76
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Bansal-Pakala P, Halteman BS, Cheng MHY, Croft M. Costimulation of CD8 T Cell Responses by OX40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4821-5. [PMID: 15067059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of functional CD8 T cell responses is dependent on checkpoints established during priming. Although naive CD8 cells can proliferate with a short period of stimulation, CD4 help, inflammation, and/or high peptide affinity are necessary for the survival of CTL and for effective priming. Using OX40-deficient CD8 cells specific for a defined Ag, and agonist and antagonist OX40 reagents, we show that OX40/OX40 ligand interactions can determine the extent of expansion of CD8 T cells during responses to conventional protein Ag and can provide sufficient signals to confer CTL-mediated protection against tumor growth. OX40 signaling primarily functions to maintain CTL survival during the initial rounds of cell division after Ag encounter. Thus, OX40 is one of the costimulatory molecules that can contribute signals to regulate the accumulation of Ag-reactive CD8 cells during immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphopenia/genetics
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- OX40 Ligand
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/genetics
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/immunology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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77
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Ito T, Amakawa R, Inaba M, Hori T, Ota M, Nakamura K, Takebayashi M, Miyaji M, Yoshimura T, Inaba K, Fukuhara S. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Regulate Th Cell Responses through OX40 Ligand and Type I IFNs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4253-9. [PMID: 15034038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) show a functional plasticity in determining Th responses depending on their maturational stage or on maturational signals delivered to the DCs. Human plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) can induce either Th1- or Th2-type immune responses upon exposure to viruses or IL-3, respectively. In this study we have investigated the Th-polarizing capacity of PDCs after short (24-h) or long (72-h) culture with stimuli and have assessed the expression and function of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in PDC-mediated Th polarization in addition to type I IFN-dependent responses. IL-3-treated PDCs expressed OX40L, but produced almost no IFN-alpha in response to T cell stimulation (CD40 ligand or T cell interaction), resulting in the preferential priming of Th2 cells through OX40L-dependent mechanisms. Meanwhile, PDCs were rapidly endowed by viral infection (Sendai virus) with a high potency to develop IFN-gamma-producing Th cells depending on their capacity to residually produce IFN-alpha. Although Sendai virus-stimulated PDCs simultaneously expressed OX40L in their maturational process, the Th1-inducing effect of endogenous type I IFNs may overcome and thus conceal the OX40L-dependent Th2 responses. However, during maturation in response to Sendai virus over the longer 72-h period, the expression level of OX40L was up-regulated, whereas the residual IFN-alpha-producing ability was down-regulated, and consequently, the PDCs with prolonged Sendai virus stimulation induced Th2 responses to some extent. Thus, PDCs have the distinct means to dictate an appropriate response to environmental stimuli.
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78
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Martin-Orozco N, Chen Z, Poirot L, Hyatt E, Chen A, Kanagawa O, Sharpe A, Mathis D, Benoist C. Paradoxical dampening of anti-islet self-reactivity but promotion of diabetes by OX40 ligand. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6954-60. [PMID: 14662903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory signals received by diabetogenic T cells during priming by or upon secondary encounter with autoantigen are decisive in determining the outcome of autoimmune attack. The OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) costimulatory pathway is known to influence T cell responses, prompting us to examine its role in autoimmune diabetes. A null allele at OX40L completely prevented diabetes development in nonobese diabetic mice and strongly reduced its incidence in a TCR transgenic model (BDC2.5). However, somewhat paradoxically, the initial activation of T cells responsive to islet beta cell Ag was slightly faster and more efficient in the absence of OX40L, with an increased degree of cell proliferation and survival in the deficient hosts. Activated T cell migration into and retention within the islets was also slightly accelerated. When challenged in vitro, splenocytes from BDC2.5.OX40L(o/o) mice showed no altered reactivity to exogenously added peptide, no bias to the Th1 or Th2 phenotype, and no alteration in T cell survival. Thus, the OX40/OX40L axis has the paradoxical effect of dampening the early activation and migration of autoimmune T cells, but sustains the long-term progression to autoimmune destruction.
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79
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Wilson J, Rossi CP, Carboni S, Fremaux C, Perrin D, Soto C, Kosco-Vilbois M, Scheer A. A homogeneous 384-well high-throughput binding assay for a TNF receptor using alphascreen technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 8:522-32. [PMID: 14567779 DOI: 10.1177/1087057103257804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To take advantage of the growing knowledge of cellular signaling pathways, modern-day drug discovery faces an increasing challenge to develop assays to screen for compounds that modulate protein-protein interactions. One bottleneck in achieving this goal is a lack of suitable and robust assay technologies amenable to a high-throughput format. In this report, we describe how we utilized Alphascreen trade mark technology to develop a high-throughput assay to monitor ligand binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. We expressed a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the OX40 receptor with the constant domains of human IgG. In the presence of OX40 ligand, we determined a binding affinity constant consistent with reported values and optimized the protocol to develop a simple, homogeneous, and sensitive binding assay in a 384-well format. Finally, we assessed if this system could identify small peptides capable of inhibiting the OX40 receptor and ligand interaction. The results showed that the assay was able to detect such peptides and could be used to launch a high-throughput screening campaign for small molecules able to prevent OX40 receptor activation.
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80
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Takeda I, Ine S, Killeen N, Ndhlovu LC, Murata K, Satomi S, Sugamura K, Ishii N. Distinct Roles for the OX40- OX40 Ligand Interaction in Regulatory and Nonregulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3580-9. [PMID: 15004159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The OX40 (CD134) molecule is induced primarily during T cell activation and, as we show in this study, is also expressed on CD25+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. A necessary role for OX40 in the development and homeostasis of Treg cells can be inferred from the reduced numbers of the cells present in the spleens of OX40-deficient mice, and their elevated numbers in the spleens of mice that overexpress the OX40 ligand (OX40L). The homeostatic proliferation of Treg cells following transfer into lymphopenic mice was also found to be potentiated by the OX40-OX40L interaction. Suppression of T cell responses by Treg cells was significantly impaired in the absence of OX40, indicating that, in addition to its homeostatic functions, OX40 contributes to efficient Treg-mediated suppression. However, despite this, we found that CD25-CD4+ T cells became insensitive to Treg-mediated suppression when they were exposed to OX40L-expressing cells, or when they were treated with an agonistic OX40-specific mAb. OX40 signaling could also abrogate the disease-preventing activity of Treg cells in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, although the data reveal important roles for OX40 signaling in Treg cell development, homeostasis, and suppressive activity, they also show that OX40 signals can oppose Treg-mediated suppression when they are delivered directly to Ag-engaged naive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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81
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Seko Y, Sugishita K, Sato O, Takagi A, Tada Y, Matsuo H, Yagita H, Okumura K, Nagai R. Expression of Costimulatory Molecules (4-1BBL and Fas) and Major Histocompatibility Class I Chain-Related A (MICA) in Aortic Tissue with Takayasu’s Arteritis. J Vasc Res 2004; 41:84-90. [PMID: 14752253 DOI: 10.1159/000076437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Accepted: 11/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To further investigate the immunological mechanisms involved, we analyzed the expression of costimulatory molecules in aortic tissue and their counterpart molecules on infiltrating cells of patients with Takayasu's arteritis. We also examined the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related (MIC) A in aortic tissue, which is known to be induced by external stress, and its counterpart NKG2D receptors on infiltrating cells. Among these costimulatory molecules, strong expression of 4-1BBL and Fas was induced in the aortic tissue, and most of the infiltrating cells expressed 4-1BB and FasL, suggesting these pathways play critical roles in T-cell-mediated vascular injury. We also found that MICA was strongly induced in the aortic tissue and that at least part of the infiltrating cells expressed NKG2D receptors. Some infiltrating cells - but not vascular smooth muscle cells - seemed to have undergone apoptosis. Our findings strongly suggest that 4-1BB/4-1BBL and Fas/FasL pathways play important roles in vascular injury in Takayasu's arteritis. We assume that gammadelta T cells infiltrated aortic tissue recognizing MICA, resulting in the induction of MHC antigens and costimulatory molecules, and then alphabeta T-cells infiltrated recognizing some auto-antigens presented by MHC antigens, leading to chronic inflammation.
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82
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Obermeier F, Schwarz H, Dunger N, Strauch UG, Grunwald N, Schölmerich J, Falk W. OX40/OX40L interaction induces the expression of CXCR5 and contributes to chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. Eur J Immunol 2004; 33:3265-74. [PMID: 14635034 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between APC and T lymphocytes have been implicated as a major factor contributing to inflammatory bowel disease. To test whether OX40/OX40L interaction plays a role in chronic intestinal inflammation, we induced chronic colitis using dextran sulfate sodium and treated the mice with a murine fusion protein (OX40-IgG). Treatment resulted in a dose-dependent and significant reduction of intestinal inflammation (46%) as measured by a histologic score. IL-10 and IL-5 production from mesenteric lymph node cells increased 20-fold and 18-fold, respectively. In colonic tissue, IL-10 mRNA levels increased and the expression of T-bet was decreased to 30%. IL-10 neutralization partly inhibited the beneficial effects of OX40-IgG treatment. Surprisingly, despite the reduction of inflammation we found the number and size of colonic lymphoid follicles increased, with an accumulation of CD4(+) cells in the mantle area. In contrast, the number of CD4(+) cells infiltrating the mucosa was significantly reduced, as was their CXCR5 expression (24-fold). We conclude that OX40/OX40L interaction contributes to the perpetuation of chronic colitis partly by suppressing IL-10 production. Furthermore, our data suggest that the OX40/OX40L-induced CXCR5 expression on CD4(+) cells may be important for the inflammatory process by allowing migration to the germinal center for further differentiation of CD4(+) cells before they infiltrate the chronically inflamed mucosa.
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83
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Yanagita S, Hori T, Matsubara Y, Ishikawa T, Uchiyama T. Retroviral transduction of acute myeloid leukaemia-derived dendritic cells with OX40 ligand augments their antigen presenting activity. Br J Haematol 2004; 124:454-62. [PMID: 14984494 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that human myeloid leukaemia cells can differentiate into dendritic cell (DC)-like cells (leukaemia-DCs) when cultured with a combination of cytokines. In the present study, we examined whether the transduction of leukaemia-DCs with OX40 ligand (OX40L), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, resulted in augmentation of their antigen presenting activity. Bicistronic retroviral vectors expressing both human OX40L and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or EGFP alone were generated and used for transduction. Fresh leukaemic cells from five patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were isolated and retrovirally transduced with OX40L during the culture with a combination of cytokines from stem cell factor, fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt)-3 ligand, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and TNF-alpha. After 7 d, the majority of cells showed DC-like morphology, and expressed higher levels of CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR than fresh leukaemic cells. The transduction efficiency was 8.5-27.2%. Leukaemia-DCs transduced with OX40L elicited higher proliferative response of allogeneic CD4+ T cells than fresh leukaemic cells, non-transduced, or mock-transduced leukaemia-DCs. Co-culture of allogeneic CD4+ T cells with OX40L-transduced leukaemia-DCs was superior in the generation of interferon (IFN)-gamma producing CD4+ T cells and in production of IFN-gamma. Furthermore, OX40L-transduced leukaemia-DCs could elicit significant proliferative response of human leucocyte antigen-matched T cells from the donor in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These results indicate that retroviral transduction of leukaemia-DCs with OX40L augments their antigen presenting cell activity and thus renders them more suitable for tumour vaccines or ex vivo stimulation of leukaemia-specific T cells.
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84
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Ishii N, Ndhlovu LC, Murata K, Sato T, Kamanaka M, Sugamura K. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand interaction plays an adjuvant role during in vivo Th2 responses. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:2372-81. [PMID: 12938213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) interaction in Th cell differentiation remains contentious. In vitro studies have revealed a Th2-biased effect by OX40 signals in T cells. However, in vivo studies demonstrated that OX40-OX40L interaction is involved in responses either Th1 or Th2, or both, which appears to be dependent on the experimental conditions used. We document in our report Th cell differentiation in OX40L-deficient and OX40L-transgenic (Tg) mice in response to protein antigens (Ag) and to Leishmania major (L. major) infection. Upon immunization with protein Ag, we demonstrate the adjuvant effect of OX40 signals during in vivo Th2 responses. However, adjuvant treatment to mice ameliorates the Th2-specific effect of OX40-OX40L interaction and rather induces concurrent promotion of both Th1 and Th2 responses via OX40 signals. Thus, previous reports showing promotion of Th1 response by OX40-OX40L interaction may in actual fact be affected by the adjuvant effects mediated by the various experimental conditions. Indeed, constitutive OX40-OX40L interactions in OX40L-Tg mice converted the normally resistant C57BL/6 strain, into a susceptible status following L. major infection due to an extraordinary elevated Th2 response. These results provide convincing evidence demonstrating that the OX40-OX40L interaction is paramount in the development of Th2 responses in vivo.
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85
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Humphreys IR, Edwards L, Walzl G, Rae AJ, Dougan G, Hill S, Hussell T. OX40 ligation on activated T cells enhances the control of Cryptococcus neoformans and reduces pulmonary eosinophilia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6125-32. [PMID: 12794142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary eosinophilia induced in C57BL/6 mice after Cryptococcus neoformans infection is driven by CD4(+) Th2 cells. The immunological mechanisms that protect against eosinophilia are not fully understood. Interaction of OX40 (CD134) and its ligand, OX40L, has been implicated in T cell activation and cell migration. Unlike CD28, OX40 is only expressed on T cells 1-2 days after Ag activation. Manipulation of this pathway would therefore target recently activated T cells, leaving the naive repertoire unaffected. In this study, we show that engagement of OX40 by an OX40L:Ig fusion protein drives IFN-gamma production by CD4(+) T cells and reduces eosinophilia and C. neoformans burden in the lung. Using gene-depleted mice, we show that reduction of eosinophilia and pathogen burden requires IL-12 and/or IFN-gamma. C. neoformans infection itself only partially induces OX40L expression by APCs. Provision of exogenous OX40L reveals a critical role of this pathway in the prevention of C. neoformans-induced eosinophilia.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Bronchi/immunology
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Bronchi/microbiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cryptococcus neoformans/growth & development
- Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Ligands
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- OX40 Ligand
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/genetics
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/microbiology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/pathology
- Pulmonary Eosinophilia/prevention & control
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/administration & dosage
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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86
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Ukyo N, Hori T, Yanagita S, Ishikawa T, Uchiyama T. Costimulation through OX40 is crucial for induction of an alloreactive human T-cell response. Immunology 2003; 109:226-31. [PMID: 12757617 PMCID: PMC1782957 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alloreactive immune response is a series of events initiated by the interaction of T cells with allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs), involving alloantigen recognition and costimulatory signals. In this study, we investigated the role of OX40 in alloreactivity in vitro. We first demonstrated that anti-OX40 ligand (anti-OX40L) monoclonal antibody (mAb) could markedly suppress the mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To further define the contribution of the OX40/OX40L system to the MLR, we set up a co-culture system of CD4+ T cells and allogeneic monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). After 2 days, OX40 expression was induced on CD4+ T cells and this induction was strongly inhibited by the addition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-Fc fusion protein, suggesting that the expression of OX40 during alloreaction is dependent on CD28 signalling. Next we examined the effects of anti-OX40L mAb, CTLA-4-Fc fusion protein and anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR mAb on the proliferative response of CD4+ T cells to allogeneic DCs. The proliferation of T cells was almost completely suppressed by anti-OX40L mAb, which was comparable with that of CTLA-4-Fc. Measurement of interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in the culture supernatants showed that suppression of a proliferative response was at least in part ascribed to reduced IL-2 production. Furthermore, purified OX40L- allogeneic DCs could induce considerable proliferation of CD4+ T cells, which was suppressed by anti-OX40L mAb. These results suggest that the OX40/OX40L system is crucial for induction of the allogeneic T-cell response and the OX40/OX40L system is subsequent to and dependent on CD28 signalling, but is crucial for the end outcome of the human alloreactive T-cell response.
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87
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Nakae S, Saijo S, Horai R, Sudo K, Mori S, Iwakura Y. IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5986-90. [PMID: 12721360 PMCID: PMC156313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1035999100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a T cell-derived, proinflammatory cytokine that is suspected to be involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases. Although there are elevated levels of IL-17 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the pathogenic role of IL-17 in the development of rheumatoid arthritis remains to be elucidated. In this report, the effects of IL-17 deficiency were examined in IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra(-/-)) mice that spontaneously develop an inflammatory and destructive arthritis due to unopposed excess IL-1 signaling. IL-17 expression is greatly enhanced in IL-1Ra(-/-) mice, suggesting that IL-17 activity is involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis in these mice. Indeed, the spontaneous development of arthritis did not occur in IL-1Ra(-/-) mice also deficient in IL-17. The proliferative response of ovalbumin-specific T cells from DO11.10 mice against ovalbumin cocultured with antigen-presenting cells from either IL-1Ra(-/-) mice or wild-type mice was reduced by IL-17 deficiency, indicating insufficient T cell activation. Cross-linking OX40, a cosignaling molecule on CD4(+) T cells that plays an important role in T cell antigen-presenting cell interaction, with anti-OX40 Ab accelerated the production of IL-17 induced by CD3 stimulation. Because OX40 is induced by IL-1 signaling, IL-17 induction is likely to be downstream of IL-1 through activation of OX40. These observations suggest that IL-17 plays a crucial role in T cell activation, downstream of IL-1, causing the development of autoimmune arthritis.
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88
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Blazar BR, Sharpe AH, Chen AI, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Lees C, Akiba H, Yagita H, Killeen N, Taylor PA. Ligation of OX40 (CD134) regulates graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Blood 2003; 101:3741-8. [PMID: 12521997 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OX40 (CD134) is expressed on activated T cells; its ligand, OX40 ligand (OX40L) is expressed on dendritic cells, B cells, and activated endothelial cells. To determine how OX40-OX40L interaction affects graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we used antagonistic anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) or OX40(-/-) donor or OX40L(-/-) recipient mice. Similar degrees of GVHD reduction were observed with each approach. Despite the fact that OX40 is up-regulated on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells isolated during GVHD, the major effects of OX40 ligation were on CD4(+) and not CD8(+) T-cell-mediated alloresponses as assessed in both GVHD and engraftment model systems. GVHD inhibition by blockade of the OX40/OX40L pathway did not require CD28 signaling. Some studies have indicated OX40 is essential for inducing T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses. However, in vivo blockade of OX40-OX40L interactions reduced GVHD mortality induced by either signal transducer and activator of transcription-6(-/-) (Stat-6(-/-)) (Th2-defective) or Stat-4(-/-) (Th1-defective) major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-disparate splenocytes, indicating that the GVHD-ameliorating effects did not require Stat-4 or Stat-6 signaling. Although OX40L has been reported to be expressed on activated T cells, no effects on GVHD were observed when OX40L(-/-) versus OX40L(+/+) T cells were infused in different models. These data provide insights as to the mechanisms responsible for OX40/OX40L regulation of GVHD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- OX40 Ligand
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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89
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Kim MY, Gaspal FMC, Wiggett HE, McConnell FM, Gulbranson-Judge A, Raykundalia C, Walker LSK, Goodall MD, Lane PJL. CD4(+)CD3(-) accessory cells costimulate primed CD4 T cells through OX40 and CD30 at sites where T cells collaborate with B cells. Immunity 2003; 18:643-54. [PMID: 12753741 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report we identify an accessory cell that interacts with primed and memory T cells at sites where they collaborate with B cells. These cells are distinguished from conventional dendritic cells by their lack of response to Flt3 ligand and their inability to process antigen. Unlike dendritic cells, the CD4(+)CD3(-) cells have little CD80 or CD86 expression but do express high levels of the TNF ligands, OX40 ligand and CD30 ligand. We show that Th2-primed cells express the receptors for these TNF ligands and preferentially survive when cocultured with these cells. Furthermore, we show that the preferential survival of OX40(+) T cells and support of memory T cell help for B cells are linked to their association with CD4(+)CD3(-) cells in vivo.
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90
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Linton PJ, Bautista B, Biederman E, Bradley ES, Harbertson J, Kondrack RM, Padrick RC, Bradley LM. Costimulation via OX40L expressed by B cells is sufficient to determine the extent of primary CD4 cell expansion and Th2 cytokine secretion in vivo. J Exp Med 2003; 197:875-83. [PMID: 12668647 PMCID: PMC2193894 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effector and memory CD4 cell populations depends upon both T cell receptor (TCR) engagement of peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes and ligation of costimulatory molecules with counter receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We showed previously that sustained interactions with APCs could be crucial for optimal expansion of CD4 cells and for development of effectors that secrete cytokines associated with Th2 cells. Using an adoptive transfer model with TCR transgenic CD4 cells, we now show that responses of CD4 cells primed in B cell-deficient mice become aborted, but are fully restored upon the transfer of activated B cells. Although B cells have the capacity to secrete multiple cytokines that could affect CD4 priming, including IL-4, we were unable to distinguish a role for cytokines that are secreted by B cells. However, B cell costimulation via the OX40L/OX40 pathway that has been implicated in CD4 cell expansion, survival, and Th2 development was required. Th2 but not Th1 responses were impaired in OX40L-deficient recipients and normal responses were restored with OX40L sufficient B cells. The results suggest that without engagement of OX40L on B cells, CD4 cell responses to many protein Ag would be dominated by Th1 cytokines. These data have important implications for strategies to achieve optimal priming of CD4 subsets.
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91
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Totsuka T, Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Iiyama R, Yamazaki M, Akiba H, Yagita H, Okumura K, Watanabe M. Therapeutic effect of anti-OX40L and anti-TNF-alpha MAbs in a murine model of chronic colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G595-603. [PMID: 12631559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00450.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of OX40 (CD134) on T cells with its ligand (OX40L) on antigen-presenting cells has been implicated in pathogenic T cell activation. This study was performed to explore the involvement of OX40/OX40L in the development of T cell-mediated chronic colitis. We evaluated both the preventive and therapeutic effects of neutralizing anti-OX40L MAb on the development of chronic colitis in SCID mice induced by adoptive transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells as an animal model of Crohn's disease. We also assessed the combination of anti-OX40L and anti-TNF-alpha MAbs to improve the therapeutic effect. Administration of anti-OX40L MAb markedly ameliorated the clinical and histopathological disease in preventive and therapeutic protocols. In vivo treatment with anti-OX40L MAb decreased CD4(+) T cell infiltration in the colon and suppressed IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha production by lamina propria CD4(+) T cells. The combination with anti-TNF-alpha MAb further improved the therapeutic effect by abolishing IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha production by lamina propria CD4(+) T cells. Our present results suggested a pivotal role of OX40/OX40L in the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated chronic colitis. The OX40L blockade, especially in combination with the TNF-alpha blockade, may be a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention of Crohn's disease.
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92
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Hoshino A, Tanaka Y, Akiba H, Asakura Y, Mita Y, Sakurai T, Takaoka A, Nakaike S, Ishii N, Sugamura K, Yagita H, Okumura K. Critical role for OX40 ligand in the development of pathogenic Th2 cells in a murine model of asthma. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:861-9. [PMID: 12672051 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200323455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is characterized by massive infiltration of eosinophils and airway hyperreactivity (AHR), which are caused by overproduction of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) by allergen-specific T cells. We recently demonstrated a critical contribution of OX40 ligand (OX40L) to the development of Th2-mediated experimental leishmaniasis. In this study, we have examined the role of OX40L in the development of Th2-mediated pulmonary inflammation by utilizing OX40L-deficient mice and a neutralizing anti-OX40L mAb in a murine model of asthma. Sensitization and airway challenge with ovalbumin in wild-type BALB/c mice induced a typical allergic asthma characterized by AHR, accumulation of eosinophils, increased mucus production, and high levels of Th2 cytokines in the lung. All these asthmatic responses were not induced in OX40L-deficient BALB/c mice. Administration of neutralizing anti-OX40L mAb in wild-type BALB/c mice during the sensitization period also abolished the induction of asthmatic responses. In contrast, administration of anti-OX40L mAb during the challenge period did not inhibit the asthmatic responses. These results indicate a critical role for OX40L in the induction phase, which leads to the development of pathogenic Th2 cells, but not in the effector phase, which includes migration and activation of pathogenic Th2 cells in the lung.
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93
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Fillatreau S, Gray D. T cell accumulation in B cell follicles is regulated by dendritic cells and is independent of B cell activation. J Exp Med 2003; 197:195-206. [PMID: 12538659 PMCID: PMC2193813 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of CD4 T cell accumulation in B cell follicles after immunization. Follicular T cell numbers were correlated with the number of B cells, indicating B cell control of the niche that T cells occupy. Despite this, we found no role for B cells in the follicular migration of T cells. Instead, T cells are induced to migrate into B cell follicles entirely as a result of interaction with dendritic cells (DCs). Migration relies on CD40-dependent maturation of DCs, as it did not occur in CD40-deficient mice but was reconstituted with CD40(+) DCs. Restoration was not achieved by the activation of DCs with bacterial activators (e.g., lipopolysaccharide, CpG), but was by the injection of OX40L-huIgG1 fusion protein. Crucially, the up-regulation of OX40L (on antigen-presenting cells) and CXCR-5 (on T cells) are CD40-dependent events and we show that T cells do not migrate to follicles in immunized OX40-deficient mice.
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94
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Gri G, Gallo E, Di Carlo E, Musiani P, Colombo MP. OX40 ligand-transduced tumor cell vaccine synergizes with GM-CSF and requires CD40-Apc signaling to boost the host T cell antitumor response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:99-106. [PMID: 12496388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient T cell priming by GM-CSF and CD40 ligand double-transduced C26 murine colon carcinoma is not sufficient to cure metastases in a therapeutic setting. To determine whether a cellular vaccine that interacts directly with both APC and T cells in vivo might be superior, we generated C26 carcinoma cells transduced with the T cell costimulatory molecule OX40 ligand (OX40L) either alone (C26/OX40L) or together with GM-CSF (C26/GM/OX40L), which is known to activate APC. Mice injected with C26/OX40L cells displayed only a delay in tumor growth, while the C26/GM/OX40L tumor regressed in 85% of mice. Tumor rejection required granulocytes, CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and APC-mediated CD40-CD40 ligand cosignaling, but not IFN-gamma or IL-12 as shown using subset-depleted and knockout (KO) mice. CD40KO mice primed with C26/GM/OX40L cells failed to mount a CTL response, and T cells infiltrating the C26/GM/OX40L tumor were OX40 negative, suggesting an impairment in APC-T cell cross-talk in CD40KO mice. Indeed, CD4+ T cell-depleted mice failed to mount any CTL activity against the C26 tumor, while treatment with agonistic mAb to CD40, which acts on APC, bypassed the requirement for CD4+ T cells and restored CTL activation. C26/GM/OX40L cells cured 83% of mice bearing lung metastases, whereas C26/OX40L or C26/GM vaccination cured only 28 and 16% of mice, respectively. These results indicate the synergistic activity of OX40L and GM-CSF in a therapeutic setting.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Ligands
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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95
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Ekkens MJ, Liu Z, Liu Q, Whitmire J, Xiao S, Foster A, Pesce J, VanNoy J, Sharpe AH, Urban JF, Gause WC. The role of OX40 ligand interactions in the development of the Th2 response to the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:384-93. [PMID: 12496423 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In these studies, we examined the effects of OX40 ligand (OX40L) deficiency on the development of Th2 cells during the Th2 immune response to the intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Elevations in IL-4 production and total and Ag-specific serum IgE levels were partially inhibited during both the primary and memory immune responses to H. polygyrus in OX40L(-/-) mice. The host-protective memory response was compromised in OX40L(-/-) mice, as decreased worm expulsion and increased egg production were observed compared with H. polygyrus-inoculated OX40L(+/+) mice. To further examine the nature of the IL-4 defect during priming, adoptively transferred DO11.10 T cells were analyzed in the context of the H. polygyrus response. Although Ag-specific T cell IL-4 production was reduced in the OX40L(-/-) mice following immunization with OVA peptide plus H. polygyrus, Ag-specific T cell expansion, cell cycle progression, CXCR5 expression, and migration were comparable between OX40L(+/+) and OX40L(-/-) mice inoculated with OVA and H. polygyrus. These studies suggest an important role for OX40/OX40L interactions in specifically promoting IL-4 production, as well as associated IgE elevations, in Th2 responses to H. polygyrus. However, OX40L interactions were not required for serum IgG1 elevations, increases in germinal center formation, and Ag-specific Th2 cell expansion and migration to the B cell zone.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics
- Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neck
- Nematospiroides dubius/immunology
- OX40 Ligand
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Strongylida Infections/genetics
- Strongylida Infections/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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96
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Sato T, Ishii N, Murata K, Kikuchi K, Nakagawa S, Ndhlovu LC, Sugamura K. Consequences of OX40- OX40 ligand interactions in langerhans cell function: enhanced contact hypersensitivity responses in OX40L-transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3326-35. [PMID: 12555678 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3326::aid-immu3326>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) represent the dominant antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the epidermis and thus play an important role in cutaneous immune responses to approaching pathogens. These responses are mediated by several costimulatory molecules after antigenic challenge. OX40 ligand (OX40L), a member of TNF superfamily, is expressed on several APC such as splenic dendritic cells (DC) and activated B cells. This molecule has been reported to provide potent costimulation in APC-T cell interactions upon binding to its cognate receptor, OX40, on activated T cells. Little is known, however, regarding OX40L expression and function on LC. In the present study, we report the expression of both OX40L and OX40 on differentiated LC derived from draining lymph nodes in the FITC-sensitized mice. During contact hypersensitivity responses, OX40L-deficient mice demonstrated a significant reduction in both hapten-induced ear swelling and hapten-specific T cell responses despite intact migratory responses. Conversely, these responses were markedly increased in two different OX40L-transgenic strains with variations in OX40L overexpression. In the LC-induced MLR, OX40L-deficient and OX40L-overexpressing LC were capable of reducing and elevating the responses of allogeneic CD4+ T cells, respectively. Thus the requirement of OX40L during the antigen presentation function of LC in T cell priming is here demonstrated.
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97
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Murata K, Nose M, Ndhlovu LC, Sato T, Sugamura K, Ishii N. Constitutive OX40/ OX40 ligand interaction induces autoimmune-like diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4628-36. [PMID: 12370402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between OX40 and OX40 ligand (OX40L) is suggested to provide T cells with an effective costimulatory signals during T cell-APC interaction. To examine the in vivo effect of constitutive OX40/OX40L interaction during immune regulation, we report the establishment of OX40L-transgenic (OX40L-Tg) mice that constitutively express OX40L on T cells. Markedly elevated numbers of effector memory CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, were observed in the secondary lymphoid organs of OX40L-Tg mice. Upon immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin in the absence of adjuvant, profound T cell proliferative responses and cytokine productions were seen in the OX40L-Tg mice as compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, in OX40L-Tg mice administrated with superantigen, this constitutive OX40/OX40L interaction on CD4(+) T cells completely prevented normal in vivo clonal T cell deletion. Interestingly, OX40L-Tg mice on the C57BL/6 background spontaneously developed interstitial pneumonia and inflammatory bowel disease that was accompanied with a significant production of anti-DNA Ab in the sera. Surprisingly, these diseases were not evident on the OX40L-Tg mice on the BALB/c strain. However, such inflammatory diseases were successfully reproducible in recombination-activating gene (RAG)2-deficient mice upon transfer of OX40L-Tg CD4(+) T cells. Blockade of OX40/OX40L interaction in the recipient RAG2-deficient mice completely prevented disease development. The present results orchestrated in this study indicate that OX40/OX40L interaction may be a vital link in our understanding of T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphatic Diseases/genetics
- Lymphatic Diseases/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- OX40 Ligand
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Splenomegaly/genetics
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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98
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Arestides RSS, He H, Westlake RM, Chen AI, Sharpe AH, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Costimulatory molecule OX40L is critical for both Th1 and Th2 responses in allergic inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:2874-80. [PMID: 12355440 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(2002010)32:10<2874::aid-immu2874>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation and cytokine secretion are important mediators of inflammation in allergic asthma. The costimulatory pathway CD28/CD80/CD86 has been shown to play an important role in T cell activation in allergic asthma, but less is known about the effect of other costimulatory molecules in allergy. The costimulatory molecule OX40 ligand (OX40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, has been shown to be important in T cell priming and cytokine production. We investigated the role of OX40L in a murine model of allergic inflammation using OX40L(-/-) mice. In this model, following OVA sensitization and challenge, mice develop features of allergic inflammation including elevated levels of total serum IgE, pulmonary eosinophils, cytokines, and pulmonary inflammation. In the absence of OX40L, total serum IgE, pulmonary eosinophils, cytokines, and pulmonary inflammation were all significantly reduced compared to wild-type controls. Levels of eotaxin mRNA, an eosinophil-specific chemoattractant, were also markedly reduced, paralleling the significant reduction in pulmonary eosinophils. Levels of allergen-induced Th1 as well as Th2 cytokines were also significantly reduced. Together, the data support a critical role for OX40L signals in allergic responses.
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99
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Iwakura Y. Roles of IL-1 in the development of rheumatoid arthritis: consideration from mouse models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:341-55. [PMID: 12220548 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Expression of inflammatory cytokines is augmented in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that cytokine levels are also elevated in the joints of a mouse arthritis model, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) transgenic (Tg) mouse. Depletion of IL-1 by gene targeting greatly reduced the incidence of the disease, indicating the importance of this cytokine in the development of arthritis. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice develop autoimmunity and arthritis spontaneously. These observations suggest that excess IL-1 signaling the causes autoimmunity. We show that IL-1 activates the immune system non-specifically by inducing CD40L and OX40 co-signaling molecules on T cells. In this review, the roles of IL-1 in the development of autoimmunity and arthritis in mouse models will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/genetics
- Arthritis/virology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Viral
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Sialoglycoproteins/deficiency
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Sialoglycoproteins/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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100
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Abstract
Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Targets for treating such debilitating diseases will become more apparent by understanding the nature of immune activation. This review examines the possibility of targeting costimulation and discusses the molecules found on the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell (APC) that participate in T cell activation. Although new molecules continue to be discovered, the functions of B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), CD28, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), inducible costimulator (ICOS), programmed death 1 (PD-1), OX 40 (CD134) and CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) are now sufficiently understood that immunologists are targeting them to manipulate T cells to slow the progression of autoimmune diseases or treat tumours through the increase in T cell activation. CD28, ICOS, OX 40 and CD40L are considered the costimulatory molecules that increase T cell activation. However, ICOS and OX 40 appear to act on memory cells while CD28 is predominantly a naive T cell activator. Most therapies in the treatment of autoimmunity that target these molecules work through blockade of their function with receptor specific immunoglobulin (Ig). CTLA-4 and PD-1 are considered to be the inhibitory T cell costimulators. While stimulating CTLA-4 has not been a widely used therapy, using soluble CTLA-4Ig to block B7 and disrupt the B7/CD28 pathway is fairly common. The majority of therapeutic use for PD-1 stems from targeting PD-1 with its natural ligand. It is hoped that therapies targeting costimulation may provide a means of conserving the patient's normal T cell repertoire and immune function whilst eliminating or suppressing autoreactive T cells and thus provide a more efficient means to treat autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/drug effects
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/drug effects
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen/drug effects
- B7-2 Antigen/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/drug effects
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/drug effects
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- OX40 Ligand
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/immunology
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