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Zhu Y, Yang Q, Yang M, Zhan X, Lan F, He J, Gu Z, Wu Y. Protein Corona of Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Improves Cell Proliferation via Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3690-3704. [PMID: 28314099 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of magnetic scaffolds on the improvement of cell proliferation has been well documented. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms about the magnetic scaffolds stimulating cell proliferation remain largely unknown. Once the scaffold enters into the biological fluids, a protein corona forms and directly influences the biological function of scaffold. This study aimed at investigating the formation of protein coronas on hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnetic hydroxyapatite (MHA) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo, and consequently its effect on regulating cell proliferation. The results demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles (MNP)-infiltrated HA scaffolds altered the composition of protein coronas and ultimately contributed to increased concentration of proteins related to calcium ions, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), and MAPK/ERK cascades as compared with pristine HA scaffolds. Noticeably, the enriched functional proteins on MHA samples could efficiently activate of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, resulting in promoting MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation, as evidenced by the higher expression levels of the key proteins in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases1/2 (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Artificial down-regulation of MEK expression can significantly down-regulate the MAPK/ERK signaling and consequently suppress the cell proliferation on MHA samples. These findings not only provide a critical insight into the molecular mechanism underlying cellular proliferation on magnetic scaffolds, but also have important implications in the design of magnetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Minggang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
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Lin Z, Hu R, Zhou J, Ye Y, Xu Z, Lin C. A further insight into the adsorption mechanism of protein on hydroxyapatite by FTIR-ATR spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 173:527-531. [PMID: 27744063 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption mechanism of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on hydroxyapatite (HA) for different time intervals has been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) spectrometry in this paper. The difference spectra obtained in HA and BSA frequency regions demonstrate that the binding of PO, from the phosphate (PO43-) of HA, to the hydrogen of methyl (-CH3), methene (-CH2) and amideII (-CNH) in the protein appears to be much faster and stronger than that of the PO group. In addition, Ca2+ must serve as a key role in the interaction of BSA with HA. The binding of Ca2+ to the oxygen of the peptide bond seems to induce a significant reconformation of polypeptide backbones from β-pleated sheet to α-helix and β-turn of helical circles. This alteration seems to have been accompanied by much hydrogen of polypeptides driven to bind PO43- and OH- of the HA actively and much -C=O and HN groups of the peptide bond freed from inter-chain hydrogen bonding to react on Ca2+ and combine strongly with the HA surface. This might be well expected to promote the HA biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Ren Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jianzhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yiwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Zhaoxi Xu
- Xiamen A ER TE System Engineering CO., LTD, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Changjian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Tsao YT, Huang YJ, Wu HH, Liu YA, Liu YS, Lee OK. Osteocalcin Mediates Biomineralization during Osteogenic Maturation in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010159. [PMID: 28106724 PMCID: PMC5297792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in cell therapies using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for repairing bone defects. MSCs have the ability to differentiate into osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts as well as to form calcified bone matrix. However, the molecular mechanisms governing mineralization during osteogenic differentiation remain unclear. Non-collagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix are believed to control different aspects of the mineralization. Since osteocalcin is the most abundant non-collagenous bone matrix protein, the purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of osteocalcin in mineral species production during osteogenesis of MSCs. Using Raman spectroscopy, we found that the maturation of mineral species was affected by osteocalcin expression level. After osteocalcin was knocked down, the mineral species maturation was delayed and total hydroxyapatite was lower than the control group. In addition, the expression of osteogenic marker genes, including RUNX2, alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteonectin, was downregulated during osteogenic differentiation compared to the control group; whereas gene expression of osterix was upregulated after the knockdown. Together, osteocalcin plays an essential role for the maturation of mineral species and modulates osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The results offer new insights into the enhancement of new bone formation, such as for the treatments of osteoporosis and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tsao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jeng Huang
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Hsiang Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-An Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Shiuan Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Dietary components rich in polyphenols—for example, tea and red wine—are thought to cause tooth staining. In the present study, hydroxyapatite was used as a model of enamel for study of the influence of salivary proteins on the binding of different polyphenols to hydroxyapatite in vitro. Neither salivary protein pellicles nor salivary proteins in solution significantly altered the binding of the small polyphenol epigallocatechin to hydroxyapatite. However, hydroxyapatite binding of anthocyanin, a small grape-skin-derived polyphenol, or the larger polyphenols of black tea was increased by the presence of salivary proteins, either as a pellicle or in solution. Proline-rich proteins were enriched from parotid saliva and found to increase binding of anthocyanin and black tea polyphenols to hydroxyapatite, while enriched histatins did not increase binding. It is concluded that some salivary proteins, including proline-rich protein, can mediate increased staining of enamel by red-wine- and black-tea-derived polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London, Floor 17, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Cunningham D, Parajuli KR, Zhang C, Wang G, Mei J, Zhang Q, Liu S, You Z. Monomethyl Auristatin E Phosphate Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Growth. Prostate 2016; 76:1420-30. [PMID: 27325602 PMCID: PMC5033698 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis from primary prostate cancer leads to markedly diminished quality of life with poor long-term survival. Bone seeking treatment options are limited with adverse consequences on rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow. In the present study, we seek to determine the bone-enriching capabilities of monomethyl auristatin E phosphate (MMAEp), a derivative of the potent antimitotic monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). METHODS The in vitro actions and mechanisms of cytotoxicity were assessed using cell viability, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. In vivo efficacy was determined using an intratibial xenograft mouse model of human prostate cancer and live animal imaging. RESULTS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MMAE and MMAEp was determined to be approximately 2 and 48 nM, respectively, in PC-3 and C4-2B cell lines. MMAEp retained the mechanism of action of MMAE in reducing microtubule polymerization and stalling cell cycle progression at the G2/M transition. MMAEp was able to bind hydroxyapatite in in vitro assays. MMAEp significantly reduced intratibial tumor growth compared to the vehicle control treatment. CONCLUSIONS MMAEp is an antimitotic compound that binds to calcium ions in the bone and inhibits prostate tumor growth in the bone. Prostate 76:1420-1430, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Keshab R Parajuli
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Changde Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jiandong Mei
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Abstract
Polar and charged amino acids (AAs) are heavily expressed in non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), and are involved in hydroxyapatite (HA) mineralization in bone. Here, we review what is known on the effect of single AAs on HA precipitation. Negatively charged AAs, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid (Glu) and phosphoserine are largely expressed in NCPs and play a critical role in controlling HA nucleation and growth. Positively charged ones such as arginine (Arg) or lysine (Lys) are heavily involved in HA nucleation within extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen. Glu, Arg and Lys intake can also increase bone mineral density by stimulating growth hormone production. In vitro studies suggest that the role of AAs in controlling HA precipitation is affected by their mobility. While dissolved AAs are able to inhibit HA precipitation and growth by chelating Ca2+ and PO43- ions or binding to nuclei of calcium phosphate and preventing their further growth, AAs bound to surfaces can promote HA precipitation by attracting Ca2+ and PO43- ions and increasing the local supersaturation. Overall, the effect of AAs on HA precipitation is worth being investigated more, especially under conditions closer to the physiological ones, where the presence of other factors such as collagen, mineralization inhibitors, and cells heavily influences HA precipitation. A deeper understanding of the role of AAs in HA mineralization will increase our fundamental knowledge related to bone formation, and could lead to new therapies to improve bone regeneration in damaged tissues or cure pathological diseases caused by excessive mineralization in tissues such as cartilage, blood vessels and cardiac valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tavafoghi
- Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - M Cerruti
- Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C5
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Kustov AV, Strelnikov AI, Smirnov PR, Gusakova SV, Moryganov MA, Toms SR, Gruzdev SI, Airapetyan AO. [Quantitative mineralogical analysis and structure of urinary stones in patients living in Ivanovo region]. Urologiia 2016:19-25. [PMID: 28247625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on developing and implementing a method of quantitative mineralogical analysis of urinary stones based on powder diffraction data analysis using 4 Topas (Bruker) software. Mineralogical composition of 100 urinary stones from urolithiasis patients living in Ivanovo region was examined. More than 70% of stones consisted of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), and their mixtures with hydroxylapatite. Forty four percent of urinary stones consisted of one component (COM, uric acid (UA) or, less frequently, hydroxyapatite (HA); 56% of urinary stones comprised two, three or four components. The most common mineral was COM (more than 70% of cases), the rarest were calcium oxalate trihydrate (CT), brushite and newberrite. The most common combinations of minerals in mixed stones were COM+HA, COM+COD and COM+COD+HA. The texture, the surface composition and its changes in the course of chemolysis in different types of stones were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis (XRM). Implications for using analytical chemical and physical techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kustov
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the RAS
- Department of Surgery and Urology Ivanovo State Medical University
| | - A I Strelnikov
- Department of Surgery and Urology Ivanovo State Medical University
| | - P R Smirnov
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the RAS
| | - S V Gusakova
- Department of Solid State Physics, Belarusian State University, Minsk
| | | | - S R Toms
- Department of Surgery and Urology Ivanovo State Medical University
- Ivanovo Regional Clinical Hospital
| | | | - A O Airapetyan
- Department of Surgery and Urology Ivanovo State Medical University
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Alt V, Cheung WH, Chow SKH, Thormann U, Cheung ENM, Lips KS, Schnettler R, Leung KS. Bone formation and degradation behavior of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with or without collagen-type 1 in osteoporotic bone defects - an experimental study in osteoporotic goats. Injury 2016; 47 Suppl 2:S58-65. [PMID: 27338229 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1383(16)47010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intention of the current work is to assess new bone formation and degradation behavior of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with (HA/col-1) or without collagen-type I (HA) in osteoporotic metaphyseal bone defects in goats. After ovariectomy and special low-calcium diet for three months, 3 drill hole defects in the vertebrae of L3, L4, L5, 4 drill hole defects in the right and left iliac crest and 1 drill hole defect at the distal femur were created in three Chinese mountain goats with a total of 24 defects. The defects were either filled with one of the biomaterials or left empty (empty defect control group). After 42 days, the animals were euthanized and the samples were assessed for new bone formation using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and histomorphometry with 2 regions of interest. Detail histology, enzymehistochemistry and immunohistochemistry as well as connexin-43 in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy were carried out for evaluation of degradation behavior of the materials and cellular responses of the surrounding tissue in respect to the implants. HR-pQCT showed the highest BV/TV ratio (p = 0.008) and smallest trabecular spacing (p = 0.005) for HA compared to the other groups in the region of interest at the interface with 1mm distance to the initially created defect. The HA/col-1 yielded the highest connectivity density (Conn.D) (p = 0.034) and the highest number of trabeculae (Tb.N) (p = 0.002) compared to the HA and the control group. Histomorphometric analysis for the core region of the initially created defect revealed a statistically higher new bone formation in the HA (p = 0.001) and HA/col-1 group (p = 0.001) compared to the empty defect group including all defect sites. This result was confirmed for site specific analysis with significant higher new bone formation for the HA group for vertebral defects compared to the empty defect group (p = 0.029). For the interface region, no statistically significant differences were found between the three groups (p = 0.08). Histology revealed a good biocompatibility without inflammatory reaction for the HA- and HA/col-1 implants with a higher fragmentation of the HA-implant compared to the HA/col-1 biomaterial and formation of new bone in the region between the biomaterial fragments by osteoblasts. Fragmentation was shown by transmission electron microscopy to be caused by multinuclear osteoclast-like cells with degradation of the implant via intracellular incorporation of degraded implant material particles. In conclusion, both nanoparticulate HA with and without collagen type-1 showed better new bone formation compared to untreated drill hole defects in metaphyseal regions of this osteoporotic Chinese mountain goat model with good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35385Giessen, Germany; Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394Giessen, Germany.
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon K H Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ulrich Thormann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394Giessen, Germany
| | - Edmond N M Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35385Giessen, Germany; Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwok-Sui Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ash A, Wilde PJ, Bradshaw DJ, King SP, Pratten JR. Structural modifications of the salivary conditioning film upon exposure to sodium bicarbonate: implications for oral lubrication and mouthfeel. Soft Matter 2016; 12:2794-2801. [PMID: 26883483 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01936b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The salivary conditioning film (SCF) that forms on all surfaces in the mouth plays a key role in lubricating the oral cavity. As this film acts as an interface between tongue, enamel and oral mucosa, it is likely that any perturbations to its structure could potentially lead to a change in mouthfeel perception. This is often experienced after exposure to oral hygiene products. For example, consumers that use dentifrice that contain a high concentration of sodium bicarbonate (SB) often report a clean mouth feel after use; an attribute that is clearly desirable for oral hygiene products. However, the mechanisms by which SB interacts with the SCF to alter lubrication in the mouth is unknown. Therefore, saliva and the SCF was exposed to high ionic strength and alkaline solutions to elucidate whether the interactions observed were a direct result of SB, its high alkalinity or its ionic strength. Characteristics including bulk viscosity of saliva and the viscoelasticity of the interfacial salivary films that form at both the air/saliva and hydroxyapatite/saliva interfaces were tested. It was hypothesised that SB interacts with the SCF in two ways. Firstly, the ionic strength of SB shields electrostatic charges of salivary proteins, thus preventing protein crosslinking within the film and secondly; the alkaline pH (≈8.3) of SB reduces the gel-like structure of mucins present in the pellicle by disrupting disulphide bridging of the mucins via the ionization of their cysteine's thiol group, which has an isoelectric point of ≈8.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ash
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Zhao M, Li H, Liu X, Wei J, Ji J, Yang S, Hu Z, Wei S. Response of Human Osteoblast to n-HA/PEEK--Quantitative Proteomic Study of Bio-effects of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Composite. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22832. [PMID: 26956660 PMCID: PMC4783780 DOI: 10.1038/srep22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized hydroxyapatite (n-HA) is considered as a bio-active material, which is often mixed into bone implant material, polyetheretherketone (PEEK). To reveal the global protein expression modulations of osteoblast in response to direct contact with the PEEK composite containing high level (40%) nano-sized hydroxyapatite (n-HA/PEEK) and explain its comprehensive bio-effects, quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted on human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 cultured on n-HA/PEEK in comparison with pure PEEK. Results from quantitative proteomic analysis showed that the most enriched categories in the up-regulated proteins were related to calcium ion processes and associated functions while the most enriched categories in the down-regulated proteins were related to RNA process. This enhanced our understanding to the molecular mechanism of the promotion of the cell adhesion and differentiation with the inhibition of the cell proliferation on n-HA/PEEK composite. It also exhibited that although the calcium ion level of incubate environment hadn't increased, merely the calcium fixed on the surface of material had influence to intracellular calcium related processes, which was also reflect by the higher intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of n-HA/PEEK. This study could lead to more comprehensive cognition to the versatile biocompatibility of composite materials. It further proves that proteomics is useful in new bio-effect discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haiyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
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61
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Fukumoto S. [Many faces of phosphate]. Clin Calcium 2016; 26:185. [PMID: 26995812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Borkowski L, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Drączkowski P, Ptak A, Zięba E, Ślósarczyk A, Ginalska G. The comparison study of bioactivity between composites containing synthetic non-substituted and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 62:260-7. [PMID: 26952422 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apatite forming ability of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) containing composites was compared. Two composite materials, intended for filling bone defects, were made of polysaccharide polymer and one of two types of hydroxyapatite. The bioactivity of the composites was evaluated in vitro by soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF), and the formation of the apatite layer was determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that both the composites induced the formation of apatite layer on their surface after soaking in SBF. In addition, the sample weight changes and the ion concentration of the SBF were scrutinized. The results showed the weight increase for both materials after SBF treatment, higher weight gain and higher uptake of calcium ions by HAP containing scaffolds. SBF solution analysis indicated loss of calcium and phosphorus ions during experiment. All these results indicate apatite forming ability of both biomaterials and suggest comparable bioactive properties of composite containing pure hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Drączkowski
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ptak
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emil Zięba
- SEM Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Ecology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Ślósarczyk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Chen Z, Pan X, Chen H, Guan X, Lin Z. Biomineralization of Pb(II) into Pb-hydroxyapatite induced by Bacillus cereus 12-2 isolated from Lead-Zinc mine tailings. J Hazard Mater 2016; 301:531-7. [PMID: 26468754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of Pb(II) through biomineralization is rergarded as a promising technique as well as an interesting phenomenon for transforming heavy metals from mobile species into very stable minerals in the environment. Studies are well needed for in-depth understanding the mechanism of Pb(II) immobilized by bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the uptake and biomineralization of Pb(II) using Bacillus cereus 12-2 isolated from lead-zinc mine tailings. The maximum Pb(II) uptake capacity of B. cereus 12-2 was 340 mg/g at pH 3.0. Zeta potential analyses and selective passivation experiments demonstrated that electrostatic attraction was the main force driving the uptake of Pb(II), while the carboxyl, amide and phosphate functional groups of the bacteria provided the binding sites for immobilizing Pb(II). XRD and TEM investigation revealed that the Pb(II) loaded on bacteria could be stepwise transformed into rod-shaped Ca2.5Pb7.5(OH)2(PO4)6 nanocrystal. Combined with protein denaturalization experiments, we proposed that the biomineralization of Pb(II) possibly consisted of two steps: (1) Rapid biosorption of Pb(II) on B. cereus 12-2 through the synergy of electrostatic attraction, ionic exchange and chelating activity of functional groups; (2) enzyme-mediated mineral transformation from amorphous precipitate to rod-shaped crystalline minerals happening gradually inside the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiong Guan
- Key Lab of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education & Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Zhang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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64
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Henmi A, Okata H, Anada T, Yoshinari M, Mikami Y, Suzuki O, Sasano Y. Bone matrix calcification during embryonic and postembryonic rat calvarial development assessed by SEM-EDX spectroscopy, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:41-50. [PMID: 25773047 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral is constituted of biological hydroxyapatite crystals. In developing bone, the mineral crystal matures and the Ca/P ratio increases. However, how an increase in the Ca/P ratio is involved in maturation of the crystal is not known. The relationships among organic components and mineral changes are also unclear. The study was designed to investigate the process of calcification during rat calvarial bone development. Calcification was evaluated by analyzing the atomic distribution and concentration of Ca, P, and C with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and changes in the crystal structure with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Histological analysis showed that rat calvarial bone formation started around embryonic day 16. The areas of Ca and P expanded, matching the region of the developing bone matrix, whereas the area of C became localized around bone. X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis showed that the amorphous-like structure of the minerals at embryonic day 16 gradually transformed into poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, whereas the proportion of mineral to protein increased until postnatal week 6. FTIR analysis also showed that crystallization of hydroxyapatite started around embryonic day 20, by which time SEM-EDX spectroscopy showed that the Ca/P ratio had increased and the C/Ca and C/P ratios had decreased significantly. The study suggests that the Ca/P molar ratio increases and the proportion of organic components such as proteins of the bone matrix decreases during the early stage of calcification, whereas crystal maturation continues throughout embryonic and postembryonic bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Henmi
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okata
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahisa Anada
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoshinari
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuto Mikami
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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Berezovskyi VA, Litovka IG, Veselskyi SP, Janko RV, Zhernoklev UA. [THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ON BONE REMODELING]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:64-9. [PMID: 26495738 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It was investigated in spring 28-day experiment the administration of pharmacological doses (5 mg/kg) of melatonin to 3-month male rats with high and low levels of energy metabolismat remodeling of bone tissue. It was shown the decrease in activity of osteoblast and increase of osteoclast activity regardless of energy metabolism intensity, increase in concentration of glycosaminoglycans and free amino acids. This indicates the inhibition of physiological bone remodeling and helps to maintain the integrity of the organic matrix and the inorganic component of the fixation of the connective tissue - hydroxyapatite crystals.
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Hao X, Hu X, Zhang C, Chen S, Li Z, Yang X, Liu H, Jia G, Liu D, Ge K, Liang XJ, Zhang J. Hybrid Mesoporous Silica-Based Drug Carrier Nanostructures with Improved Degradability by Hydroxyapatite. ACS Nano 2015; 9:9614-9625. [PMID: 26316321 DOI: 10.1021/nn507485j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Potential bioaccumulation is one of the biggest limitations for silica nanodrug delivery systems in cancer therapy. In this study, a mesoporous silica nanoparticles/hydroxyapatite (MSNs/HAP) hybrid drug carrier, which enhanced the biodegradability of silica, was developed by a one-step method. The morphology and structure of the nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, DLS, FT-IR, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and XPS, and the drug loading and release behaviors were tested. TEM and ICP-OES results indicate that the degradability of the nanoparticles has been significantly improved by Ca(2+) escape from the skeleton in an acid environment. The MSNs/HAP sample exhibits a higher drug loading content of about 5 times that of MSNs. The biological experiment results show that the MSNs/HAP not only exhibits good biocompatibility and antitumor effect but also greatly reduces the side effects of free DOX. The as-synthesized hybrid nanoparticles may act as a promising drug delivery system due to their good biocompatibility, high drug loading efficiency, pH sensitivity, and excellent biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Hao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixue Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuimiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhu Chen
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Jia
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
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Jusoh N, Oh S, Kim S, Kim J, Jeon NL. Microfluidic vascularized bone tissue model with hydroxyapatite-incorporated extracellular matrix. Lab Chip 2015; 15:3984-8. [PMID: 26288174 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro systems mimicking bone tissues fail to fully integrate the three-dimensional (3D) microvasculature and bone tissue microenvironments, decreasing their similarity to in vivo conditions. Here, we propose 3D microvascular networks in a hydroxyapatite (HA)-incorporated extracellular matrix (ECM) for designing and manipulating a vascularized bone tissue model in a microfluidic device. Incorporation of HA of various concentrations resulted in ECM with varying mechanical properties. Sprouting angiogenesis was affected by mechanically modulated HA-extracellular matrix interactions, generating a model of vascularized bone microenvironment. Using this platform, we observed that hydroxyapatite enhanced angiogenic properties such as sprout length, sprouting speed, sprout number, and lumen diameter. This new platform integrates fibrin ECM with the synthetic bone mineral HA to provide in vivo-like microenvironments for bone vessel sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhana Jusoh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
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ten Harkel B, Schoenmaker T, Picavet DI, Davison NL, de Vries TJ, Everts V. The Foreign Body Giant Cell Cannot Resorb Bone, But Dissolves Hydroxyapatite Like Osteoclasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139564. [PMID: 26426806 PMCID: PMC4591016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign body multinucleated giant cells (FBGCs) and osteoclasts share several characteristics, like a common myeloid precursor cell, multinuclearity, expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). However, there is an important difference: osteoclasts form and reside in the vicinity of bone, while FBGCs form only under pathological conditions or at the surface of foreign materials, like medical implants. Despite similarities, an important distinction between these cell types is that osteoclasts can resorb bone, but it is unknown whether FBGCs are capable of such an activity. To investigate this, we differentiated FBGCs and osteoclasts in vitro from their common CD14+ monocyte precursor cells, using different sets of cytokines. Both cell types were cultured on bovine bone slices and analyzed for typical osteoclast features, such as bone resorption, presence of actin rings, formation of a ruffled border, and characteristic gene expression over time. Additionally, both cell types were cultured on a biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating to discriminate between bone resorption and mineral dissolution independent of organic matrix proteolysis. Both cell types differentiated into multinucleated cells on bone, but FBGCs were larger and had a higher number of nuclei compared to osteoclasts. FBGCs were not able to resorb bone, yet they were able to dissolve the mineral fraction of bone at the surface. Remarkably, FBGCs also expressed actin rings, podosome belts and sealing zones--cytoskeletal organization that is considered to be osteoclast-specific. However, they did not form a ruffled border. At the gene expression level, FBGCs and osteoclasts expressed similar levels of mRNAs that are associated with the dissolution of mineral (e.g., anion exchange protein 2 (AE2), carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII), chloride channel 7 (CIC7), and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (v-ATPase)), in contrast the matrix degrading enzyme cathepsin K, which was hardly expressed by FBGCs. Functionally, the latter cells were able to dissolve a biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating in vitro, which was blocked by inhibiting v-ATPase enzyme activity. These results show that FBGCs have the capacity to dissolve the mineral phase of bone, similar to osteoclasts. However, they are not able to digest the matrix fraction of bone, likely due to the lack of a ruffled border and cathepsin K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas ten Harkel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy I. Picavet
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Advanced Microscopy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noel L. Davison
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Xpand Biotechnology BV, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), MOVE Research Institute, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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69
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Abstract
The interface between collagen and the mineral reinforcement phase, carbonated hydroxyapatite (cAp), is essential for bone's remarkable functionality as a biological composite material. The very small dimensions of the cAp phase and the disparate natures of the reinforcement and matrix are essential to the material's performance but also complicate study of this interface. This article summarizes what is known about the cAp-collagen interface in bone and begins with descriptions of the matrix and reinforcement roles in composites, of the phases bounding the interface, of growth of cAp growing within the collagen matrix, and of the effect of intra- and extrafibrilar mineral on determinations of interfacial properties. Different observed interfacial interactions with cAp (collagen, water, non-collagenous proteins) are reviewed; experimental results on interface interactions during loading are reported as are their influence on macroscopic mechanical properties; conclusions of numerical modeling of interfacial interactions are also presented. The data suggest interfacial interlocking (bending of collagen molecules around cAp nanoplatelets) and water-mediated bonding between collagen and cAp are essential to load transfer. The review concludes with descriptions of areas where new research is needed to improve understanding of how the interface functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Stock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611-3008, USA,
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70
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Lemaire T, Pham TT, Capiez-Lernout E, de Leeuw NH, Naili S. Water in hydroxyapatite nanopores: Possible implications for interstitial bone fluid flow. J Biomech 2015; 48:3066-71. [PMID: 26283410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of bone water in the activity of this organ is essential in structuring apatite crystals, providing pathways for nutrients and waste involved in the metabolism of bone cells and participating in bone remodelling mechanotransduction. It is commonly accepted that bone presents three levels of porosity, namely the vasculature, the lacuno-canalicular system and the voids of the collagen-apatite matrix. Due to the observation of bound state of water at the latter level, the interstitial nanoscopic flow that may exist within these pores is classically neglected. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility to obtain a fluid flow at the nanoscale. That is why a molecular dynamics based analysis of a water-hydroxyapatite system is proposed to analyze the effect of water confinement on transport properties. The main result here is that free water can be observed inside hydroxyapatite pores of a few nanometers. This result would have strong implications in the multiscale treatment of the poromechanical behaviour of bone tissue. In particular, the mechanical properties of the bone matrix may be highly controlled by nanoscopic water diffusion and the classical idea that osteocytic activity is only regulated by bone fluid flow within the lacuno-canalicular system may be discussed again.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lemaire
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, France; 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
| | - T T Pham
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, France; 94010 Créteil cedex, France
| | - E Capiez-Lernout
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, France; 77454 Marne la Vallée cedex 2, France
| | - N H de Leeuw
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - S Naili
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, France; 94010 Créteil cedex, France
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71
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Abstract
Amelogenins are proteins formed by alternative splicing of the amelogenin gene, and are essential for tooth enamel formation. However, the unique functions of various alternatively spliced amelogenins in enamel formation are not well understood. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal location of amelogenins derived from transcripts containing exon4 (AMG+4) in the enamel matrix, and the relative binding of recombinant AMG+4 to hydroxyapatite (HAP). Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry analyses showed that AMG+4 proteins were secreted into the enamel matrix at the early maturation stage. A stage-specific increase in the synthesis of AMG+4 was further supported by our observation that in mice overexpressing leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (TgLRAP), in which ameloblasts differentiate earlier, AMG+4 transcripts were also upregulated earlier. In vitro binding studies, supported by in silico modeling of protein binding to calcium and phosphate, showed that more recombinant AMG+4 bound to hydroxyapatite (HAP) as compared with recombinant AMG-4. The temporal and spatial localization of amelogenins containing exon4 peptide, and their functional differences in HAP binding, suggests that the unique properties of amelogenins containing exon4 cause a specific enhancement of biomineralization related to stabilization of early-formed HAP at the maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stahl
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA Maxillofacial Injury and Disease Department, Naval Medical Research Unit, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y Nakano
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Horst
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Le
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences & Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P K Den Besten
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Shrivats AR, Hsu E, Averick S, Klimak M, Watt ACS, DeMaio M, Matyjaszewski K, Hollinger JO. Cationic Nanogel-mediated Runx2 and Osterix siRNA Delivery Decreases Mineralization in MC3T3 Cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2139-49. [PMID: 25448327 PMCID: PMC4418993 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-4073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopic ossification (HO) may occur after musculoskeletal trauma, traumatic brain injury, and total joint arthroplasty. As such, HO is a compelling clinical concern in both military and civilian medicine. A possible etiology of HO involves dysregulated signals in the bone morphogenetic protein osteogenic cascade. Contemporary treatment options for HO (ie, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and radiation therapy) have adverse effects associated with their use and are not biologically engineered to abrogate the molecular mechanisms that govern osteogenic differentiation. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We hypothesized that (1) nanogel-mediated short interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery against Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix (Osx) genes will decrease messenger RNA expression; (2) inhibit activity of the osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP); and (3) inhibit hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition in osteoblast cell cultures. METHODS Nanogel nanostructured polymers delivered siRNA in 48-hour treatment cycles against master osteogenic regulators, Runx2 and Osx, in murine calvarial preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1.4) stimulated for osteogenic differentiation by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). The efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics was determined by quantitation of messenger RNA knockdown (by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), downstream protein knockdown (determined ALP enzymatic activity assay), and HA deposition (determined by OsteoImage™ assay). RESULTS Gene expression assays demonstrated that nanogel-based RNAi treatments at 1:1 and 5:1 nanogel:short interfering RNA weight ratios reduced Runx2 expression by 48.59% ± 19.53% (p < 0.001) and 43.22% ± 18.01% (both p < 0.001). The same 1:1 and 5:1 treatments against both Runx2 and Osx reduced expression of Osx by 51.65% ± 10.85% and 47.65% ± 9.80% (both p < 0.001). Moreover, repeated 48-hour RNAi treatment cycles against Runx2 and Osx rhBMP-2 administration reduced ALP activity after 4 and 7 days. ALP reductions after 4 days in culture by nanogel 5:1 and 10:1 RNAi treatments were 32.4% ± 12.0% and 33.6% ± 13.8% (both p < 0.001). After 7 days in culture, nanogel 1:1 and 5:1 RNAi treatments produced 35.9% ± 14.0% and 47.7% ± 3.2% reductions in ALP activity. Osteoblast mineralization data after 21 days suggested that nanogel 1:1, 5:1, and 10:1 RNAi treatments decreased mineralization (ie, HA deposition) from cultures treated only with rhBMP-2 (p < 0.001). However, despite RNAi attack on Runx2 and Osx, HA deposition levels remained greater than non-rhBMP-2-treated cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS Although mRNA and protein knockdown were confirmed as a result of RNAi treatments against Runx2 and Osx, complete elimination of mineralization processes was not achieved. RNAi targeting mid- and late-stage osteoblast differentiation markers such as ALP, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein) may produce the desired RNAi-nanogel nanostructured polymer HO prophylaxis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Successful HO prophylaxis should target and silence osteogenic markers critical for heterotopic bone formation processes. The identification of such markers, beyond RUNX2 and OSX, may enhance the effectiveness of RNAi prophylaxes for HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun R. Shrivats
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Eric Hsu
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Saadyah Averick
- />Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Molly Klimak
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - April C. S. Watt
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Marlene DeMaio
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Cir, Portsmouth, VA 23708 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- />Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Hollinger
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Xie X, Hu K, Fang D, Shang L, Tran SD, Cerruti M. Graphene and hydroxyapatite self-assemble into homogeneous, free standing nanocomposite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Nanoscale 2015; 7:7992-8002. [PMID: 25864935 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-nanoparticle (NP) composites have shown potential in applications ranging from batteries to, more recently, tissue engineering. Graphene and NPs should be integrated into uniform free-standing structures for best results. However, to date, this has been achieved only in few examples; in most cases, graphene/NP powders lacking three-dimensional (3D) structure were produced. Here we report a facile and universal method that can be used to synthesize such structures based on colloidal chemistry. We start from aqueous suspensions of both graphene oxide nanosheets and citrate-stabilized hydroxyapatite (HA) NPs. Hydrothermal treatment of the mixtures of both suspensions reduces graphene oxide to graphene, and entraps colloidal HA NPs into the 3D graphene network thanks to a self-assembled graphite-like shell formed around it. Dialysis through this shell causes uniform NP deposition onto the graphene walls. The resulting graphene-HA gels are highly porous, strong, electrically conductive and biocompatible, making them promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This method can be applied to produce a variety of free-standing 3D graphene-based nanocomposites with unprecedented homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Shafiei F, Hossein BG, Farajollahi MM, Fathollah M, Marjan B, Tahereh JK. Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP) as a surface primer for biomimetic remineralization of superficial enamel defects: An in vitro study. Scanning 2015; 37:179-185. [PMID: 25676352 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to obtain more information about the assembly of hydroxyapatite bundles formed in the presence of Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) and to evaluate its effect on the remineralization of enamel defects through a biomimetic approach. One or 2 mg/mL LRAP solutions containing 2.5 mM of Ca(+2) and 1.5 mM phosphate were prepared (pH = 7.2) and stored at 37 °C for 24 h. The products of the reaction were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Vickers surface microhardness recovery (SMR%) of acid-etched bovine enamel, with or without LRAP surface treatment, were calculated to evaluate the influence of peptide on the lesion remineralization. Distilled water and 1 or 2 mg/mL LRAP solution (pH = 7.2) were applied on the lesions and the specimens were incubated in mineralization solution (2.5mM Ca(+2) , 1.5mM PO4 (-3) , pH = 7.2) for 24 h. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's multi-comparison tests were used for statistical analysis. The pattern of enamel surface repair was studied using FE-SEM. AFM showed the formation of highly organized hierarchical structures, composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, similar to the dental enamel microstructure. ANOVA procedure showed significant effect of peptide treatment on the calculated SMR% (p < 0.001). Tukey's test revealed that peptide treated groups had significantly higher values of SMR%. In conclusion, LRAP is able to regulate the formation of HA and enhances the remineralization of acid-etched enamel as a surface treatment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Shafiei
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagheri G Hossein
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine/Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moztarzadeh Fathollah
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (Center of Excellence), Amirkabir University of Technology, Biomaterials Group, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez str., Tehran, Iran
| | - Behroozibakhsh Marjan
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafarzadeh Kashi Tahereh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Research Center for Science and Technology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar str., Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Thanh DTM, Pham TN, Huong HT, Phuong NT, Hang TTX, Vy UV, Hoang T. The Electrochemical Behavior of TiN/316LSS Material in Simulated Body Fluid Solution. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:3887-3892. [PMID: 26505019 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and the electrochemical behavior of TiN film on the 316L stainless steel (316LSS) material in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for implant application. The characterization results indicate that the coated TiN is completely crystalline with (111) crystal orientation. Electrochemical results of 316LSS and TiN/316LSS material after 21 days of immersion in SBF show that the durability of the TiN/316LSS is much higher than that of 316LSS, which registers a very low corrosion current density (about tens of nA cm(-2)). The formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the TiN/316LSS is also confirmed by SEM, EDX, X-ray and IR spectroscopy.
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76
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Fears KP, Gonzalez-Begne M, Love CT, Day DE, Koo H. Surface-induced changes in the conformation and glucan production of glucosyltransferase adsorbed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Langmuir 2015; 31:4654-4662. [PMID: 25867796 DOI: 10.1021/la504461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) from S. mutans play critical roles in the development of virulent oral biofilms associated with dental caries disease. Gtfs adsorbed to the tooth surface produce glucans that promote local microbial colonization and provide an insoluble exopolysaccharides (EPS) matrix that facilitates biofilm initiation. Moreover, agents that inhibit the enzymatic activity of Gtfs in solution often have reduced or no effects on surface-adsorbed Gtfs. This study elucidated the mechanisms responsible for the differences in functionality that GtfB exhibits in solution vs surface-adsorbed. Upon adsorption to planar fused-quartz substrates, GtfB displayed a 37% loss of helices and 36% increase of β-sheets, as determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and surface-induced conformational changes were more severe on substrates modified with CH3- and NH2-terminated self-assembled monolayers. GtfB also underwent substantial conformation changes when adsorbing to hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres, likely due to electrostatic interactions between negatively charged GtfB and positively charged HA crystal faces. Conformational changes were lessened when HA surfaces were coated with saliva (sHA) prior to GtfB adsorption. Furthermore, GtfB remained highly active on sHA, as determined by in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, producing glucans that were structurally different than GtfB in solution and known to increase the accumulation and virulence of biofilms. Our data provide the first insight into the structural underpinnings governing Gtf conformation and enzymatic function that occur on tooth surfaces in vivo, which may lead to designing potent new inhibitors and improved strategies to combat the formation of pathogenic oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan P Fears
- †Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Mireya Gonzalez-Begne
- ‡Department of Dentistry and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Corey T Love
- †Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Delbert E Day
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- ∥Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics and Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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77
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Horev B, Klein MI, Hwang G, Li Y, Kim D, Koo H, Benoit DS. pH-activated nanoparticles for controlled topical delivery of farnesol to disrupt oral biofilm virulence. ACS Nano 2015; 9:2390-404. [PMID: 25661192 PMCID: PMC4395463 DOI: 10.1021/nn507170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective therapies to control oral biofilms is challenging, as topically introduced agents must avoid rapid clearance from biofilm-tooth interfaces while targeting biofilm microenvironments. Additionally, exopolysaccharides-matrix and acidification of biofilm microenvironments are associated with cariogenic (caries-producing) biofilm virulence. Thus, nanoparticle carriers capable of binding to hydroxyapatite (HA), saliva-coated HA (sHA), and exopolysaccharides with enhanced drug release at acidic pH were developed. Nanoparticles are formed from diblock copolymers composed of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-propylacrylic acid (PAA) (p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA)) that self-assemble into ∼21 nm cationic nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibit outstanding adsorption affinities (∼244 L-mmol(-1)) to negatively charged HA, sHA, and exopolysaccharide-coated sHA due to strong electrostatic interactions via multivalent tertiary amines of p(DMAEMA). Owing to hydrophobic cores, nanoparticles load farnesol, a hydrophobic antibacterial drug, at ∼22 wt %. Farnesol release is pH-dependent with t1/2 = 7 and 15 h for release at pH 4.5 and 7.2, as nanoparticles undergo core destabilization at acidic pH, characteristic of cariogenic biofilm microenvironments. Importantly, topical applications of farnesol-loaded nanoparticles disrupted Streptococcus mutans biofilms 4-fold more effectively than free farnesol. Mechanical stability of biofilms treated with drug-loaded nanoparticles was compromised, resulting in >2-fold enhancement in biofilm removal under shear stress compared to free farnesol and controls. Farnesol-loaded nanoparticles effectively attenuated biofilm virulence in vivo using a clinically relevant topical treatment regimen (2×/day) in a rodent dental caries disease model. Strikingly, treatment with farnesol-loaded nanoparticles reduced both the number and severity of carious lesions, while free farnesol had no effect. Nanoparticle carriers have great potential to enhance the efficacy of antibiofilm agents through multitargeted binding and pH-responsive drug release due to microenvironmental triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Horev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Marlise I. Klein
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Biofilm Research Lab, Levy Center for Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
- Address correspondence to: ;
| | - Danielle S.W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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78
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Bordoloi JK, Berry D, Khan IU, Sunassee K, de Rosales RTM, Shanahan C, Blower PJ. Technetium-99m and rhenium-188 complexes with one and two pendant bisphosphonate groups for imaging arterial calcification. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4963-75. [PMID: 25559039 PMCID: PMC6211635 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02965h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first (99m)Tc and (188)Re complexes containing two pendant bisphosphonate groups have been synthesised, based on the mononuclear M(v) nitride core with two dithiocarbamate ligands each with a pendant bisphosphonate. The structural identity of the (99)Tc and stable rhenium analogues as uncharged, mononuclear nitridobis(dithiocarbamate) complexes was determined by electrospray mass spectrometry. The (99m)Tc complex showed greater affinity for synthetic and biological hydroxyapatite, and greater stability in biological media, than the well-known but poorly-characterised and inhomogeneous bone imaging agent (99m)Tc-MDP. It gave excellent SPECT images of both bone calcification (mice and rats) and vascular calcification (rat model), but the improved stability and the availability of two pendant bisphosphonate groups conferred no dramatic advantage in imaging over the conventional (99m)Tc-MDP agent in which the bisphosphonate group is bound directly to Tc. The (188)Re complex also showed preferential uptake in bone. These tracers and the biological model of vascular calcification offer the opportunity to study the biological interpretation and clinical potential of radionuclide imaging of vascular calcification and to deliver radionuclide therapy to bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Kumar Bordoloi
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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79
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Zhao JM, Park WU, Hwang KH, Lee JK, Yoon SY. Biomimetic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite by Mixed Acid Treatment of Titanium Surfaces. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:2552-2555. [PMID: 26413704 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple chemical method was established for inducing bioactivity of Ti metal. In the present study, two kinds of mixed acid solutions were used to treat Ti specimens to induce Ca-P formation. Following a strong mixed acid activation process, Ca-P coatings successfully formed on the Ti surfaces in the simulated body fluid. Strong mixed acid etching was used to increase the roughness of the metal surface, because the porous and rough surfaces allow better adhesion between Ca-P coatings and substrate. Nano-scale modification of titanium surfaces can alter cellular and tissue responses, which may benefit osseointegration and dental implant therapy. Some specimens were treated with a 5 M NaOH aqueous solution, and then heat treated at 600 °C in order to form an amorphous sodium titanate layer on their surface. This treated titanium metal is believed to form a dense and uniform bone-like apatite layer on its surface in a simulated body fluid (SBF). This study proved that mixed acid treatment is not only important for surface passivation but is also another bioactive treatment for titanium surfaces, an alternative to alkali treatment. In addition, mixed acid treatment uses a lower temperature and shorter time period than alkali treatment.
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80
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Abstract
Elevated serum phosphorus is a major risk factor for vascular calcification, which is characterized by the presence of calcium phosphate deposits, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals. In vitro studies of phosphate-induced calcification show that vascular smooth muscle cells undergo calcification with features similar to those observed in pathological vascular calcification in vivo, including the presence of hydroxyapatite crystals. Here, we describe the double-collagenase digestion method for isolating vascular smooth muscle cells from aorta, and a method for inducing calcification in vitro using high phosphate concentration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/chemically induced
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Calcium Phosphates/toxicity
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagenases/metabolism
- Crystallization
- Durapatite/metabolism
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Vascular Calcification/chemically induced
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Vascular Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Magda R Hamczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Vascular Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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81
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Kang J, Kim EK, Kim GR, Yoon C, Song TK, Chang JH. Photoacoustic imaging of breast microcalcifications: a validation study with 3-dimensional ex vivo data and spectrophotometric measurement. J Biophotonics 2015; 8:71-80. [PMID: 23996971 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates whether photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can provide the visualization of microcalcifications in breast tissue. For this, the geometrical correlation between the 3-D PA images of breast microcalcifications within ex vivo specimens and the corresponding mammograms was ascertained. Also, the optical absorbance of the calcification compositions (i.e., hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate) was measured and compared with the PA responses of the microcalcifications. The experimental results demonstrated that the PA images discriminated between the microcalcifications and the surrounding tissue, and their locations in PA images reasonably meshed with those of the microcalcifications appeared in the mammograms. Also, the change in PA signal amplitude along the laser wavelength agreed with the absorbance of hydroxyapatite associated with the relatively high potential of malignant cancers, but not calcium oxalate with only benign cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeun Kang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
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82
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Montoya G, Arenas J, Romo E, Zeichner-David M, Alvarez M, Narayanan AS, Velázquez U, Mercado G, Arzate H. Human recombinant cementum attachment protein (hrPTPLa/CAP) promotes hydroxyapatite crystal formation in vitro and bone healing in vivo. Bone 2014; 69:154-64. [PMID: 25263524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cementum extracellular matrix is similar to other mineralized tissues; however, this unique tissue contains molecules only present in cementum. A cDNA of these molecules, cementum attachment protein (hrPTPLa/CAP) was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic system. This molecule is an alternative splicing of protein tyrosine phosphatase-like A (PTPLa). In this study, we wanted to determine the structural and functional characteristics of this protein. Our results indicate that hrPTPLa/CAP contains a 43.2% α-helix, 8.9% β-sheet, 2% β-turn and 45.9% random coil secondary structure. Dynamic light scattering shows that this molecule has a size distribution of 4.8 nm and aggregates as an estimated mass of 137 kDa species. AFM characterization and FE-SEM studies indicate that this protein self-assembles into nanospheres with sizes ranging from 7.0 to 27 nm in diameter. Functional studies demonstrate that hrPTPLa/CAP promotes hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation: EDS analysis revealed that hrPTPLa/CAP-induced crystals had a 1.59 ± 0.06 Ca/P ratio. Further confirmation with MicroRaman spectrometry and TEM confirm the presence of hydroxyapatite. In vivo studies using critical-size defects in rat cranium showed that hrPTPLa/CAP promoted 73% ± 2.19% and 87% ± 1.97% new bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks respectively. Although originally identified in cementum, PTPLa/CAP is very effective at inducing bone repair and healing and therefore this novel molecule has a great potential to be used for mineralized tissue bioengineering and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Montoya
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Jesús Arenas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Enrique Romo
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - Marco Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - A Sampath Narayanan
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ulises Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Gabriela Mercado
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Higinio Arzate
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
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83
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Iwasaki Y, Yamato H. [New Developments in CKD-MBD. Bone quality and fracture in patients with chronic kidney disease]. Clin Calcium 2014; 24:1809-1814. [PMID: 25423926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an extremely increased risk of fragility fractures, but the underling pathophysiological mechanisms remain obscure. Recently, the progresses of analysis technology have revealed the changes of bone quality in CKD condition. In particular, we can observe the characteristic changes of bone microarchitecture and bone chemical compositions in both human bone biopsy samples and experimental animal bones. Here, I will provide a short review on these bone quality factors and discuss on the relationship between bone quality and fracture in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iwasaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Japan
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84
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Sandor B, Fintor K, Felszeghy S, Juhasz T, Reglodi D, Mark L, Kiss P, Jungling A, Fulop BD, Nagy AD, Hashimoto H, Zakany R, Nagy A, Tamas A. Structural and morphometric comparison of the molar teeth in pre-eruptive developmental stage of PACAP-deficient and wild-type mice. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:331-41. [PMID: 25112419 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with widespread distribution. It plays pivotal role in neuronal development. PACAP-immunoreactive fibers have been found in the tooth pulp, and recently, it has been shown that PACAP may also play a role in the regeneration of the periodontium after luxation injuries. However, there is no data about the effect of endogenous PACAP on tooth development. Ectodermal organogenesis including tooth development is regulated by different members of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hedgehog (HH), and Wnt families. There is also a growing evidence to support the hypothesis that PACAP interacts with sonic hedgehog (SHH) receptor (PTCH1) and its downstream target (Gli1) suggesting its role in tooth development. Therefore, our aim was to study molar tooth development in mice lacking endogenous PACAP. In this study morphometric, immunohistochemical and structural comparison of molar teeth in pre-eruptive developmental stage was performed on histological sections of 7-day-old wild-type and PACAP-deficient mice. Further structural analysis was carried out with Raman microscope. The morphometric comparison of the 7-day-old samples revealed that the dentin was significantly thinner in the molars of PACAP-deficient mice compared to wild-type animals. Raman spectra of the enamel in wild-type mice demonstrated higher diversity in secondary structure of enamel proteins. In the dentin of PACAP-deficient mice higher intracrystalline disordering in the hydroxyapatite molecular structure was found. We also obtained altered SHH, PTCH1 and Gli1 expression level in secretory ameloblasts of PACAP-deficient mice compared to wild-type littermates suggesting that PACAP might play an important role in molar tooth development and matrix mineralization involving influence on SHH signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sandor
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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85
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Abstract
Cell instructive mineralized biomaterials are a promising alternative to conventional auto-, allo-, and xenograft therapies for the reconstruction of critical sized defects. Extracellular matrix proteins, peptide domains, and functional motifs demonstrating cell and mineral binding activity have been used to improve cell attachment. However, these strategies vary in their tissue regeneration outcomes due to lack of specificity to both regenerative cell populations and the material substrates. In order to mediate cell-specific interactions on apatite surfaces, we identified peptide sequences with high affinity towards apatite (VTKHLNQISQSY, VTK) and clonally derived human bone marrow stromal cells (DPIYALSWSGMA, DPI) using phage display. The primary aims of this study were to measure apatite binding affinity, human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) adhesion strength, and peptide specificity to hBMSCs when the apatite and cell-specific peptides are combined into a dual-functioning peptide. To assess binding affinity to hydroxyapatite (HA), binding isotherms were constructed and peptide binding affinity (K1) determined. HBMSC, MC3T3 and mouse dermal fibroblast (MDF) adhesion strength on biomimetic apatite functionalized with single- and dual-functioning peptide sequences were evaluated using a centrifugation assay. DPI-VTK had the highest binding strength towards hBMSCs (p < 0.01). DPI-VTK, while promoting strong initial attachment to hBMSCs, did not encourage strong adhesions to MC3T3s or fibroblasts (p < 0.01). Taken together, phage display is a promising strategy to identify preferential cell and material binding peptide sequences that can tether specific cell populations onto specific biomaterial chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Ramaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Corresponding Author: David H. Kohn, Ph.D., Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Room 2213, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, Ph: 734-764-2206, Fax: 734-647-2110,
| | - Sharon S. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David H. Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biologic and Material Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Corresponding Author: David H. Kohn, Ph.D., Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Room 2213, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, Ph: 734-764-2206, Fax: 734-647-2110,
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86
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Staines KA, Zhu D, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. Identification of novel regulators of osteoblast matrix mineralization by time series transcriptional profiling. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:240-51. [PMID: 23925391 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineralization is a carefully orchestrated process, regulated by a number of promoters and inhibitors that function to ensure effective hydroxyapatite formation. Here we sought to identify new regulators of this process through a time series microarray analysis of mineralising primary osteoblast cultures over a 27 day culture period. To our knowledge this is the first microarray study investigating murine calvarial osteoblasts cultured under conditions that permit both physiological extracellular matrix mineralization through the formation of discrete nodules and the terminal differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes. RT-qPCR was used to validate and expand the microarray findings. We demonstrate the significant up-regulation of >6,000 genes during the osteoblast mineralization process, the highest-ranked differentially expressed genes of which were those dominated by members of the PPAR-γ signalling pathway, namely Adipoq, Cd36 and Fabp4. Furthermore, we show that the inhibition of this signalling pathway promotes matrix mineralisation in these primary osteoblast cultures. We also identify Cilp, Phex, Trb3, Sox11, and Psat1 as novel regulators of matrix mineralization. Further studies examining the precise function of the identified genes and their interactions will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ann Staines
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,
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87
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Alessandri Bonetti G, Pazzi E, Zanarini M, Marchionni S, Checchi L. The effect of zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite versus fluoride on enamel surfaces after interproximal reduction. Scanning 2014; 36:356-361. [PMID: 24902674 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to qualitatively investigate the effects of a zinc-carbonate hydroxyapatite (Zn-CHA) containing toothpaste on stripped enamel morphology in a pH cycling model in vitro and to compare the efficacy of this toothpaste versus fluoride one which still represent the gold standard to remineralize early enamel lesions. Twenty-one extracted lower incisors underwent to interproximal enamel reduction with metal strips (Horico 80 µm) on both mesial and distal surfaces. They were then sliced into mesial and distal halves and the 42 samples obtained were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 14 enamel specimens each. For 8 days, teeth were placed in lactic acid solution for 2 h three times a day with 2 h distilled water preservation in between. After each demineralization bath, samples of Group A were brushed with Zn-CHA containing toothpaste while samples of Group B were brushed with 1,400 ppm fluoride dentifrice for 5 min before immersion into water. Group C of untreated samples served as control. All the samples were then prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. A score rating system was used to perform a non-parametric statistical analysis. No statistically significant differences were found between the samples brushed with fluoride toothpaste and those untreated (Groups B and C) where the highest grade of damage was found, while the lowest grade was recorded in the samples brushed with Zn-CHA (Group A) and there was a statistically significant difference between this group and the other two groups.
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88
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Damkier HH, Josephsen K, Takano Y, Zahn D, Fejerskov O, Frische S. Fluctuations in surface pH of maturing rat incisor enamel are a result of cycles of H(+)-secretion by ameloblasts and variations in enamel buffer characteristics. Bone 2014; 60:227-34. [PMID: 24373736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is disputed if ameloblasts in the maturation zone of the enamel organ mainly buffer protons released by hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal growth or if they periodically secrete protons to create alternating acidic and alkaline conditions. The latter hypothesis predicts alternating pH regimes in maturing enamel, which would be affected by pharmacological interference with ameloblast H(+)-secretion. This study tests these predictions. Colorimetric pH-indicators and ratiometric fluorometry were used to measure surface pH in maturation zone enamel of rat incisors. Alternating acidic (down to pH6.24±0.06) and alkaline zones (up to pH7.34±0.08) were found along the tooth coinciding with ameloblast morphological cycles. Underlying the cyclic pattern, a gradual decrease in pH towards the incisal edge was seen. Vinblastine or FR167356 (H(+)-ATPase-inhibitor) disturbed ameloblast acid-secretion, especially in the early parts of acidic zones. Enamel surface pH reflects the titration state of surface PO4(3-)-ions. At the pH-values observed, PO4(3-) would be protonated (pKa>12) and HA dissolved. However, by molecular dynamics simulations we estimate the pKa of HPO4(2-) at an ideal HA surface to be 4.3. The acidic pH measured at the enamel surface may thus only dissolve non-perfect domains of HA crystals in which PO4(3-) is less electrostatically shielded. During repeated alkaline/acidic cycles, near-perfect HA-domains may therefore gradually replace less perfect HA-domains resulting in near-perfect HA-crystals. In conclusion, cyclic changes in ameloblast H(+)-secretion and the degree of enamel maturation determine enamel surface pH. This is in accordance with a hypothesis implicating H(+)-ATPase mediated acid-secretion by ameloblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshiro Takano
- Section of Biostructural Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie/Computer Chemie Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ole Fejerskov
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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89
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Orzechowska S, Wróbel A, Goncerz G, Podolec P, Rokita E. Physicochemical and micro-tomographic characterization of inorganic deposits associated with aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 2014; 23:40-47. [PMID: 24779327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND THE AIM OF THE STUDY A major feature of aortic stenosis is massive mineralization of the aortic valve, though the mechanism of the process remains unclear. The study aim was to characterize the chemical composition and morphology of inorganic deposits from surgically excised natural aortic valves and to seek similarities to minerals in bones and teeth. METHODS Mineral deposits from 30 surgically excised natural aortic valves were examined. The control group consisted of autopsy samples (aortic valves, vertebral bodies) and teeth obtained after extraction. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to describe the morphology and density of the minerals. X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to determine the chemical composition. RESULTS A poorly crystalline, B-type carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite (HAP) was found to constitute the mineral phase of the aortic valve leaflets. No other chemical compounds were identified. The elemental composition of the minerals in aortic valves and bone/tooth did not differ markedly, except that the Mg concentration was fourfold higher in valve material. The aortic valve deposits were irregular in shape and occupied ca. 40% of the leaflet volume. The volume of the deposits were spread over a broad range (0.001-0.3 mm3), while the density ranged from that of dentine to enamel (average value 2.2 g/cm3), slightly higher than that of compact bone. CONCLUSION The aortic valve deposits were identified as B-type carbonate-containing HAP, and were not identical to those found in bones and teeth, the main difference being a fourfold elevated Mg content. Mg may have been deposited as a separate compound, as micro-CT results suggested that the formation of mineral deposits in aortic valves was a multi-factorial process. The morphological parameters and densities of the valve deposits were spread over a broad range (factor approximately 300). An unequivocal identification of the mechanism responsible for the aortic valve pathological calcification was not possible, however.
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90
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Dritsa V, Pissaridi K, Koutoulakis E, Mamarelis I, Kotoulas C, Anastassopoulou J. An infrared spectroscopic study of aortic valve. A possible mechanism of calcification and the role of magnesium salts. In Vivo 2014; 28:91-98. [PMID: 24425841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to study the mechanism of pathogenesis of aortic valve calcification. The high intensity bands of vCH3 and vCH2 groups of lipids and phospholipids of membranes, in the spectral region 3000-2800 cm(-1), show the high concentration of lipids and fatty components in aortic valve, resulting from degradation of the main aliphatic chain of the membranes, with a change of their permeability and fluidity. The presence of bands at 3075 and 1744 cm(-1), assigned to olefinic (v=CH) and aldehyde carbonyl groups, respectively, implies that reactive oxygen species are involved in the initiation of peroxidation of the lipids and phospholipids. These latter bands are related to the oxidative stress of the patients. From the shifts of bands to lower frequencies of the characteristic absorption bands of amide I and amide II, it is suggested that the proteins change their secondary structure from α-helix to β-sheets and random coil due to modifications of collagen, associated with the permeability of aortic valve atherosclerosis. From the spectral region 1150-900 cm(-1), where the characteristic stretching vibration bands of the phosphate groups (vPO4(-3)) absorb, the calcified aortic valve was found to contain biological hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), as well as amorphous hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)xOH) and CaHPO4. These findings are in agreement with scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction analyses. SEM micrographs show that the valves are rich in fibrils and that the protein-protein cross-linked chemical bonds seem to be the points of initiation of calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Dritsa
- National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department, Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Zografou Campus, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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91
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Shokrollahi P, Mehmanchi M, Atai M, Omidian H, Shokrolahi F. Effect of interface on mechanical properties and biodegradation of PCL HAp supramolecular nano-composites. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014; 25:23-35. [PMID: 24030697 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This research explores the correlation between the structural properties of supramolecular biocomposites and their mechanical strength. Hybrid biocomposites composed of surface-modified hydroxyapatite nano-particles and supramolecular polycaprolactone (SP PCL), were prepared at different compositions, and their mechanical, thermal and viscoelastic properties as well as biodegradability, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro. The results were compared with those for SP PCL/naked hydroxyapatite nano-composites. We show that surface modification of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles resulted in outstanding improvement of tensile strength and modulus up to 3.6 and 2.2-fold, respectively. At above 10 wt% HAp and 20 wt% HApUPy, heterogeneous nano-composites with inferior mechanical properties were obtained. Based on rheological (in steady shear mode) and small/wide angle X-ray scattering measurements, unusual improved mechanical properties were ascribed to the formation of supramolecular clusters around nanoparticles. In-vitro degradation of the supramolecular nano-composites was also studied to investigate the overall product biodegradation as well as toxicity of the degradation product(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Shokrollahi
- Department of Biomaterials, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box 14965/159, Tehran, Iran,
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92
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Lee HR, Kim HJ, Ko JS, Choi YS, Ahn MW, Kim S, Do SH. Comparative characteristics of porous bioceramics for an osteogenic response in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84272. [PMID: 24391927 PMCID: PMC3877265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous calcium phosphate ceramics are used in orthopedic and craniofacial applications to treat bone loss, or in dental applications to replace missing teeth. The implantation of these materials, however, does not induce stem cell differentiation, so suitable additional materials such as porous calcium phosphate discs are needed to influence physicochemical responses or structural changes. Rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) and mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) were evaluated in vitro by the MTT assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting using cells cultured in medium supplemented with extracts from bioceramics, including calcium metaphosphate (CMP), hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen-grafted HA (HA-col). In vivo evaluation of the bone forming capacity of these bioceramics in rat models using femur defects and intramuscular implants for 12 weeks was performed. Histological analysis showed that newly formed stromal-rich tissues were observed in all the implanted regions and that the implants showed positive immunoreaction against type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The intramuscular implant region, in particular, showed strong positive immunoreactivity for both type I collagen and ALP, which was further confirmed by mRNA expression and immunoblotting results, indicating that each bioceramic material enhanced osteogenesis stimulation. These results support our hypothesis that smart bioceramics can induce osteoconduction and osteoinduction in vivo, although mature bone formation, including lacunae, osteocytes, and mineralization, was not prominent until 12 weeks after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Seung Ko
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myun-Whan Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sukyoung Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (SD)
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (SD)
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93
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Guo T, Kang W, Xiao D, Duan R, Zhi W, Weng J. Molecular docking characterization of a four-domain segment of human fibronectin encompassing the RGD loop with hydroxyapatite. Molecules 2013; 19:149-58. [PMID: 24366091 PMCID: PMC6271287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin adsorption on biomaterial surfaces plays a key role in the biocompatibility of biomedical implants. In the current study, the adsorption behavior of the 7–10th type III modules of fibronectin (FN-III7–10) in the presence of hydroxyapatite (HAP) was systematically investigated by using molecular docking approach. It was revealed that the FN-III10 is the most important module among FN-III7–10 in promoting fibronectin binding to HAP by optimizing the interaction energy; the arginine residues were observed to directly interact with the hydroxyl group of HAP through electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, it was found that the HAP-binding sites on FN-III10 are mainly located at the RGD loop region, which does not affect the interaction between the fibronectin protein and its cognate receptors on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Weng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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94
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Cavacas MA, Tavares V, Oliveira MJ, Oliveira P, Sezinando A, Martins dos Santos J. Effects of industrial noise on circumpulpar dentin--a field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6:2697-2702. [PMID: 24294356 PMCID: PMC3843250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to Industrial Noise (IN), rich in Low Frequency Noise (LFN), causes systemic fibrotic transformation and sustained stress. Dental wear, significantly increased with exposure to LFN, affects the teeth particularly through the circumpulpar dentin. Our goal is to understand the consequences of IN exposure on the circumpulpar dentin of Wistar rats. 10 Wistar rats were exposed to IN for 4 months, according to an occupationally simulated time schedule and 10 animals were used as age-matched controls. The first and the second upper and lower molars of each animal were processed for observation by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was performed. In exposed animals FESEM showed a 2.0 to 6.0 μm-dense mineral band between dentin and the pulp with no regular continuity with the tubules. This structure had a few tubules where the odontoblasts processes could be observed embedded within the band and collagen fibers were trapped inside. EDS analysis revealed that it was hydroxyapatite similar to dentin, with a higher carbon content. FESEM results show that the band may be tertiary reparative dentin formed by odontoblast-like cells, but the increased amount of carbon (EDS) could mean that it is sclerotic dentin. IN should be acknowledge as a strong stimulus, able to cause an injury to odontoblasts and to the formation of reparative tertiary dentin, in a process that may accelerate the aging of the teeth, either by direct impact of acoustic pressure pulsations or by increased stress and dental wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alzira Cavacas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz, Health Sciences InstituteMonte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vitor Tavares
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz, Health Sciences InstituteMonte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria João Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB of ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz, Health Sciences InstituteMonte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Sezinando
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz, Health Sciences InstituteMonte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Martins dos Santos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research Egas Moniz, Health Sciences InstituteMonte de Caparica, Portugal
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95
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Goiko M, Dierolf J, Gleberzon JS, Liao Y, Grohe B, Goldberg HA, de Bruyn JR, Hunter GK. Peptides of Matrix Gla protein inhibit nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80344. [PMID: 24265810 PMCID: PMC3827180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a phosphorylated and γ-carboxylated protein that has been shown to prevent the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the walls of blood vessels. MGP is also expressed in kidney and may inhibit the formation of kidney stones, which mainly consist of another crystalline phase, calcium oxalate monohydrate. To determine the mechanism by which MGP prevents soft-tissue calcification, we have synthesized peptides corresponding to the phosphorylated and γ-carboxylated sequences of human MGP in both post-translationally modified and non-modified forms. The effects of these peptides on hydroxyapatite formation and calcium oxalate crystallization were quantified using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Peptides YGlapS (MGP1-14: YγEpSHEpSMEpSYELNP), YEpS (YEpSHEpSMEpSYELNP), YGlaS (YγESHESMESYELNP) and SK-Gla (MGP43-56: SKPVHγELNRγEACDD) inhibited formation of hydroxyapatite in order of potency YGlapS > YEpS > YGlaS > SK-Gla. The effects of YGlapS, YEpS and YGlaS on hydroxyapatite formation were on both crystal nucleation and growth; the effect of SK-Gla was on nucleation. YGlapS and YEpS significantly inhibited the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, while simultaneously promoting the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate. The effects of these phosphopeptides on calcium oxalate monohydrate formation were on growth of crystals rather than nucleation. We have shown that the use of dynamic light scattering allows inhibitors of hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth to be distinguished. We have also demonstrated for the first time that MGP peptides inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate. Based on the latter finding, we propose that MGP function not only to prevent blood-vessel calcification but also to inhibit stone formation in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goiko
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Joshua Dierolf
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Jared S. Gleberzon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Yinyin Liao
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Bernd Grohe
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Harvey A. Goldberg
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - John R. de Bruyn
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Graeme K. Hunter
- School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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96
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Pesciaroli L, Petruccioli M, Federici F, D'Annibale A. Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms exhibit higher tolerance to toxicants than free-floating counterparts. Biofouling 2013; 29:1043-1055. [PMID: 23998200 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.825901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The MBEC(TM)-High Throughput Assay based on the Calgary Biofilm Device was used to produce and to characterize Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms. Hydroxyapatite coating of pegs was required to enable biofilm attachment; biofilm amounts and homogeneity of distribution were markedly improved upon removal of non-sessile biomass after 48 h from inoculation. Scanning electron microscopy showed surface-associated and multi-layered growth stabilized by the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM). Biofilms had higher contents of total sugars and ECM than their free-floating counterparts. Tolerance to Cr(VI) in the former was about twice that of the latter as inferred by the respective inhibitory concentrations (48.4 vs 24.1 mM and 114.5 vs 61.0 mM in 4- and 7-d-old cultures, respectively). Biofilms also displayed superior olive-mill wastewater (OMW) treatment efficiency along 5 consecutive batches leading to chemical oxygen demand and total phenol removals higher than 50 and 90%, respectively. Laccase activity peaks in biofilm cultures grown on OMW were significantly higher than those in free-floating cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pesciaroli
- a Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
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97
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New SE, Goettsch C, Aikawa M, Marchini JF, Shibasaki M, Yabusaki K, Libby P, Shanahan CM, Croce K, Aikawa E. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles: an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res 2013; 113:72-7. [PMID: 23616621 PMCID: PMC3703850 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We previously showed that early calcification of atherosclerotic plaques associates with macrophage accumulation. Chronic renal disease and mineral imbalance accelerate calcification and the subsequent release of matrix vesicles (MVs), precursors of microcalcification. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that macrophage-derived MVs contribute directly to microcalcification. METHODS AND RESULTS Macrophages associated with regions of calcified vesicular structures in human carotid plaques (n=136 patients). In vitro, macrophages released MVs with high calcification and aggregation potential. MVs expressed exosomal markers (CD9 and TSG101) and contained S100A9 and annexin V. Silencing S100A9 in vitro and genetic deficiency in S100A9-/- mice reduced MV calcification, whereas stimulation with S100A9 increased calcification potential. Externalization of phosphatidylserine after Ca/P stimulation and interaction of S100A9 and annexin V indicated that a phosphatidylserine-annexin V-S100A9 membrane complex facilitates hydroxyapatite nucleation within the macrophage-derived MV membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the novel concept that macrophages release calcifying MVs enriched in S100A9 and annexin V, which contribute to accelerated microcalcification in chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. New
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julio F. Marchini
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Manabu Shibasaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsumi Yabusaki
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Libby
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kevin Croce
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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98
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Zhou X, Cui Y, Luan J, Zhou X, Zhang G, Zhang X, Han J. Label-free quantification proteomics reveals novel calcium binding proteins in matrix vesicles isolated from mineralizing Saos-2 cells. Biosci Trends 2013; 7:144-151. [PMID: 23836038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) involved in the initiation of mineralization by deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) in their lumen are released by the budding of mineralization-competent cells during skeletogenesis and bone development. To identify additional mineralization-related proteins, MVs were isolated from non-stimulated and stimulated Saos-2 cells in culture via an Exoquick™ approach and the corresponding proteomes were identified and quantified with label-free quantitative proteome technology. The isolated MVs were confirmed by electron microscopy, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), biomarkers, and mineral formation analyses. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis revealed that 19 calcium binding proteins (CaBPs), including Grp94, calnexin, calreticulin, calmodulin, and S100A4/A10, were up-regulated in MVs of Saos-2 cells upon stimulation of mineralization. This result provides new clues to study the mechanism of the initiation of MV-mediated mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory for Biotech Drugs of the Ministry of Health, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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99
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Hung PS, Kuo YC, Chen HG, Chiang HHK, Lee OKS. Detection of osteogenic differentiation by differential mineralized matrix production in mesenchymal stromal cells by Raman spectroscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65438. [PMID: 23734254 PMCID: PMC3667172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great potential in skeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, conventional methods that are used in molecular biology to evaluate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs require a relatively large amount of cells. Cell lysis and cell fixation are also required and all these steps are time-consuming. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a facile technique which can provide real-time information with high sensitivity and selectivity to detect the osteogenic maturation of MSCs. In this study, we use Raman spectroscopy as a biosensor to monitor the production of mineralized matrices during osteogenic induction of MSCs. In summary, Raman spectroscopy is an excellent biosensor to detect the extent of maturation level during MSCs-osteoblast differentiation with a non-disruptive, real-time and label free manner. We expect that this study will promote further investigation of stem cell research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Hung
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - He-Guei Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hua Kenny Chiang
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The recent application of electron tomography to the study of biomaterial interfaces with bone has brought about an awareness of nano-osseointegration and, to a further extent, demanded increasingly advanced characterization methodologies. In this study, nanoscale osseointegration has been studied via laser-modified titanium implants. The micro- and nano-structured implants were placed in the proximal tibia of New Zealand white rabbits for six months. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), analytical microscopy, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM), as well as electron tomography studies were used to investigate the degree of nano-osseointegration in two- and three-dimensions. HRTEM indicated the laser-modified surface encouraged the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite in the immediate vicinity of the implant. Analytical studies suggested the presence of a functionally graded interface at the implant surface, characterized by the gradual intermixing of bone with oxide layer. Yet, the most compelling of techniques, which enabled straightforward visualization of nano-osseointegration, proved to be segmentation of electron tomographic reconstructions, where thresholding techniques identified bone penetrating into the nanoscale roughened surface features of laser-modified titanium. Combining high-resolution, analytical and three-dimensional electron microscopy techniques has proven to encourage identification and understanding of nano-osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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