mu heavy chain and the surrogate light chain (SLC) proteins lambda5 and Vpreb, signals for proliferation and maturation of developing pre-B cells. It has been assumed that pre-B cells stop cycling by the pre-BCR-mediated downregulation of SLC transcription. We generated transgenic mice expressing SLC throughout B cell development and, remarkably, found that enforced SLC expression had no effect on pre-B cell proliferation or differentiation. However, in the presence of conventional immunoglobulin light chains, SLC components had the capacity to induce constitutive BCR internalization, secondary immunoglobulin light-chain rearrangement, and a severe developmental arrest of immature B cells, dependent on the adaptor protein Slp65. Residual B cells in the spleen showed increased expression of surface CD5, which is a negative regulator of BCR signaling, and differentiated spontaneously into IgM+ plasma cells. Thus, the silencing of SLC genes is not essential for the limitation of pre-B cell proliferation, but is required for the prevention of constitutive activation of B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Fokko van Loo
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, NL-3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kawano Y, Yoshikawa S, Minegishi Y, Karasuyama H. Selection of stereotyped VH81X-{micro}H chains via pre-B cell receptor early in ontogeny and their conservation in adults by marginal zone B cells. Int Immunol 2005; 17:857-67. [PMID: 15908445 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) plays critical roles in early B cell differentiation. It has been shown that not all muH chains are capable of pairing with surrogate light (SL) chains to form preBCR. Here, we established a novel system to differentially identify two types of early pre-B cell populations in bone marrow and fetal liver of mice, one producing SL-pairing muH chains and the other producing SL-non-pairing muH chains. The former population accounted for 80% of all the early pre-B cells in adult bone marrow, while it accounted for only 20% of those in fetal liver. Comparison of the two types of pre-B cell populations in fetal liver revealed the structural difference between SL-pairing and -non-pairing muH chains encoded by the V(H)81X segment that was most frequently utilized in fetal liver pre-B cells but rarely expressed by B cells generated in adults. PreBCR played an important role in the positive selection of V(H)81X-muH chains carrying the characteristic sequences of the complementarity-determining region 3 with little or no nibbling or N nucleotide addition, leading to their predominance in neonatal splenic B cells. These fetal-type V(H)81X-muH chains were also detected in adult spleen, but almost exclusively in marginal zone (MZ) B cells in contrast to the adult-type V(H)81X-muH chains. This strongly suggests that neonatally generated and selected B cells expressing the stereotyped V(H)81X-muH chains are maintained in the adult MZ and could function as innate-like lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawano
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tobin G, Thunberg U, Karlsson K, Murray F, Laurell A, Willander K, Enblad G, Merup M, Vilpo J, Juliusson G, Sundström C, Söderberg O, Roos G, Rosenquist R. Subsets with restricted immunoglobulin gene rearrangement features indicate a role for antigen selection in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2004; 104:2879-85. [PMID: 15217826 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) subgroup using the immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain (V(H)) gene V(H)3-21 with almost identical heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3s (HCDR3s) and preferential variable light-chain (V(L)) gene usage, suggesting recognition of a common antigen epitope in this subset. To further explore the B-cell receptors (BCRs) in CLL, we characterized 407 V(H) rearrangements amplified from 346 CLLs regarding V(H), diversity (D), and joining (J(H)) gene usage and performed multiple alignment of the HCDR3 sequences. These analyses revealed 3 small subsets (2 V(H)1-69 groups, 7 cases; and 1 V(H)1-2 group, 5 cases) with highly restricted HCDR3 features including identical V(H)/D/J(H) usage, HCDR3 lengths, and shared N-sequences, in addition to the V(H)3-21 group (22 cases). Furthermore, another 3 groups (9 V(H)1-3(+) cases, 3 V(H)1-18(+) cases, and 5 V(H)4-39(+) cases) had essentially identical V(H)/D/J(H) use and similar HCDR3 lengths but less conserved N-regions. Analysis in all 6 of these subgroups showed restriction in V(L) gene use, whereas no association between V(H) and V(L) usage was found in cases without HCDR3 similarities. Altogether, structurally similar HCDR3s associated with preferential V(L) gene usage implies selection of BCRs, especially in subsets showing high HCDR3 similarities, thus pointing to restricted antigen recognition sites and possibly involvement of specific antigens in CLL development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Tobin
- Dept of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liang HE, Hsu LY, Cado D, Schlissel MS. Variegated transcriptional activation of the immunoglobulin kappa locus in pre-b cells contributes to the allelic exclusion of light-chain expression. Cell 2004; 118:19-29. [PMID: 15242641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulated gene rearrangement is thought to underlie allelic exclusion, the observation that an individual B cell expresses only a single immunoglobulin molecule. Previous data has implicated transcriptional activation of rearranging loci in the regulation of their accessibility to the V(D)J recombinase. Using homologous recombination in ES cells, we have generated "knockin" mice which express a GFP cDNA from an unrearranged immunoglobulin kappa light-chain allele. Surprisingly, we find that only a small fraction of kappa alleles are highly transcribed in a population of pre-B cells, that such transcription is monoallelic, and that these highly transcribed alleles account for the vast majority of kappa light-chain gene rearrangement. These data lead us to suggest that probabilistic enhancer activation and allelic competition are part of the mechanism of kappa locus allelic exclusion and may be a general mechanism contributing to cellular differentiation during development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Frequency
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Heterozygote
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recombination, Genetic
- Spleen/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Transcriptional Activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Erh Liang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the application of flow cytometry for analysis of B-cell development, describing in detail the particular surface proteins that can serve as markers for recognizing distinct stages in this process. These cell fractions range from just prior to initial heavy chain rearrangement, the germline pro-B stage, through D-J rearranged pro-B and heavy chain expressing pre-B stages, to the maturing surface BCR positive B-cell stages. It also outlines assays for the characterization of these cells, including procedures for testing functional lineage restriction, determination of rearrangement status, analyses of gene expression at the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein level, and assessment of cell cycle state.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/genetics
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Hardy
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Küppers R. Molecular single-cell PCR analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin genes as a tool to determine the clonal composition of normal and malignant human B cells. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 271:225-38. [PMID: 15146124 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-796-3:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the nearly limitless diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable-region gene rearrangements, such rearrangements represent ideal clonal markers for B-lineage cells. This chapter describes an approach to isolate single cells from frozen tissue sections by microdissection using a hydraulic micromanipulator and the subsequent amplification of rearranged IgH and Igkappa genes from the cells in a seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. The amplification of a priori unknown V-gene rearrangements is made possible by the usage of a collection of V-gene family-specific primers recognizing nearly all V-gene segments together with primer mixes for the J-gene segments. By sequence comparison of V-gene amplificates from distinct cells, the clonal relationship of the B-lineage cells can unequivocally be determined. As a large part of the V-gene rearrangements is amplified, the approach is also useful to address additional issues, such as V-, D-, and J-gene usage and the presence and pattern of somatic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Tumor Research, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of immunglobulin (Ig) variable region genes by B cells from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and the biologic insights that this provides. Comparison of the Ig repertoire from the blood and parotid gland of pSS patients with that of normal donors suggests that there are typical disturbances of B cell homeostasis with depletion of memory B cells from the peripheral blood and accumulation/retention of these antigen-experienced B cells in the inflamed tissue. Although there are clonally expanded B cells in the parotid gland, generalized abnormalities in the B cell repertoire are also found in pSS patients. The vast majority of the current data indicate that there is no major molecular abnormality in generating the IgV chain repertoire in patients with pSS. In contrast, disordered selection leads to considerable differences in the V(L) gene usage and V(H) CDR3 length of the B cell Ig repertoire in pSS patients. The nature of the influences that lead to disordered selection in pSS remains to be determined, but should provide important clues to the etiology of this autoimmune inflammatory disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mageed RA, Harmer IJ, Wynn SL, Moyes SP, Maziak BB, Brüggemann M, MacKworth-Young CG. Rearrangement of the human heavy chain variable region gene V3-23 in transgenic mice generates antibodies reactive with a range of antigens on the basis of VHCDR3 and residues intrinsic to the heavy chain variable region. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:1-8. [PMID: 11167990 PMCID: PMC1905971 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To formulate a 'logic' for how a single immunoglobulin variable region gene generates antibodies with different antigen specificity and polyreactivity, we analysed chimeric antibodies produced in transgenic mice carrying the germ-line human V3-23 gene, multiple diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments. Hybridomas producing antibodies encoded by the V3-23 gene in combination with different mouse Vkappa genes were obtained by fusion of splenocytes from transgenic mice. All antibodies had human mu-chains and mouse light chains, were multimeric in structure and expressed the human V3-23 gene. Nucleotide sequence analyses of genes encoding the heavy and light chains of 12 antibodies in relation to antigen specificity highlighted the importance of heavy chain variable region CDR3 in determining reactivity with different antigens. However, the results also suggest that non-CDR3 sequences intrinsic to the V3-23 gene itself may be involved in, or determine, the binding of the chimeric antibodies to some of the antigens tested in the current study.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/metabolism
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Fusion/methods
- Complementarity Determining Regions/biosynthesis
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Complementarity Determining Regions/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Mageed
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology and Rheumatology Unit, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Receptor editing in the bone marrow (BM) serves to modify the Ag receptor specificity of immature self-reactive B cells, while anergy functionally silences self-reactive clones. Here, we demonstrate that anergic B cells in hen egg lysozyme Ig (HEL-Ig)/soluble HEL double transgenic mice show evidence of having undergone receptor editing in vivo, as demonstrated by the presence of elevated levels of endogenous kappa light chain rearrangements in the BM and spleen. In an in vitro IL-7-driven BM culture system, HEL-Ig BM B cells grown in the presence of soluble HEL down-regulated surface IgM expression and also showed induction of new endogenous kappa light chain rearrangements. Using a panel of soluble protein ligands with reduced affinity for the HEL-Ig receptor, the editing response was shown to correlate in a dose-dependent fashion with the strength of signaling through the B cell receptor. The finding that the level of B cell receptor cross-linking sufficient to induce anergy in B cells is also capable of engaging the machinery required for receptor editing suggests an intimate relationship between these two mechanisms in maintaining B cell tolerance.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/immunology
- Muramidase/metabolism
- RNA Editing/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E Tze
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meffre E, Davis E, Schiff C, Cunningham-Rundles C, Ivashkiv LB, Staudt LM, Young JW, Nussenzweig MC. Circulating human B cells that express surrogate light chains and edited receptors. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:207-13. [PMID: 10973277 DOI: 10.1038/79739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin gene recombination can result in the assembly of self-reactive antibodies. Deletion, anergy or receptor editing normally silence B cells that produce these autoantibodies. Receptor editing is highly efficient in mouse B cells that carry pre-recombined autoantibody transgenes or gene "knock-ins". However, it has been difficult to identify cells that have edited receptors in unmanipulated mice and humans. To try to identify such cells we isolated and characterized B cells that coexpress surrogate and conventional light chains (V-preB+L+) from the blood of normal human donors. V-preB+L+ B cells express RAG mRNA, display an unusual heavy and light chain antibody repertoire consistent with antiself reactivity, and show evidence of receptor editing. These cells accumulate in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, consistent with a role for V-preB+L+ B cells and receptor editing in autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Meffre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Coquilleau I, Cavelier P, Rougeon F, Goodhardt M. Comparison of mouse and rabbit Ei kappa enhancers indicates that different elements within the enhancer may mediate activation of transcription and recombination. J Immunol 2000; 164:795-804. [PMID: 10623825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intronic Ig kappa-light chain enhancer (Eikappa) has been implicated in regulation of transcription and Vkappa-Jkappa recombination at the kappa locus. To identify sequences within the Eikappa enhancer which are involved in control of recombination, we have made use of the finding that the Eikappa element from the rabbit b9 kappa locus is capable of inducing rearrangement, but not transcription of kappa genes in mouse lymphoid cells. We have therefore compared the binding of murine nuclear proteins to the mouse and rabbit Eikappa elements. DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays indicate that only the kappaB, kappaE1, and kappaE2 sites of the rabbit enhancer are able to interact with murine trans-acting factors. Moreover, although the rabbit kappaB site binds murine NF-kappaB p50/p50 and p50/p65 complexes with high affinity, this site is not capable of mediating transcriptional activation of transient transfection reporter constructs in mouse B lineage cells. These results therefore suggest that, in contrast to the maintenance of kappa enhancer transcription which requires all of the Eikappa sites, only the kappaB, kappaE1, and kappaE2 sites may be necessary for the recombinational activity of the enhancer. Furthermore, NF-kappaB-mediated effects on transcription and recombination appear to involve separate downstream activation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Coquilleau
- Unité de Génétique et Biochimie du Développement, Unité de Recherche Associée 1960, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Haruta H, Tachibana H, Yamada K. Concanavalin A stimulation enhanced secondary VlambdaJlambda rearrangement in some human plasma B cells without up-regulation of recombination-activating gene expression and Vlambda germline transcription. Immunology 1999; 97:549-57. [PMID: 10457206 PMCID: PMC2326890 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1998] [Revised: 02/22/1999] [Accepted: 03/18/1999] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain shifting is a phenomenon that occurs in certain human antibody-producing plasma B cells which, when stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), shift production of the original light chain to new light chains. Here we investigated the effect of Con A stimulation on these light chain shift-inducible cells. Analysis of transcripts and VJ-coding joints for new light chains revealed that a leaky amount of secondary VlambdaJlambda rearrangement occurs spontaneously, without Con A stimulation, and that Con A stimulation markedly increases VJ-coding joints and transcripts for new light chains. It was also shown that new light chain producers, which have carried out secondary rearrangement, do not further rearrange their light chain genes, even when stimulated with Con A. Recombination-activating gene (RAG) products and Vlambda germline transcription were constitutively expressed in these cell lines and their expression levels were not affected by Con A stimulation. These results suggest that Con A stimulation enhanced secondary VlambdaJlambda rearrangement, but this was not a result of the up-regulation of RAG expression and Vlambda germline transcription, which are believed to be sufficient for the process of VlambdaJlambda rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Haruta
- Graduate School of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tachibana H, Haruta H, Yamada K. Light chain shifting: identification of a human plasma cell line actively undergoing light chain replacement. Blood 1999; 93:198-207. [PMID: 9864162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified an antibody-secreting human B-cell line (HTD8), which actively replaces the production of the original lambda light chain with a new lambda chain (light chain shifting) at a high rate. Loss of the original rearranged lambda light chain occurs by significantly reducing the amount of transcript expressed. Expression of the new lambda chain, which replaces the original lambda chain, occurs by rearranging new VJ segments on a previously excluded allele. V lambda gene usage of these new rearrangements are biased toward Vlambda4, Vlambda6, and Vlambda10 families, which are known to be the least frequently used. In striking contrast to the plasma cell phenotype, recombination activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2, were expressed in the HTD8 cells and were shown to be necessary, but insufficient for inducing expression of the new lambda chain. These results suggest that human plasma cells have the potential to actively undergo light chain replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tachibana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
A common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patient, who carries mutations on both alleles of the gene encoding the surrogate light chain component lambda 5/14.1, shows a similar phenotype of B-cell deficiency as the lambda 5-deficient mutant mouse. As discussed here by Paolo Ghia and colleagues, this points to a remarkably similar developmental pathway of B cells in humans and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ghia
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Melamed D, Benschop RJ, Cambier JC, Nemazee D. Developmental regulation of B lymphocyte immune tolerance compartmentalizes clonal selection from receptor selection. Cell 1998; 92:173-82. [PMID: 9458042 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process that involves immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, antigen receptor expression, and a learning process that minimizes the development of cells with reactivity to self tissue. Two distinct mechanisms for immune tolerance have been defined that operate during early bone marrow stages of B cell development: apoptosis, which eliminates clones of cells, and receptor editing, which spares the cells but genetically reprograms their autoreactive antigen receptors through nested immunoglobulin L chain gene rearrangements. We show here that sensitivity to antigen-induced apoptosis arises relatively late in B cell development and is preceded by a functionally distinct developmental stage capable of receptor editing. This regulation compartmentalizes clonal selection from receptor selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Melamed
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Seidl KJ, MacKenzie JD, Wang D, Kantor AB, Kabat EA, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. Frequent occurrence of identical heavy and light chain Ig rearrangements. Int Immunol 1997; 9:689-702. [PMID: 9184914 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/9.5.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell PCR analyses of expressed Ig H and L chain sequences presented here show that certain rearrangements occur repeatedly and account for a major segment of the well-studied repertoire of B-1 cell autoantibodies that mediate the lysis of bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes, i.e. antibodies reactive with phosphatldyicholine (PtC). We repeatedly isolated at least 10 different types of VH region rearrangements, involving three distinct germline genes, among FACS-sorted PtC-binding B-1 cells from three strains of mice (C57BL/6J, BALB/c and C.B-17). The predominant rearrangement, VH11-DSP-JH1 (VH11 type 1), has been previously found in anti-PtC hybridomas in several studies. We show that within each of six mice from two strains (C57BL/6J and BALB/c), unique instances of IgH/IgL pairing arose either from different B cell progenitors prior to IgH rearrangement or from pre-B cells which expanded after IgH rearrangement but prior to IgL rearrangement. Together with other recurrent rearrangements described here, our findings demonstrate that clonal expansion of mature B cells cannot account for all repeated rearrangements. As suggested by initial studies of dominant idiotype expression, these findings confirm that clonal expansion is only one of the mechanisms contributing to the establishment of recurrent rearrangements.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Germ Cells/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry
- Phosphatidylcholines/immunology
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/biosynthesis
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Staining and Labeling
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Seidl
- Department of Genetics, Beckman Center B007, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5125, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The ability of BCR cross-linking to stimulate receptor editing was analyzed in vitro using bone marrow B cells from immunoglobulin (Ig) transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg mice. In cultured Ig-Tg cells, BCR ligation induced receptor editing as measured by up-regulation of RAG gene expression, light chain gene DNA rearrangements, and expression of lambda-light chain protein in cells that previously expressed kappa. In the culture conditions used, BCR ligation induced light chain rearrangements in most immature IgM+IgD- bone marrow B cells in the absence of significant cell death or cell growth. Receptor editing in non-Tg B cells was also documented in cultures treated with anti-immunoglobulin. These results provide direct evidence for the ability of BCR ligation to stimulate immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements in immature B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hertz
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Immunophenotypic analysis of 50 cases fulfilling the histologic criteria for mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease disclosed nine cases with a B-cell, non-Hodgkin's phenotype (CD20+, CD15-, CD30-, EMA-). The cases were characterized by a diffuse small lymphocytic milieu, interspersed atypical large cells including classic Reed-Sternberg cells, and infrequent plasma cells, eosinophils, and L&H cells. The male:female ratio was 7:2 (aged 22-65 years, median 39 years). Three patients were Ann Arbor stage II, two stage III, and four stage IV. The patients presented with generalized lymphadenopathy (four), mesenteric lymph node involvement (two), splenomegaly (four), and bone marrow involvement (three). Four patients were treated with standard Hodgkin's disease protocols. Two attained a complete response and two a partial response; all relapsed and died. Four of five patients treated for large-cell lymphoma achieved a complete response and are currently alive without evidence of disease. The one patient with an initial partial response relapsed and died. We conclude that immunophenotypic analysis is essential in cases of histologic mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, especially in those with lymphocyte-rich morphology. Cases with a B-cell phenotype should be diagnosed and treated as T-cell-rich B large-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Hodgkin Disease/diagnosis
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/chemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/chemistry
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasm Staging
- Restriction Mapping
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A McBride
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Melchers
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Using a mixture of 'top-down' theory and 'bottom-up' extrapolation from experimental observation, Rodney Langman and Melvin Cohn discuss some of the conflicting points of view regarding the ratio of kappa (kappa)- to lambda (lambda)-expressing B cells. Despite the somewhat arcane nature of the subject, the authors make a strong general case for the use of computer simulations as a means of reconciling top-down generalizations with quantitative bottom-up extrapolations. With the appearance of two recent papers, the authors show how the top-down theory prevailed in a resolution of the controversy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Langman
- Conceptual Immunology Group, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92186-5800
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Scott BB, Sadigh S, Stow M, Mageed RA, Andrew EM, Maini RN. Anti-mouse red blood cell monoclonal antibodies use functionally rearranged genes from the VH J558 family and are derived from the CD5- B-lymphocyte subpopulation. Immunology 1993; 79:568-73. [PMID: 7691732 PMCID: PMC1421910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The NZB mouse strain is genetically predisposed to develop, at approximately 6 months of age, a spontaneous and severe autoimmune anaemia caused by the production of pathogenic anti-mouse red blood cell (MRBC) autoantibodies. Although it is believed that the predisposition to autoimmune anaemia is multigenic in nature, the main pathogenic mechanism is attributed to anti-MRBC autoantibodies. We have generated eight anti-MRBC monoclonal antibody (mAb)-producing hybridomas derived from splenocytes of 9- and 12-month-old NZB mice with spontaneous autoimmune anaemia to dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms resulting in the production of these pathogenic antibodies. The predominant immunoglobulin isotype was IgG2a, produced by five out of eight hybridomas (63%), while IgM, IgG1 and IgG2b were each produced by one hybridoma cell line (12%). Antigen specificity analysis of all eight hybridomas revealed that antibodies from seven out of eight hybridomas were monospecific for MRBC antigen(s). Only one hybridoma (clone 4-16-1) cross-reacted with rat RBC. None of the hybridomas produced antibodies reactive with single- or double-stranded DNA (ss- or dsDNA). Surface and cytoplasmic staining for the CD5 antigen revealed that none of the hybridomas was derived from CD5+ B lymphocytes. All hybridomas cause anaemia when implanted intraperitoneally into normal BALB/c mice. Molecular studies of five of the eight anti-MRBC mAb reveal that all use functionally rearranged genes from the VH J558 gene family. Three of these five mAb used FL16.1 DH genes while one had a CDR3 that resulted from a fusion between two DH genes (SP2.3 and SP2.2) from the SP family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B B Scott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Characterization of a membrane-IgM-negative variant cell line derived from the murine B-cell line 38C-13 revealed the absence of light chains and the presence of polypeptides with an apparent molecular size of 18 kDa and 14 kDa, previously denoted omega and iota and characteristic of pre-B cells. These polypeptides assemble with the mu chains into complexes with apparent molecular sizes of about 100 kDa and 200 kDa. It has been previously shown that light-chain-deficient variants of the 38C cell line undergo 'secondary' light chain rearrangements. It is suggested, therefore, that complexes of mu and the 'surrogate' light chains omega and iota play a role in this process. As these complexes do not reach the cell surface we would like to propose that the mechanism of secondary rearrangement is intracellularly controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Taya
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Embryonic chimeras were used to demonstrate an early separation of chicken T and B cell precursors. Genetically polymorphic cell surface antigens, Bu-1 and Ov, which are expressed on cells of the B and T lineage, respectively, are useful markers in adoptive cell transfer studies. Allelic products Bu-1a and Bu-1b can be detected with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) L22 and 11G2, respectively, and the Ov antigen with mAb 11A9. Chimeric chickens were constructed by reconstituting irradiated 14-d Ov- H.B19 embryos with the sorted Bu-1+ or Bu-1- fractions of spleen cells from age-matched H.B19 Ov+ embryos. Chimeras were analyzed, 3-4 wk after hatching, for the presence of Ov+ cells in the bursa, thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. T cell precursors giving rise to thymocytes and peripheral T cells were present only in the Bu-1-, but not in the Bu-1+, fraction. We previously demonstrated that, in contrast, all B cell precursors in spleen from 14-d embryos are exclusively present in the Bu-1+ fraction. We also analyzed the immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangement in these populations by polymerase chain reaction. We show here that VJ recombination occurs in the Bu-1+, but not in the Bu-1-, fraction of spleen. These data demonstrate an early commitment to the B cell lineage, which occurs before the colonization of the bursa of Fabricius. Segregation of B cell precursors from the other hemopoietic precursors, and consequently separation of T and B cell precursors, occurs before the colonization of the primary lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Houssaint
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nantes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Using mice transgenic for functional, rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, it can be demonstrated that B lymphocytes reactive with cell surface-bound class I MHC antigen can be controlled by clonal elimination. Even low-affinity cell-bound ligands can induce deletion. Deletion can occur in the pre-B to B cell transitional stage or after the B cells exist the bone marrow, depending on where the cells first encounter autoantigen. IgD appears to play no role in protecting cells from deletion. It is argued that defects in B-cell tolerance alone may be sufficient to lead to systemic autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Nemazee
- Dept. of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
We have resolved B220+ IgM- B-lineage cells in mouse bone marrow into four fractions based on differential cell surface expression of determinants recognized by S7 (leukosialin, CD43), BP-1, and 30F1 (heat stable antigen). Functional differences among these fractions can be correlated with Ig gene rearrangement status. The largest fraction, lacking S7, consists of pre-B cells whereas the others, expressing S7, include B lineage cells before pre-B. These S7+ fractions, provisionally termed Fr. A, Fr. B, and Fr. C, can differentiate in a stromal layer culture system. Phenotypic alteration during such culture suggests an ordering of these stages from Fr. A to Fr. B to Fr. C and thence to S7- pre-B cells. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification with pairs of oligonucleotide primers for regions 5' of JH1, DFL16.1, and Jk1, we find that the Ig genes of Fr. A are in germline configuration, whereas Fr. B and C are pro-B cell stages with increasing D-J rearrangement, but no V-D-J. Finally, functional analysis demonstrates that the proliferative response to IL-7, an early B lineage growth factor, is restricted to S7+ stages and, furthermore, that an additional, cell contact-mediated signal is essential for survival of Fr. A.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Biotin/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/analysis
- DNA/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Leukosialin
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Phycoerythrin/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Hardy
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Atkinson MJ, Michnick DA, Paige CJ, Wu GE. Ig gene rearrangements on individual alleles of Abelson murine leukemia cell lines from (C57BL/6 x BALB/c) F1 fetal livers. J Immunol 1991; 146:2805-12. [PMID: 2016527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that selection of Ig H chain V region genes used by colonies obtained from splenic B cells and fetal liver pre-B cells was dependent on strain-specific factors. Moreover, by examining the V gene usage in strains congenic at the Igh locus, we also determined that the strain-specific factor was encoded by sequences lying outside of the Igh locus. We decided to examine whether there are differences in Vh gene rearrangement between alleles in an F1 strain. To do this analysis we chose to examine the relative Ig H chain V region gene usage of pre-B cell lines derived from (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F1 fetal liver cells by Southern blot analysis. We found a high frequency of Vh-gene rearrangements (77% of the alleles had VDJ rearrangements) and these rearrangements occurred to Vh-genes throughout the Vh locus and were not confined to the D-proximal Vh-genes as has been previously observed with lines from other mouse strains. The Vh-gene usage pattern is similar on both alleles indicating that at least one of the determinants of which Vh-gene is used is trans-acting and acts similarly on each allele. Furthermore, one allele, Ighb (donated by the C57BL/6 parent), rearranged Vh-genes more frequently than the other allele, Igha (donated by the BALB/c parent) suggesting that one of the determinants of Vh-gene rearrangement may be acting in an allele-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Atkinson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Lambda-producing B lymphocytes have frequently deleted one or, more often, both Ig kappa loci. This deletion is mediated by the rearrangement of an element which lies 3' of C kappa and which is called RS (recombining sequence) in the mouse and Kde (kappa-deleting element) in the human. The tight correlation between V lambda to J lambda rearrangements and an RS-mediated deletion may indicate that sequences in the C kappa-RS region are controlling the activation of the Ig lambda locus. We have linked the C kappa exon and the RS element by phage cloning and compared the C kappa-RS region to the previously cloned human C kappa-Kde region. The distance between C kappa and RS is 25 kb and is thus similar to the distance of 24 kb separating the human C kappa exon and Kde element. Both mouse and man carry a conserved sequence of 470 bp (Rx) which lies 9 kb 3' of the mouse C kappa and 12 kb 3' of the human C kappa exon. The conserved mouse Rx sequence contains part of the kappa 3' enhancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Müller
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Analysis of mice transgenic for immunoglobulin genes should allow definition of the cis-acting DNA sequences required to target somatic mutation to antibody V genes. We have looked for mutations in a chimeric kappa transgene encoding a V region specific for the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) linked to a rat C kappa gene. Two independent lines of transgenic mice were hyperimmunized with phOx and splenic hybridomas established. In B cells that had been selected by antigen and which used mouse anti-phOx genes, the endogenous sequences were found to be mutated whereas the transgene remained unchanged. These results suggest either that (a) if the transgene is a "passenger" gene expressed at a low level, transgene mutation is a rare event, or that (b) sequences far from the kappa coding region are necessary to direct somatic mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Sharpe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, GB
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|