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Liu C, Yu J, Chen C, Li X, Ye Y, Dong Y, Ying X, Li H, Wang W. Characterization of linezolid- and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in a tertiary hospital in China. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:486. [PMID: 38730362 PMCID: PMC11088155 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, linezolid-resistant staphylococci have become an emerging problem worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance, molecular epidemiology and transmission of linezolid-resistant CoNS in hospitals is very important. METHODS The antimicrobial susceptibilities of all isolates were determined by the microdilution method. The resistance mechanisms and molecular characteristics of the strains were determined using whole-genome sequencing and PCR. RESULTS All the strains were resistant to oxacillin and carried the mecA gene; 13 patients (36.1%) had prior linezolid exposure. Most S. epidermidis and S. hominis isolates were ST22 and ST1, respectively. MLST typing and evolutionary analysis indicated most linezolid-resistant CoNS strains were genetically related. In this study, we revealed that distinct CoNS strains have different mechanisms of linezolid resistance. Among ST22-type S. epidermidis, acquisition of the T2504A and C2534T mutations in the V domain of the 23 S rRNA gene, as well as mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 (L101V, G152D, and D159Y) and L4 (N158S), were linked to the development of linezolid resistance. In S. cohnii isolates, cfr, S158Y and D159Y mutations in the ribosomal protein L3 were detected. Additionally, emergence of the G2576T mutation and the cfr gene were major causes of linezolid resistance in S. hominis isolates. The cfr gene, G2576T and C2104T mutations, M156T change in L3 protein, and I188S change in L4 protein were found in S. capitis isolates. CONCLUSION The emergence of linezolid-resistant CoNS in the environment is concerning because it involves clonal dissemination and frequently coexists with various drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunguang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaogai Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafei Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yani Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yichuan People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Ying
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Luohe Sixth People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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Preziuso S, Attili AR, Cuteri V. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci in clinical bovine mastitis: occurrence, molecular analysis, and biofilm production. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:969-977. [PMID: 38036851 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes mastitis in cattle, and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a threat to veterinary and human medicine. The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from clinical mastitis, their ability to form biofilms, and the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus strains. In addition, the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, spa type and the presence of Panton-Valentine Leucocidin in MRSA were evaluated. A total of 326 staphylococcal strains were screened by multiplex-PCR for S. aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) identification. The S. aureus strains (n = 163) were subjected to phenotypic testing for antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation. Molecular analysis was performed on MRSA mecA-positive strains. Of 163 S. aureus isolates, 142 strains (87.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and all 19 MRSA strains were resistant to at least four out of five antibiotics tested. All S. aureus strains harboured the icaA gene and were biofilm producers. Nineteen MR-CoNS strains were also isolated. The most prevalent spa types among MRSA were t001 (57.9%) and t037 (31.6%), while one MRSA was type t008 and one was type t041. Most MRSA were SCCmec type I (63.2%) and III (31.6%) and only one strain was type IV. None of the MRSA isolates had the PVL gene. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus in bovine mastitis is a serious concern. The finding of MRSA with spa types predominant in humans and infrequent in Italian cows and with SCCmec infrequently found in bovine milk or cheese suggest a human origin of these strains. The ability of MRSA and MR-CoNS involved in bovine mastitis to be transferred to humans and vice versa poses a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine - University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Anna-Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine - University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine - University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
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Chu J, Zhao X. Allosteric Probe-Based Colorimetric Assay for Direct Identification and Sensitive Analysis of Methicillin Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:681-688. [PMID: 38544299 PMCID: PMC11016754 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The accurate and rapid detection of methicillin-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) holds significant clinical importance. However, the methicillin-resistance detection strategies commonly require complicated cell lysis and gene extraction. Herein, we devised a novel colorimetric approach for the sensitive and accurate identification of methicillin-resistance of SA by combining allosteric probe-based target recognition with self-primer elongation-based target recycling. The PBP2a aptamer in the allosteric probe successfully identified the target MRSA, leading to the initiation of self-primer elongation based-cascade signal amplification. The peroxidase-like hemin/G-quadruplex undergo an isothermal autonomous process that effectively catalyzes the oxidation of ABTS2- and produces a distinct blue color, enabling the visual identification of MRSA at low concentrations. The method offers a shorter duration for bacteria cultivation compared to traditional susceptibility testing methods, as well as simplified manual procedures for gene analysis. The overall amplification time for this test is 60 min, and it has a detection limit of 3 CFU/ml. In addition, the approach has exceptional selectivity and reproducibility, demonstrating commendable performance when tested with real samples. Due to its advantages, this colorimetric assay exhibits considerable potential for integration into a sensor kit, thereby offering a viable and convenient alternative for the prompt and on-site detection of MRSA in patients with skin and soft tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 31180, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 31180, P.R. China
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Elsayed SW, Elghaish RA, Badr E, Mouftah SF, Saif NA, Naga IS, Shata AH, Pascoe B, Sheppard SK, Elhadidy M. Recombination-mediated dissemination of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus clonal complex 1 in the Egyptian health care settings. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:109. [PMID: 38098126 PMCID: PMC10722846 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a rapidly evolving pathogen that is frequently associated with outbreaks and sustained epidemics. This study investigated the population structure, resistome, virulome, and the correlation between antimicrobial resistance determinants with phenotypic resistance profiles of 36 representative hospital-acquired MRSA isolates recovered from hospital settings in Egypt. RESULTS The community-acquired MRSA lineage, clonal complex 1 (CC1) was the most frequently detected clone, followed by three other globally disseminated clones, CC121, CC8, and CC22. Most isolates carried SCCmec type V and more than half of isolates demonstrated multi-drug resistant phenotypes. Resistance to linezolid, a last resort antibiotic for treating multidrug resistant MRSA, was observed in 11.11% of the isolates belonging to different genetic backgrounds. Virulome analysis indicated that most isolates harboured a large pool of virulence factors and toxins. Genes encoding aureolysin, gamma hemolysins, and serine proteases were the most frequently detected virulence encoding genes. CC1 was observed to have a high pool of AMR resistance determinants including cfr, qacA, and qacB genes, which are involved in linezolid and quaternary ammonium compounds resistance, as well as high content of virulence-related genes, including both of the PVL toxin genes. Molecular clock analysis revealed that CC1 had the greatest frequency of recombination (compared to mutation) among the four major clones, supporting the role of horizontal gene transfer in modulating AMR and hypervirulence in this clone. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provided evidence on the dissemination success of CA-MRSA clone CC1 among Egyptian hospitals. Co-detection of multiple AMR and virulence genes in this lineage pose a broad public health risk, with implications for successful treatment. The results of this study, together with other surveillance studies in Egypt, should be used to develop strategies for controlling MRSA infections in Egyptian health-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma W Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem A Elghaish
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eman Badr
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa F Mouftah
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Saif
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iman S Naga
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Shata
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Ineos Oxford Institute, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Chang YH, Huang YC, Chen HC, Ma DHK, Yeh LK, Hung KH, Hsiao CH. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Ocular Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates in Taiwan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:33. [PMID: 37862027 PMCID: PMC10599164 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal, has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen, particularly methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). The mechanism behind this transformation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of MRSE isolated from healthy conjunctiva and ocular infections. Methods We collected MRSE isolates from two groups: healthy conjunctiva from patients undergoing cataract surgeries and ocular infections at our hospital. Genotypic analysis included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and biofilm-related genes (icaA, aap, and bhp). Additionally, phenotypic data on biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility were recorded. Results A total of 86 isolates, including 42 from healthy conjunctiva and 44 from ocular infections, were analyzed. MLST identified 21 sequence types (STs), with ST59 being the most frequent (n = 33, 39.5%), followed by ST130 (n = 10, 11.6%), ST57 (n = 6, 7.0%), and ST2 (n = 6, 7.0%). All isolates were categorized in 23 PFGE types, and SCCmec IV was the most prevalent SCCmec type (n = 52, 60.5%). The two sources of isolates exhibited overlapping molecular types and phenotypic traits, although the ocular infection isolates exhibited significantly higher multidrug resistance compared to healthy conjunctiva isolates (P = 0.032). When contrasting ST59 with non-ST59, ST59 displayed a significantly higher presence of aap (100%) and bhp (69.7%) while lacking icaA (0%). ST59 also showed lower susceptibility to fluoroquinolones compared to non-ST59 (42.4%-54.5% vs. 75.5%-83.0%; P < 0.01). Conclusions MRSE isolates from healthy conjunctiva and ocular infections demonstrated a degree of resemblance. Specific strains, notably ST59, exhibited distinctive characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hsi Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - David H. K. Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsi Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Tao Z, Wang B, Cui Q, Wang P, Dzantiev BB, Wan Y, Wu J, Yang Z. A signal-off Cas14a1-based platform for highly specific detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1256:341154. [PMID: 37037633 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic usage has become very widespread in aquaculture, and the abuse or overuse of antibiotics has led to the evolution of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, which has adverse effects on aquatic products and ecosystems. Moreover, this evolution can potentially cause harm to human health. Thus, there is an urgent need for diagnostic tools for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Herein, we proposed a signal-off Cas14a1-based platform (SOCP) for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this SOCP, we have designed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that not only can activate the trans-cleavage ability of dual Cas14a1-sgRNA complex but also can be used as the primers for the amplified methicilin-resistant gene (mecA). When MRSA is present, the primers can be transformed into products with amplification, leading to the signal decrease of trans-cleavage activity of Cas14a1. The SOCP showed high specificity and fair sensitivity for mecA gene and MRSA. In the detection of real samples, this platform also showed consistent results compared with qPCR. The SOCP could provide an alternative tool for the diagnosis of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture, food industry and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Buhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Marine College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Rizhao Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, 369 Jining Road, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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El-Deeb W, Cave R, Fayez M, Alhumam N, Quadri S, Mkrtchyan HV. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Goats and Their Farm Environments in Saudi Arabia Genotypically Linked to Known Human Clinical Isolates: a Pilot Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0038722. [PMID: 35913203 PMCID: PMC9431424 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot whole genome sequencing (WGS) study to characterize the genotypes of nine methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolates recovered from goats and their farm environments in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between November 2019 to August 2020. Seven out of nine isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and two were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). All MRSA isolates possessed genotypes previously identified to infect humans, including isolates harboring ST6-SCCmec IV-t304 (n = 4), ST5-SCCmec VI- t688 (n = 2) and ST5-SCCmec V-t311 (n = 1). 2 MRSA isolates possessed plasmids that were genetically similar to those identified in S. aureus isolates recovered from humans and poultry. In contrast, plasmids found in three MRSA isolates and one MRSE isolate were genetically similar to those recovered from humans. All MRSA isolates harbored the host innate modulate genes sak and scn previously associated with human infections. The genotypes of MRSE isolates were determined as ST35, a well-known zoonotic sequence type and ST153, which has been associated with humans. However, the MRSE isolates were untypeable due to extra ccr complexes identified in their SCCmec elements. Moreover, we identified in ST153 isolate SCCmec element also harbored the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) IV. All MRS isolates were phenotypically resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, an antibiotic for the decolonization of MRS. Three isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes in their SCCmec elements that were not previously described, including those encoding fusidic acid resistance (fusC) and trimethoprim resistance (dfrC) incorporated in the MRSA SCCmec VI. IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate a possible cross-transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci between goats and their local environments and between goats and humans. Due to ever increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics, the burden of MRS has a significant impact on livestock farming, public health, and the economy worldwide. This study highlights that implementing a holistic approach to whole genome sequencing surveillance in livestock and farm environments would aid our understanding of the transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci and, most importantly, allow us to implement appropriate infection control and hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael El-Deeb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Fayez
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naser Alhumam
- Department of Microbiology and parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Quadri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hermine V. Mkrtchyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
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Buonavoglia A, Trotta A, Cordisco M, Zamparini F, Corrente M, Prati C. Alveolar osteitis associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. New Microbiol 2022; 45:219-222. [PMID: 35920878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A critical point in dentistry is the empiric prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics that could increase the levels of antimicrobial resistance. Alveolar osteitis is one of the most common post-op- erative complications in which antibiotic use is controversial. A 35-year-old female, with pain in the right mandibular region and treated with cefixime, was diagnosed with cracked tooth syndrome and pulpitis. The tooth was extracted and a massive purulent bleeding drainage was observed. Irrigation of the socket and a new therapy with azithromycin were done. Bacteriological analysis, a specific mecA gene PCR for the methicillin resistance, and the antimicrobial susceptibility test were per- formed on the bacterial isolate. A Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate was methicillin-resistant and showed resistance to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole + trimeth- oprim. After 7 days, intraoral examination showed a complete resolution. The aim of this report is to suggest that systemic antibiotics may provide insufficient efficacy during alveolar osteitis, especially when caused by a multidrug-resistant organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Marco Cordisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Italy
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Viegas FM, Santana JA, Silva BA, Xavier RGC, Bonisson CT, Câmara JLS, Rennó MC, Cunha JLR, Figueiredo HCP, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS. Occurrence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. in diseased dogs in Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269422. [PMID: 35657980 PMCID: PMC9165789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major commensal bacterium of the skin and mucosae of dogs and an opportunistic agent responsible for several clinical infections, such as pyoderma, otitis, and surgical wound infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has become a problem of great concern in veterinary and human medicine because it is multidrug resistant (MDR) and can also infect humans. This study aimed to identify the occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. in infected patients and investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular structure of MRSP isolates. Samples were obtained from two different veterinary clinics; suggestive colonies were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry and confirmed at the species level by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were used in selected samples that were not identified by MALDI-ToF and by the species-specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR detection of mecA were performed. MRSP isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Of all the clinical staphylococci (n = 131), 98 (74.8%) were identified as S. pseudintermedius. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials) was observed in 63.2% of S. pseudintermedius isolates, and 24.5% of S. pseudintermedius isolates were methicillin-resistant. Half of the MRSP isolates were isolated from surgical site infections. Among the ten sequence types (ST) identified, nine were novel. ST71 was the most prevalent and associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. Prior antimicrobial therapy, hospitalization, and surgical site infections seemed to be risk factors for MRSP acquisition. The present study showed a high rate of MDR staphylococci in infected dogs. MRSP was isolated from different clinical conditions, mainly surgical site infections. Additionally, this is the first study to extensively investigate the population structure of MRSP in Brazil, which revealed the dispersion of CC71 and nine novel ST. These findings raise concerns for both animal and human health due to the zoonotic potential of this species and limited therapeutic options available for MRSP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Mello Viegas
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Brendhal Almeida Silva
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Rajan V, Sivaraman GK, Vijayan A, Elangovan R, Prendiville A, Bachmann TT. Genotypes and phenotypes of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from shrimp aquaculture farms. Environ Microbiol Rep 2022; 14:391-399. [PMID: 34344057 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The population of methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci in aquatic environment is rarely investigated. Here, we characterized a collection of MR staphylococci recovered from shrimp aquaculture farms (n = 37) in Kerala, India. A total of 261 samples yielded 47 MR isolates (16 S. aureus, 13 S. haemolyticus, 11 S. epidermidis, 3 S. saprophytics and 2 each of S.intermedius and S. kloosii). Multi-drug resistance was evident in 72.3% of the isolates, with resistance mainly towards erythromycin (78.7%), norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (53.2%), and gentamicin (34%). Major resistance genes identified included mecA (100%), ermC (38.3%), aacA-aphD (21.3%), tetK (14.9%) and tetM (21.3%). Almost 60% of the isolates carried type V SCCmec (Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec), and the remaining harboured untypeable SCCmec elements. Comprehensive genotyping of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed high prevalence of ST772-t345-V (sequence type-spa type-SCCmec type) (75%), followed by minor representations of ST6657-t345-V and ST3190-t12353. The isolates of S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were genotypically diverse as shown by their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins were observed in 53.2% of the isolates. Various genes involved in adhesion and biofilm formation were also identified. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that shrimp aquaculture settings can act as reservoirs of methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Rajan
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Gopalan Krishnan Sivaraman
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Ardhra Vijayan
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Alison Prendiville
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Till T Bachmann
- London College of Communication, University of the Arts London, London, UK
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11
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Xu Z, Chen L, Chen X, Tang A, Huang D, Pan Q, Fang Z. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Recovered from Public Shared Bicycles in China. IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19084492. [PMID: 35457359 PMCID: PMC9027712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Millions of public shared bicycles (PSBs) have been launched in China, and PSBs are a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci. However, no national data to elucidate the dissemination, antimicrobial resistance and genotypes of staphylococci has been recovered from public shared bicycles located in different cities in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility, SCCmec types and sequence types of staphylococci were determined. A total of 146 staphylococci were recovered in this study, and 87% staphylococcal isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. In total, 29 (20%) staphylococcal isolates harbored mecA gene, and SCCmec types were determined as follows: SCCmec type II (n = 1), IV(n = 3), V (n = 4), VI (n = 1), VIII (n = 2), A/1 (n = 6), A/5 (n = 2), C/1 (n = 2), C/2 (n = 1), C/3 (n = 1), (n = 5) and Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec (n = 1). Sequence types of 16 Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined, including ST10, ST17, ST59, ST60, ST65, ST130, ST184, ST262, ST283, ST337, ST360, ST454, ST567, ST820, ST878 and ST934. PSBs are a reservoir of diverse antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci, and staphylococcal species differences were observed in isolates that were recovered from public shared bicycles in the south and north of China. PSBs are a source of antimicrobial resistance and genetic diverse staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (Z.F.); Tel.: +86-83336608 (Z.X.)
| | - Liqin Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Amei Tang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dengmin Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhongze Fang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China; (L.C.); (X.C.); (A.T.); (D.H.); (Q.P.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiang Road No. 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (Z.F.); Tel.: +86-83336608 (Z.X.)
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12
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Larsen J, Raisen CL, Ba X, Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Simmonds MSJ, Loncaric I, Kerschner H, Apfalter P, Hartl R, Deplano A, Vandendriessche S, Černá Bolfíková B, Hulva P, Arendrup MC, Hare RK, Barnadas C, Stegger M, Sieber RN, Skov RL, Petersen A, Angen Ø, Rasmussen SL, Espinosa-Gongora C, Aarestrup FM, Lindholm LJ, Nykäsenoja SM, Laurent F, Becker K, Walther B, Kehrenberg C, Cuny C, Layer F, Werner G, Witte W, Stamm I, Moroni P, Jørgensen HJ, de Lencastre H, Cercenado E, García-Garrote F, Börjesson S, Hæggman S, Perreten V, Teale CJ, Waller AS, Pichon B, Curran MD, Ellington MJ, Welch JJ, Peacock SJ, Seilly DJ, Morgan FJE, Parkhill J, Hadjirin NF, Lindsay JA, Holden MTG, Edwards GF, Foster G, Paterson GK, Didelot X, Holmes MA, Harrison EM, Larsen AR. Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics. Nature 2022; 602:135-141. [PMID: 34987223 PMCID: PMC8810379 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics1. Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a notorious human pathogen-appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two β-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Claire L Raisen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidrun Kerschner
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Petra Apfalter
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Rainer Hartl
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stien Vandendriessche
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbora Černá Bolfíková
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hulva
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Maiken C Arendrup
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Hare
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Céline Barnadas
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert L Skov
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Petersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie L Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
| | - Carmen Espinosa-Gongora
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura J Lindholm
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Frederic Laurent
- Bacteriology Department and French National Reference Center for Staphylococci, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Cuny
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Franziska Layer
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Cercenado
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Garrote
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sara Hæggman
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
- Intervacc AB, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bruno Pichon
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Martin D Curran
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J Ellington
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, UK Health Security Agency, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David J Seilly
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona J E Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nazreen F Hadjirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jodi A Lindsay
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Giles F Edwards
- Scottish MRSA Reference Laboratory, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gavin K Paterson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
| | - Xavier Didelot
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders R Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Buxser S. Has resistance to chlorhexidine increased among clinically-relevant bacteria? A systematic review of time course and subpopulation data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256336. [PMID: 34411140 PMCID: PMC8376095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) was introduced for use as an antimicrobial more than 70 years ago. CHX has been and continues to be used broadly for disinfecting surfaces in medical and food service facilities as well as directly on skin of humans and animals. Considering its widespread use over many decades, questions of resistance to CHX have been raised. Additionally, questions of possible coincident resistance to the biocide and resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics have also been raised. A number of important questions remain, including is there consistent evidence of resistance, what is the degree of resistance, especially among clinically isolated microbial strains, and what is the degree of resistance compared to the typical concentrations of the biocide used? Data for microbial species isolated over the last 70+ years were compiled to construct as complete a picture as practical regarding possible resistance, especially among species in which resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been noted to be increasing. This is a compilation and analysis of individual MIC values for CHX reported in the literature, not a compilation of the conclusions individual authors reached. The data were analyzed using straight-forward and robust statistical procedures to detect changes in susceptibility to CHX over time, i.e. linear regression. Linear regression was supplemented with the use of nonlinear least squares regression analysis to detect the presence of population parameters associated with subpopulations of microbial strains which exhibit increased resistance to CHX. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were all found to have an increased resistance to CHX over time with the most profound change detected in A. baumannii. Additionally, subpopulations with log-normal distributions were found consistent with the presence of a baseline subpopulation of susceptible strains and a subpopulation with increased resistance to CHX. However, the CHX-resistant subpopulations did not correlate exactly with antibiotic resistance, so details of the relationship remain to be addressed. Increased resistance over time was not detected for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, although a subpopulation with greater than baseline resistance to CHX was detected among strains of E. faecalis and C. albicans. A difference in susceptibility to CHX was also detected between methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The levels of resistance to CHX detected were all markedly lower than concentrations routinely used in medical and food service applications. Reaching conclusions regarding the relationship between antibiotic and CHX resistance was complicated by the limited overlap between tests of CHX and antibiotic resistance for several species. The results compiled here may serve as a foundation for monitoring changes in resistance to CHX and possible relationships between the use of CHX and resistance to antibiotics commonly used in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Buxser
- Select Bio Consult, LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Phumthanakorn N, Schwendener S, Donà V, Chanchaithong P, Perreten V, Prapasarakul N. Genomic insights into methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs and humans of the same sequence types reveals diversity in prophages and pathogenicity islands. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254382. [PMID: 34292970 PMCID: PMC8297860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an important opportunistic pathogenic bacterium of dogs that also occasionally colonize and infect humans. However, whether MRSP can adapt to human hosts is not clear and whole genome sequences of MRSP from humans are still limited. Genomic comparative analyses of 3 couples of isolates from dogs (n = 3) and humans (n = 3) belonging to ST45, ST112, and ST181, the dominant clones in Thailand were conducted to determine the degree of similarities between human and animal MRSP of a same ST. Among eight prophages, three prophages associated with the leucocidins genes (lukF/S-I), φVB88-Pro1, φVB16-Pro1 and φAP20-Pro1, were distributed in the human MRSPs, while their remnants, φAH18-Pro1, were located in the dog MRSPs. A novel composite pathogenicity island, named SpPI-181, containing two integrase genes was identified in the ST181 isolates. The distribution of the integrase genes of the eight prophages and SpPI-181 was also analysed by PCR in 77 additional MRSP isolates belonging to different STs. The PCR screen revealed diversity in prophage carriage, especially in ST45 isolates. Prophage φAK9-Pro1 was only observed in ST112 isolates from dogs and SpPI-181 was found associated with ST181 clonal lineage. Among the 3 couple of isolates, ST45 strains showed the highest number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in their core genomes (3,612 SNPs). The genomic diversity of ST45 isolates suggested a high level of adaptation that may lead to different host colonization of successful clones. This finding provided data on the genomic differences of MRSP associated with colonization and adaption to different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathita Phumthanakorn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Donà
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (VP); (NP)
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (VP); (NP)
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15
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Asadollahi P, Farzan B, Rezaei F, Delfani S, Ashrafi B, Soroush S. First Report on the Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Capitis Isolates and an NRCS-A-clone Related Isolate Obtained from Iranian Children. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:459-463. [PMID: 32389116 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200511011309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus capitis (MRSC) NRCS-A clone (Multi- resistant and vancomycin-non susceptible) has been recently described as an emerging cause of nosocomial bacteremia, especially in neonatal intensive-care units (NICUs). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic and antiseptic resistance patterns, biofilm-producing ability and the prevalence of SCCmec and ACME types among MRSC isolates as well as to check the possible presence of NRCS-A clone at Tehran's Children's Medical Center, Iran. METHODS A total of 256 coagulase-negative Staphylococcal isolates were collected, of which 10 S. capitis isolates were obtained and tested for susceptibility against 13 antimicrobial and 3 antiseptic agents, as well as biofilm production. The presence of 15 distinct resistance genes, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), and arginine catabolic mobile elements (ACMEs) were tracked. RESULTS Seven out of 10 S. capitis isolates were MRSC (MIC90 van=8μg/mL) and resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, produced biofilm, (3 as strong biofilm producers) and carried ACME types I and II. Despite the identification of mec and ccr complexes in some isolates, all the SCCmec cassettes were untypeable (UT). CONCLUSION According to the studied features, only one isolate belonged to the NRSC-A clone. The results indicate that MRSC with high antibiotic resistance and unknown SCCmec might become a serious problem in the future for the treatment of patients, particularly children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Behrooz Farzan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Faranak Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Delfani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Behnam Ashrafi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Setareh Soroush
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
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16
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Rasheed NA, Hussein NR. Characterization of different virulent factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from Iraqis and Syrian refugees in Duhok city, Iraq. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237714. [PMID: 32804961 PMCID: PMC7430753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious public health problem. There is limited information regarding the genetics of MRSA strains among the native Iraqi and incoming Syrian refugee communities. We aimed to characterize the genotypes and different virulence factors of MRSA in strains isolated from these two communities. Frozen MRSA strains (125) isolated from the native Iraqi and Syrian refugee communities were used in this study. PCR (singleplex and multiplex) and agr typing was used for the genotypic analysis of different virulence genes. We tested for the presence of virulence genes including pvl, arcA, tst, lukE/lukD, hla, hlb, eta, etb and agr. Prevalence of arcA MRSA in the Iraqi community (56.58%) was significantly higher (p = 0.008) than that in the Syrian refugee community (32.66%). Prevalence of lukE-lukD was also significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the Iraqi (82.89%) compared to that in the Syrian refugee community (57.14%). Further, prevalence of hla MRSA in the Iraqi community was (93.4%) and in the Syrian refugee community was (71.4%); (p = 0.0008). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of pvl, tst, eta, etb and hlb. The most dominant agr types in both Iraqi (76.1% and 10.5%) and Syrian refugee (44.9% and 18.37%) communities were I and III. To sum up, no significant differences were observed between the groups for a majority of virulence factors. This is the first investigation of MRSA genotypes and virulence in both these communities. These results could be useful for further studies that assess the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be crucial to limiting the spread of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin A. Rasheed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Akre Technical Institute, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- * E-mail:
| | - Nawfal R. Hussein
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Dehbashi S, Tahmasebi H, Arabestani MR. The Clinical Utility of Analysis High Resolution Melting Curve Assay for Simultaneous Identification of Methicillin and Mupirocin Resistant in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Clin Lab 2020; 65. [PMID: 31625356 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.190314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to methicillin and mupirocin in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is considered as one of the most important issues. Meanwhile, use of phenotypic methods in detecting the resistance to methicillin and mupirocin has a lower accuracy and speed compared to other molecular methods, such as High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRM). In this study, HRM technique was used to identify CoNS resistance stains. METHODS This experimental study was done on 86 isolates of CoNS strains isolated at Hamadan Hospital. Pheno-typic tests were used to identify Staphylococcus saprophyticus and S. epidermidis. Methicillin and Mupirocin resistant strains were tested using the MIC and HRM methods, and sensitivity and specificity of the primers were determined based on melting curve temperature range. In addition, data was analyzed by Applied Biosystems StepOne v 2.3 and Applied Biosystems HRM v 3.0.1 software. RESULTS Eighty-six (86) coagulase-negative isolates were isolated from different clinical specimens. Among these, 69 isolates of S. epidermidis and 17 isolates of S. saprophyticus were identified. Of the 69 S. epidermidis isolates, 19 isolates with oxacillin MIC ≥ 0.5 µg/mL and methicillin-resistant, and 11 isolates with mupirocin MIC ≥ 32 µg/mL and resistant to mupirocin. Of the 17 S. saprophyticus isolates, three isolates with oxacillin MIC ≥ 0.5 µg/mL were also methicillin-resistant, and one isolate with mupirocin MIC ≥ 32 µg/mL was resistant to mupirocin. Melting curve analysis for mecA and mupA primers was determined 81.7 ± 0.5°C and 74 ± 0.5°C, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of HRM assay for detection of methicillin and mupirocin strains testing were 100%. CONCLUSIONS Identification of methicillin and mupirocin resistance in CoNSs using the HRM method has high sensitivity and specificity. Molecular methods are more accurate and faster than phenotypic methods and can identify a large number of resistant isolates in a short time.
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Ozmen Capin BB, Tekeli A, Karahan ZC. Evaluation of the Presence and Characterization of Vancomycin-Intermediate and Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Level Resistance Among Bloodstream Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:238-244. [PMID: 31545160 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) could be misinterpreted as "susceptible" with routine susceptibility testing procedures, and the subpopulations with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides can lead to therapeutic failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of VISA and hVISA strains among stocked bloodstream methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates of 14 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 127 nonduplicate MRSA strains isolated from blood cultures between 2001 and 2014 were investigated. Glycopeptide minimum inhibitory concentration values were detected by microbroth dilution method. Susceptibilities to other antimicrobials were determined by the disk diffusion method and interpreted according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. Macrogradient test (MGT) and modified population analysis profile-area under the curve (modified PAP-AUC) methods were used to detect VISA and hVISA. Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec), agr, and toxin gene typing were done by polymerase chain reaction. Genetic relatedness of the strains were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: All isolates were susceptible to glycopeptides, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. All were resistant to tetracycline, 96% were resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and rifampin. Only 58.3% of the isolates were susceptible to ceftaroline. Six isolates were suspected as hVISA by the MGT, but none could be confirmed by the modified PAP-AUC analysis. All isolates carried type-III SCCmec, sea was the most prevalent (96.9%) enterotoxin gene and agr group I locus was predominant (93.7%). PFGE analysis revealed four main and four unique patterns. Conclusion: No hVISA or VISA were detected. The resistance rate to ceftaroline seems remarkable due to its recent entry into the market in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Betul Ozmen Capin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Tekeli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ceren Karahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Central Microbiology Laboratory, Ibn-i Sina Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Arora S, Li X, Hillhouse A, Konganti K, Little SV, Lawhon SD, Threadgill D, Shelburne S, Hook M. Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCRAMM SesJ Is Encoded in Composite Islands. mBio 2020; 11:e02911-19. [PMID: 32071265 PMCID: PMC7029136 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02911-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients with a compromised immune system and/or an implanted medical device. Seventy to 90% of S. epidermidis clinical isolates are methicillin resistant and carry the mecA gene, present in a mobile genetic element (MGE) called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Along with the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes, MGEs can also contain genes encoding secreted or cell wall-anchored virulence factors. In our earlier studies of S. epidermidis clinical isolates, we discovered S. epidermidis surface protein J (SesJ), a prototype of a recently discovered subfamily of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) group. MSCRAMMs are major virulence factors of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report that the sesJ gene is always accompanied by two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB, and is present in two MGEs, called the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element. The presence of the sesJ gene was associated with the left-hand direct repeat DR_B or DR_E. When inserted via DR_E, the sesJ gene was encoded in the SCC element. When inserted via DR_B, the sesJ gene was accompanied by the genes for the type 1 restriction modification system and was encoded in the ACME. Additionally, the SCC element and ACME carry different isoforms of the SesJ protein. To date, the genes encoding MSCRAMMs have been seen to be located in the bacterial core genome. Here, we report the presence of an MSCRAMM in an MGE in S. epidermidis clinical isolates.IMPORTANCES. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. The modern era of novel therapeutics and medical devices has extended the longevity of human life, but at the same time, we also witness the evolution of pathogens to adapt to newly available niches in the host. Increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogens provides an example of such pathogen adaptation. With limited opportunities to modify the core genome, most of the adaptation occurs by acquiring new genes, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants present in MGEs. In this study, we describe that the sesJ gene, encoding a recently discovered cell wall-anchored protein in S. epidermidis, is present in both ACME and the SCC element. The presence of virulence factors in MGEs can influence the virulence potential of a specific strain. Therefore, it is critical to study the virulence factors found in MGEs in emerging pathogenic bacteria or strains to understand the mechanisms used by these bacteria to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiqi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara V Little
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David Threadgill
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Mairi A, Touati A, Pantel A, Zenati K, Martinez AY, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP. Distribution of Toxinogenic Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from Different Ecological Niches in Algeria. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090500. [PMID: 31466284 PMCID: PMC6784135 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a health problem in Algeria. The objectives of the study were to investigate the global distribution of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA isolates in different ecological niches in this country. In total, 2246 samples were collected from humans, livestock, wild animals, pets, food products and the aquatic environment, from 12 Algerian provinces. A total of 312 S. aureus were detected from 2446 samples (12.7%) in the screened niches. We observed the emergence of toxinogenic S. aureus representing 41% of the isolates. Among them, we noted the diffusion of ST80-IV CA-MRSA PVL + strains isolated in human, animals, and food and genetic diversity of MSSA PVL + isolates. This study suggests an alarming dissemination of MRSA-ST80 PVL + in both human and extra-human sources in Algeria. Moreover, MSSA may become a permanent reservoir of the PVL genes necessary for human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Mairi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1047, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Alix Pantel
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Nîmes, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France
| | - Karima Zenati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Alex Yahiaoui Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Nîmes, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Nîmes, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Nîmes, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Department of Microbiology, CHU Nîmes, University of Montpellier, 30900 Montpellier, France.
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21
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Little SV, Bryan LK, Hillhouse AE, Cohen ND, Lawhon SD. Characterization of agr Groups of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Dogs in Texas. mSphere 2019; 4:e00033-19. [PMID: 30918056 PMCID: PMC6437270 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00033-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important canine pathogen implicated in an increasing number of human infections. Along with rising levels of methicillin and multidrug resistance, staphylococcal biofilms are a complicating factor for treatment and contribute to device, implant, and surgical infections. Staphylococcal virulence, including biofilm formation, is regulated in part by the quorum sensing accessory gene regulator system (agr). The signal molecule for agr, known as the autoinducing peptide molecule, contains polymorphisms that result in the formation of distinct groups. In S. pseudintermedius, 4 groups (i.e., groups I, II, III, and IV) have been identified but not comprehensively examined for associations with infection type, virulence factor carriage, or phylogenetic relationships-all of which have been found to be significant in S. aureus In this study, 160 clinical canine isolates from Texas, including isolates from healthy dogs (n = 40) and 3 different infection groups (pyoderma, urinary tract, and surgical, n = 40 each), were sequenced. The agr group, biofilm-producing capabilities, toxin gene carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and sequence type (ST) were identified for all isolates. While no significant associations were discovered among the clinical infection types and agr groups, agr II isolates were significantly less common than any other group in diseased dogs. Furthermore, agr II isolates were less likely than other agr groups to be multidrug resistant and to carry toxin genes expA and sec-canine Fifty-two (33%) of the 160 isolates were methicillin resistant, and the main sequence types (ST64, ST68, ST71, ST84, ST150, and ST155) of methicillin-resistant strains of S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) were identified for the geographic region.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important disease-causing bacterium in dogs and is recognized as a growing threat to human health. Due to increasing multidrug resistance, discovery of alternative methods for treatment of these infections is vital. Interference with one target for alternative treatment, the quorum sensing system agr, has demonstrated clinical improvement of infections in S. aureus animal models. In this study, we sequenced and characterized 160 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates and their agr systems in order to increase understanding of the epidemiology of the agr group and clarify its associations with types of infection and antimicrobial resistance. We found that isolates with agr type II were significantly less common than other agr types in diseased dogs. This provides valuable information to veterinary clinical microbiologists and clinicians, especially as less research has been performed on infection associations of agr and its therapeutic potential in S. pseudintermedius than in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Laura K Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Noah D Cohen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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22
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Loncaric I, Kübber-Heiss A, Posautz A, Ruppitsch W, Lepuschitz S, Schauer B, Feßler AT, Krametter-Frötscher R, Harrison EM, Holmes MA, Künzel F, Szostak MP, Hauschild T, Desvars-Larrive A, Misic D, Rosengarten R, Walzer C, Slickers P, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Schwarz S, Spergser J. Characterization of mecC gene-carrying coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. isolated from various animals. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:138-144. [PMID: 30827379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the methicillin resistance gene mecC in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CoNS) is scarce. The aim of this study was to characterize mecC-positive CoNS isolated from various wild and domestic animals. The presence of the mecC gene was screened in 4299 samples from wild animals and domestic animals. Fifteen coagulase-negative staphylococci, that displayed a cefoxitin-resistant phenotype, were tested mecC-positive by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for all isolates. The 15 isolates were genotyped by sequencing of the entire class E mec gene complex (blaZ-mecC-mecR1-mecI), the ccrA and ccrB recombinase genes and other determinants within the type XI SCCmec element. DNA microarray analysis was performed and five selected isolates were additionally whole genome sequenced and analyzed. S. stepanovicii (n = 3), S. caprae (n = 1), S. warneri (n = 1), S. xylosus (n = 1) and S. sciuri (n = 9) were detected. All but the S. sciuri isolates were found to be susceptible to all non-beta lactams. The entire class E mec gene complex was detected in all isolates but ccrA and ccrB genes were not identified in S. stepanovicii and S. xylosus. The genes erm(B) and fexA (n = 4, each) were the most predominant non-beta lactam resistance genes detected in the S. sciuri isolates. Even though the presence of the mecC gene among CoNS is a rare observation, this study further expands our knowledge by showing that the mecC gene, including its allotypes, are present in more staphylococcal species from different animal species than has been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Posautz
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schauer
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ewan M Harrison
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Künzel
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomasz Hauschild
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dusan Misic
- Department for Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan Monecke
- InfectoGnostics research campus, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- InfectoGnostics research campus, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Gajewska J. S. epidermidis strains from artisanal cheese made from unpasteurized milk in Poland - Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 294:55-59. [PMID: 30771666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Poland artisanal cheese production is an important local economic activity. Artisanal cheese is usually produced using raw cow's milk, animal rennet and salt, without the addition of starter cultures. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are often present in artisanal cheeses. Pathogenic potential of some CoNS species, especially S. epidermidis, suggests that they could correspond to emerging pathogens. The identified risk factors correspond to virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Therefore, we aimed to characterize S. epidermidis isolated along the artisanal raw milk production chain. Seventy artisanal cheeses samples from unpasteurized cow milk purchased in Podlasie and Warmia and Mazury region in Poland, were included in this study. A total of 26 S. epidermidis isolates were obtained. Most of them were antimicrobial resistant, such as to penicillin (84,6%), clindamycin (46,2%), tetracycline (42,3%), erythromycin (42,3%) and cefoxitin (26,9%). Only one isolate was susceptible to all antibiotics used in the study. All methicillin resistant S. epidermidis strains (26,9%) harbored mecA gene. Isolates, phenotypic resistant to tetracycline, harbored at least one tetracycline resistance determinant on which tet(M) was most frequent. Moreover, all tetracycline resistant strains harbored Tn916-Tn1545-like integrase family gene. In the erythromycin resistant isolates, the macrolide resistance genes ermC, ermB or msrA/B were present. Seven strains demonstrated a strong ability to form biofilm and moderate and weak biofilm was demonstrated by 4 strains, whereas 11 of S. epidermidis isolates were found to be unable to form a biofilm. All strains producing strong biofilm harbored the icaD gene which occurred independently or in combination with the icaA. Insertion element IS256, was identified in 15,4% of S. epidermidis strains, all of which were multidrug resistant. Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) was identified in 13 of the 26 examined strains (50%). Most common was ACME type I (26,9%), followed by type III (15,4%) and type II (7,7%). Our data indicate that S. epidermidis are widely present in artisanal cheeses from raw whole cow milk in Poland. Many isolated strains containing more virulence factors and antibiotic resistant and carry mobile genetic elements which represent a potential source of resistance transmission to bacteria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Zadernowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Gajewska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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24
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Wang FD, Wu PF, Chen SJ. Distribution of virulence genes in bacteremic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various sources. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2019; 52:426-432. [PMID: 30686615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can encode proteins which directly bind bacteria to many tissues and medical devices or catheters to trigger pathogenesis. However, the relationship between genetic backgrounds and virulent factors in MRSA isolates remained incompletely understood yet. METHODS MRSA isolates were collected from blood cultures of patients with infective endocarditis, bone/joint infection, skin/soft tissue infection, or catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis at a tertiary medical center between 2005 and 2011. MRSA isolates were characterized by the methods of spa, multilocus sequence, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. Identification of virulence gene expression was measured by Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix. RESULTS Overall collected were 136 MRSA bacteremic isolates, including those from the cases of infective endocarditis (n = 23), bone/joint infection (n = 49), skin/soft tissue infection (n = 20), or catheter-related bacteremia in patients with acute kidney injury or end-stage renal stage receiving hemodialysis (n = 54). CC8-ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III-spa type t037 was the most prevalent type observed in all of 136 MRSA bacteremic isolates. The prevalent genes in the group of infective endocarditis were clfA, clfB, fnbA, ebpS, eap, emp, sae, and eno; bone/joint infections clfA, emp, sae, and eno; skin/soft tissue infection eno; hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia clfA and sae. The distribution of each gene was not statically different among four groups. CONCLUSIONS A major MRSA lineage, CC8-ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III-spa type t037, is noted among bacteremic MRSA isolates. No disease-specific virulent genes can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Der Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Feng Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jung Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Becker K, van Alen S, Idelevich EA, Schleimer N, Seggewiß J, Mellmann A, Kaspar U, Peters G. Plasmid-Encoded Transferable mecB-Mediated Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:242-248. [PMID: 29350135 PMCID: PMC5782906 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During cefoxitin-based nasal screening, phenotypically categorized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated and tested negative for the presence of the mecA and mecC genes as well as for the SCCmec-orfX junction region. The isolate was found to carry a mecB gene previously described for Macrococcus caseolyticus but not for staphylococcal species. The gene is flanked by β-lactam regulatory genes similar to mecR, mecI, and blaZ and is part of an 84.6-kb multidrug-resistance plasmid that harbors genes encoding additional resistances to aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD, aphA, and aadK) as well as macrolides (ermB) and tetracyclines (tetS). This further plasmidborne β-lactam resistance mechanism harbors the putative risk of acceleration or reacceleration of MRSA spread, resulting in broad ineffectiveness of β-lactams as a main therapeutic application against staphylococcal infections.
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Baig S, Johannesen TB, Overballe-Petersen S, Larsen J, Larsen AR, Stegger M. Novel SCCmec type XIII (9A) identified in an ST152 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 61:74-76. [PMID: 29567305 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element in an ST152 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate by combining Illumina and MinION sequencing. The element contains a new ccrC allotype designated ccrC2. The mec complex resembles mec class A, but with an altered organization of the genes. The element was acknowledged as novel by the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC) and designated SCCmec type XIII (9A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Baig
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bortolami A, Verin R, Chantrey J, Corrò M, Ashpole I, Lopez J, Timofte D. Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and mecC-positive CC130 from Zoo Animals in the United Kingdom. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:908-914. [PMID: 28783429 PMCID: PMC5665089 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the characteristics and diseases associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nondomestic animals. Four presumptive MRSA isolates, obtained from clinical (n = 3) and surveillance specimens (n = 1) from dwarf (Helogale parvula) and yellow mongooses (Cynictis penicillata) from a United Kingdom zoo, were analyzed by PCR for detection of mecA and mecC-mediated methicillin resistance, and virulence genes. Isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and spa sequence typing. Three isolates, obtained from the dwarf mongooses, carried mecA, tetK, and fexA resistance and virulence genes (icaA, icaD, and sec) and were typed to SCCmec IVa, spa type t899, and clonal complex (CC) 398. The fourth MRSA isolate, obtained from the femoral bone marrow of a yellow mongoose showing postmortem findings consistent with septicemia, carried mecC and was oxacillin/cefoxitin susceptible, when tested at 37°C but showed a characteristic MRSA susceptibility profile at 25°C ± 2°C. Furthermore, this isolate exhibited a different genetic background (SCCmecXI/t843/CC130) and had biofilm-associated genes (bap, icaA, and icaD) and tetK tetracycline resistance genes. This work describes the first isolation of livestock-associated MRSA CC398 from two zoo mongoose species where it was associated with both clinical disease and colonization, and the first isolation of mecC MRSA from a zoo species in the United Kingdom. Both reports highlight the potential for zoo species to act as reservoirs for these zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Cirkovic I, Trajkovic J, Hauschild T, Andersen PS, Shittu A, Larsen AR. Nasal and pharyngeal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri among hospitalised patients and healthcare workers in a Serbian university hospital. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185181. [PMID: 28926634 PMCID: PMC5605001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a paucity of data on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri (MRSS) epidemiology in European healthcare settings. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of nasal and pharyngeal carriage and diversity of MRSS among inpatients and healthcare workers (HCWs) in the largest healthcare centre in Serbia, and to assess performance of different methods for MRSS screening. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were obtained from 195 patients and 105 HCWs in different departments. Each swab was inoculated directly onto MRSA-ID, oxacillin-resistance screening agar and mannitol salt agar (MSA) with 2 mg/L of oxacillin. After inoculation, each swab was dipped in Mueller-Hinton broth with 6.5% NaCl and after overnight incubation, subcultured onto oxacillin-MSA. Characterisation of isolated MRSS strains was determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PFGE, SCCmec typing and antimicrobial resistance genes detection. MRSS nasal and pharyngeal carriage rate was high (5%) in our hospital and department-variable. PFGE revealed a possible cross-transmission of MRSS between a patient and an HCW, and dissemination across hospital wards. All analysed isolates were multidrug resistant. Fusidic acid resistance was discovered in 93.7% of isolates, but fusA mutations in EF-G and fusB/C genes were not detected. SCCmec regions of MRSS contained elements of classic methicillin-resistant S. aureus type III. Broth enrichment prior to isolation on oxacillin-MSA was superior to direct cultivation on different media with a sensitivity/specificity of 100% and 88.5%, respectively. MRSS is a significant coloniser of patients and HCWs in the hospital. Further research is needed to investigate the clinical significance of the bacterium in our settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cirkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jasmina Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomasz Hauschild
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adebayo Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vijayan K, Somasundaram S, Leo C, Kanagaraj J. Surveillance of variant mecA gene and analysis of efflux pump in mecA negative MRSA infections. Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30:2007-2011. [PMID: 29105636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been known from the medical records of Kancheepuram district hospitals that there is a prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Now the recent epidemiology has shown the presence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus even in school going children community individuals. In view of the above situation, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening was undertaken in the above said region. Both samples from hospital sources and school going children were screened for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The results have shown that the samples had multiantibiotic resistant property along with methicillin resistance. The genomic studies have revealed that there were of positive genomic sequence for mec A and 5 isolates for mecA negative gene sequence. This would assume that even negative mec A genome has the resistant expression. Out of the 5 isolates two isolates have shown the presence of both nor A and qac A/B genes. The above results are discussed with efflux of drugs and future proposal on proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Vijayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, China Kolambakkam, Kancheepuram District, India
| | - Sulochana Somasundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur TK, India
| | - Catherine Leo
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, China Kolambakkam, Kancheepuram District, India
| | - Jayaprakash Kanagaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, China Kolambakkam, Kancheepuram District, India
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Seng R, Kitti T, Thummeepak R, Kongthai P, Leungtongkam U, Wannalerdsakun S, Sitthisak S. Biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) isolated from community and hospital environments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184172. [PMID: 28859149 PMCID: PMC5578677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are the major cause of infectious diseases because of their potential ability to form biofilm and colonize the community or hospital environments. This study was designed to investigate the biofilm producing ability, and the presence of mecA, icaAD, bap and fnbA genes in MR-CoNS isolates. The MR-CoNS used in this study were isolated from various samples of community environment and five wards of hospital environments, using mannitol salt agar (MSA) supplemented with 4 μg/ml of oxacillin. The specie level of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus warneri was identified by specific primers of groESL (S. haemolyticus), rdr (S. epidermidis) and nuc (S. hominis and S. warneri). The remainder isolates were identified by tuf gene sequencing. Biofilm production was determined using Congo red agar (CRA) and Microtiter plate (MTP) assay. The mecA and biofilm associated genes (icaAD, fnbA and bap) were detected using PCR method. From the 558 samples from community and hospital environments, 292 MR-CoNS were isolated (41 from community environments, and 251 from hospital environments). S. haemolyticus (41.1%) and S. epidermidis (30.1%) were the predominant species in this study. Biofilm production was detected in 265 (90.7%) isolates by CRA, and 260 (88.6%) isolates were detected by MTP assay. The staphylococci isolates derived from hospital environments were more associated with biofilm production than the community-derived isolates. Overall, the icaAD and bap genes were detected in 74 (29.5%) and 14 (5.6%) of all isolates from hospital environments. When tested by MTP, the icaAD gene from hospital environment isolates was associated with biofilm biomass. No association was found between bap gene and biofilm formation. The MR-CoNS isolates obtained from community environments did not harbor the icaAD and bap genes. Conversely, fnbA gene presented in MR-CoNS isolated from both community and hospital environments. The high prevalence of biofilm producing MR-CoNS strains demonstrated in this study indicates the persisting ability in environments, and is useful in developing prevention strategies countering the spread of MR-CoNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathanin Seng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Kitti
- Faculty of Oriental Medicine, Chiang Rai College, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Rapee Thummeepak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Phattaraporn Kongthai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Udomluk Leungtongkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Surat Wannalerdsakun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Sutthirat Sitthisak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Shah DA, Wasim S, Abdullah FE. Comparison of Oxacillin and Cefoxitin for the Detection of mecAGene to Determine Methicillin Resistance in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci(CoNs). J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2017; 27:520-522. [PMID: 28903850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Cefoxitin with that of Methicillin/Oxacillin in the determination of mecAgene in Methicillin resistant Coagulase-negative staphylococci(CoNS). We assessed 57 CoNS isolates for mecA gene via PCR, which were subsequently subjected to Methicillin/Oxacillin and Cefoxitin disc diffusion test. These methods are simple, inexpensive and easily available compared to PCR despite less specificity. Out of 41 mecApositive species, 33 (80.5%) were resistant to Methicillin/Oxacillin. Cefoxitin-resistance was seen in all 41 (100%) mecApositive samples. Two (12.5%) mecAnegative isolates of S.saprophyticuswere Methicillin/Oxacillin resistant, but were Cefoxitin sensitive. Four (9.7%) isolates of S.saprophyticus, three (7.3%) of S.epidermidisspecies, and one (2.4%) S.haemolyticusthat were mecApositive were sensitive to Methicillin/Oxacillin but resistant to Cefoxitin. Cefoxitin resistance provides a more accurate picture of mecAgene positivity as compared to Methicillin and Oxacillin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shehnaz Wasim
- Medical Student, Ziauddin University, Clifton, Karachi
| | - Farhan Essa Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Essa Laboratory and Diagnostic Centre, North Nazimabad, Karachi
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Saab ME, Weese JS, McClure J. Direct repeat unit (dru) typing and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs in Atlantic Canada. Can J Vet Res 2017; 81:192-198. [PMID: 28725109 PMCID: PMC5508386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are few reports investigating the characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in dogs in Canada and none from Atlantic Canada. The objectives of this study were to strain type MRSP isolates cultured at a regional diagnostic laboratory using direct repeat unit (dru) typing and to describe their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Ninety-four isolates recovered from dogs between 2010 and 2012 had dru typing, cluster analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing done. The majority of isolates belonged to type dt11a (30.9%), dt10h (24.5%), dt9a (18.1%), and dt11af (10.6%) with the remaining 15.9% of isolates distributed among 13 dru types. The predominant dru types identified were similar in Ontario; however, cluster 9a appears to be less common in Atlantic Canada. A significant difference in the distribution of clusters among Atlantic provinces was detected (P = 0.01). Resistance to ≥ 2 non-β-lactam antimicrobials was observed in 71.4% of the isolates. The MRSP isolates from this study were notably less resistant than those reported in the literature. A more comprehensive study of the MRSP dru types could help further elucidate the distribution of this pathogen in Canada.
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Ugarte Torres A, Chu A, Read R, MacDonald J, Gregson D, Louie T, Delongchamp J, Ward L, McClure J, Zhang K, Conly J. The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients attending inner city sexually transmitted infections and community clinics in Calgary, Canada. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178557. [PMID: 28542601 PMCID: PMC5444836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the nares represent the most common carriage site for traditional hospital-associated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA), the predominant site of carriage of SA in the community is less certain. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 285 patients attending sexually transmitted diseases and inner-city clinics to evaluate the prevalence, body site colonisation and risk factors associated with carriage of methicillin susceptible SA (MSSA). All isolates were characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, staphylococcal protein A and multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS The prevalence of colonisation with SA was 57.5% (164/285); 162 (56.8%) participants were colonized with MSSA, and 4 (1.4%) with methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA), 2 of them were co-colonised with both MRSA and MSSA. The most common sites of colonisation were the throat (73.1%), nares (65.2%) and interdigital web spaces of the hand (21.3%). Three out of 4 MRSA isolates were USA300-MRSA strains. Twelve MSSA isolates were closely related to the USA300 CA-MRSA. We identified sexual behaviours such as having more than 6 heterosexual sexual partners in the last 6 months and trimming pubic hair to be independently associated with MSSA colonisation, and more specifically practicing oral sex as a risk factor for throat colonisation. CONCLUSION There is a high prevalence of MSSA carriage in this population, with a low prevalence of MRSA. The throat was the most common site of carriage and sexual behaviours were found to be risk factors for MSSA colonisation. Close strain relatedness of MSSA and USA300-MRSA isolates suggests either gain or loss of the SCCmec element, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ugarte Torres
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angel Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ron Read
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Judy MacDonald
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Infection Prevention & Control, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Gregson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Louie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Infection Prevention & Control, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johanna Delongchamp
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Ward
- Infection Prevention & Control, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joann McClure
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Conly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Health Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services and University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Macori G, Giacinti G, Bellio A, Gallina S, Bianchi DM, Sagrafoli D, Marri N, Giangolini G, Amatiste S, Decastelli L. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in the Ovine Dairy Chain and in Farm-Related Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E161. [PMID: 28509842 PMCID: PMC5450709 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of clinical infections in humans and its enterotoxins cause foodborne disease. In the present study, we tested a total of 51 isolates of S. aureus from small-ruminant dairy farms with artisan dairy facilities, all located in Latium, Italy. The farms have a known history of a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Most of the MRSA isolates (27 of 51) belonged to spa-type t127 (43.1%), followed by t2678 (3.9%), t044 (2%), t1166 (2%), and t1773 (2%). PFGE performed on mecA positive strains identified one cluster (≥ 80% of similarity), comprising 22 MRSA. Nine of twenty-two MRSA isolates were assigned human host origin, and 13 isolates did not belong to a specific host. During the characterization study, one strain isolated from bulk tank milk samples harbored the pvl gene; the strain was not enterotoxigenic with a non-specific host according to the biotyping scheme, highlighting the possible emerging risk of transmission of bacterial virulence factors by foods, the environment, and foodhandlers. These findings stress the importance of hygienic measures at all processing steps of the food production chain and underline that monitoring for the presence of MRSA throughout the food chain is essential for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerrino Macori
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Giacinti
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bellio
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniele Sagrafoli
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Nicla Marri
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Giangolini
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Amatiste
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale Della Qualità Del Latte E Dei Derivati Ovini E Caprini, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana , Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy.
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
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Yang TY, Hung WW, Lin L, Hung WC, Tseng SP. mecA-related structure in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from street food in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42205. [PMID: 28181543 PMCID: PMC5299846 DOI: 10.1038/srep42205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant patterns, a mecA homologue complex, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) were analysed in samples of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food in Taiwan. RTE food samples (270) were collected in three densely populated Taiwanese cities between June and November 2014. Among 14 strains being identified as methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), genetic diversities was determined by PFGE analysis. SCCmec types IV, V, VIII and TXG-24 were detected in 9, and mecASs (a mecA homologue) detected in 8. The mecASs gene complex from S. sciuri subsp. sciuri TXG-24 was found to be closely related to those found in both S. sciuri subsp. sciuri (ATCC29062) and S. sciuri subsp. rodentium (ATCC700061). SCCmecTXG24 carries a class A mec complex, a ccrA5B3-like gene complex, a heavy metal gene complex, and an IS1216 mobile element carrying tet(S). Matching identity to ccrA5 was 84.5% for ccrA in S. pseudintermedius KM241. Matching identify to ccrB3 was 92.1% for ccrB in S. pseudintermedius AI16. Similar ccrA and SCCmec boundary sequences suggest that SCCmec is easily transmitted to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Based on MRCoNS strains identified in this research, Taiwanese RTE food products likely carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes that can be transmitted to hospitals and other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Culinary Art, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Hung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Seyedmonir E, Yilmaz F, Icgen B. Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria Inhabiting Surface Waters Monitored by mecA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 97:261-271. [PMID: 27156085 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Part of a 20-60 kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette called mecA encodes low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a and causes methicillin resistance. Among all methicillin-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen and main concern worldwide. Although the origin of the mecA is not very well-defined, mecA homologues are also ubiquitous in methicillin-resistant non-staphylococcal bacteria. Due to the dissemination of methicillin resistance through the transmission of mecA gene among staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal bacteria inhabiting surface waters, there is a need to monitor mecA gene in these waters for public health safety. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring mecA harboring bacteria inhabiting surface waters by using fluorescently labelled mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Under the hybridization conditions of 55 % formamide and 0.020 M NaCl at 46°C, the oligonucleotide probe used in the study showed high hybridization stringency to the mecA gene targeted. The strong linear relationships observed between the signal intensity and the target gene were used to assess the population dynamics of mecA harboring isolates over a 2-year-period. The results indicated that mecA-targeted oligonucleotide probes can be effectively used for in situ monitoring of methicillin resistant isolates inhabiting surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Seyedmonir
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fadime Yilmaz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Icgen
- Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Davis SL, Rybak MJ, Amjad M, Kaatz GW, McKinnon PS. Characteristics of Patients With Healthcare-Associated Infection Due to SCCmecType IV Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:1025-31. [PMID: 17006808 DOI: 10.1086/507918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) with the staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) type IV allele is most commonly associated with community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection; however, such organisms have also been identified in the healthcare setting. The objective of the present study was to characterize the epidemiology of and clinical outcomes associated with SCCmec-IV MRSA infection acquired in the healthcare setting, compared with infection caused by MRSA of other SCCmectypes.Design.We evaluated a cohort of 100 inpatients with MRSA infection that met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition for healthcare-associated infection and compared the patients' demographic characteristics, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the MRSA isolates, the infection types, and the associated clinical and microbiological outcomes. For each MRSA isolate, the SCCmectype and the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were determined by polymerase chain reaction methods.Results.SCCmec-IV MRSA isolates were isolated from 53 patients (42% of these isolates were positive for PVL), and SCCmec-II or SCCmec-III MRSA was isolated from 47 patients (3% of these isolates were positive for PVL). No differences were noted between the patients in the SCCmec-II/III group and the patients in the SCCmec-IV group with respect to age (median, 55 vs 50 years); sex (77% vs 64% of patients were male); medical service (surgical service, 60% in both groups; ICU admission, 55% vs 53%), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (median, 8 vs. 7); infection type; or underlying comorbidities, except for presence of a burn wound (13% vs 2%;P< .04). Patients in the SCCmec-II/III group were more likely to have multiple sites of infection (P= .006) and a longer length of stay (LOS) prior to detection of MRSA than were patients in the SCCmec-IV group (median, 4 vs 1 days;P< .001). Total LOS was significantly greater for patients in the SCCmec-II/III, compared with those in the SCCmec-IV group (P= .006). Multiple logistic regression identified liver disease and longer LOS prior to detection of MRSA as predictors of infection with SCCmec-II/III MRSA. Rates of susceptibility to clindamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline was significantly greater among SCCmec-IV MRSA isolates, compared with type II/III isolates (P⩽ .05). Compared with SCCmec-IV isolates acquired in the community, the susceptibility rates among healthcare-associated SCCmec-IV isolates was significantly less for clindamycin, gentamicin, and levofloxacin, indicating that these organisms may quickly acquire resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics, as do SCCmec-II/III strains.Conclusions.SCCmec-IV MRSA appears to have become established in hospitals. The onset of infection caused by SCCmec-IV strains is earlier than the onset of infection with SCCmec-II/III strains; however, associated types of infection are similar. Infection with SCCmec- II/III MRSA is currently associated with an adverse impact on outcome, compared with infection with SCCmec-IV MRSA. Further research is warranted to determine the impact of SCCmectype IV strains in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Davis
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and the School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The increasing number of multiantibiotic-resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), requires the development of novel chemotherapies that are structurally distinct and exempt from current resistance mechanisms. Bioinformatics data mining of microbial genomes has revealed numerous previously unexploited essential open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown biochemical function. The potential of these proteins as screening targets is not readily apparent because most screening technologies rely on knowledge of biological function. To address this problem, the authors employed affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) to identify antimicrobial compounds that bound the novel target YihA. Screening a small-molecule library of 44,000 compounds initially identified 115 binders, of which 76% were confirmed. Furthermore, the ACE assay distinguished diverse compounds that possessed drug-like properties and antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates. These data validate ACE as a valuable tool for the fast, efficient detection of specific binding molecules that possess biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michelle Lewis
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Sigurdardottir B, Berg JV, Hu J, Alamu J, McNutt LA, Diekema DJ, Herwaldt LA. Descriptive Epidemiology and Case-Control Study of Patients Colonized With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus and Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:913-9. [PMID: 16941315 DOI: 10.1086/507278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background.Patients colonized or infected with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusmay be at risk of acquiring vancomycin-resistantS. aureusif the vanA gene is transferred from vancomycin-resistant enterococcus to methicillin-resistantS. aureus..Objective.Our goal was to identify risk factors for cocolonization or coinfection (CC/CI) with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin-resistantS. aureus.Design.We conducted a descriptive, epidemiologic study of all patients with CC/CI identified from January 1998 to May 2003 and a nested case-control study of a cohort of patients hospitalized in the burn and wound unit.Setting.We conducted our study in a 813-bed tertiary care university teaching hospital.Population.The study population consisted of patients found to have CC/CI during the study period.Methods.Descriptive epidemiologic data were collected from hospital records of all patients identified as having CC/CI. A subset of patients hospitalized in the burn and wound unit were included in a case-control study.Results.CC/CI was detected in 71% of the patients during a single hospital stay. The burn and wound unit, which does active surveillance for both organisms, and the general medicine unit, which does not do active surveillance for either organism, cared for more than one-half of these patients. Among patients being cared for in the burn and wound unit, having exposure to 2 or more invasive devices (central venous catheters, indwelling urinary catheters, and enteral feeding tubes) and renal insufficiency were independent risk factors for CC/CI.Conclusions.Patients with CC/CI are the population at greatest risk for vancomycin-resistantS. aureuscolonization or infection. The number of invasive devices to which patients are exposed and, thus, possibly the patients' underlying severity of illness, as well as renal insufficiency, appear to be risk factors for CC/CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndis Sigurdardottir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Idelevich EA, Schaumburg F, Knaack D, Scherzinger AS, Mutter W, Peters G, Peschel A, Becker K. The Recombinant Bacteriophage Endolysin HY-133 Exhibits In Vitro Activity against Different African Clonal Lineages of the Staphylococcus aureus Complex, Including Staphylococcus schweitzeri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2551-3. [PMID: 26833148 PMCID: PMC4808236 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02859-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HY-133 is a recombinant bacteriophage endolysin with bactericidal activity againstStaphylococcus aureus Here, HY-133 showedin vitroactivity against major African methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistantS. aureuslineages and ceftaroline/ceftobiprole- and borderline oxacillin-resistant isolates. HY-133 was also active againstStaphylococcus schweitzeri, a recently described species of theS. aureuscomplex. The activity of HY-133 on the tested isolates (MIC50, 0.25 μg/ml; MIC90, 0.5 μg/ml; range, 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml) was independent of the species and strain background or antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Idelevich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Knaack
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology Department, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Amoako DG, Bester LA, Somboro AM, Baijnath S, Govind CN, Essack SY. Plasmid-mediated resistance and virulence mechanisms in the private health sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An investigation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates collected during a three month period. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46:38-41. [PMID: 27021530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the lack of information on the plasmid content of MRSA strains in South Africa (SA), this study investigated the resistance and virulence mechanisms of 27 clinical isolates from the private health care sector over a period of 3 months. METHODS Plasmids were extracted and the presence of MRSA confirmed by the presence of mecA. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular characterization of common resistance encoding genes and frequently encountered virulence factors by PCR using plasmid DNA as the template. The genetic relatedness between the isolates was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS All isolates were plasmid positive, and displayed ampillicin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin resistance. They were all fully susceptible to daptomycin, linezolid, vancomycin, tigecycline and fusidic acid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 74.1% (20/27) of the MRSA isolates. The frequency of the resistance and virulence genes ranged from 100% to 0%. PFGE analysis revealed 10 pulsotypes, designated A-J, which showed correlation with resistance profile of the isolates in each group. Of note, 85.2% (23/27) of the isolates clustered into six major PFGE types giving an indication of similar circulating MRSA clones. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the genetic diversity and resistance mechanisms in MRSA strains from the private health sector in SA hence the need for implementing effective infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chetna N Govind
- Lancet Laboratories, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal & Honorary Research Fellow, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Greninger AL, Chatterjee SS, Chan LC, Hamilton SM, Chambers HF, Chiu CY. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Fifth-Generation Cephalosporins Reveals Potential Non-mecA Mechanisms of Resistance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149541. [PMID: 26890675 PMCID: PMC4758708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifth-generation cephalosporins, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline, are promising drugs for treatment of bacterial infections from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These antibiotics are able to bind native PBP2a, the penicillin-binding protein encoded by the mecA resistance determinant that mediates broad class resistance to nearly all other beta-lactam antibiotics, at clinically achievable concentrations. Mechanisms of resistance to ceftaroline based on mecA mutations have been previously described. Here we compare the genomes of 11 total parent-daughter strains of Staphylococcus aureus for which specific selection by serial passaging with ceftaroline or ceftobiprole was used to identify novel non-mecA mechanisms of resistance. All 5 ceftaroline-resistant strains, derived from 5 different parental strains, contained mutations directly upstream of the pbp4 gene (coding for the PBP4 protein), including four with the same thymidine insertion located 377 nucleotides upstream of the promoter site. In 4 of 5 independent ceftaroline-driven selections, we also isolated mutations to the same residue (Asn138) in PBP4. In addition, mutations in additional candidate genes such as ClpX endopeptidase, PP2C protein phosphatase and transcription terminator Rho, previously undescribed in the context of resistance to ceftaroline or ceftobiprole, were detected in multiple selections. These genomic findings suggest that non-mecA mechanisms, while yet to be encountered in the clinical setting, may also be important in mediating resistance to 5th-generation cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Som S. Chatterjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Liana C. Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Hamilton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henry F. Chambers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Gonzales PR, Pesesky MW, Bouley R, Ballard A, Biddy BA, Suckow MA, Wolter WR, Schroeder VA, Burnham CAD, Mobashery S, Chang M, Dantas G. Synergistic, collaterally sensitive β-lactam combinations suppress resistance in MRSA. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:855-61. [PMID: 26368589 PMCID: PMC4618095 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most prevalent multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide, exhibiting increasing resistance to the latest antibiotic therapies. Here we show that the triple β-lactam combination meropenem-piperacillin-tazobactam (ME/PI/TZ) acts synergistically and is bactericidal against MRSA subspecies N315 and 72 other clinical MRSA isolates in vitro and clears MRSA N315 infection in a mouse model. ME/PI/TZ suppresses evolution of resistance in MRSA via reciprocal collateral sensitivity of its constituents. We demonstrate that these activities also extend to other carbapenem-penicillin-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. ME/PI/TZ circumvents the tight regulation of the mec and bla operons in MRSA, the basis for inducible resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, ME/PI/TZ subverts the function of penicillin-binding protein-2a (PBP2a) via allostery, which we propose as the mechanism for both synergy and collateral sensitivity. Showing in vivo activity similar to that of linezolid, ME/PI/TZ demonstrates that combinations of older β-lactam antibiotics could be effective against MRSA infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Gonzales
- Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Mitchell W. Pesesky
- Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Renee Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Anna Ballard
- Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Brent A. Biddy
- Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - William R. Wolter
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Valerie A. Schroeder
- Freimann Life Sciences Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Wang L, Ahmed MH, Safo MK, Archer GL. A Plasmid-Borne System To Assess the Excision and Integration of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Mediated by CcrA and CcrB. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2754-61. [PMID: 26055110 PMCID: PMC4524038 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00078-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistance to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics in staphylococci is due to mecA, which is carried on a genomic island, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). The chromosomal excision and integration of SCCmec are mediated by the site-specific recombinase CcrAB or CcrC, encoded within this element. A plasmid-borne system was constructed to assess the activities of CcrA and CcrB in the excision and integration of SCCmec in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The excision frequency in E. coli mediated by CcrAB from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain N315 was only 9.2%, while the integration frequency was 31.4%. In S. aureus the excision and integration frequencies were 11.0% and 18.7%, respectively. Truncated mutants identified the N-terminal domain of either CcrB or CcrA to be necessary for both integration and excision, while the C-terminal domain was important for recombination efficiency. Site-directed mutagenesis of the N-terminal domain identified S11 and R79 of CcrA and S16, R89, T149, and R151 of CcrB to be residues essential for catalytic activities, and the critical location of these residues was consistent with a model of the tertiary structure of the N terminus of CcrA and CcrB. Furthermore, CcrAB and CcrC, cloned from a panel of 6 methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains and 2 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains carrying SCCmec types II, IV, and V, also catalyzed integration at rates 1.3 to 10 times higher than the rates at which they catalyzed excision, similar to the results from N315. The tendency of SCCmec integration to be favored over excision may explain the low spontaneous excision frequency seen among MRSA strains. IMPORTANCE Spontaneous excision of the genomic island (SCCmec) that encodes resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics (methicillin resistance) in staphylococci would convert a methicillin-resistant strain to a methicillin-susceptible strain, improving therapy of difficult-to-treat infections. This study characterizes a model system by which the relative frequencies of excision and integration can be compared. Using a plasmid-based model for excision and integration mediated by the recombinases CcrA and CcrB, integration occurred at a higher frequency than excision, consistent with the low baseline excision frequency seen in most strains. This model system can now be used to study conditions and drugs that may raise the SCCmec excision frequency and generate strains that are beta-lactam susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mostafa H Ahmed
- Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon L Archer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Miyamoto H, Murakami S, Nishimiya T, Suemori K, Tauchi H. [Homologous Analysis Using Repetitive-sequence-based PCR Typing of Exfoliative Toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Our Hospital]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2015; 89:369-374. [PMID: 26552128 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.89.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined staphylococcal coagulase types and homologous analysis using the DiversiLab repetitive-sequence-based PCR system in exfoliative toxin (ET)-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-two isolates (17 methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates) obtained in our hospital from January 2012 and December 2013 were used. Three groups were classified according to the coagulase types and serotypes of ET. The first group (4 MSSA) showed coagulase type I and ET-A, and the second group (3 MSSA and 2 MRSA) showed coagulase type I and ET-B. The third group (10 MSSA and 3 MRSA) showed coagulase type V and ET-B. An analysis by DiversiLab demonstrated that homology was high in both the first and second groups. The homogenousness was high among the third group isolates except for the ocular isolates. In our hospital, three important groups were present according to a coagulase type and an ET type, and the homology of ocular isolates could be different from other materials isolates.
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Havaei SA, Namvar AE, Moghim S, Lari AR. Evaluation of various staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in Staphylococcus epidermidis invasive strains from hospitalised patients in Iran. Infez Med 2015; 23:18-22. [PMID: 25819046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is known to be a major cause of nosocomial infections particularly in catheter-associated bacteraemia, prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and immunocompromised patients in different health care units. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, especially to β-lactam antibiotics such as methicillin, has increased the mortality due to S. epidermidis. A kind of low affinity penicillin-binding protein (PBP2α), which is encoded by the mecA gene that is located in the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), mediates the resistance to methicillin. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SCCmec types and evaluate the antibiotic profile assay in invasive strains isolated from clinical samples. The study focused on invasive strains, determining the antimicrobial resistance profile, designing new primers for detection of the mecA gene and SCCmec typing with the multiplex PCR method. By using the PCR molecular test, 87.1% of all isolates were found to be positive for the mecA gene. In SCCmec typing, different types (I-V) were identified, in which SCCmec type I was detected in 3 isolates, SCCmec type II in 5 isolates, SCCmec type III in 22 isolates, SCCmec type IV in 27 isolates and SCCmec type V was distinguished in 4 isolates. Since coagulase-negative staphylococci are reported as a major cause of hospital infections, molecular typing methods like SCCmec typing would be a helpful method to control and prevent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Asghar Havaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh Namvar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolaziz Rastegar Lari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Iran; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Neofytos D, Kuhn B, Shen S, Hua Zhu X, Jungkind D, Flomenberg P. Emergence of Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecType IV Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusas a Cause of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 28:1206-9. [PMID: 17828701 DOI: 10.1086/520746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) type IV methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains were identified in 8 (19.5%) of 41 consecutive patients with MRSA ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in this retrospective, observational study. There were no significant differences in VAP severity and crude mortality rates between patients with SCCmectype II strains and patients with SCCmectype IV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neofytos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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von Baum H, Schmidt C, Svoboda D, Bock-Hensley O, Wendt C. Risk Factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Carriage in Residents of German Nursing Homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 23:511-5. [PMID: 12269448 DOI: 10.1086/502098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:To determine the prevalence of and the risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in nursing home residents in the Rhine-Neckar region of southern Germany.Design:Point-prevalence survey.Setting:Forty-seven nursing homes in the region.Participants:All residents of the approached nursing homes who agreed to participate.Methods:After informed consent was obtained, all participants had their nares swabbed, some personal data collected, or both. All swabs were examined for growth of MRSA All S. aureus isolates underwent oxacillin susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction for demonstration of the meek gene. All MRSA isolates were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after digestion with SmaI.Results:Swabs from 3,236 nursing home residents yielded 36 MRSA strains, contributing to a prevalence rate of 1.1%. Significant risk factors for MRSA carriage in the multivariate analysis were the presence of wounds or urinary catheters, limited mobility, admission to a hospital during the preceding 3 months, or stay in a medium-size nursing home. One predominant MRSA strain could be detected in 30 of the 36 MRSA carriers.Conclusions:The prevalence of MRSA in German nursing homes is still low. These residents seemed to acquire their MRSA in the hospital and transfer it to their nursing home. Apart from well-known risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA we identified the size of the nursing home as an independent risk factor. This might be due to an increased use of antimicrobials in nursing homes of a certain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Baum
- Hygiene-Institut, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Conterno LO, Shymanski J, Ramotar K, Toye B, van Walraven C, Coyle D, Roth VR. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus:Impact on Nosocomial Transmission and Costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 28:1134-41. [PMID: 17828689 DOI: 10.1086/520099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives.To assess the impact of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) on nosocomial transmission and costs.Design.Monthly MRSA detection rates were measured from April 1, 2000, through December 31, 2005. Time series analysis was used to identify changes in MRSA detection rates, and decision analysis was used to compare the costs of detection by PCR and by culture.Setting.A 1,200-bed, tertiary care hospital in Canada.Patients.Admitted patients at high risk for MRSA colonization. MRSA detection using culture-based screening was compared with a commercial PCR assay.Results.The mean monthly incidence of nosocomial MRSA colonization or infection was 0.37 cases per 1,000 patient-days. The time-series model indicated an insignificant decrease of 0.14 cases per 1,000 patient-days per month (95% confidence interval, —0.18 to 0.46) after the introduction of PCR detection (P= .39). The mean interval from a reported positive result until contact precautions were initiated decreased from 3.8 to 1.6 days (P<.001). However, the cost of MRSA control increased from Can$605,034 to Can$771,609. Of 290 PCR-positive patients, 120 (41.4%) were placed under contact precautions unnecessarily because of low specificity of the PCR assay used in the study; these patients contributed 37% of the increased cost. The modeling study predicted that the cost per patient would be higher with detection by PCR (Can$96) than by culture (Can$67).Conclusion.Detection of MRSA by the PCR assay evaluated in this study was more costly than detection by culture for reducing MRSA transmission in our hospital. The cost benefit of screening by PCR varies according to incidences of MRSA colonization and infection, the predictive values of the assay used, and rates of compliance with infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Conterno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Marilia Medical School, Marilia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Herwaldt LA, Pottinger JM, Coffman S, Tjaden J. Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin–ResistantStaphylococcus Aureusin a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 23:502-5. [PMID: 12269446 DOI: 10.1086/502096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:To determine whether patients who were colonized or infected with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) persistently carried the same strain and to identify the extent of strain variation within a population of patients.Design:Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of stored MRSA isolates.Setting:A Veterans Administration Medical Center with 288 hospital, 45 intermediate-care, and 75 extended-care beds.Isolates:Between January 1991 and March 1993, 91 patients had MRSA identified in routine cultures. One hundred isolates from 57 patients (63%) were available for typing.Results:Before 1988, only occasional MRSA isolates were identified. By 1993, 50% ofS. aureusisolates from unique patients were resistant to methicillin. PFGE identified 7 MRSA strains, 3 of which were identified in specimens from 1 patient each. The most common strains were SD4 (20 patients), SD1 (12 patients), SD2 (12 patients), and SD5a (5 patients). Twenty patients had 2 or more isolates obtained at least 1 week apart (mean, 30.7 weeks; range, 1 to 102 weeks). Of these patients, 12 were colonized or infected with only one strain (mean time observed, 25.1 weeks; range, 1 to 82 weeks). Eight patients had at least 2 different strains (mean time observed, 39 weeks; range, 2 to 102 weeks).Conclusion:Numerous MRSA strains circulated in tiiis endemic setting; 40% of patients observed over time were colonized or infected witii more than one strain. Molecular typing was an essential tool for evaluating the epidemiology of MRSA in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen A Herwaldt
- The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-081, USA
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