51
|
Nguyen HH, Eiden-Plach A, Hannemann F, Malunowicz EM, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA, Bernhardt R. Phenotypic, metabolic, and molecular genetic characterization of six patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by novel mutations in the CYP11B1 gene. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:126-34. [PMID: 26476331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of steroidogenesis. Steroid 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD) due to mutations in the CYP11B1 gene is the second most common form of CAH. In this study, 6 patients suffering from CAH were diagnosed with 11β-OHD using urinary GC-MS steroid metabolomics analysis. The molecular basis of the disorder was investigated by molecular genetic analysis of the CYP11B1 gene, functional characterization of splicing and missense mutations, and analysis of the missense mutations in a computer model of CYP11B1. All patients presented with abnormal clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. Their urinary steroid metabolomes were characterized by excessive excretion rates of metabolites of 11-deoxycortisol as well as metabolites of 11-deoxycorticosterone, and allowed definite diagnosis. Patient 1 carries compound heterozygous mutations consisting of a novel nonsense mutation p.Q102X (c.304C>T) in exon 2 and the known missense mutation p.T318R (c.953C>G) in exon 5. Two siblings (patient 2 and 3) were compound heterozygous carriers of a known splicing mutation c.1200+1G>A in intron 7 and a known missense mutation p.R448H (c.1343G>A) in exon 8. Minigene experiments demonstrated that the c.1200+1G>A mutation caused abnormal pre-mRNA splicing (intron retention). Two further siblings (patient 4 and 5) were compound heterozygous carriers of a novel missense mutation p.R332G (c.994C>G) in exon 6 and the known missense mutation p.R448H (c.1343G>A) in exon 8. A CYP11B1 activity study in COS-1 cells showed that only 11% of the enzyme activity remained in the variant p.R332G. Patient 6 carried a so far not described homozygous deletion g.2470_5320del of 2850 bp corresponding to a loss of the CYP11B1 exons 3-8. The breakpoints of the deletion are embedded into two typical 6 base pair repeats (GCTTCT) upstream and downstream of the gene. Experiments analyzing the influence of mutations on splicing and on enzyme function were applied as complementary procedures to genotyping and provided a rational basis for understanding the clinical phenotype of CAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy-Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Campus B2.2, Germany; Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Antje Eiden-Plach
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Campus B2.2, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Campus B2.2, Germany
| | - Ewa M Malunowicz
- Departments of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research &Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research &Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Campus B2.2, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pan Z, Fang Z, Lu W, Liu X, Zhang Y. Osthole, a coumadin analog from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, stimulates corticosterone secretion by increasing steroidogenic enzyme expression in mouse Y1 adrenocortical tumor cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 175:456-462. [PMID: 26456364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Osthole is an O-methylated coumadin, which was isolated and purified from the seeds of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. Osthole is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine to treat patients with Kidney-Yang deficiency patients, who exhibit clinical signs similar to those of glucocorticoid withdrawal. However, the mechanism of action of osthole is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to reveal the effects of osthole on corticosterone production in mouse Y1 cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells were used to evaluate corticosterone production, which was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Cell viability was tested using the MTT assay, and the mRNA and protein expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes and transcription factors was monitored by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Osthole stimulated corticosterone secretion from mouse Y1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and osthole enhanced the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP (Bu2cAMP) on corticosterone production. Further, osthole also increased StAR and CYP11B1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the expression of transcription factors such as HSD3B1, FDX1, POR and RXRα as well as immediate early genes such as NR4A1. Moreover, osthole significantly increased SCARB1(SRB1) mRNA and StAR protein expression in the presence or absence of Bu2cAMP; these proteins are an important for the transport of the corticosteroid precursor cholesterol transport into mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the promotion of corticosterone biosynthesis and secretion is a novel effect of osthole, suggesting that this agent can be utilized for the prevention and treatment of Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pan
- Basic Medical School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhaoqin Fang
- Basic Medical School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Basic Medical School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Basic Medical School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Basic Medical School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cerny MA, Csengery A, Schmenk J, Frederick K. Development of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 assays utilizing homogenates of adrenal glands: Utility of monkey as a surrogate for human. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:197-205. [PMID: 26303746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of aldosterone are associated with arterial hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and obesity. Aldosterone is produced predominantly in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland by the enzyme aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Treatment of the above indications by decreasing production of aldosterone is thought to be of therapeutic benefit by lessening the deleterious effects of aldosterone mediated through both the mineralocorticoid receptor and also through so called non-genomic pathways. However, inhibition of the highly similar enzyme, CYP11B1, which is responsible for the production of cortisol, must be avoided in the development of clinically useful aldosterone synthase inhibitors due to the resulting impairment of the cortisol-induced stress response. In efforts to assess the interactions of compounds with the CYP11B enzymes, a variety of cell-based inhibitor screening assays for both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 have been reported. Herein we report details of assays employing both cynomolgus monkey adrenal homogenate (CAH) and human adrenal homogenate (HAH) as sources of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 enzymes. Utilizing both CAH and HAH, we have characterized the kinetics of the CYP11B1-mediated conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and the CYP11B2-mediated oxidation of corticosterone to aldosterone. Inhibition assays for both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 were subsequently developed. Based on a comparison of human and monkey amino acid sequences, kinetics data, and inhibition values derived from the HAH and CAH assays, evidence is provided in support of using cynomolgus monkey tissue-derived cell homogenates as suitable surrogates for the human enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cerny
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery Support (DMPK), USA.
| | - Alexander Csengery
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery Support (DMPK), USA
| | - Jennifer Schmenk
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery Support (DMPK), USA
| | - Kosea Frederick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery Support (DMPK), USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang X, Nie M, Lu L, Tong A, Chen S, Lu Z. Identification of seven novel CYP11B1 gene mutations in Chinese patients with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. Steroids 2015; 100:11-6. [PMID: 25911436 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD), one of common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by virilization, precocious pseudo-puberty, and hypertension. It is caused by CYP11B1 gene mutation. We performed molecular genetic analysis of the CYP11B1 gene in six patients with preliminary clinical diagnosis of 11β-OHD and four patients identified as potential 11β-OHD from a CAH cohort in which CYP21A2 gene mutations consecutively screened. Seven novel CYP11B1 mutations, including p.R454H, p.Q472P, p.Q155X, p.K173X, IVS2-1G>A, R454A fs 573X, and g.2704_g.3154del, and six previously described mutations (p.P94L, p.G267S, p.G379V, p.R448H, p.R454C and p.R141X) were identified. These mutations mainly clustered in exons 3 and 8. Eight of twenty alleles carried mutations occurring at the Arg454 position, which is a mutational hot spot for Han Chinese. The pathogenic nature of novel p.R454H mutation was predicted by protein sequence alignment and in silico analysis. All the identified mutations were responsible for the clinical features observed in these ten unrelated Chinese patients. This study expands the CYP11B1 mutation spectrum and provides evidence for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. Genetic analysis is an alternative approach to help clinicians confirm uncertain 11β-OHD diagnosis, facilitating reasonable steroid replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Min Nie
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Anli Tong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Zhaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
The biosynthesis of steroid hormones is dependent on P450-catalyzed reactions. In mammals, cholesterol is the common precursor of all steroid hormones, and its conversion to pregnenolone is the initial and rate-limiting step in hormone biosynthesis in steroidogenic tissues such as gonads and adrenal glands. The production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids takes place in the adrenal gland and the final steps are catalyzed by 2 mitochondrial cytochromes P450, CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase or P45011β) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase or P450aldo). The occurrence and development of these 2 enzymes in different species, their contribution to the biosynthesis of steroid hormones as well as their regulation at different levels (gene expression, cellular regulation, regulation on the level of proteins) is the topic of this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Simone Anderko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antje Eiden-Plach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Baker ME, Nelson DR, Studer RA. Origin of the response to adrenal and sex steroids: Roles of promiscuity and co-evolution of enzymes and steroid receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:12-24. [PMID: 25445914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many responses to adrenal and sex steroids are mediated by receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We investigated the co-evolution of these vertebrate steroid receptors and the enzymes that synthesize adrenal and sex steroids through data mining of genomes from cephalochordates [amphioxus], cyclostomes [lampreys, hagfish], chondrichthyes [sharks, rays, skates], actinopterygii [ray-finned fish], sarcopterygii [coelacanths, lungfishes and terrestrial vertebrates]. An ancestor of the estrogen receptor and 3-ketosteroid receptors evolved in amphioxus. A corticoid receptor and a progesterone receptor evolved in cyclostomes, and an androgen receptor evolved in gnathostomes. Amphioxus contains CYP11, CYP17, CYP19, 3β/Δ5-4-HSD and 17β-HSD14, which suffice for the synthesis of estradiol and Δ5-androstenediol. Amphioxus also contains CYP27, which catalyzes the synthesis of 27-hydroxy-cholesterol, another estrogen. Lamprey contains, in addition, CYP21, which catalyzes the synthesis of 11-deoxycortisol. Chondrichthyes contain, in addition, CYP11A, CYP11C, CYP17A1, CYP17A2. Coelacanth also contains CYP11C1, the current descendent from a common ancestor with modern land vertebrate CYP11B genes, which catalyze the synthesis of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone. Interestingly, CYP11B2, aldosterone synthase, evolved from separate gene duplications in at least old world monkeys and two suborders of rodents. Sciurognathi (including mice and rats) and Hystricomorpha (including guinea pigs). Thus, steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes co-evolved at key transitions in the evolution of vertebrates. Together, this suite of receptors and enzymes through their roles in transcriptional regulation of reproduction, development, homeostasis and the response to stress contributed to the evolutionary diversification of vertebrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Baker
- Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, United States.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, 858 Madison Ave., Suite G01, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Romain A Studer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About 2% of the Western world population suffer from chronic wounds, resulting from underlying disorders (e.g., diabetes, excessive pressure, vascular insufficiencies and vasculitis), with a significant adverse effect on Quality of Life. Despite high incidence and economic burden, management of chronic wounds is still far from effective and novel therapies are in urgent need. Wound healing is a dynamic process of transient expression, function and clearance of mediators, enzymes and cell types. Failure to initiate, terminate or regulate leads to pathologic wound healing. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses patents of the seven most promising classes of biological agents, mostly published in 2009 - 2014 (CYP11B1 inhibitors, peptide growth factors, prolyl-4-hydroxylase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, elastase and connexin43 inhibitors). Relevant information from peer-reviewed journals is also presented. EXPERT OPINION The aforementioned biological agents have different mechanisms of action, and considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of chronic wounds, they hold promise in treating chronic wounds. However, as administration of a certain biological agent may be beneficial in an early phase, it may slow down wound healing in a later phase. Basic and clinical research on chronic wound healing should therefore investigate the efficacy of these agents, alone and in concert, during the consecutive phases of wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J van Koppen
- ElexoPharm GmbH , Im Stadtwald, Building A1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany +49 681 30268320 ; +49 681 9102894 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Takei K, Denda S, Kumamoto J, Denda M. Low environmental humidity induces synthesis and release of cortisol in an epidermal organotypic culture system. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:662-4. [PMID: 24079737 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dry environmental conditions induce a variety of skin pathologies and a recent report indicating that cortisol synthesis in epidermis was increased during wound healing led us to hypothesize that environmental dryness might induce increased cortisol secretion in epidermis. Therefore, we incubated a skin equivalent model under dry (relative humidity: less than 10%) and humid (relative humidity: approximately 100%) conditions for 48 hours and evaluated cortisol secretion and mRNA levels of cortisol-synthesizing enzyme (steroid 11β-hydroxylase, CYP11B1) and IL-1β. Cortisol secretion was increased threefold, and CYP11B1 and IL-1β mRNAs were increased 38-fold and sixfold, respectively, in the dry condition versus the humid condition. Occlusion with a water-impermeable plastic membrane partially blocked the increases in cortisol secretion and CYP11B1 and IL-1β mRNA expression in the dry condition. Thus, environmental dryness might induce increased cortisol secretion in epidermis of diseased skin characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, potentially influencing mental state and systemic physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Takei
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Jun YJ, Park SJ, Hwang JW, Kim TH, Jung KJ, Jung JY, Hwang GH, Lee SH, Lee SH. Differential expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in mild and moderate/severe persistent allergic nasal mucosa and regulation of their expression by Th2 cytokines: asthma and rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:197-211. [PMID: 24447082 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are used to treat allergic rhinitis, but the mechanisms by which they induce disease remission are unclear. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) is a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid responses, inducing the interconversion of inactive and active glucocorticoids. OBJECTIVE We analysed the expression and distribution patterns of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, and steroidogenic enzymes in normal and allergic nasal mucosa, and cytokine-driven regulation of their expression. The production levels of cortisol in normal, allergic nasal mucosa and in cultured epithelial cells stimulated with cytokines were also determined. METHODS The expression levels of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11B1, CYP11A1), and cortisol in normal, mild, and moderate/severe persistent allergic nasal mucosa were assessed by real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. The expression levels of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, CYP11B1, CYP11A1, and cortisol were also determined in cultured nasal epithelial cell treated with IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFN-γ. Conversion ratio of cortisone to cortisol was evaluated using siRNA technique, 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, and the measurement of 11β-HSD1 activity. RESULTS The expression levels of 11β-HSD1, CYP11B1, and cortisol were up-regulated in mild and moderate/severe persistent allergic nasal mucosa. By contrast, 11β-HSD2 expression was decreased in allergic nasal mucosa. In cultured epithelial cells treated with IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A, 11β-HSD1 expression and activity increased in parallel with the expression levels of CYP11B1 and cortisol, but the production of 11β-HSD2 decreased. CYP11A1 expression level was not changed in allergic nasal mucosa or in response to stimulation with cytokines. SiRNA technique or the measurement of 11β-HSD1 activity showed that nasal epithelium activates cortisone to cortisol in a 11β-HSD-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicate that the localized anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, which can modulate the expression of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, and CYP11B1, and by the intracellular concentrations of bioactive glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Jun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Nusrin S, Tong SKH, Chaturvedi G, Wu RSS, Giesy JP, Kong RYC. Regulation of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 steroidogenic genes by hypoxia-inducible miR-10b in H295R cells. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:344-351. [PMID: 24768260 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown that hypoxia affects cortisol and aldosterone production in vivo, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating the steroidogenic genes of these steroid hormones are still poorly known. MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that control diverse biological processes and this study describes the identification and validation of the hypoxia-inducible microRNA, miR-10b, as a negative regulator of the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 steroidogenic genes in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Using the human TaqMan Low Density miRNA Arrays, we determined the miRNA expression patterns in H295R cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and in cells overexpressing the human HIF-1α. Computer analysis using three in silico algorithms predicted that the hypoxia-inducible miR-10b molecule targets CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNAs. Gene transfection studies of luciferase constructs containing the 3'-untranslated region of CYP11B1 or CYP11B2, combined with miRNA overexpression and knockdown experiments provide compelling evidence that CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNAs are likely targets of miR-10b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraia Nusrin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Steve K H Tong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - G Chaturvedi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Rudolf S S Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Richard Y C Kong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Ono Y, Nakamura Y, Maekawa T, Felizola SJA, Morimoto R, Iwakura Y, Kudo M, Seiji K, Takase K, Arai Y, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Ito S, Sasano H, Satoh F. Different expression of 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase between aldosterone-producing microadenomas and macroadenomas. Hypertension 2014; 64:438-44. [PMID: 24842915 PMCID: PMC5478923 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone-producing adenoma is a major subtype of primary aldosteronism. The number of cases of these adenomas, which are below the detection limit of computed tomography but diagnosed by adrenal venous sampling, has recently been increasing. However, the pathophysiology of these adenomas, especially those manifesting clinically overt hyperaldosteronism despite their small size, remains unknown. Therefore, we examined the correlation between tumor size and the status of intratumoral steroidogenic enzymes involved in aldosterone biosynthesis using immunohistochemistry. Forty patients with surgically proven aldosterone-producing adenomas were retrospectively studied. Multidetector computed tomography, adrenal venous sampling, and laparoscopic adrenalectomy were performed in all of the patients studied. The tumor area at the maximum diameter of the sections was precisely measured by ImageJ software. The status of the steroidogenic enzymes was immunohistochemically analyzed, and the findings were evaluated according to the H-score system, based on both the number of immunopositive cells and relative immunointensity. Adrenal masses were not detected by computed tomography in 20 patients. Blood pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration, urinary aldosterone excretion, and the number of antihypertensive agents also decreased significantly after the surgery in these patients, as well as in the patients with adenomas detectable by computed tomography. Maximum tumor area obtained in the specimens was significantly correlated with preoperative plasma aldosterone concentration, urinary aldosterone excretion, and the H score of 11β-hydroxylase and was inversely correlated with the H score of aldosterone synthase. These results demonstrated that small adenomas could produce sufficient aldosterone to cause clinically overt primary aldosteronism because of the significantly higher aldosterone synthase expression per tumor area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikiyo Ono
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Saulo J A Felizola
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Yoshitsugu Iwakura
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Masataka Kudo
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Kazumasa Seiji
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Kei Takase
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Yoichi Arai
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- From the Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine (Y.O., R.M., Y.I., M.K., S.I., F.S.), Department of Pathology (Y.O., Y.N., T.M., S.J.A.F., H.S.), Department of Diagnostic Radiology (K.S., K.T.), and Department of Urology (Y.A.), Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Endocrine Section, G.V. Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.); and Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.).
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Nakamura Y, Maekawa T, Felizola SJA, Satoh F, Qi X, Velarde-Miranda C, Plonczynski MW, Ise K, Kikuchi K, Rainey WE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Sasano H. Adrenal CYP11B1/2 expression in primary aldosteronism: immunohistochemical analysis using novel monoclonal antibodies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:73-9. [PMID: 24837548 PMCID: PMC5471353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 play pivotal roles in adrenocorticosteroids synthesis. We performed semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of these proteins in adrenals from patients with primary aldosteronism using novel monoclonal antibodies. Clusters of cortical cells positive for CYP11B2 were detected in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of normal adrenal gland (NA), idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and the adjacent adrenal of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). In APA, heterogenous immunolocalization of CYP11B2 and diffuse immunoreactivity of CYP11B1 were detected in tumor cells, respectively. The relative immunoreactivity of CYP11B2 in the ZG of adjacent adrenal of APA was significantly lower than that of NA, IHA and APA tumor cells, suggestive of suppressed aldosterone biosynthesis in these cells. These findings did indicate the regulatory mechanisms of aldosterone biosynthesis were different between normal/hyperplastic and neoplastic aldosterone-producing cells in human adrenals. CYP11B2 immunoreactivity in the ZG could also serve as a potential immunohistochemical marker differentiating morphologically hyperplastic ZG of IHA and APA adjacent adrenal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saulo J A Felizola
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Tohoku University Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xin Qi
- Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, MS, USA
| | | | | | - Kazue Ise
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kumi Kikuchi
- Tohoku University Hospital, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Sendai, Japan
| | - William E Rainey
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, AL, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, MS, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, AL, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, MS, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Jun YJ, Park SJ, Kim TH, Lee SH, Lee KJ, Hwang SM, Lee SH. Expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and their possible contribution to local glucocorticoid activation in sinus mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:926-934.e6. [PMID: 24810847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that glucocorticoids might act in target tissues to increase their own intracellular availability in response to inflammatory stimuli. These mechanisms depend on the local metabolism of glucocorticoids catalyzed by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2). OBJECTIVE This study is to investigate the effect of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) on expression of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, steroidogenic enzymes (cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 [CYP11B1] and cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 [CYP11A1]), and endogenous cortisol levels in human sinus mucosa. Expression levels were compared with those of healthy control subjects. METHODS The expression levels of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, CYP11B1, CYP11A1, and cortisol were measured in healthy control subjects, patients with CRS with nasal polyps, and patients with CRS without nasal polyps by using real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Expression levels of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, CYP11B1, CYP11A1, and cortisol were determined in cultured epithelial cells treated with CRS-relevant cytokines. The conversion ratio of cortisone to cortisol was evaluated by using the small interfering RNA technique, 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, and measurement of 11β-HSD1 activity. RESULTS 11β-HSD1, CYP11B1, and cortisol levels increased in patients with CRS with nasal polyps and those with CRS without nasal polyps, but 11β-HSD2 expression decreased. In cultured epithelial cells treated with IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β1, 11β-HSD1 expression and activity increased in parallel with expression levels of CYP11B1 and cortisol, but the production of 11β-HSD2 decreased. The small interfering RNA technique or the measurement of 11β-HSD1 activity showed that the sinus epithelium activates cortisone to cortisol in an 11β-HSD-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CRS-relevant cytokines can modulate the expression of 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, and CYP11B1 in the sinus mucosa, resulting in increasing intracellular concentrations of bioactive glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Jun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhayng University, Kumi Hospital, Kyungsangbuk-Do, Kumi, Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Min Hwang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hag Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gomez-Sanchez CE, Qi X, Velarde-Miranda C, Plonczynski MW, Parker CR, Rainey W, Satoh F, Maekawa T, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Gomez-Sanchez EP. Development of monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:111-7. [PMID: 24325867 PMCID: PMC3939805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The final enzymes in the biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol are by the cytochrome P450 CYP11B2 and CYP11B1, respectively. The enzymes are 93% homologous at the amino acid level and specific antibodies have been difficult to generate. 2. Mice and rats were immunized with multiple peptides conjugated to various immunogenic proteins and monoclonal antibodies were generated. The only peptide sequences that generated specific antibodies were amino acids 41-52 for the CYP11B2 and amino acids 80-90 for the CYP11B1 enzyme. 3. The mouse monoclonal CYP11B2-41 was specific and sensitive for use in western blots and produced specific staining of the zona glomerulosa of normal adrenal glands. The rat monoclonal CYP11B1-80 also detected a single band by western blot and detected only the zona fasciculata. Triple immunofluorescence of the adrenal demonstrated that the CYP11B1 and the CYP11B2 did not co-localize, while as expected the CYP11B1 co-localized with the 17α-hydroxylase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA.
| | - Xin Qi
- Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - C Richard Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Meredith EL, Ksander G, Monovich L, Papillon JPN, Liu Q, Miranda K, Morris P, Rao C, Burgis R, Capparelli M, Hu QY, Singh A, Rigel DF, Jeng AY, Beil M, Fu F, Hu CW, LaSala D. Discovery and in Vivo Evaluation of Potent Dual CYP11B2 (Aldosterone Synthase) and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1203-7. [PMID: 24900631 PMCID: PMC4027133 DOI: 10.1021/ml400324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a key signaling component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and as such has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular pathology such as hypertension and heart failure. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is responsible for the final three steps of aldosterone synthesis and thus is a viable therapeutic target. A series of imidazole derived inhibitors, including clinical candidate 7n, have been identified through design and structure-activity relationship studies both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 7n was also found to be a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which is responsible for cortisol production. Inhibition of CYP11B1 is being evaluated in the clinic for potential treatment of hypercortisol diseases such as Cushing's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Meredith
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary Ksander
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lauren
G. Monovich
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julien P. N. Papillon
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qian Liu
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl Miranda
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick Morris
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chang Rao
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robin Burgis
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alok Singh
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y. Jeng
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Michael Beil
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Swart AC, Schloms L, Storbeck KH, Bloem LM, Toit TD, Quanson JL, Rainey WE, Swart P. 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, the product of androstenedione metabolism in the adrenal, is metabolized in LNCaP cells by 5α-reductase yielding 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:132-42. [PMID: 23685396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4), which is unique to the adrenal, was first isolated from human adrenal tissue in the fifties. It was later shown in the sixties that 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) was also produced by the human adrenal. Attention has shifted back to these adrenal androgens once more, as improved analytical techniques have enabled more accurate detection of steroid hormones. In this paper, we investigated the origin of these metabolites as well as their subsequent metabolism and examined a possible physiological role for 11OHA4 in prostate cancer cells. In H295R cells treated with forskolin and trilostane, etomidate, a reported cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) inhibitor, blocked the production of corticosterone, cortisol, 11OHA4 and 11OHT. The metabolism of androstenedione and testosterone by CYP11B1 and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) was assayed. Androstenedione was converted by CYP11B1, while the conversion by CYP11B2 was negligible. Both enzymes readily converted testosterone. The metabolism of these 11β-hydroxylated metabolites by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) types 1 and 2 was subsequently investigated. 11βHSD2 catalyzed the conversion of both 11OHA4 and 11OHT to their respective keto-steroids, while 11βHSD1 catalyzed the conversion of 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone to their respective hydroxy-steroids in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Investigating a functional role, steroid 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 converted 11OHA4 to 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione (11OH-5α-dione), identified by accurate mass detection. UPLC-MS/MS analyses of 11OHA4 metabolism in LNCaP androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, identified the 5α-reduced metabolite as well as 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone, with the latter indicating conversion by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Downstream metabolism by 11βHSD2 and by 5α-reductase may therefore indicate a physiological role for 11OHA4 and/or 11OH-5α-dione in normal and prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Slominski A, Zbytek B, Nikolakis G, Manna PR, Skobowiat C, Zmijewski M, Li W, Janjetovic Z, Postlethwaite A, Zouboulis CC, Tuckey RC. Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:107-23. [PMID: 23435015 PMCID: PMC3674137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin has developed a hierarchy of systems that encompasses the skin immune and local steroidogenic activities in order to protect the body against the external environment and biological factors and to maintain local homeostasis. Most recently it has been established that skin cells contain the entire biochemical apparatus necessary for production of glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens either from precursors of systemic origin or, alternatively, through the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and its subsequent transformation to biologically active steroids. Examples of these products are corticosterone, cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotesterone and estradiol. Their local production can be regulated by locally produced corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cytokines. Furthermore the production of glucocorticoids is affected by ultraviolet B radiation. The level of production and nature of the final steroid products are dependent on the cell type or cutaneous compartment, e.g., epidermis, dermis, adnexal structures or adipose tissue. Locally produced glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens affect functions of the epidermis and adnexal structures as well as local immune activity. Malfunction of these steroidogenic activities can lead to inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases. The cutaneous steroidogenic system can also have systemic effects, which are emphasized by significant skin contribution to circulating androgens and/or estrogens. Furthermore, local activity of CYP11A1 can produce novel 7Δ-steroids and secosteroids that are biologically active. Therefore, modulation of local steroidogenic activity may serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune processes or other skin disorders. In conclusion, the skin can be defined as an independent steroidogenic organ, whose activity can affect its functions and the development of local or systemic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'CSR 2013'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|