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Shinozaki K, Kirinoki M, Atcharaphan W, Watanabe KI, Ohari Y, Suguta S, Ona KAL, Ushio N, Macalanda AMC, Suganuma K, Inoue N, Kawazu SI. Expression profile analysis of the transient receptor potential (TRPM) channel, a possible target of praziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Int 2024; 99:102833. [PMID: 38061487 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The WHO considers schistosomiasis, which is controlled by the mass administration of the drug praziquantel (PZQ), to be a neglected tropical disease. Despite its clinical use for over four decades, PZQ remains the only choice of chemotherapy against this disease. Regarding the previous studies that demonstrated that PZQ activates the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in Schistosoma mansoni (Sm.TRPMPZQ), the expression profile of the ortholog of this channel gene (Smp_246790.5) in S. japonicum (EWB00_008853) (Sj.TRPMPZQ) was analyzed. The relative expression of this gene in various stages of the parasite lifecycle was analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), and the expression of Sj.TRPMPZQ was observed by immunohistochemical staining using anti-serum against the recombinant Sj.TRPMPZQ protein. qRT-PCR revealed the significantly lower mRNA expression in the snail stage in comparison to other stages (p < 0.01). The relative quantity of the Sj.TRPMPZQ expression for paired females, unpaired males, and eggs was 60%, 56%, and 68%, respectively, in comparison to paired males that showed the highest expression (p < 0.05). Interestingly, immunostaining demonstrated that Sj.TRPMPZQ is expressed in the parenchyma which contains muscle cells, neuronal cells and tegument cells in adult worms. This may support the two major effects of PZQ-worm paralysis and tegument disruption-induced by channel activation. Moreover, the channel was expressed in both the eggshell and the miracidia inside, but could not be observed in sporocyst. These results suggest that the expression of Sj.TRPMPQZ corresponds to the known sensitivity of S. japonicum to PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Shinozaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kirinoki
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Wanlop Atcharaphan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Saki Suguta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kevin Austin L Ona
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000 Manila, Philippines
| | - Nanako Ushio
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Adrian Miki C Macalanda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Rathnasekara RP, Rustum AM. Simultaneous determination of praziquantel, fipronil, eprinomectin, (S)-methoprene, their key related substances and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in a topical veterinary drug product by a single stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115805. [PMID: 37948779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, robust and QC (quality control) friendly high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four active pharmaceutical ingredient [namely fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin, and praziquantel] and their key degradation products in a broad-spectrum topical finished product. Typical sample of the finished product contains a total of 30-plus peaks of interest. Analytes were separated on a HALO C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 µm particle size) with a gradient elution at 50 °C column temperature and 0.6 mL/min flow rate. Detection wavelength of 245 nm is used for praziquantel, eprinomectin and their degradation products, 265 nm for (S)-methoprene and its degradation products and 280 nm for fipronil and its degradation products and for the antioxidant, BHT. Mobile phase of the method is composed of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer and 1,4- Dioxane (98/2, v/v, pH 5.0) as mobile phase-A, and EtOH/MeOH/MeCN/IPA (86/4/6/4, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase-B. All analytes of interest were adequately separated by this single HPLC method. The stability-indicating capability of the method has been demonstrated by successfully separating the degradation products in the stressed degraded samples of the finished product. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the method is 0.3% and 0.1% of target analytical concentration for each individual API in the finished product. This method has been demonstrated to be sensitive, robust, specific, accurate and stability-indicating for analysis of the topical drug product containing praziquantel, fipronil, eprinomectin and (S)-methoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka P Rathnasekara
- Global Pharmaceutical Technical Support (GPTS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA.
| | - Abu M Rustum
- Global Pharmaceutical Technical Support (GPTS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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Sharaf-El-Deen S, Soliman S, Brakat R. Evaluation of the antiparasitic and antifibrotic effects of gallic acid on experimental hepatic schistosomiasis mansoni. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e3. [PMID: 38167243 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis afflicts approximately 120 million individuals globally. The hepatic pathology that occurs due to egg-induced granuloma and fibrosis is commonly attributed to this condition. However, there is currently no efficacious treatment available for either of these conditions.Our study aimed to investigate the potential antifibrotic and antiparasitic properties of different doses of gallic acid (GA) in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. In addition, we investigated the outcomes of co-administering it with the standard anti-schistosomiasis treatment, praziquantel (PZQ).In experiment I, Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were administered GA at doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. Their effectiveness was evaluated through parasitological (worm and egg loads, granuloma number and diameter), pathological (fibrosis percentage and H-score of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)), and functional (liver enzymes) tests. In experiment II, we investigated the optimal dosage that yielded the best outcomes. This dosage was administered in conjunction with PZQ and was evaluated regarding the parasitological, pathological, functional, and immunological (fibrosis-regulating cytokines) activities.Our findings indicate that the administration of 40 mg/kg GA exhibited the highest level of effectiveness in experiment I. In experiment II, it exhibited lower antiparasitic efficacy in comparison to PZQ. However, it surpassed PZQ in other tests. It showed enhanced outcomes when combined with PZQ.In conclusion, our findings reveal that GA only slightly increased the antischistosomal activity of PZQ. However, it was linked to decreased fibrosis, particularly when administrated with PZQ. Our pilot study identifies GA as a natural antifibrotic agent, which could be administered with PZQ to mitigate the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharaf-El-Deen
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - S Soliman
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - R Brakat
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin-el-kom, Menoufia, Egypt
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Ukwa UD, Saliu JK, Akinsanya B. Phytochemical profiling and anthelmintic potential of extracts of selected tropical plants on parasites of fishes in Epe Lagoon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22727. [PMID: 38123590 PMCID: PMC10733343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to study the anthelmintic properties of selected five (5) tropical plant extracts, ascertained margin of fish host safety in reference with praziquantel, a commonly used chemo-therapeutics. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Alligator pepper seeds (Aframomum melegueta), Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Ginger bulbs (Zingiber officinale) and Garlic (Allium sativum) and their potencies in reference to praziquantel against Clarias gariepinus and different classes of helminth parasites were investigated. The results obtained show that the 70% ethanol extract had 80 to 100% presence of the phytochemical content, compared with the 100% aqueous and 100% ethanol extracts with 50 to 80% and 50 to 90%, respectively. Among the five tropical plants, the richest in saponin and flavonoids are alligator pepper and neem with alkaloids, tannin, flavonoid and saponin in ratios 1:1:3:9 and 1:1:4:3 respectively. While, moringa, garlic and ginger are rich in alkaloids with alkaloids, tannin, flavonoid and saponin in ratios, 8:1:10:1, 6:2:1:4 and 6:3:2:1, respectively. Aframomum melegueta and praziquantel showed above 70% potency (at 96 h LC5) against all the classes of parasites; Wenyonia spp (cestode), Procamallanus spp (nematode), Tenuisentis spp (acanthocephalan), and Electrotaenia sp (cestode) as compared to the other plant extracts that showed above 70% potency (at 96 h LC5) only against Electrotaenia spp. Sub-lethal Concentrations (96 h LC5) of praziquantel and Aframomum melegueta on the juvenile fish host (12.36 mg/l and 9.9 mg/l respectively) were found to be 90.9% and 93.5% effective against adult Electrotaenia spp after 8 to 10 min of exposure. These concentrations were 78 to 85.7% and 89.7 to 88.4%, respectively, effective against the other classes of parasites after 18 to 25 min and 15 to 21 min of exposure. These concentrations were tested on the post juvenile of the fish to determine behavioral changes; there were no significant behavioral responses after 24 h of exposure. The effective concentrations indicate the widest margin of safety for the fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- U D Ukwa
- Department of Zoology, Eco-Toxicology Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - J K Saliu
- Department of Zoology, Eco-Toxicology Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - B Akinsanya
- Department of Zoology, Environmental Parasitology Unit, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
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Menezes CA, Montresor LC, Jangola STG, de Mattos AC, Domingues ALC, Júnior AM, Silva CCM, Barbosa CS, de Mendonça CLF, Massara CL, Fonseca CT, de Oliveira EJ, Gomes ECDS, da Silva EF, Bezerra FSDM, Silva-Jr FP, de Siqueira IC, Silva JRME, Heller L, Farias LP, Beck LCNH, Santos MCS, Lima MG, Mourão MDM, Enk MJ, Fernandez MA, Katz N, Carvalho ODS, Parreiras PM, Neves RH, Gava SG, de Oliveira SA, Thiengo SC, Favre TC, Graeff-Teixeira C, Pieri OS, Caldeira RL, da Silva-Pereira RA, Rocha RS, Oliveira RR. FioSchisto's expert perspective on implementing WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis control and transmission elimination in Brazil. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268998. [PMID: 38143743 PMCID: PMC10739458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes schistosomiasis as one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases targeted for global elimination in the 2030 Agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Brazil, schistosomiasis mansoni is considered a public health problem, particularly prevalent among vulnerable populations living in areas with poor environmental and sanitary conditions. In 2022, the WHO published a Guideline encompassing recommendations to assist national programs in endemic countries in achieving morbidity control, eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem, and advancing towards interrupting transmission. The perspectives presented here, collectively prepared by members of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's (Fiocruz) Schistosomiasis Translational Program (FioSchisto), along with invited experts, examine the feasibility of the WHO recommendations for the Brazilian settings, providing appropriate recommendations for public health policies applicable to the epidemiological reality of Brazil, and suggests future research to address relevant issues. In Brazil, the provision of safe water and sanitation should be the key action to achieve schistosomiasis elimination goals. The agencies involved in measures implementation should act together with the Primary Care teams for planning, executing, monitoring, and evaluating actions in priority municipalities based on their epidemiological indicators. Host snails control should prioritize judicious ecological interventions at breeding sites. The Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy should be associated with water and sanitation and other control actions, actively involving school community. To identify infected carriers, FioSchisto recommends a two-stage approach of immunological and molecular tests to verify transmission interruption during the intervention and beyond. Praziquantel administration should be done under medical supervision at the Primary Care level. MDA should be considered in exceptional settings, as a measure of initial attack strategy in locations presenting high endemicity, always integrated with water and sanitation, IEC, and snail control. To assist decision-making, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of strategic actions, there is a need for an Information System. FioSchisto considers this systematization essential to make investments in strategic research to support the improvement of schistosomiasis control actions. Efforts toward schistosomiasis elimination in Brazil will succeed with a paradigm shift from the vertical prescriptive framework to a community-centered approach involving intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho Domingues
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Heller
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Gomes Lima
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Naftale Katz
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Heisler Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estatual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Grossi Gava
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Sena Rocha
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Chopra S, Padivitage N, Zhao D, Rustum AM. Simultaneous Determination of Esafoxolaner, Eprinomectin, Praziquantel, BHT and Their Related Substances in a Topical Finished Product by a Single Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:863-874. [PMID: 36151056 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The topical product with three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), namely, esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of cats with mixed infections with ectoparasites and nematodes and cestodes. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for assay and determination of related substances peaks of three APIs including the assay of antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the finished product. Analytes were separated on a short Zorbax SB-C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm particle size, pore size: 80 Å) with gradient elution at 40 °C column temperature. Analytes were detected at 245 nm for praziquantel, esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and their degradation products. BHT and eprinomectin degradation product 8a-oxo-B1a were detected at 280 nm. All analytes of interest were adequately separated within 40 min. The assay for praziquantel, esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and BHT was conducted against their corresponding external reference standards. The related substances peaks of each API were determined by peak area and relative response factor against total peak area of their corresponding API peak in sample solution. This method has been demonstrated to be accurate, robust, specific and stability indicating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chopra
- Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Nilusha Padivitage
- Global Pharmaceutical Technical Support (GPTS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Daoli Zhao
- Global Pharmaceutical Technical Support (GPTS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Abu M Rustum
- Global Pharmaceutical Technical Support (GPTS), Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 631 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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Ibrahim A, Wang F, Gary Hollenbeck R, Martinez MN, Fahmy R, Hoag SW. Development and Validation of a Stability-indicating UPLC-DAD Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ivermectin and Praziquantel in Pharmaceutical Tablets and Dissolution Media. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:211. [PMID: 37821763 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no single rapid and accurate stability-indicating quantitative method that can simultaneously determine both ivermectin and praziquantel and their related compounds. Thus, the goal of this research is to develop and validate a new rapid, accurate, and stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. The method uses a water, acetonitrile, and methanol gradient. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm) column with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 40°C. Analytes are detected at 245 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2R1 guidelines. The linearity (R2) was >0.9987 and 0.9997 for praziquantel and ivermectin, respectively. The corresponding accuracy ranged between 98.0 and 102.0%. Intermediate precision (assessed as inter-day precision) was determined by calculating the cumulative %CV of eighteen assay preparations and was less than 2.0% for both praziquantel and ivermectin. The specificity of the method was shown by the resolution of the two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from any interfering excipients, impurities, or degradation products. The limit of detection and quantitation for ivermectin was 26.80 ng/mL and 81.22 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of detection and quantitation for praziquantel was 1.39 μg/mL and 4.22 μg/mL, respectively. The robustness study proved that method performance is stable against small variations in sample processing parameters (shaking, sonication time, and acetonitrile % in solvent solution) and also against small variations in the initial % of mobile phase components and gradient slope. Using ICH Q2R2 criteria, the method was demonstrated to be specific, accurate, stability indicating, and robust to small variations of chromatographic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - R Gary Hollenbeck
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Raafat Fahmy
- Office of New Animal Drug, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20855, USA
| | - Stephen W Hoag
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, 20 N. Pine St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
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Evason MD, Jenkins EJ, Kolapo TU, Mitchell KD, Leutenegger CM, Peregrine AS. Novel molecular diagnostic (PCR) diagnosis and outcome of intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis in a dog from western Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1-3. [PMID: 37225160 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.03.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the novel PCR diagnosis and outcome of intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis in a dog. ANIMAL A 13-month-old female intact dog with naturally occurring intestinal E multilocularis. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES The 13-month-old dog initially presented with a reduced appetite and weight loss and then developed hematochezia. The clinical history included a lack of endoparasite preventive care (fecal testing, deworming), exposure to coyotes, fox, sheep, and rodents and the dog had intermittently been fed a raw food diet. Physical examination revealed a thin dog, with a 2/9 body condition score, that was otherwise clinically unremarkable. A fecal sample was submitted for screening for gastrointestinal parasites as part of an infectious disease assessment. The fecal PCR test reported detection of E multilocularis. This result was sequenced as the European haplotype E3/E4. Centrifugal flotation (same sample) did not detect taeniid eggs. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The dog was treated with metronidazole, maropitant, and milbemycin oxime/praziquantel. Clinical improvement was noted within 48 hours. No DNA of E multilocularis was detected in a fecal sample collected approximately 10 days after treatment. The dog's owner was advised to provide monthly deworming (praziquantel) for all dogs on the property and to contact their human health-care provider due to potential zoonotic exposure risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increasing detection of E multilocularis is occurring in dogs in Canada and the US. Alveolar echinococcosis can cause severe disease in dogs and humans. Fecal PCR detection and surveillance may alert practitioners to canine intestinal cases and allow dogs to serve as sentinels for human exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Temitope U Kolapo
- 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrew S Peregrine
- 3Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Zhang M, Zhang F, Qiu J, Shu X, Zhou T, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu R, Zheng X, He L. Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics and Residue Depletion of Praziquantel and Its Metabolites, 4-Hydroxypraziquantel Enantiomers, in Swine. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:12061-12069. [PMID: 37524372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is administered as a racemic mixture during swine production to treat parasitic diseases. Despite its widespread application, the pharmacokinetics, residue depletion, bioactivity, and toxicity of PZQ enantiomers in swine remain largely unknown. In this study, a systematic investigation of the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and residue depletion of PZQ, its major metabolites (trans- and cis-4-OH-PZQ), and their enantiomers was conducted in swine. The findings indicated that PZQ was absorbed and metabolized rapidly. In swine plasma, the concentrations of S-PZQ, S-trans-4-OH-PZQ, and R-cis-4-OH-PZQ were higher than those of their respective enantiomers. The three analytes exhibited significant tissue distribution and stereoselectivity in 10 swine tissues. Notably, the two enantiomers of PZQ demonstrated comparable tissue concentrations except in the liver and lung. Moreover, the concentrations of S-trans-4-OH-PZQ and R-cis-4-OH-PZQ were higher than those of their respective enantiomers in the 10 tissues. This study has significant implications for the development of rational dosing strategies, reducing drug usage, and minimizing side effects, as well as accurately assessing the risks associated with PZQ administration and, by extension, other chiral drugs. Furthermore, it lays a theoretical foundation for the future use of the active enantiomer, R-PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaogui Shu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou 510430, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiantong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Yang WB, Luo F, Zhang W, Sun CS, Tan C, Zhou A, Hu W. Inhibition of signal peptidase complex expression affects the development and survival of Schistosoma japonicum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1136056. [PMID: 36936776 PMCID: PMC10020623 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, the second most neglected tropical disease defined by the WHO, is a significant zoonotic parasitic disease infecting approximately 250 million people globally. This debilitating disease has seriously threatened public health, while only one drug, praziquantel, is used to control it. Because of this, it highlights the significance of identifying more satisfactory target genes for drug development. Protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital to the subsequent localization of secretory and transmembrane proteins. The signal peptidase complex (SPC) is an essential component of the translocation machinery and functions to cleave the signal peptide sequence (SP) of secretory and membrane proteins entering the ER. Inhibiting the expression of SPC can lead to the abolishment or weaker cleavage of the signal peptide, and the accumulation of uncleaved protein in the ER would affect the survival of organisms. Despite the evident importance of SPC, in vivo studies exploring its function have yet to be reported in S. japonicum. Methods The S. japonicum SPC consists of four proteins: SPC12, SPC18, SPC22 and SPC25. RNA interference was used to investigate the impact of SPC components on schistosome growth and development in vivo. qPCR and in situ hybridization were applied to localize the SPC25 expression. Mayer's carmalum and Fast Blue B staining were used to observe morphological changes in the reproductive organs of dsRNA-treated worms. The effect of inhibitor treatment on the worm's viability and pairing was also examined in vitro. Results Our results showed that RNAi-SPC delayed the worm's normal development and was even lethal for schistosomula in vivo. Among them, the expression of SPC25 was significantly higher in the developmental stages of the reproductive organs in schistosomes. Moreover, SPC25 possessed high expression in the worm tegument, testes of male worms and the ovaries and vitellarium of female worms. The SPC25 knockdown led to the degeneration of reproductive organs, such as the ovaries and vitellarium of female worms. The SPC25 exhaustion also reduced egg production while reducing the pathological damage of the eggs to the host. Additionally, the SPC-related inhibitor AEBSF or suppressing the expression of SPC25 also impacted cultured worms' pairing and viability in vitro. Conclusions These data demonstrate that SPC is necessary to maintain the development and reproduction of S. japonicum. This research provides a promising anti-schistosomiasis drug target and discovers a new perspective on preventing worm fecundity and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Song Sun
- Central Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - An Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Hu,
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11
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Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Tolić Čop K, Prskalo H, Runje M. Influence of Organic Matter on the Sorption of Cefdinir, Memantine and Praziquantel on Different Soil and Sediment Samples. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228008. [PMID: 36432112 PMCID: PMC9696219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are known for their great effects and applications in the treatment and suppression of various diseases in human and veterinary medicine. The development and modernization of science and technologies have led to a constant increase in the production and consumption of various classes of pharmaceuticals, so they pose a threat to the environment, which can be subjected to the sorption process on the solid phase. The efficiency of sorption is determined by various parameters, of which the physicochemical properties of the compound and the sorbent are very important. One of these parameters that determine pharmaceutical mobility in soil or sediment is the soil−water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (Koc), whose determination was the purpose of this study. The influence of organic matter, suspended in an aqueous solution of pharmaceutical (more precisely: cefdinir, memantine, and praziquantel), was studied for five different types of soil and sediment samples from Croatia. The linear, Freundlich, and Dubinin−Raduskevich sorption isotherms were used to determine specific constants such as the partition coefficient Kd, which directly describes the strength of sorbate and sorbent binding. The linear model proved to be the best with the highest correlation coefficients, R2 > 0.99. For all three pharmaceuticals, a positive correlation between sorption affinity described by Kd and Koc and the amount of organic matter was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4597-204
| | - Kristina Tolić Čop
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Prskalo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Tolić Čop K, Barbir V, Gotovuša M, Lukač I, Lozančić A, Runje M. Sorption of cefdinir, memantine, praziquantel and trimethoprim in sediment and soil samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:66841-66857. [PMID: 35513615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The everyday use of various pharmaceuticals to treat humans or animals means that they are increasingly found in the environment. Contamination of the soil can cause the active ingredients to be strongly sorbed to the soil or sediment. In the worst case, they can also be expected to occur in the aquatic environment due to their different polarity. In this study, four drugs from different therapeutic classes (trimetoprim, memantine, cefdinir, praziquantel) were used in dissolved form in two sediment and three soil samples to obtain data that can describe their fate and behavior in the environment. The sorption affinities of the pharmaceuticals were described using linear, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich sorption isotherms. The highest Kd values were obtained for cefdinir, while memantine and praziquantel tended to be present in water due to their very low sorption coefficients. The studied influence of pH showed a negative trend for memantine and trimetoprim, while an increase in ionic strength resulted in higher Kd values for all drugs. The sorption mechanism for all tested samples was best described by the pseudo-secondary kinetic model (R2 > 0.9999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Tolić Čop
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vendi Barbir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mia Gotovuša
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Lukač
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Lozančić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Zhang LJ, Xu ZM, Yang F, He JY, Dang H, Li YL, Cao CL, Xu J, Li SZ, Zhou XN. [Progress of schistosomiasis control in People's Republic of China in 2021]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2022; 34:329-336. [PMID: 36116921 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2022132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the People's Republic of China at a national level in 2021. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2021. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2021, with 27 571 endemic villages covering 73 250 600 people at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.17% (339/451), 22.17% (100/451) and 2.66% (12/451) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2021, 29 037 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2021, 4 405 056 individuals received serological tests and 72 937 were sero-positive. A total of 220 629 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive. In 2021, snail survey was performed in 19 291 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 026 villages, accounting for 36.42% of all surveyed villages, with 12 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 686 574.46 hm2 and 191 159.91 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 063.08 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 5 113.87 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2021, 525 878 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China, and 115 437 received serological examinations, with 231 positives detected. Among the 128 719 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2021, there were 19 927 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 729 113 person-time individuals and 256 913 herd-time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2021, snail control with chemicals was performed in 117 372.74 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 640.50 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 244.25 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2021, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2021; however, the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination was slowed and the areas of snail habitats rebounded mildly. Strengthening researches on snail diffusion and control, and improving schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast are recommended to prevent reemerging schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Z M Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - F Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J Y He
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - H Dang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y L Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - C L Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - S Z Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X N Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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14
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Pekkle Lam HY, Hung MY, Cheng PC, Peng SY. Use of wogonin as a cooperative drug with praziquantel to better combat schistosomiasis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2022; 55:757-765. [PMID: 35654701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases in the world. Currently, praziquantel (PZQ) represents the best pharmacological option for the treatment of schistosomiasis as it effectively kills the worm. However, the inability to reverse established liver damages often makes treatment futile. In the current study, we investigate whether combining the use of wogonin, a compound that was found to be liver-protective, with PZQ can attribute to the greatest beneficial effect in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. METHODS To determine the protective effect of PZQ-wogonin treatment on S. manosni-infected mice, histopathological analysis was done to evaluate the granuloma size and fibrotic areas in the liver. Western blotting was performed to analyze several injuries-related markers including fibrotic markers, inflammasomes, and apoptotic markers. Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the effect of wogonin on the worms, and the worm and egg burden was calculated. RESULTS Our results showed that PZQ-wogonin treatment significantly improved liver histopathology of S. mansoni-infected mice. Further analysis showed that PZQ-wogonin combinations are more effective in reducing fibrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in the liver than that of individual drug use. Furthermore, our results revealed that wogonin is anthelmintic; and it works better with PZQ in reducing hepatic egg burden, further lessen the disease progression. CONCLUSION In general, this combinatorial strategy may represent a new and effective approach to schistosomiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yin Pekkle Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yun Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Center for Precision Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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15
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Kadji Fassi JB, Boukeng Jatsa H, Membe Femoe U, Greigert V, Brunet J, Cannet C, Kenfack CM, Gipwe Feussom N, Tienga Nkondo E, Abou-Bacar A, Pfaff AW, Kamgang R, Kamtchouing P, Tchuem Tchuenté LA. Protein undernutrition reduces the efficacy of praziquantel in a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010249. [PMID: 35839247 PMCID: PMC9328564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Undernutrition and schistosomiasis are public health problems and often occur in low and middle-income countries. Protein undernutrition can alter the host-parasite environment system and aggravate the course of schistosomiasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of a low-protein diet on the efficacy of praziquantel. Methodology/Principal findings Thirty-day-old mice were fed with a low-protein diet, and 40 days later, they were individually infected with fifty Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A 28-day-treatment with praziquantel at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days followed by distilled water begins on the 36th day post-infection. Mice were sacrificed on the 64th day post-infection. We determined the parasitological burden, liver and intestine histomorphometry, liver injury, and immunomodulation parameters. Praziquantel treatment of infected mice fed with a standard diet (IN-PZQ) resulted in a significant reduction of worm and egg burdens and a normalization of iron and calcium levels. The therapy also improved schistosomiasis-induced hepatopathy and oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel were also significant in these mice. When infected mice receiving the low-protein diet were treated with praziquantel (ILP-PZQ), the body weight loss and hepatomegaly were not alleviated, and the worm and liver egg burdens were significantly higher than those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001). The treatment did not reduce the increased activities of ALT and γ-GGT, the high malondialdehyde concentration, and the liver granuloma volume. The iron and calcium levels were not ameliorated and differed from those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Moreover, in these mice, praziquantel treatment did not reverse the high level of IL-5 and the low mRNA expression of CCL3/MIP-1α and CXCL-10/IP-10 induced by S. mansoni infection. Conclusion/Significance These results demonstrated that a low-protein diet reduced the schistosomicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel. Almost 90% of people requiring schistosomiasis preventive chemotherapy in 2018 lived in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides, 205.3 million children under five years suffer and die of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries. The physiopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni involves liver damage, oxidative stress, and perturbation of the immune response. These disturbances are intensified by undernutrition. Praziquantel is used to treat schistosomiasis, but its efficacy on the comorbidity of S. mansoni infection and undernutrition has not been investigated. We conducted this study to assess the effectiveness of praziquantel on S. mansoni infection in mice fed with a low-protein diet. We recorded growth retardation, hepatomegaly, and high worm and egg burdens in mice fed with a low-protein diet and treated with PZQ. Moreover, the treatment did not reverse the liver function injury, oxidative stress, high iron level, and low calcium level. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-5 was still high, and the gene expression of some macrophage-associated chemokines was reduced. Therefore, this study demonstrated that in a murine model of a low-protein diet, the efficacy of praziquantel on S. mansoni infection was reduced. It also underlines the importance of targeting protein deficiency and malnutrition in populations living in schistosomiasis endemic areas for efficient disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bertin Kadji Fassi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hermine Boukeng Jatsa
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrich Membe Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentin Greigert
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Brunet
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Laboratory of Histomorphometry, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Mérimé Kenfack
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nestor Gipwe Feussom
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emilienne Tienga Nkondo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ahmed Abou-Bacar
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexander Wilhelm Pfaff
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Dynamic Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - René Kamgang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté
- Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Liu J, Zhang S, Guo H, Feng K, Jiang Q. Free-living sparganosis in the lumbosacral spine with long latency. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:742. [PMID: 35460664 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, China.
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Fan JF, Huang S, Li J, Peng RJ, Huang H, Ding XP, Jiang LP, Xi J. A Human Case of Lumbosacral Canal Sparganosis in China. Korean J Parasitol 2021; 59:635-638. [PMID: 34974670 PMCID: PMC8721303 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we intended to describe a human case of lumbosacral canal sparganosis in People’s Republic of China (China). A 56-year-old man was admitted to Xiangya Hospital Central South University in Changsha, Hunan province, China after having an experience of perianal pain for a week. An enhancing mass, a tumor clinically suggested, was showed at the S1–S2 level of the lumbosacral spine by the examination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast. The patient was received the laminectomy from S1 to S2, and an ivory-white living worm was detected in inferior margin of L5. In ELISA-test with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples, anti-sparganum antibodies were detected. He had a ingesting history of undercooked frog meat in his youth. By the present study, a human case of spinal sparganosis invaded in lumbosacral canal at the S1–S2 level was diagnosed in China. Although the surgical removal of larvae is known to be the best way of treatment for sparganosis, we administered the high-dosage of praziquantel, albendazole and dexamethasone to prevent the occurrence of another remain worms in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Jun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ping Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding authors (; )
| | - Jian Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding authors (; )
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Nalugwa A, Tukahebwa EM, Olsen A, Nuwaha F. Regression of Schistosoma mansoni associated morbidity among Ugandan preschool children following praziquantel treatment: A randomised trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259338. [PMID: 34780499 PMCID: PMC8592404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preschool children suffer from morbidity attributable to Schistosoma mansoni. We compared a single and double dose of praziquantel treatment on the regression of S. mansoni associated morbidity in children less than six years in Uganda. We measured the sizes of spleen and liver as well as liver fibrosis before treatment and 8 months after treatment among children who either received one dose (n = 201) or two doses (n = 184) of praziquantel (standard oral dose of 40 mg/kg body weight). Heamoglobin measurements were also taken. Overall, liver enlargement reduced from 52.2% (95% CI (Confidence interval) 45.1, 59.3) to 17.9% (95% CI 12.9, 23.9) with a single dose and from 48.4 (95% CI 40.9, 55.8) to 17.9% (95% CI 12.7, 24.3) with a double dose and there was no significant difference between the changes in proportion of children with enlarged liver between the two treatment groups. The proportion of children with enlarged spleen was not significantly reduced in the group treated with either one or two doses, 47.8% (95% CI 41.7, 54.9) to 45.3% (95% CI 38.3, 52.4) and 48.4% (95% CI 40.9,55.8) to 40.8% 95% CI 33.6, 48.2), respectively. Liver fibrosis detected among children getting single dose (n = 9) or double doses (n = 13) resolved after treatment with praziquantel. The number of children with low heamoglobin significantly reduced from 51.2% (95% CI 44.1, 58.3) to 0.5% (0.2, 0.8) and 61.4% (95% CI 53.9,68.5) to 1.1% (95% CI 0.1, 3.9) after single and double dose treatment, respectively. These results suggest that there is no evidence of a difference in effect between one dose of praziquantel and two doses in reversing morbidity attributable to S. mansoni among children less than six years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Nalugwa
- Child Health and Development Centre, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Annette Olsen
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Disease Control and Prevention, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Castillo-Fernández N, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Lozano-Serrano AB, Sánchez-Sánchez JC, Villarejo-Ordóñez A, Cuenca-Gómez JA, Vázquez-Villegas J, Cabeza-Barrera MI, Salas-Coronas J. Usefulness of ultrasound in sub-Saharan patients with a serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Infection 2021; 49:919-926. [PMID: 33948875 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound examination in patients with just a serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis but no other evidence of active infection. METHODS 346 sub-Saharan patients with possible schistosomiasis that presented at a Tropical Medicine Unit between 2008 and 2019 were retrospectively selected. Possible schistosomiasis was considered in those patients with a positive serology for schistosomasis in the absence of direct microbiological isolates, hematuria and/or eosinophilia. Data from ultrasound examinations before and after treatment with praziquantel were collected and categorized following the World Health Organization-Niamey score to standardize the use of ultrasonography for the assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity. RESULTS Ultrasound examinations were abnormal in only ten patients (2.89%). Main findings were focal thickening of the bladder wall (n = 6), ureteral dilatation (n = 3) and grade I hydronephrosis (n = 1). No malignant lesions, hepatic lesions nor hepatobiliary related disorders were found. After treatment, the S. haematobium global score (5 vs 3.4, p = 0.06) and the urinary bladder score (2 vs 1, p = 0.059) showed a trend towards improvement after treatment. In three patients the score after treatment dropped to 0, and in another three it remained the same although with signs of improvement. No worsening of the score was observed in any case. CONCLUSION For those patients with a diagnosis of schistosomiasis based solely in a positive serology, the ultrasound examination could safely be spared due to the low prevalence of pathological findings and its response to treatment anyway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Castillo-Fernández
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel J Soriano-Pérez
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain.
| | - Ana B Lozano-Serrano
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - José C Sánchez-Sánchez
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | | | - José A Cuenca-Gómez
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - José Vázquez-Villegas
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Distrito Sanitario Poniente de Almería, Calle Jesús de Perceval 22, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - María I Cabeza-Barrera
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
| | - Joaquín Salas-Coronas
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Ctra de Almerimar 31, 04700, El Ejido, Almería, Spain
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20
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Richter J, Lindner AK, Geisel D, Torsello GF, Martinez GE, Isner C, Schürmann D, Pfäfflin F, Orhun A, Manciulli T, Brunetti E. Treatment of a giant hepatic echinococcal cyst with percutaneous drainage and in vivo assessment of the protoscolicidal effect of praziquantel. Clin J Gastroenterol 2021; 14:888-892. [PMID: 33851365 PMCID: PMC8154811 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapy choices for cystic echinococcisis (CE) are stage-specific: surgical, minimally invasive, medical or observation without intervention. PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, instillation of a scolicide, and re-aspiration) has been considered the treatment of choice for uncomplicated echinococcal liver cysts. However, PAIR carries the risk of toxic cholangitis or hypernatremia and that the cyst frequently refills with bile after withdrawing the catheter. We treated a patient with a giant CE 1 liver cyst with puncture drainage (PD) under albendazole coverage. Drainage enabled us to monitor the morphology of protoscolices under praziquantel (PZQ) co-medication. Protoscolices degenerated within 5 days of PZQ 50 mg/kg/d. The cyst cavity solidified with no evidence of reactivation or secondary spread. Percutaneous treatments can replace surgery in a significant number or cases with hepatic CE. PD allows to assess microscopically the viability of protoscolices under co-medication with PZQ-albendazole and to avoid the instillation of topical scolicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, FR, Germany.
| | - Andreas Karl Lindner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, FR, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Department of Radiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Federico Torsello
- Department of Radiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Equihua Martinez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, FR, Germany
| | - Caroline Isner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Pfäfflin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arzu Orhun
- Department of Plastical and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University Hospital of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University Hospital of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation Hospital, Pavia, Italy
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21
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Tielemans E, Buellet P, Young D, Viljoen A, Liebenberg J, Prullage J. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against adult cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and flea egg production in cats. Parasite 2021; 28:21. [PMID: 33812453 PMCID: PMC8019553 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation against adult and immature stages of Ctenocephalides felis fleas was tested in four experimental studies. Two studies were designed to test adulticide efficacy, one to test inhibition of immature stages, and one to test both adulticide efficacy and inhibition of immature stages. In each study, cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group or to a novel formulation group treated once at the minimum recommended dose. Cats were experimentally infested weekly for one to two months with unfed C. felis originating from North America or Europe. For adulticide efficacy evaluations, live fleas were counted 24 h after treatment and after subsequent weekly infestations. For immature stages, flea eggs were collected and counted weekly for evaluation of egg production inhibition and incubated for larval hatching evaluation. In the three studies testing adult fleas, curative efficacies, 24 h after treatment, were 92.1%, 98.3% and 99.7%; preventive weekly efficacies, 24 h after weekly infestations, remained higher than 95.5% for at least one month. In the two studies testing immature stages, egg production and larval hatching was significantly reduced for at least one month. These studies provide robust evidence of efficacy of the novel formulation against experimental adult flea infestations and for the prevention of environmental contamination by immature flea stages, for at least one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tielemans
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Prescillia Buellet
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - David Young
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Young Veterinary Research Services 7243 East Avenue Turlock CA 95380-9124 USA
| | - Alta Viljoen
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Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd. P.O. Box 11186, Universitas Bloemfontein 9321 Republic of South Africa
| | - Julian Liebenberg
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Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd. P.O. Box 11186, Universitas Bloemfontein 9321 Republic of South Africa
| | - Joe Prullage
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, Missouri Research Center 6498 Jade Rd. Fulton MO 65251 USA
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22
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Knaus M, Baker C, Alva R, Mitchell E, Irwin J, Shukullari E, Veliu A, Ibarra-Velarde F, Liebenberg J, Reinemeyer C, Tielemans E, Wakeland K, Johnson C. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel in cats against Toxocara cati and Dipylidium caninum. Parasite 2021; 28:28. [PMID: 33812460 PMCID: PMC8019557 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NexGard® Combo, a novel topical antiparasitic product for cats, combines the insecticide/acaricide esafoxolaner with the nematocide eprinomectin and cestodicide praziquantel. The efficacy of this combination product was evaluated against two common endoparasites of global occurrence in cats, the nematode Toxocara cati and the cestode Dipylidium caninum, in five controlled studies using naturally or experimentally infected cats with parasites of North American, South African or European origin. Cats evaluated in these studies harbored patent infection of the target parasite confirmed through a pre-treatment fecal examination. In each study, cats were allocated randomly to two groups of equal size (8 or 10 cats per group per study), one group treated with a placebo (mineral oil) and the other with NexGard® Combo. Both treatments were administered once as a spot-on at 0.12 mL per kg body weight to deliver the minimum label dosage (1.44 mg/kg esafoxolaner, 0.48 mg/kg eprinomectin, and 10.0 mg/kg praziquantel) to the NexGard® Combo-treated cats. To determine efficacy, geometric mean parasite counts seven to 12 days after treatment of placebo-treated (control) cats and NexGard® Combo-treated cats were compared. The efficacy of NexGard® Combo was 98.8% and 100% against adult T. cati in two studies; and 98.0%, 98.3% and 93.2% against D. caninum in three studies. No adverse events related to treatment were observed throughout the studies. These studies demonstrate high efficacy against these major feline endoparasites and excellent acceptability of the novel topical antiparasitic combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knaus
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center Walchenseestr. 8–12 83101 Rohrdorf Germany
| | - Christine Baker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens GA 30601 USA
| | - Roberto Alva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens GA 30601 USA
| | - Elizabeth Mitchell
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens GA 30601 USA
| | - Jennifer Irwin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens GA 30601 USA
| | - Enstela Shukullari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana Rruga Paisi Vodica 1025 Tirana Albania
| | - Abdullah Veliu
- Center for Animal Services, Fond. Prosp. Integr. Rr. Mine Peza, Pall. 3, Shk. 1/4 1000 Tirana Albania
| | | | - Julian Liebenberg
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd. P.O. Box 11186, Universitas Bloemfontein 9321 Republic of South Africa
| | - Craig Reinemeyer
- East Tennessee Clinical Research 80 Copper Ridge Farm Rd Rockwood TN 37854 USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Kenneth Wakeland
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 3239 Satellite Blvd Duluth GA 30096 USA
| | - Chris Johnson
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 3239 Satellite Blvd Duluth GA 30096 USA
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Baker C, McCall J, Mansour A, McCall S, Shaffer T, Wakeland K, Mitchell E, Frost J, Tielemans E, Bowman D. Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats. Parasite 2021; 28:30. [PMID: 33812462 PMCID: PMC8019556 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NexGard® Combo is a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats combining the insecticide/acaricide esafoxolaner, the nematodicide eprinomectin and the cestodicide praziquantel. The efficacy of this novel formulation for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats was tested in two experimental studies using an induced infection model and a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study design, and two USA isolates of Dirofilaria immitis. In each study, 20 naïve cats were each inoculated sub-cutaneously with 100 third-stage larvae of D. immitis 30 days before treatment. Following randomization to two treatment groups of ten cats, each cat was treated topically once, either with the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation, or with an identical volume of placebo. Five months after treatment (6 months after infections), the cats were humanely euthanized for parasite recovery and count. Efficacy was calculated by comparison of the numbers of adult D. immitis recovered in the control and in the novel formulation groups. In the control groups of each study, D. immitis were recovered in seven and nine cats (respective worm counts ranges 1-7 and 1-16, respective geometric means 1.6 and 5.1). In both studies, none of the treated cats harbored any D. immitis at necropsy and the calculated efficacy of the novel formulation was 100%. There were no adverse reactions related to treatment with the novel formulation. The results of these two studies demonstrate that a topical NexGard® Combo application at the minimum label dose is well-tolerated and efficacious in preventing heartworm disease in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baker
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens 30601 GA USA
| | - John McCall
- TRS Labs Inc. 215 Paradise Blvd Athens 30607-1151 GA USA
| | | | - Scott McCall
- TRS Labs Inc. 215 Paradise Blvd Athens 30607-1151 GA USA
| | - Tayna Shaffer
- ClinVet USA 1479 Talmadge Hill Rd S Waverly 14892 NY USA
| | - Kenneth Wakeland
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens 30601 GA USA
| | - Elizabeth Mitchell
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens 30601 GA USA
| | - Justin Frost
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens 30601 GA USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Dwight Bowman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca 14850 NY USA
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24
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Jacquot V, Buellet P, Letendre L, Tong W, Li H, Tielemans E. Pharmacokinetics of a novel endectoparasiticide topical formulation for cats, combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel. Parasite 2021; 28:19. [PMID: 33812451 PMCID: PMC8019567 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. The parasiticide potencies of topical esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, are based on transcutaneous absorption, systemic distribution, and exposure of respective target parasites. For each compound, the pharmacokinetic profile, non-interference, dose linearity/proportionality after one administration, and the accumulation and time to reach a steady state after repeated monthly administrations of the novel formulation, were investigated. After one topical application of NexGard® Combo at the minimum recommended dose, the mean plasma concentration of esafoxolaner immediately reached (and remained at) a level supporting rapid onset and sustained efficacy against ectoparasites for at least 1 month. The mean Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and the topical bioavailability of esafoxolaner were 130 ng/mL, 7.1 days, 21.7 days and 47.2%, respectively, and the plasma profiles of eprinomectin and praziquantel supported their known endoparasiticide properties. No relevant interference between the three compounds was observed. Dose proportionality was demonstrated for the three compounds over a range of 0.5× to 2× the minimum recommended dose. Steady state after repeated monthly administrations was reached by the second dose for praziquantel and by the fifth dose for esafoxolaner and eprinomectin. Accumulation was limited and drug plasma concentrations were maintained within a safe level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Jacquot
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Prescillia Buellet
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - Laura Letendre
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Wei Tong
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Henry Li
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 631 Route 1 North Brunswick NJ 08902 USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
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Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
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25
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Nigo MM, Odermatt P, Nigo DW, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Battegay M, Hunziker PR. Patients with severe schistosomiasis mansoni in Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:39. [PMID: 33762007 PMCID: PMC7992822 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hepatosplenic complications arise in patients with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection after heavy exposure to disease agents in endemic areas. These complications are rarely reported and, hence, underestimated. CASE PRESENTATION We report on eight patients with severe morbidity associated with S. mansoni infection in Ituri Province, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The patients were identified during a community-based survey in 2017; one patient was seen at the district hospital. After taking the patients' history, a clinical examination and an abdominal ultrasonographical examination were performed. S. mansoni infection was diagnosed in fecal (Kato-Katz technique) and urine (point-of-case circulating cathodic antigen test) samples. These eight patients with severe intestinal and hepatosplenic complications were identified from four villages with high S. mansoni infection prevalence and related morbidity. The patients' ages ranged from 19 to 57 years; four patients were women. Three patients reported hematemesis. Two patients were severely anemic. All patients reported non-specific abdominal symptoms, such as diarrhea (six patients), abdominal pain (seven patients), and blood in the stool (five patients), as well as weight loss (two patients). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed ascites in four patients. All patients had portal hypertension with hepatomegaly (seven patients) or splenomegaly (five patients). Of the six patients with a discernable liver parenchyma pattern, five displayed pattern F and three patient displayed pattern E. Liver parenchyma was not visible for two patients with severe ascites. An S. mansoni infection was confirmed in six patients, with infection intensity ranging from light to heavy. All S. mansoni positive patients were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg body weight) and referred to the district hospital for follow-up. One patient with severe ascites died two weeks after we saw her. Due to security and accessibility reasons, the villages could not be visited again and the patients were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our observations of patients with severe schistosomiasis document the severe degree of endemicity of S. mansoni in the province and suggest an urgent need for adequate schistosomiasis control measures that target vulnerable population groups and address severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice M Nigo
- Nanomedicine Translation Group, Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, P.O. Box, 4016, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
- Institut Supérieur Des Techniques Médicales (ISTM) Nyankunde, BP 55, Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Peter Odermatt
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Georgette B Salieb-Beugelaar
- Nanomedicine Translation Group, Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, P.O. Box, 4016, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Infectiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R Hunziker
- Nanomedicine Translation Group, Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Alemannengasse 12, P.O. Box, 4016, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Ghazy RM, Tahoun MM, Abdo SM, El-Badry AA, Hamdy NA. Evaluation of Praziquantel Effectivenss After Decades of Prolonged Use in an Endemic Area in Egypt. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:81-90. [PMID: 32729003 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Praziquantel (PZQ) is the preferred drug for schistomiasis treatment because of its safety. As PZQ is used for mass drug administration (MDA) in schistosomiasis endemic areas, the effectiveness of the drug, used solely for decades, should be continuously monitored to detect drug resistance. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of PZQ to cure Schistosoma mansoni infection and to reduce the intensity of infection in an endemic area by estimating the cure rate (CR), egg reduction rate (ERR), and comparing these estimates to the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). METHODS A total of 342 children aged 5-15 years living in Kafr-El-Sheikh were screened for S. mansoni infection. Stool samples were examined microscopically using Kato-Katz (KK) technique. Among the screened children, 106 children had S. mansoni ova in stool, 100 of them received the first dose of PZQ (40 mg/kg). Four weeks later, 96 of 100 children received the second dose of PZQ. Stool samples, collected 4 weeks after each dose of PZQ, were examined using KK. The effectiveness of PZQ was assessed based on ERR and CR. RESULTS CR after the first dose of PZQ was 66.7%, increased to 79.12% after second dose (X2 = 3.05, P = 0.08). Median egg count before treatment was 30.00 (6.00-744), that significantly decreased after two doses of PZQ to 0.00 (0.00-221.33) (Z = 8.29, P = 0.001). Children aged 10-15 years showed higher CR (91.3%) than those aged 5-9 years (OR = 5.25, CI 1.58-17.40). CONCLUSIONS PZQ is still an effective agent against S. mansoni in endemic areas, achieving a high CR and ERR with predominantly low intensity of infection. Age is a main predictor of response to PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ayman A El-Badry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Alaa Hamdy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Nkurunungi G, Zirimenya L, Nassuuna J, Natukunda A, Kabuubi PN, Niwagaba E, Oduru G, Kabami G, Amongin R, Mutebe A, Namutebi M, Zziwa C, Amongi S, Ninsiima C, Onen C, Akello F, Sewankambo M, Kiwanuka S, Kizindo R, Kaweesa J, Cose S, Webb E, Elliott AM. Effect of intensive treatment for schistosomiasis on immune responses to vaccines among rural Ugandan island adolescents: randomised controlled trial protocol A for the ' POPulation differences in VACcine responses' (POPVAC) programme. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040426. [PMID: 33593768 PMCID: PMC7888376 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several licensed and investigational vaccines have lower efficacy, and induce impaired immune responses, in low-income versus high-income countries and in rural, versus urban, settings. Understanding these population differences is essential to optimising vaccine effectiveness in the tropics. We suggest that repeated exposure to and immunomodulation by chronic helminth infections partly explains population differences in vaccine response. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We have designed an individually randomised, parallel group trial of intensive versus standard praziquantel (PZQ) intervention against schistosomiasis, to determine effects on vaccine response outcomes among school-going adolescents (9-17 years) from rural Schistosoma mansoni-endemic Ugandan islands. Vaccines to be studied comprise BCG on day 'zero'; yellow fever, oral typhoid and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines at week 4; and HPV and tetanus/diphtheria booster vaccine at week 28. The intensive arm will receive PZQ doses three times, each 2 weeks apart, before BCG immunisation, followed by a dose at week 8 and quarterly thereafter. The standard arm will receive PZQ at week 8 and 52. We expect to enrol 480 participants, with 80% infected with S. mansoni at the outset.Primary outcomes are BCG-specific interferon-γ ELISpot responses 8 weeks after BCG immunisation and for other vaccines, antibody responses to key vaccine antigens at 4 weeks after immunisation. Secondary analyses will determine the effects of intensive anthelminthic treatment on correlates of protective immunity, on waning of vaccine response, on priming versus boosting immunisations and on S. mansoni infection status and intensity. Exploratory immunology assays using archived samples will enable assessment of mechanistic links between helminths and vaccine responses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from relevant ethics committes of Uganda and UK. Results will be shared with Uganda Ministry of Health, relevant district councils, community leaders and study participants. Further dissemination will be done through conference proceedings and publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN60517191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ludoviko Zirimenya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Agnes Natukunda
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Prossy N Kabuubi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Niwagaba
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gloria Oduru
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Grace Kabami
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebecca Amongin
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Mutebe
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Milly Namutebi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Christopher Zziwa
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Amongi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Caroline Ninsiima
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Caroline Onen
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Florence Akello
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Moses Sewankambo
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Samuel Kiwanuka
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Kizindo
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - James Kaweesa
- Vector Control Division, Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Cose
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emily Webb
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Marino V, Gálvez R, Mascuñán C, Domínguez I, Sarquis J, Montoya A, Barrera JP, Zenker C, Checa R, Hernández M, Miró G. Update on the treatment and prevention of ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) in naturally infected dogs from Spain. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:73-81. [PMID: 33091413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the therapeutic and year-round prophylactic efficacy of different formulations used in dogs in three Spanish areas where canine thelaziosis is endemic. The study was conducted as a Good Clinical Practice, multicentre, randomised field study in privately owned outdoor dogs naturally infected with Thelazia callipaeda. The active pharmaceutical ingredients tested were: an oral formulation of milbemycin oxime 12.5 mg combined with praziquantel 125 mg (A), a subcutaneous sustained-release formulation of moxidectin 10 g (B), a moxidectin 2.5% weight/volume (w/v) spot-on formulation combined with imidacloprid 10% w/v (C), and an eye drop formulation (6 µg) of ivermectin 10 mg/ml diluted 10% in propylene glycol (D). Infected dogs were randomly allocated to treatment Groups A, B, C and D. Dogs testing negative for T. callipaeda inspection in two visits (Day 7/Day 14 and D30) were enrolled in the prophylaxis trial and reallocated to the corresponding study group (A, B, C or D). Treatment efficacy ranged from 70.4% recorded in Group A 1 week after treatment, to 100% recorded in Group C on Day 30 and in Group B on Day 60. Treatment was more efficacious in Group D (85.7% 1 week after treatment) than A, but was never 100% efficacious as in Groups B and C. Year-round prophylactic efficacy was 83.3% in Group A, 100% in Group B, 93.5% in Group C and 87.5% in Group D. In conclusion, products containing moxidectin were highly efficacious both in treating and preventing canine thelaziosis. Milbemycin also emerged as a good option. However, the off-label use of topical or subcutaneous ivermectin should be avoided due to possible adverse reactions such as pruritus, irritation or redness. In endemic areas, monthly prophylaxis to limit the spread of T. callipaeda to new areas across Europe and reduce zoonotic risks is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marino
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Department of Specific Didactics, School of Education and Teacher Training, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mascuñán
- La Cruz Verde Veterinary Clinic, Miraflores de la Sierra, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Sarquis
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Barrera
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Zenker
- La Plaza Veterinary Clinic, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Montresor A, Mwinzi PN, Solomon AW, King J, Garba A. Is praziquantel preventive chemotherapy associated with visual disorders in Eritrea? A comment on the case series reported by Debesai and Russom. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008827. [PMID: 33151942 PMCID: PMC7643939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Montresor
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Pauline N. Mwinzi
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan King
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amadou Garba
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cunha FC, de Holanda RC, Secchi AR, de Souza MB, Barreto AG. Simultaneous absorption of UV-vis and circular dichroism to measure enantiomeric concentrations of praziquantel under nonlinear conditions. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 241:118645. [PMID: 32652288 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law is for a limiting case and, therefore, it is not useful to describe the relationship between absorption signal and enantiomer concentration in a stream when there are nonlinear phenomena present. In this work, the Chiral Detector (CD-2095 JASCO) equipment was used to measure simultaneously the UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) signals of a stream with different compositions of praziquantel enantiomers. The tested models were calibrated (parameter estimation) and validated using the Leave-One-Out Cross Validation (LOOCV) method. Both UV-vis and CD signals were absorbed differently in mixtures in comparison to pure solutions, indicating a nonlinear relationship between the absorbed signal and the enantiomer concentration in a mixture stream. Empirical mathematical relationships were tested for each signal (UV-vis and CD) and the pair of equations was evaluated using the Mean Square Error (MSE) metric for each enantiomer concentration (MSEL and MSED) and the pair of equations with the smallest MSEt (=MSEL + MSED) metric was chosen. Confidence interval analysis helped to find even simpler equations in comparison to the chosen ones. Higher nonlinearity was observed for a mixture with low L-PZQ concentration. The developed methodology allowed the choice of an empiric model to give good predictions in a wide range of concentration, what is of utmost importance for monitoring and automatic control purposes, for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Cunha
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco G, sala 115, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil.
| | - R C de Holanda
- DEQ/EQ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco E, sala 209, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil
| | - A R Secchi
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco G, sala 115, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil; DEQ/EQ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco E, sala 209, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil
| | - M B de Souza
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco G, sala 115, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil; DEQ/EQ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco E, sala 209, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil
| | - A G Barreto
- DEQ/EQ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, bloco E, sala 209, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-972, Brazil
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Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-week-old 14.4-kg (31.7-lb) female German Shepherd Dog from Missouri with a history of multiple intermittent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea underwent exploratory celiotomy. CLINICAL FINDINGS At the time of surgery, the dog was bright, alert, and responsive, with a tender abdomen and palpable mesenteric lymph nodes. Hematologic data revealed mild leukocytosis, mild hypoproteinemia, and mild hypoalbuminemia. Moderate petechiation of the jejunal serosa and prominent mesenteric lymph nodes, but no palpable obstructions, were found during surgery. Jejunal and lymph node biopsies were performed; histologic examination revealed multiple segments of adult cestodes up to 700 μm long in the jejunum. Segments had a scolex and contained approximately 30- to 35-μm-diameter ova, morphologically compatible with Echinococcus spp. Fecal flotation revealed numerous proglottids and ova similar to those recognized histologically. Results of PCR assays confirmed Echinococcus multilocularis of E4 haplotype (a European strain). TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Praziquantel (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], SC, once) was administered after surgery; treatments after hospital discharge included praziquantel (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, once). No proglottids or ova were observed by fecal flotation after the treatments. The dog remained healthy without gastrointestinal signs 1 year later. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dog of this report had no travel history outside the state of Missouri. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of intestinal E multilocularis infection in a pet dog in the contiguous United States and first detection of a European strain of E multilocularis in this country. Findings suggested possible establishment of a European strain of this zoonotic pathogen in the contiguous United States.
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White AC, O’Neal S, Winkler A, Abraham A, Carabin H. The data are inadequate to assess safety and efficacy of mass chemotherapy for Taenia solium taeniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008294. [PMID: 32673333 PMCID: PMC7365412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As members of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines development group on chemotherapy strategies for the control of Taenia solium taeniasis, we are very disappointed at the systematic review by Haby and colleagues. With respect to the analysis of efficacy, the authors did not account for differences in the methods used to ascertain the outcome in the studies analyzed. There are also major concerns regarding the safety analyses. Few of the included studies used carefully designed active surveillance protocols to detect epileptic seizures and/or chronic progressive headaches. These neurologic side effects, due the inadvertent killing of viable brain cysts, have been noted after mass therapy with praziquantel and albendazole. We wholeheartedly agree with the authors' statement in their discussion that control programs applying chemotherapy using mass drug administration "need to be informed by evidence of the best drug and dose in terms of efficacy and side-effects." Unfortunately, the flawed analysis that was published is contrary to that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Clinton White
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Seth O’Neal
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Annette Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hélène Carabin
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique, Centre de Recherche en Sant/ Publique, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Koizumi Y, Hirooka M, Tanaka T, Sunago K, Yukimoto A, Imai Y, Watanabe T, Ishihara T, Yoshida O, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita E, Ikeda Y, Abe M, Hiasa Y. Authors' Response to " Praziquantel Could Be the Appropriate Choice for the Diagnostic Treatment of Schistosomiasis". Intern Med 2020; 59:883. [PMID: 31761889 PMCID: PMC7118389 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3886-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Koizumi
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirooka
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kotarou Sunago
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yukimoto
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Imai
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takao Watanabe
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yamamoto
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Eiji Takeshita
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiou Ikeda
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Fukuchi T, Sugawara H. Praziquantel Could Be the Appropriate Choice for the Diagnostic Treatment of Schistosomiasis. Intern Med 2020; 59:881. [PMID: 31761887 PMCID: PMC7118371 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3758-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Fukuchi
- Division of General Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugawara
- Division of General Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Japan
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Xu HQ, Zhang XG. [A Retrospective Analysis on 47 Children with Paragonimiasis in Ningbo City]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2016; 34:293-294. [PMID: 30129742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was performed on 47 children diagnosed with paragonimiasis in Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2004 to December 2014. The 47 children comprised 32 boys (68.1%) and 15 girls (48.9%), and 24 cases(51.1%) in urban areas and 23 (48.9%) in rural areas (P>0.05). There was a trend of increase in paragonimiasis occurrence in preschoolers since 2010. Forty-three cases had a history of eating raw or wine-preserved crabs and 4 cases had a history of drinking raw stream water. There were 2 cases of paragonimus encephalopathy and one case accompanied by subcutaneous nodules. Thirty-nine cases showed increases in eosinophil number and proportion in peripheral blood, and 29 cases showed increased serum IgE level. Forty-seven cases had negative results for detection of paragonimus eggs in sputum and stool. The dot immuno-gold filtration-assay and ELISA showed a 100% positive rate for paragonimus serum antibody. All the 47 cases were administered with praziquantel after diagnosis, and no adverse effect was reported during the treatment.
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Zhang YM, Wang YJ, Liu H, Jiang YY, Xu YX, Zheng L, Hu Y, Shen YJ, Cao JP. [T Follicular Helper Cells and Related Molecules in Schistosoma japonicum Infected Mice after Praziquantel Treatment]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2016; 34:99-104. [PMID: 30124036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathological changes of liver and spleen of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum and the changes of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and surface molecules after praziquantel treatment. METHODS Fifteen female C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks) were randomly assigned into the praziquantel treated infection group (treated group), infection control group (untreated group) and uninfected group (n=5 in each group). The mice in the treated group and untreated group were each infected with 20 S. japonicum cercariae through the abdominal skin, and mice in the treated group were further administered with intragastric praziquantel [200 mg/(kg·d)] at week 6 post-infection for 3 consecutive days. Mice were sacrificed at week 4 after treatment to observe the morphological changes of liver and spleen and calculate the worm reduction rate and the liver egg reduction rate. The Tfh cell to CD4+ T cell ratio, as well as the expression of inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) and programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1) on peripheral blood and spleen, were determined by flow cytometry. Schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) specific IgG antibodies in serum were detected by ELISA. RESULTS The pathological changes of liver and spleen in the treated group were less severe compared with those of the untreated group, with a worm reduction rate of 84.1% and liver egg reduction rate of 69.1%. Flow cytometry showed that the percent of Tfh cells in peripheral blood and spleen was significantly higher in the treated group(14.7%-18.0%, 15.6%-25.0%) and the untreated group(13.7%-16.7%, 12.4%-18.2%) than that in the uninfected group(2.5%-6.8%, 4.9%-8.0%), but there was no significant difference between the treated and untreated groups. The expression of ICOS in the peripheral blood and the spleen was significantly higher in untreated group(1.3%-3.2%, 4.1%-7.0%) than in the treated group(0.7%-1.1%, 1.8%-6.8%) and the uninfected group(0.2%-0.3%, 0.5%-0.8%)(P<0.01), The expression of ICOS in the spleen was significantly higher in the treated group than in the uninfected group (P<0.01), while this difference was not found for ICOS expression in the peripheral blood. The PD-1 expression in the peripheral blood and spleen was significantly higher in the untreated group(0.8%-1.9%, 4.1%-10.7%) than in the uninfected group(0.4%-0.8%, 1.2%-1.8%)(P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between the treated group(0.5%-1.5%, 4.5%-8.9%) and the untreated group (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the level of SEA specific IgG between the treated group(2.015±0.061) and the untreated group(1.969±0.038) at 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment. CONCLUSION Praziquantel treatment can significantly alleviate the lesions of the liver and the spleen and decrease the ICOS expression by Tfh cells in the peripheral blood and spleen.
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Liu Y, Hu TY, Zhong CJ, Lv XJ. [Clinical Analysis of 94 Patients with Neurocysticercosis in Sichuan Province]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2016; 34:118-122. [PMID: 30124241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical features of neurocysticercosis(NCC) to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. METHODS Medical records of NCC patients in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University received between January 2003 and January 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, therapeutic procedures and outcomes of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 94 NCC patients met the recruiting criteria, of whom 67.0%(63/94) were male, 59.6%(56/94) ranged 30-55 years old, 73.4%(69/94) had a living history in endemic regions such as Aba, Ganzi and Liangshan prefectures, 80.9%(76/94) lived in rural areas. NCC was clinically characterized by epilepsy, headache and intracranial hypertension. The positive rate for anti-T. solium antibodies by ELISA was 96.8%(91/94), and the total positive scan rate of neuroimaging including CT and MRI was 95.7%(90/94). In addition, 73 patients were suspected to have NCC at the first diagnosis, with a misdiagnosis rate of 22.3%(21/94). Seventy-nine of the patients received albendazole treatment[20 mg/(kg·d), twice per day for 10 days as one treatment course, 1-3 courses as needed]. Eleven patients received praziquantel(total dose of 120-180 mg/kg, 3 times per day for 3 days as one treatment course, 1-3 courses), and 4 received a combination of albendazole and praziquantel. Symptoms improved in 77 cases(81.9%), but 12 of them(12/77, 15.6%) relapsed. The improvement rate of the albendazole group(6/11, 84.8%) was significantly higher than that of the praziquantel group(54.6%)(P<0.05). CONCLUSION NCC more commonly occurs in young males and lacks specific clinical manifestations. Neuroimaging combined with serum specific antibody tests is crucial for diagnosis. Albendazole has better therapeutic effects than praziquantel.
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Shen MQ, Liu J, Yang LQ, Zhang HF, Qian H. [Diagnosis and Treatment for Four Cases of Sparganosis mansoni]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2015; 33:125-126. [PMID: 26245124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The data of 4 sparganosis mansoni cases were collected from January 2010 to September 2014, and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Among the cases, 3 cases had a history of eating raw frogs, and 1 case had a history of eating half-cooked frogs and drinking unboiled water. All cased and 3 out of 7 persons eating raw frogs together with case 3 were positive for anti-Sparganum mansoni antibody. 2 patients were cured by operation removal and praziquantel+alhendazole treatment, and the other 2 cases were cured by drugs only.
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Tang JJ, Ji XF, Zhu XM, Huang HY, Li Z. [Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in mice liver during Schistosoma japonicum infection]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2014; 32:101-105. [PMID: 25065207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of hepatic Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2 and TLR6 on mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection. METHODS Fifty BALB/c mice were infected with 20 +/- 3 S. japonicum cercariae through abdominal skin. At 6 weeks post-infection, the mice (n = 10) in treatment group were administered intragastrically with praziquantel [250 microg/(g x d)] for 3 d. The livers of mice (n = 10) were collected at pre-infection and 5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks post-infection, and then the mRNA expression levels of hepatic TLR1, TLR2, TLR6 gene were detected with reverse transfer PCR. Hepatic TLR2, TLR6 protein levels were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The mRNA levels of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 on 5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks post infection were significantly higher than that of uninfected mice. After praziquantel treatment, the mRNA level of TLR2 and TLR6 in murine liver of treatment group was lower than that of infection group, but the level of TLR1 mRNA had no obvious change. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry results revealed that the expression of TLR2 and TLR6 proteins in murine liver was up-regulated at 5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. After praziquantel treatment, the percentage of TLR2 positive area in liver of infected mice without and with praziquantel treatment were (44.2 +/- 4.3)%, (8.8 +/- 3.1)%, respectively, and TLR2 protein level was considerably down-regulated (P < 0.01). The percentage of TLR6 positive area in liver of infected mice without and with praziquantel treatment was (48.4 +/- 5.4)%, (37.4 +/- 3.5)%, respectively, and TLR6 level decreased slightly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The expression level of TRL2 and TLR6 in murine liver increases after Schistosoma japonicum infection. While compared with TLR2, the role of TLR6 in this progress is a weaker one.
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Abstract
Known as a disease of swine in ancient civilizations, cysticercosis is currently considered the most common helminthic infection of the nervous system, and a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. The disease occurs when humans become intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Taenia solium by ingesting its eggs from contaminated food or, most often, directly from a Taenia carrier by the fecal-oral route. Once in the human intestine, Taenia eggs evolve to oncospheres that, in turn, cross the intestinal wall and lodge in human tissues - especially the nervous system - where cysticerci develop. The brain is a hostile environment in which parasites attempt to escape the immune surveillance while the host is trying to drive out the infection. In some cases, cysticerci are destroyed by this immunological attack, while in others, parasites may live unchanged for years. Cysticerci may be located in brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or spinal cord, causing a myriad of pathologic changes that are the main changes responsible for the clinical pleomorphism of neurocysticercosis. Seizures are the most common clinical manifestation of the disease, but some patients present with focal deficits, intracranial hypertension, or cognitive decline. With the exception of cystic lesions showing the scolex as an eccentric nodule, neuroimaging findings of neurocysticercosis are nonspecific and may be seen in other diseases of the nervous system. Likewise, immune diagnostic tests have been faced with problems related to poor sensitivity or specificity. Accurate diagnosis is possible after interpretation of clinical data together with findings of neuroimaging studies and results of immunologic tests, in a proper epidemiologic scenario. The introduction of cysticidal drugs has changed the prognosis of neurocysticercosis. Praziquantel and albendazole have been shown to reduce the burden of infection in the brain (as seen on neuroimaging studies) and to improve the clinical course of the disease in most patients. Further efforts should be directed towards eradicating this disease through the implementation of control programs for all the interrelated steps in the life cycle of T. solium, including human carriers of the adult tapeworm, infected pigs, and eggs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H Del Brutto
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Especialidades Espiritu Santo and Department of Neurological Sciences, Hospital Clinica Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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Abstract
A 38-year-old man was admitted due to intermittent right upper quadrant pain for 1 month. Leukocytosis with marked eosionphilia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase were noted. Stool examinations revealed no parasites or ova. Ultrasonography and computed tomography disclosed multiple hepatic tumors. Biopsy of the hepatic tumor was performed due to non-conclusive imaging studies and revealed eosinophil infiltration in portal areas only. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed mild dilatation with irregularity of bilateral intrahepatic ducts, compatible with chronic cholangitis. Bile was aspirated and biliary lavage with normal saline was performed during endoscopy-guided biliary cannulation. Microscopic examination of the aspirate showed the characteristic ova of Clonorchis sinensis. The patient received Praziquantel therapy for 1 day. Abdominal pain reduced in intensity gradually. Eosinophilia and multiple hepatic lesions resolved after adequate treatment of Clonorchis sinensis. The rare manifestation of multiple hepatic tumors in Clonorchis sinensis should be differentiated from other primary or metastatic neoplasms, while biliary lavage for parasite ova is a valuable diagnostic tool when stool examination is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gabriele F, Wakelin D, Palmas C. Specific cross-immunity between Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta: immunization with heterologous and homologous light infections. J Helminthol 1988; 62:115-23. [PMID: 3397512 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00011342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of previous and concurrent infection with two related species of cestodes, Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta, were studied in CD1 mice. A H. diminuta infection strongly affected the establishment and the survival of a secondary H. nana egg or cyst infection administered 30 days later. An infection of 20 H. nana eggs strongly protected against a 5-cyst H. diminuta challenge, whereas an infection of 10 H. nana cysts was ineffective; 20 H. nana eggs also protected against a challenge with 5 cysts of H. diminuta administered 5 days later. No effects were observed in either parasite during a concurrent infection established by administration of cysts. An H. nana egg-infection was unable to affect the establishment of a secondary H. nana cyst-infection given 1 month later; however a significant decrease in growth was found. Similar results were found when a primary H. nana egg-infection was followed 5 days later by the homologous cyst-infection. But an infection with 5 H. nana cysts was unable to protect against a homologous challenge of 5 cysts or 200 eggs. The reciprocal cross immunity between the heterologous parasites and the failure of protection of homologous challenges are discussed in relation to light infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gabriele
- Istituto di Parassitologia, Cagliari, Italy
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Brunzema F. [The modern treatment of bladder bilharziasis]. Z Urol Nephrol 1981; 74:837-8. [PMID: 7324593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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RATHJE W. [Possibility of reducing the incidence of caries by peroral administration of neo-cesol]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1950; 5:1007-10. [PMID: 14793222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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WANNENMACHER E. [Clinical observations on the effect of neo-cesol on salivary secretion]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1950; 5:1011-5. [PMID: 14793223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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