Cloning of hHRI, human heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase: down-regulated in epithelial ovarian cancers

Protein synthesis is regulated in response to environmental stimuli by covalent modification, phosphorylating the components of the translational machinery. Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF-2 is one of the best-characterized mechanisms for down-regulating protein synthesis in higher eukaryotes in response to various stress conditions. One of mammalian eIF-2alpha kinases is a heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI), which is activated by heme deficiency and plays an important role in translational control. In this work, we have analyzed the differentially expressed genes between epithelial ovarian cancer and normal ovary. We have screened a total of 1,408 genes isolated from a human dermal papilla cell cDNA library by cDNA array hybridization. Among many differentially expressed genes, eIF2alpha kinase, a heme regulated inhibitor was down-regulated in ovarian epithelium cancer. The down-regulation of hHRI was also confirmed in other ovarian cancer tissues by Northern blot hybridization. The hHRI gene is 2,887 bp in length and the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA clone encodes a protein of 630 amino acids with molecular mass of 73 kDa. It contains all 12 catalytic domains of the protein kinases with consensus sequences of the protein-serine/threonine kinases. The expression pattern of hHRI mRNA showed approximately 3.0 kb bands which were expressed ubiquitously in all human tissues examined, which indicates that eIF-2alpha kinase could play an important role in the translational regulation of nonerythroid tissues.

Nontwist quarter-wave liquid-crystal cell for a high-contrast reflective display

We propose an optical configuration of a nontwist quarter-wave liquid-crystal cell for a high-contrast reflective display that can be applied to most nontwist display modes. By fabricating a homogeneous cell with the proposed configuration, we have demonstrated a high contrast ratio of 50:1 without using a wideband retardation film.

Applicability of carcinoembryonic antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies to radioimmunoguided surgery for human colorectal carcinoma

Two carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), PR1A3 and T84.66, were tested to determine whether they could accurately localize colorectal carcinoma and therefore be applicable in radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS). Twenty-one tumors by three human colorectal carcinoma cell lines with various levels of CEA expression (KM-12c, C75, and Clone A) were successfully implanted in the intra-abdominal organs of 15 nude mice. The tumors was localized using a portable radioisotope detector (Neoprobe 1000) 48 h after injection of radiolabeled MAbs (10 mCi/mouse) when the precordial counts were <20 per 2 s. Histopathological identification of radiolabeled MAbs were also performed using immunohistochemistry and microautoradiography. Radioactivity counted on a portable radioisotope detector correlated well with that on a gamma counter. The distribution in the blood was significantly greater than in other organs (P < 0.001). Localization indices of the tumor in various organs was from 1.1 to 8.5 in the PR1A3-pretreated mice and 3.0 to 8.6 in the T84.66-pretreated mice. Silver grains and immune staining were distributed in the tumor cells of the PR1A3-pretreated mice, whereas they were in the necrotic debris as well as the tumor cells of the T84.66-pretreated mice. There were significantly more silver grains in the liver in the T84.66-pretreated mice than in the PR1A3-pretreated mice (P = 0.004). The sensitivity and specificity of tumor localization by RIGS were 71.4 and 91.4% in the PR1A3-pretreated mice, whereas they were 60 and 76% in the T84.66-pretreated mice. A study using specific anti-CEA MAbs suggested PR1A3 as an efficient immune probe for RIGS in colorectal carcinoma with a low rate of false-positive detection.

Identification of a calmodulin-regulated soybean Ca(2+)-ATPase (SCA1) that is located in the plasma membrane

Ca(2)+-ATPases are key regulators of Ca(2+) ion efflux in all eukaryotes. Animal cells have two distinct families of Ca(2+) pumps, with calmodulin-stimulated pumps (type IIB pumps) found exclusively at the plasma membrane. In plants, no equivalent type IIB pump located at the plasma membrane has been identified at the molecular level, although related isoforms have been identified in non-plasma membrane locations. Here, we identify a plant cDNA, designated SCA1 (for soybean Ca(2+)-ATPase 1), that encodes Ca(2+)-ATPase and is located at the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane localization was determined by sucrose gradient and aqueous two-phase membrane fractionations and was confirmed by the localization of SCA1p tagged with a green fluorescent protein. The Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of the SCA1p was increased approximately sixfold by calmodulin (K(1/2) approximately 10 nM). Two calmodulin binding sequences were identified in the N-terminal domain. An N-terminal truncation mutant that deletes sequence through the two calmodulin binding sites was able to complement a yeast mutant (K616) that was deficient in two endogenous Ca(2+) pumps. Our results indicate that SCA1p is structurally distinct from the plasma membrane-localized Ca(2+) pump in animal cells, belonging instead to a novel family of plant type IIB pumps found in multiple subcellular locations. In plant cells from soybean, expression of this plasma membrane pump was highly and rapidly induced by salt (NaCl) stress and a fungal elicitor but not by osmotic stress.

Inhibitory effect of interleukin-1alpha-induced apoptosis by Polygala tenuifolia in Hep G2 cells

A human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2 cells are reliable for the study of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of Polygala tenuifolia WILLDENOW (Polygalaceae) roots (PTAE) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced cytotoxicity in Hep G2 cells. PTAE (0.01-1 microg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited the EtOH-induced interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) secretion. PTAE (0.01-1 microg/ml) also inhibited the EtOH- and IL-1alpha-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we found that PTAE inhibited the IL-1alpha-induced apoptosis of Hep G2 cells. These results suggest that PTAE may prevent the EtOH-induced cytotoxicity through inhibition of the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells.

The E-cadherin gene (CDH1) variants T340A and L599V in gastric and colorectal cancer patients in Korea

INTRODUCTION

Germline mutations in E-cadherin (CDH1) have been reported in families with early onset, diffuse gastric cancer. More recently, mutations in CDH1 have been described in colorectal cancer cell lines.

AIMS

We have investigated if germline mutations in CDH1 occur among different groups of Korean gastric and colorectal cancer patients, with and without a positive family history.

METHODS

We studied 131 patients and 168 normal controls (88 Korean and 80 non-Korean). Patients were divided into five groups: group I, 20 gastric cancer patients with a family history; group II, 26 colorectal cancer patients with a family history of gastric cancer (those from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) kindred were excluded); group III, 16 HNPCC patients without identified germline mutations in hMLH1 and hMSH2; group IV, 35 gastric cancer patients without a family history; and group V, 34 colorectal cancer patients without a family history. Polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformational polymorphism analysis, direct sequencing, and genotyping for identified variants were performed.

RESULTS

Several germline changes in CDH1 were found. In addition to previously described polymorphisms, we found three novel changes, two of which were missense changes (T340A and L599V). T340A was present in one patient in group III and one in group V. L599V was present in one patient in group II, in two in group III, and in one in group IV. T340A was not found in normal controls while L599V was present in two of 88 Korean controls. Patients with these variants may appear to have a tendency to early onset cancer with a positive family history, although differences in frequencies did not reach statistical significance. Genotyping results suggest that these variants might have a common origin, particularly T340A.

CONCLUSION

We have described two new missense germline variants in CDH1 in various groups of Korean gastrointestinal cancer patients. Further work is required to assess if these variants increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancer.

Efficiency of combined colonoscopy and computed tomography for diagnosis of colonic actinomycosis: a retrospective evaluation of eight consecutive patients

The preoperative diagnosis of colonic actinomycosis is accurate in fewer than 20% of patients. Colonoscopy and computed tomography (CT) findings were analyzed to ascertain their diagnostic value and their role in determining therapeutic modality and outcome. Before and after treatment we retrospectively evaluated eight consecutive patients with colonic actinomycosis, all of whom were women with a previous history of intrauterine contraceptive device use. Median follow-up period was 20 months (7-57). Localized nodules were found in all cases by colonoscopy; half of these nodules included umbilication at the apex. The colonic mucosa demonstrated normal to moderate inflammation as well as hyperemia and edema. Mucosal ulceration was found in only one case. All cases showed some degree of stenosis. These findings differ from those in other inflammatory or neoplastic diseases of the colon. Abdominopelvic CT revealed extramural involvement of heterogeneous lesions all cases. Contrast enhancement also indicated severe thickening of the colonic wall (7-20 mm) with focal and dense enhancement in six cases. Seven of eight patients required surgery for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Complete resolution was determined using both colonoscopy and CT. As more than half of these cases could have been safely managed using an adequate antibiotic treatment, diagnostic studies indicating a high likelihood of colonic actinomycosis should be evaluated to avoid unnecessary surgeries carried out for diagnostic purposes. A combination of colonoscopy and CT appears to be important for both diagnosis and management because of their compensatory findings of mucosal and extramucosal lesions, respectively.

Isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma: a case report

Isolated splenic metastasis arising from colorectal carcinoma is very rare and there has been only 6 cases reported in the English literature. A new case is presented, and its possible pathogenesis was considered with previously reported cases. A 65-year-old male patient had received a right hemicolectomy for ascending colon cancer 36 months earlier. He was followed up regularly with serial measurement of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Rising serum CEA was discovered from 33 months postoperatively and CT revealed an isolated splenic metastasis. He therefore underwent splenectomy, which was proven to be a metastatic adenocarcinoma with similar histological feature to the original tumor. As all reported cases showed elevated serum CEA at the time of metastasis, isolated splenic metastasis might be associated with CEA in regard to its biological functions of immunosuppression and adhesion.

Allelic loss at SMAD4 in polyps from juvenile polyposis patients and use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to demonstrate clonal origin of the epithelium

Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man2 174900) is a rare Mendelian disorder in which individuals have typical hamartomatous polyps within the gastrointestinal tract. The stromal element of the polyps has classically been thought to be the proliferative component, although epithelial malignancies (largely gastrointestinal cancers) occur more frequently than expected in JPS patients. Germ-line mutations in SMAD4 (DPC4) account for about a third of JPS cases. It has been postulated that the apparent paradox of a stromal lesion predisposing to epithelial malignancy can be resolved by the "landscaper" effect: an abnormal stromal environment affects the development of adjacent epithelial cells, and the resulting regeneration of damaged epithelium leads to an increased risk of cancer. We have found allele loss at the SMAD4 locus on 18q in polyps from JPS individuals with a germ-line SMAD4 mutation, showing that SMAD4 is acting as a tumor suppressor gene in JPS polyps, as it does in sporadic cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization showed deletion of one copy of SMAD4 in the epithelial component of JPS polyps, but not in the inflammatory infiltrate. Fluorescence in situ hybridization also suggested that a single copy of SMAD4 was present in stromal fibroblasts of JPS polyps. Thus, biallelic inactivation of SMAD4 occurs in both the epithelium and some of the stromal cells in these lesions, suggesting a common clonal origin. Epithelial malignancies almost certainly develop in juvenile polyposis through direct malignant progression of the epithelial component of the hamartomas. SMAD4/DPC4 probably acts as a "gatekeeper" tumor suppressor in juvenile polyps, and there is no need to invoke a "landscaper hypothesis."

Analysis of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in juvenile polyposis

BACKGROUND

Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is characterised by gastrointestinal (GI) hamartomatous polyposis and an increased risk of GI malignancy. Juvenile polyps also occur in the Cowden (CS), Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley (BRRS) and Gorlin (GS) syndromes. Diagnosing JPS can be problematic because it relies on exclusion of CS, BRRS, and GS. Germline mutations in the PTCH, PTEN and DPC4 (SMAD4) genes can cause GS, CS/BRRS, and JPS, respectively.

AIMS

To examine the contribution of mutations in PTCH, PTEN, and DPC4 (SMAD4) to JPS.

METHODS

Forty seven individuals from 15 families and nine apparently sporadic cases with JPS were screened for germline mutations in DPC4, PTEN, and PTCH.

RESULTS

No patient had a mutation in PTEN or PTCH. Five different germline mutations were detected in DPC4; three of these were deletions, one a single base substitution creating a stop codon, and one a missense change. None of these patients had distinguishing clinical features.

CONCLUSIONS

Mutations in PTEN and PTCH are unlikely to cause juvenile polyposis in the absence of clinical features indicative of CS, BRRS, or GS. A proportion of JPS patients harbour DPC4 mutations (21% in this study) but there remains uncharacterized genetic heterogeneity in JPS.

Embryo lethality and teratogenicity of a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 in rats

DW-116, 1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-l-piperazinyl)-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolone-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, is a newly developed fluoroquinolone antibacterial. The potential of DW-116 to induce developmental toxicity was, investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. DW-116 was administered by gavage to pregnant rats from days 6 to 16 of gestation at dose levels of 0, 31.3, 125, and 500 mg/kg per day. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on day 20 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. At 500 mg/kg, toxic effects including clinical signs of toxicity, suppressed body weight and decreased food intake were found in dams. An increase in the resorption rate, a decrease in the litter size, a reduction in the fetal weight, and a decrease in the placental weight were also seen. In addition, various types of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations occurred at an incidence of 17.9, 74.2 and 8.3%, respectively. Characteristic malformations included oedema, cleft palate, dilated cerebral ventricle, hypoplasia of lung and ventricular septum defect. A dramatic increase in the incidence of skeletal variations (55.6%) and retardations (94.4%) and a decrease in the number of ossification centres of sternebra, metacarpals, metatarsals and sacrocaudal vertebra were also observed. At 125 mg/kg, a reduction in the placental weight and an increase in the incidence of skeletal variations were found. There were no signs of maternal toxicity or embryotoxicity at 31.3 mg/kg. These results indicate that the fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 is embryotoxic and teratogenic at minimally maternally toxic dose and is minimally embryotoxic at nonmaternally toxic dose in rats.

Germline mutations of the STK11 gene in Korean Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps and mucocutaneous pigmentation, with an increased risk for various neoplasms, including gastrointestinal cancer. Recently, the PJS gene encoding the serine/threonine kinase STK11 (also named LKB1) was mapped to chromosome 19p13.3, and germline mutations were identified in PJS patients. We screened a total of ten Korean PJS patients (nine sporadic cases and one familial case including two patients) to investigate the germline mutations of the STK11 gene. By polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing analysis, three kinds of mis-sense mutation and a frame-shift mutation were identified: codon 232 (TCC to CCC) in exon 5, codon 256 (GAA to GCA) in exon 6, codon 324 (CCG to CTG) in exon 8, and a guanine insertion at codon 342 resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 8. These mis-sense variants were not detected in 100 control DNA samples. Furthermore, we found an intronic mutation at the dinucleotide sequence of a splice-acceptor site: a one base substitution from AG to CG in intron 1, which may cause aberrant splicing. Most reported germline mutations of the STK11 gene in PJS patients were frame-shift or non-sense mutations resulting in truncated proteins. Together, these findings indicate that germline mis-sense mutations of the STK11 gene are found in PJS patients in addition to truncating mutations. The effects of these mutations on protein function require further examination. In summary, we found germline mutations of the STK11 gene in five out of ten Korean PJS patients.

Amniotic membrane patching promotes healing and inhibits proteinase activity on wound healing following acute corneal alkali burn

Amniotic membrane (AM) contains basement membrane components and various proteinase inhibitors. Furthermore, when used as a graft, the basement membrane of AM could block inflammatory insults to a damaged corneal surface. Thus, we evaluated whether amniotic membrane patching could promote the healing process by inhibiting proteolytic damage. Alkali wounds were inflicted on the central corneas of rabbits by applying a round filter paper, 6.0 mm in diameter, soaked in 1 N NaOH for 30 sec. Amniotic membrane patching was performed over the perilimbal sclera immediately after wounding. A total of 115 rabbits were divided into four groups: (1) immediately covered by AM with the amnion cell side down up to the perilimbal sclera (n =26); (2) covered by AM with the stromal side down up to the perilimbal sclera (n =19); (3) anchored to the fornix (n =29); and (4) uncovered as a control (n =41). AM was removed 3 days postoperatively. During follow-ups, epithelial defects, corneal thickness and its opacity of each eye were measured. Some corneas were removed for histopathologic studies and for proteinase activity assay and zymography. The epithelial healing was faster and the corneal thickness was thicker in all three AM-covered groups than in the control (P<0.05). No significant difference was found between covered and anchored groups (P>0.05). Corneal opacity was least in the amnion cell side down group. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was much less in AM-covered groups than in the control. Pathological results were associated with zymographic findings, which revealed much higher proteinase activity in uncovered group than AM-covered groups. Immediate intervention for acute alkali burns with AM as a temporary patch promotes wound healing by inhibiting proteinase activity and PMNs infiltration.

Recombinant kringle 1-3 of plasminogen inhibits rabbit corneal angiogenesis induced by angiogenin

PURPOSE

Angiostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that has been identified as a cryptic fragment of plasminogen molecule containing the first four kringle domain. Angiogenin, a 14-kDa monomeric protein, a potent blood vessel inducer, is expressed in tumors and present in mammalian plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether recombinant kringle 1-3 (rKI-3) of human plasminogen could interfere with angiogenesis induced by angiogenin and to evaluate the role of angiogenin in corneal angiogenesis in rabbit.

METHODS

A Hydron polymer pellet containing 2.0 microg of angiogenin was implanted intrastromally into the superior cornea of each of 44 rabbit eyes. All eyes received an intrastromal pellet and were randomized into either one group treated with 12.5 microg of rKI-3 (n = 25) or the other group treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n = 19). Both pellets were positioned in parallel at the site 1.2 mm from the superior limbus. Two masked observers kept the angiogenesis score daily, based on the number and the length of new vessels. The corneas with induced angiogenesis also were examined histologically.

RESULTS

On the third day of the angiogenin pellets implantation, the eye treated with rKI-3 had less angiogenesis (mean score, 4.2 +/- 6.6) than eye treated with PBS (mean score, 16.1 +/- 17.1; p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The cornea treated with PBS also showed much more leukocyte adhesion than the cornea treated with rKI-3.

CONCLUSION

Recombinant kringle 1-3 appears to inhibit angiogenin-induced angiogenesis in a rabbit corneal pocket assay. Recombinant kringle 1-3 may have therapeutic potential as an antiangiogenic agent.

A TGF-beta-inducible cell adhesion molecule, betaig-h3, is downregulated in melorheostosis and involved in osteogenesis

Melorheostosis is a rare bone disease characterized by linear hyperostosis and associated soft tissue abnormalities. The skin overlying the involved bone lesion is often tense, shiny, erythematous, and scleodermatous. In order to look for genes differentially expressed between the normal and involved skin, we cultured skin fibroblasts from the skin lesions of several afflicted patients, and identified differentially expressed genes by reverse dot-blot hybridization. We found that the genes human TGF-beta-induced gene product (betaig-h3), osteoblast-specific factor 2, osteonectin, fibronectin, and type I collagen were all downregulated in the affected skin fibroblasts, with betaig-h3 the most significantly affected. The expression of betaig-h3 was induced by TGF-beta in both affected and normal fibroblasts. In an effort to determine the mechanism of bone and skin abnormalities in melorheostosis, we made recombinant betaig-h3. Both immobilized and soluble recombinant betaig-h3 proteins with or without an RGD motif inhibited bone nodule formation of osteoblasts in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that altered expression of several adhesion proteins may contribute to the development of hyperostosis and concomitant soft tissue abnormalities of melorheostosis, with betaig-h3 in particular playing an important role in osteogenesis.

Novel cell proliferation marker for identification of a growth center in the developing human cricoid

BACKGROUND

Developmental histomorphology of the human cricoid cartilage has never been well described. Regional growth centers in the cricoid have been hypothesized, but have never been demonstrated in histological sections.

OBJECTIVES

To apply Mib-1 immunostaining, a monoclonal antibody directed at a nuclear proliferation marker, in human cricoids to identify a growth center and to study the changing histomorphology of the developing cricoid.

DESIGN

Immunohistochemical Mib-1 studies were performed on postmortem cricoid sections of 2 fetuses (gestational age, 18.5 and 33 weeks), 1 newborn (full term, 41 weeks), and 3 children (aged 1, 4, and 13 years, respectively). Cell counts, surface areas, and organizational patterns of the chondrocytes were studied and described in hemotoxylin-eosin-stained sections.

RESULTS

Differential Mib-1 staining was found. The 18.5-week fetus showed diffuse cell proliferation throughout the cricoid. The cricoid sections of the 33-week fetus and 1-year-old child revealed a distinct ring of proliferation in the outer third of the cricoid ring. The 4- and 13-year-old exhibited no cell proliferation. Histomorphologically, with increasing age came chondrocyte hypertrophy, decreasing cell count per standard square, and increasing organization from a scattered to radial columnar pattern.

CONCLUSIONS

Growth of the cricoid involves a diffuse pattern of cell proliferation throughout the cricoid in fetal tissue. At term and until age 1 year, the region of proliferation is more restricted to the outer subperichondrial surface. By age 4 years, cell proliferation has stopped. Histomorphologic changes in the developing cricoid include decreasing cell counts per standard unit area, but increasing surface area with age. The aging chondrocytes develop an increasingly organized layout to form a radially arranged columnar pattern similar to that in the growth plate of the developing limb bud.

CT features of metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis

OBJECTIVE

We examined the CT features of 22 patients with metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum.

CONCLUSION

Metastatic linitis plastica to the rectum should be considered when CT shows a long segment of circumferential rectal wall thickening, especially in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer. In such patients, CT helps avoid unnecessary extensive surgery.

No evidence of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene LKB1 involvement in left-sided colorectal carcinomas

LKB1 serine/threonine kinase is a gene for Peutz-Jeghers cancer predisposition syndrome. Most studies have detected a low frequency of LKB1 defects in sporadic cancer. A notable exception is a recent report describing frequent, mostly missense type, LKB1 mutations in Korean distal colorectal tumors. To clarify the role of LKB1 in colon cancer, we scrutinized 50 left-sided Korean and Finnish specimens. No somatic mutations were found. The seven Korean somatic missense mutations reported previously were functionally analyzed, and five were found not to alter LKB1 kinase activity. One of these changes was found to be a germ-line polymorphism. LKB1 involvement in distal colorectal cancer is not common.

Ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in the treatment of patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effectiveness and morbidity of ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in adults with ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction.

METHODS

Twenty-two patients (13 women, 9 men) with a mean age of 44 years (range 18 to 86) underwent retrograde ureteroscopic endopyelotomy in the treatment of primary (n = 18) or secondary (n = 4) UPJ obstruction. All procedures were performed using a 6F to 8.5F semirigid ureteroscope with either a 3F electrocautery probe (n = 16) or a 365-microm holmium laser fiber (n = 6). Postoperatively, a tapered 14/7F endoureterotomy stent (n = 11) or standard 7F to 8F double pigtail stent (n = 11) was left in place for 6 to 7 weeks. Radiographic follow-up was obtained using intravenous urography or renal scintigraphy.

RESULTS

With a median follow-up of 20.5 months, the success rate was 82% (18 of 22 patients). Follow-up of at least 6 and 12 months was available in 21 (95%) and 17 (77%) of 22 patients, respectively. The mean operative duration was 63 minutes, and all but 1 patient was hospitalized for less than 24 hours. No bleeding complications or other serious morbidity were encountered. No difference in treatment outcome was found on the basis of the size of the stent placed postoperatively, the incision type (cautery versus laser), or the etiology of the obstruction.

CONCLUSIONS

Ureteroscopic endopyelotomy is an effective, minimally invasive treatment option for patients with primary or secondary UPJ obstruction.

Microbially mediated attenuation potential of landfill bioreactor systems

The origin and fate of landfill leachate and gas constituents generated during the sequential phases of solid waste transformation and stabilization are emphasized within the perspective of the in situ processes of microbially mediated attenuation. The fundamental biochemical and physicochemical reaction mechanisms are presented in terms of their spatial and temporal dimensions and their significance for transformation of both nonhazardous and hazardous waste constituents. Supporting information from laboratory, pilot-scale and full-scale applications is used as a basis for interpretive analysis and for providing operational guidance and promoting future developments. The diversity, domains, and functional interdependence of the acidogenic, methanogenic, sulfate and nitrate reducing, nitrifying and denitrifying, and methanotrophic consortia are addressed in order to reveal opportunities for landfill process modifications and associated operational optimization. Controlled attenuation, linked with operational and regulatory realities, are used to suggest innovative landfill configurations involving prospective compartmentalization and integrated waste loading, dedicated treatment zones for in situ transformation of waste and leachate constituents with associated gas capture, control and utilization. Monitoring requirements are emphasized to provide guidance and feedback for operational control and environmental compliance. Finally, technology needs for establishing a more unified approach to the development and management of bioreactor landfills are presented.

MR findings of struma ovarii

This study was performed to characterize MR findings of struma ovarii. In 10 patients, T1- and fast spin echo T2-weighted MR images were obtained in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes using 1.5 T MR units, and they were retrospectively evaluated for the site, size, components, signal intensity, and contrast enhancement.MR images showed a unilateral complex mass with a multilobulated surface and thickened septa, corresponding pathologically to thyroid follicles and the stroma. Cystic portions had variable signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted images. The contents of cystic components showing low signal intensities both on T1- and T2-weighted images were viscid gelatinous materials (n=4). Solid portions were relatively well-enhanced. In conclusion, struma ovarii has some characteristic MR appearance of a multilobulated complex mass with thickened septa, multiple cysts of variable signal intensities, and enhancing solid components.

"Bridging vascular sign" in the MR diagnosis of exophytic uterine leiomyoma

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the "bridging vascular sign" in the diagnosis of an exophytic uterine leiomyoma and differentiation of a uterine leiomyoma from some other mass arising in the adnexa on pelvic MRI.

METHOD

Of 52 women with a pelvic mass in whom pelvic MRI was performed to determine its origin, 26 women with surgicopathologically proven leiomyomas were included in this study. The other 26 women were proved to have indeterminate adnexal masses such as tuboovarian abscess, endometrioma, fibroma, etc. To obtain axial/ sagittal T2-weighted and pre-/postcontrast T1-weighted images, a 1.5 T unit was used. Positive bridging vascular sign was defined as the presence of curvilinear tortuous signal void vascular structures crossing and/or between the uterus and the pelvic mass. For the presence or absence of this sign, the percentages of patients in each group were calculated and compared.

RESULTS

Bridging vascular sign was present in 20 (76.9%) of 26 cases of leiomyomas but in no cases of other adnexal masses. Only exophytic uterine leiomyomas had this sign.

CONCLUSION

Bridging vascular sign on MRI may be a useful radiologic sign in the diagnosis and differentiation of an exophytic uterine leiomyoma from some other mass arising in the adnexa.

Leiomyoma of the ovary mimicking mucinous cystadenoma

We present a case of ovarian leiomyoma of a 46-year-old woman with a history of a palpable lower abdominal mass. A multiloculated multiseptated mainly cystic mass in the left adnexa on computed tomography (CT) was initially considered to be an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. This mass, however, was proved to be a left ovarian vascular leiomyoma on the surgical pathology.

Kinetics and inhibition of cyclomaltodextrinase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. I-5

The cyclomaltodextrinase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. I-5 (CDase I-5) was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified enzyme was used for characterization of the enzyme action. The hydrolysis products were monitored by both HPLC and high-performance ion chromatography analysis that enable the kinetic analysis of the cyclomaltodextrin (CD)-degrading reaction. Analysis of the kinetics of cyclomaltodextrin hydrolysis by CDase I-5 indicated that ring-opening of the cyclomaltodextrin was the major limiting step and that CDase I-5 preferentially degraded the linear maltodextrin chain by removing the maltose unit. The substrate binding affinity of the enzyme was almost same for those of cyclomaltodextrins while the rate of ring-opening was the fastest for cyclomaltoheptaose. Acarbose and methyl 6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside were relatively strong competitive inhibitors with K(i) values of 1.24 x 10(-3) and 8.44 x 10(-1) mM, respectively. Both inhibitors are likely to inhibit the ring-opening step of the CD degradation reaction.

Fast T2-weighted liver MR imaging: comparison among breath-hold turbo-spin-echo, HASTE, and inversion recovery (IR) HASTE sequences

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of fast T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences on image quality, hepatic lesion detection, and lesion conspicuity.

METHODS

Three breath-hold, fast T2-weighted sequences with turbo-spin-echo (TSE), half-Fourier acquisition single-shot TSE (HASTE), and inversion recovery (IR) HASTE techniques were examined for 43 lesions in 20 consecutive patients. Evaluation was performed qualitatively on image quality and lesion detectability and quantitatively on lesion conspicuity by using lesion/liver signal-intensity and contrast-to-noise ratios.

RESULTS

Artifacts were significantly less present on the HASTE sequence (p < 0.01). Both TSE and HASTE sequences detected 39 lesions (91% each); the IR HASTE sequence detected 37 (86%). IR HASTE sequence showed a significantly higher signal-intensity ratio than did the others (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Breath-hold TSE versus breath-hold HASTE or IR HASTE is still the most robust sequence in lesion detection, image quality, and lesion conspicuity. However, the HASTE sequence offers good lesion detection and image quality, and the IR HASTE has a better signal-intensity ratio.

CT and US findings of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) is a recently described variety of renal cell carcinoma with characteristic pathologic and clinical features. The purpose of this study was to analyze the imaging findings of MCRCCs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten adult patients with pathologically proven unilateral MCRCC who underwent renal US and CT were included in this study. The radiologic findings were retrospectively evaluated for cystic content, wall, septum, nodularity, calcification and solid portion by three radiologists who established a consensus. Imaging and postnephrectomy pathologic findings were compared.

RESULTS

All patients were adults (six males and four females) and their ages ranged from 33 to 68 years (mean, 46). On US and CT images, all tumors appeared as well-defined multilocular cystic masses composed of serous or complicated fluid. In all patients, unenhanced CT scans revealed hypodense cystic portions, and in four tumors, due to the presence of hemorrhage or gelatinous fluid, some hyperdense areas were also noted. In no tumor was an expansile solid nodule seen in the thin septa, and in only one was there dystrophic calcification in a septum. Small areas of solid portion constituting less than 10% of the entire lesion were found in six of the ten tumors, and these areas were slightly enhanced on enhanced CT scans. In all patients, imaging and pathologic findings correlated closely.

CONCLUSION

On US and CT images, MCRCC appeared as a well-defined multilocular cystic mass with serous, proteinaceous or hemorrhagic fluid, with no expansile solid nodules in the thin septa, and sometimes with small slightly enhanced solid areas. Where radiologic examinations demonstrate a cystic renal mass of this kind in adult males, MCRCC should be included in the differential diagnosis.

The role of nitric oxide in experimental allergic conjunctivitis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis and the effect of NO-synthase (NOS) inhibitors.

METHODS

The experimental allergic conjunctivitis was provoked in rabbits and healthy human volunteers by mast cell activators (codeine phosphate, 2.5 mg/mL; compound 48/80, 50 mg/mL; and lipopolysaccharide, 10 ng/eye). NOS inhibitors (aminoguanidine [AG], 1.5%, or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME], 200 microg/eye) were applied as a pretreatment. In a rabbit model, concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate in the tear were measured colorimetrically using the Griess reaction after 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 h. Immunohistochemical study for NOS was performed. The clinical scoring was performed in human volunteers. The vascular permeability was determined by measuring the albumin content in the tear of the challenged human eyes after 1 h.

RESULTS

After the instillation of mast cell activator, the NO level and clinical symptoms were markedly increased within 1.5 h. The NOS inhibitors suppressed the NO level. Vascular permeability was also increased in the activator-treated group. The NO-synthase immunoreactivity has been detected in the conjunctival subepithelial area and stroma for brain and endothelial isoform. L-NAME significantly reduces the immunoreactivity for NOS.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the expression of NOS mainly contributes to the allergic symptoms. Therefore, NO is an important factor in the induction and progress of the allergic reaction to ocular surface. The NOS inhibitors may have a beneficial effect for allergic conjunctivitis.

The inhibitory effects of recombinant plasminogen kringle 1-3 on the neovascularization of rabbit cornea induced by angiogenin, bFGF, and VEGF

Angiostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor that is composed of the first four kringles of plasminogen fragment. Angiostatin with one less kringle molecule (kringle 1 to 3) was recently demonstrated to be an effective angiogenic inhibitor. To determine whether recombinant plasminogen kringle 1-3 (rPK1-3) can inhibit the corneal neovascularization induced by potent angiogenic factors; angiogenin, bFGF, or VEGF, hydron polymer discs each containing 2.0 microg of angiogenin, 500 ng of bFGF, or 500 ng of VEGF respectively were implanted into the corneal stroma of 138 rabbit eyes, and then discs each containing 10 microg, 12.5 microg, 20 microg or 30 microg of rPK1-3 were implanted randomly. Discs containing phosphate buffered saline were also implanted as a control. The angiogenesis score on number and length of newly formed vessels on the each of the rabbit's cornea were recorded daily by two observers (blinded). The treated corneas were also examined histologically. Recombinant PK1-3 treated corneas showed less neovascularization induced by all angiogenic factors (p < 0.05). and the extent of inhibition of neovascularization was proportional to the concentration of rPK1-3 (p < 0.05). Histologic examination showed leukocyte infiltration into the corneal stroma on the PBS treated eyes whereas rPK1-3 treated eyes showed only traces of leukocytes. These results of the effective rPK1-3 inhibition of corneal neovascularization induced by angiogenin, bFGF, or VEGF suggest that this angiostatin related fragment, rPK1-3, may be useful in the treatment of various neovascular diseases.

Effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction and its relief on types I and III collagen and detrusor contractility in the rat

Bladder outlet obstruction induces a rapid hypertrophy characterized by increased bladder mass and collagen deposition. An increase in collagen is likely to reduce the contractility and compliance of bladder wall. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction and its relief on types I and III collagen, and the relationship between detrusor contractility and collagen types. A total of 40 female rats was used for experiment and divided into one control, one obstruction, and three recovery groups. The contractility to field stimulation was recorded; total collagen and collagen concentration were quantified. The localization of types I and III collagen and the expression of pro-alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) collagen mRNA were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Northern blot hybridization, respectively. Contractile response to field stimulation was reduced after obstruction and recovered following relief. The total amount of collagen increased after obstruction and decreased after relief; however, collagen concentration decreased after obstruction and increased following relief. Contractility correlated negatively with total collagen but positively with collagen concentration. The protein deposition of types I and III collagen was localized in lamina propria and muscle bundles in all groups. The expression of types I and III collagen gene was up regulated after obstruction, but down regulated after relief. Negative correlation between contractility and gene expressions of collagen types was significant. These data suggest that the change in localization and quantity of collagen types leads to morphologic changes of bladder and can have an impact on the contractility of detrusor. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:29-42, 2000.

Amniotic membrane transplantation for symptomatic bullous keratopathy

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether amniotic membrane transplantation can be used to treat symptomatic bullous keratopathy displaying poor visual potential.

METHODS

Amniotic membrane transplantation was performed at 5 centers on 50 consecutive eyes (50 patients) with symptomatic bullous keratopathy and poor visual potential. The underlying causes of bullous keratopathy included aphakia (9 eyes), pseudophakia (19 eyes), failed grafts (9 eyes), and others (13 eyes).

RESULTS

During the follow-up period of 33.8 weeks (3-96 weeks) after amniotic membrane transplantation, 43 (90%) of 48 eyes with intolerable pain preoperatively became pain free postoperatively. Among the 5 eyes with residual pain, 3 received repeated amniotic membrane transplantation, 1 required a conjunctival flap for pain relief, and 1 had reduced pain. Epithelial defects in 45 (90%) of 50 eyes created and covered by amniotic membrane healed rapidly within 3 weeks. Only 4 eyes (8%) showed recurrent surface breakdown. Epithelial edema or bullae recurred in a smaller area in 5 eyes (10%) and pseudopterygium developed in 1 eye.

CONCLUSION

Amniotic membrane transplantation can be considered as an alternative to conjunctival flaps in alleviating pain, promoting epithelial healing, and preserving cosmetic appearance in patients with symptomatic bullous keratopathy and poor visual potential.

Association of oligohydramnios in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes with an inflammatory response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments

OBJECTIVE

This study was undertaken to examine whether oligohydramnios in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes is associated with evidence of fetal, amniotic, and maternal inflammatory responses.

STUDY DESIGN

Amniotic fluid index was measured before the performance of amniocentesis in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Fifty-nine patients who were delivered of preterm neonates (gestational age </=35 weeks) within 3 days of amniocentesis were included in this study. Amniotic fluid was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for genital mycoplasmas. The intensity of the inflammatory response was evaluated by the following: presence of clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis; amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin 6, interleukin 1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha; amniotic fluid white blood cell count; and interleukin 6 concentrations in umbilical cord plasma at birth. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured with specific and sensitive immunoassays.

RESULTS

Thirty-two percent (19/59) of patients had an amniotic fluid index </=5 cm. Patients with an amniotic fluid index </=5 cm had significantly higher rates of positive amniotic fluid culture results and clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis; higher median amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin 6, interleukin 1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha; and higher median cord plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 than did those with an amniotic fluid index >5 cm (positive amniotic fluid culture result, 79% [15/19] vs 30% [12/40]; clinical chorioamnionitis, 37% [7/19] vs 5% [2/40]; histologic chorioamnionitis, 100% [17/17] vs 69% [24/35]; median amniotic fluid interleukin 6 concentration, 13.5 ng/mL; range, 0.2-142.2 ng/mL vs 3.0 ng/mL and 0.001-115.2 ng/mL; median amniotic fluid interleukin 1beta concentration, 348.0 pg/mL; range, 0.7->80, 000 pg/mL vs 36.6 pg/mL and 0-2075 pg/mL; median amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration, 132.0 pg/mL; range, 0-1600 pg/mL vs 11.2 pg/mL and 0-1305 pg/mL; median cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, 49.7 pg/mL; range, 4.4-7400 pg/mL vs 9. 1 pg/mL and 0-5211 pg/mL; P <.05 for each). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups of patients in the mean umbilical artery pH at birth.

CONCLUSION

Oligohydramnios in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes is associated with an inflammatory response in the fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments.

Enhanced secretory group II PLA2 activity in the tears of chronic blepharitis patients

PURPOSE

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes phospholipids, one of the important constituents of human meibomian gland secretions. This study was performed to investigate PLA2 type and activity in the tears of chronic blepharitis patients compared to those of normal persons.

METHODS

Tear samples of 36 patients and 10 normal persons were collected in non-heparinized microcapillary tubes. PLA2 activity in the tears was measured by Dole's method, and the results of the blepharitis patients were compared to those of the normal persons. The characterization of PLA2 was performed by the head group preference test and the dithiothreitol (DTT) sensitivity test. The classification of PLA2 type was done using Western blot analysis with anti-human secretory PLA2 antibody.

RESULTS

No statistically significant differences were found among the six categories of chronic blepharitis. However, the mean PLA2 activity in the tears of the chronic blepharitis patients was about two times higher than that of the normal controls with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The PLA2 substrate specificity test revealed group II PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the group II PLA2 was identified as a 14 kDa band in Western blot analysis using an antibody raised against human secretory group II PLA2.

CONCLUSIONS

Secretory group II PLA2 activity was significantly enhanced in the tears of the chronic blepharitis patients compared with that of the normal controls. It is suggested that this increased enzymatic activity may decrease the tear film stability through increased hydrolysis of phospholipids.

Somatic mutations of the first 14 exons of APC in hamartomatous polyps of the colon

Although hamartomatous or hyperplastic polyps are rarely accompanied by adenomatous or carcinomatous foci, the role of APC (MIM# 175100) mutations in these polyps is not clear. The neoplastic potential of these polyps was assessed with regard to somatic mutation of the first 14 exons of APC. DNA from 14 hamartomatous polyps (12 patients with juvenile polyp, JP; two patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, PJS) and 27 hyperplastic polyps was used. Exons 1-14 of APC were amplified using verified oligonucleotide primers, and PCR-SSCP analysis was performed. Translation-terminating mutation in exon 15 was also screened using the protein truncation test. All mutations found were transitions or transversions with heterozygous alleles of both wild-type and mutant APC in exons 2, 9, 10, and 11. Four hamartomatous polyps (three from JP and one from PJS) showed seven, new mutations and one common APC variant (codon 486), whereas no hyperplastic polyps demonstrated mutation. APC mutation was not correlated with previous history of colorectal carcinoma or number of polyps. Since all mutations were missense or silent mutations occurred in exons not previously known to have functionally relevant area, their phenotypic implication appeared to be limited.

Effectiveness of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization in presumed inoperable hepatoblastoma

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effectiveness and therapeutic role of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatoblastoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four patients (one boy, three girls) with unresectable hepatoblastoma were treated twice with preoperative TACE in an effort to improve the surgical and clinical outcome. The patients ranged in age from 8 to 27 months (mean, 15 months). The first TACE was performed superselectively in tumor feeding arteries. The second TACE was performed 3 weeks later. Surgical hepatic resection was performed 1 month after the second TACE. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was used to evaluate changes in size, volume, internal texture, and margin of the masses. The toxicity of the chemotherapeutic drugs was evaluated by blood chemistry analysis (AST/ALT, alpha-FP) performed before and after TACE, and after surgery.

RESULTS

TACE allowed subsequent surgical resection in all four patients, who remained disease free 16-52 months after operation. There were no major problems related to TACE. There was no chemotherapeutic agent toxicity from TACE. The average largest diameters and volumes of the tumors decreased by 31% (8.3 to 5.6 cm) and 69% (317 to 93 cm2), respectively.

CONCLUSION

TACE provided subsequent successful surgical resection and good long-term results in all four patients. The hepatoblastomas were initially considered inoperable because of extensive hepatic involvement and indistinct margins.

Carcino-embryonic antigen may function as a chemo-attractant in colorectal-carcinoma cell lines

Locomotion of colorectal-carcinoma cells was tested in order to establish whether it might be affected by carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA). CEA production, cell growth and DNA ploidy were measured in 22 colorectal-carcinoma cell lines. A cell-invasion assay was adapted using a transfilter chamber, the lower surface of which was coated with various substrates in the amount of 5 microgram/filter (CEA, type-IV collagen, laminin). Cells infiltrated into the lower surface of the filter were counted over 9-microscope fields (x400). All cell lines produced CEA, 9 producing more than 100 ng/ml medium. Of the total, 8 cell lines were diploid and 14 were aneuploid. Invasiveness, measured by the number of infiltrated cells, was highest in CEA-coated filters, and next highest in type-IV-collagen- and laminin-coated filters, in descending order (p < 0.001-0.05). Invasiveness of each cell line was closely correlated with 2 substrates. Poorly differentiated or advanced-stage tumors were more invasive than well-differentiated or early-stage tumors (p < 0.001-0. 05). However, invasiveness was not associated with DNA ploidy or CEA production. CEA may function as a chemo-attractant as well as an adhesion molecule in colorectal-carcinoma cell lines. In addition, adhesion to CEA appears to be related to type-IV collagen and laminin.

Transglycosylation of naringin by Bacillus stearothermophilusMaltogenic amylase to give glycosylated naringin

Naringin, a bitter compound in citrus fruits, was transglycosylated by Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase reaction with maltotriose to give a series of mono-, di-, and triglycosylnaringins. Glycosylation products of naringin were observed by TLC and HPLC. The major glycosylation product was purified by using a Sephadex LH-20 column. The sturcture was determined by using MALDI-TOF MS, methylation analysis, and (1)H and (13)C NMR. The major transglycosylation product was maltosylnaringin, in which the maltose unit was attached by an alpha-1-->6 glycosidic linkage to the D-glucose moiety of naringin. This product was 250 times more soluble in water and 10 times less bitter than naringin.

Testicular cytotoxicity of DA-125, a new anthracycline anticancer agent, in rats

To assess the testicular cytotoxicity induced by DA-125, a new anthracycline anticancer agent, 50 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups, with 10 rats in each group, and were given different single intravenous doses of DA-125 at dose levels of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight. On Day 56 after treatment, all male rats were killed and necropsied. Parameters of testicular cytotoxicity included genital organ weights, testicular sperm head counts, epididymal sperm motility and morphology, repopulation index, epididymal index, and histopathologic examinations. At 25 and 50 mg/kg, the weights of testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles were reduced dose-dependently, but prostate weight was not different among the groups. At 50 mg/kg, the number of testicular sperm heads was decreased. However, the motility and morphology of epididymal sperm were comparable to the control values. On histopathologic examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, loss or decrease of germ cells, formation of multinucleated giant cells, and/or vacuolization of Sertoli cells in the testis were observed at 25 and 50 mg/kg. In addition, decreased sperm content and increased degenerative germ cells in the ductus epididymis were also found. Some recovery of spermatogenesis was observed at 25 mg/kg, whereas a decline in the repopulation index was observed at 50 mg/kg, indicating that the surviving stem cells had become unable to produce differentiated germ cells to enter the spermatogenic pathway. There was no evidences of testicular cytotoxicity at 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg. These results indicate that administration of a single dose of DA-12.5 (25 to 50 mg/kg) results in testicular damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Long-term results of percutaneous endourologic management of renal infundibular stricture

PURPOSE

The long-term result of percutaneous endourologic management in the relief of infundibular stricture is not clear. We reviewed the long-term efficacy in our series of patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-seven patients underwent percutaneous endourologic management between August 1990 and February 1996. This study included the 21 who could be followed for more than 2 years (mean 4.8 years). The causes of stricture were tuberculosis (N = 18; 86%) and stone (N = 3; 14%). We made a cold-knife incision in eight patients; the others underwent only dilation with fascial dilators from 20F to 30F. Success was defined as symptomatic improvement and radiographic resolution of obstruction.

RESULTS

The overall success rate was 76% (16 of 21). Seven of the eleven patients (64%) with concomitant ureteral stricture had a successful result. In the nine patients with multiple infundibular strictures, five procedure (56%) were successful. The success rates of the cold-knife or fascial dilator were 88% (7 of 8) and 69% (8 of 13), respectively. In the five patients in whom the procedure failed, ureteral stricture was associated in four and multiple infundibular strictures in four. All of them had tuberculous infundibular strictures. No significant difference in the success rate was observed according to the duration of indwelling catheter. There was no significant complication except pyelonephritis in four patients, which was controlled with conservative treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous endourologic management is an effective and safe procedure to treat renal infundibular stricture. Risk factors for failure are multiple infundibular strictures and concomitant ureteral stricture. If the procedure does fail, other treatments have not been compromised. Cold-knife incision seems to be more effective than dilation.

The 677C > T mutation in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and colorectal cancer risk

This paper examines whether there is a relationship between a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, MTHFR*val, and the risk of colorectal cancer, with or without lymph node metastases. MTHFR genotypes were ascertained from peripheral leukocyte samples obtained from 200 colorectal patients, including TMN stages I-VI, and from 460 healthy, unrelated adults without colorectal cancer, who served as controls. The frequency of homozygosity for the MTHFR*val/*val genotype among the colorectal cancer patients was lower (14.0%) than among controls (16.1%). The latter finding results in an estimated MTHFR*val allele frequency of 0.41. The MTHFR*val allele (677C > T) reduces colorectal risk slightly [odds ratio (OR), 0.87]. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of metastatic lymph nodes per case in MTHFR*val/*val patients, when compared with MTHFR*ala/*ala controls (6.9 +/- 1.55 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.57, p = 0.003). These results suggest that the MTHFR genotype might be of prognostic significance in colorectal carcinoma.

Competitive binding of calmodulin isoforms to calmodulin-binding proteins: implication for the function of calmodulin isoforms in plants

In plants, multiple calmodulin (CaM) isoforms exist in an organism which vary in their primary structures in as much as 32 residues out of their 148 amino acids. These CaM isoforms show differences in their expression patterns and/or target enzyme activation ability. To further understand the biological significance of CaM isoforms, we examined whether CaM isoforms act on specific regulatory targets. In gel overlay assays on various soybean tissue extracts, surprisingly, two soybean CaM isoforms (SCaM-1 and SCaM-4) did not show significant differences in their target binding protein profiles, although they exhibited minor differences in their relative target binding affinities. In addition, both SCaM isoforms not only effectively bound five known plant CaMBPs, but also showed competitive binding to these proteins. Finally, immunolocalization experiments with the SCaM proteins in sections of various tissues using specific antibodies revealed similar distribution patterns for the SCaM isoforms except for root tissues, which indicates that the SCaM isoforms are concomitantly expressed in most plant tissues. These results suggest that CaM isoforms may compete for binding to CaMBPs in vivo. This competitive nature of CaM isoforms may allow modulation of Ca(2+)/CaM signaling pathways by virtue of relative abundance and differential target activation potency.

The changes in hair growth pattern after autologous hair transplantation

BACKGROUND

Recently donor dominance has been emphasized in autologous hair transplantation while the influence of the recipient site has been considered negligible. In fact, there have been few studies that show this.

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to examine the influence of the recipient site on transplanted hairs. A clinical study of 19 leprosy patients was performed. These patients had received single hair transplantation due to madarosis and were admitted to The Leprosy Mission, Jesus Hospital, Taegu, Korea, or had visited its outpatient clinic.

METHODS

In this study, the rate of growth, thickness of shaft, and graying rate between the transplanted eyebrow hair in the recipient site and scalp hair near the donor site were compared to observe the changes in the growth pattern of the hairs after transplantation.

RESULTS

For most of the patients, the growth rate and graying rate of transplanted hairs were lower than those of hairs in the donor site.

CONCLUSION

It seems that the recipient site may have an influence on the transplanted hairs. Further studies are needed, including clinical, histopathologic, and molecular biological methods.

Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-1-thiocoumarin derivatives-1: an efficient synthesis of thioflocoumafen

An efficient procedure for the preparation of 4-hydroxy-3-{1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-3-[4-(4-triflu-oromethylbenzyl oxy)phenyl]-1-naphthyl}thiocoumarin (thioflocoumafen, 1a and 1b) is described. The key step in the synthesis involves the condensation reaction of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-tetralol (2) with 4-hydroxy-1-thiocoumarin (3).

Distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen and biologic behavior in colorectal carcinoma

PURPOSE

Carcinoembryonic antigen is assumed from the results of several experiments to be associated with invasion of colorectal carcinoma by adhesion or contact inhibition. The patterns and the intensity of carcinoembryonic antigen distribution in colorectal carcinoma were assessed to verify whether they were correlated with malignant potential from those biologic characteristics.

METHODS

Carcinoembryonic antigen distribution was tested in the archival samples of 149 colorectal carcinomas by immunohistochemistry, using three characterized anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibodies: T84.66, PR1A3, and PR3B10. The distribution patterns in neoplastic tissue were categorized into unstained, apicoluminal, and diffuse cytoplasmic patterns. Tumor, invasive tumor margin, and tissue surrounding the tumor were examined.

RESULTS

Although all three antibodies revealed a positive correlation, T84.66 showed better discrimination than the others. Although none of the negative staining of the tumor or invasive tumor margin showed recurrence, the apicoluminal pattern showed recurrence, and the diffuse pattern showed the most frequent recurrence (P < 0.01). Recurrence was also associated with staining intensity in the apicoluminal pattern in both the tumor and invasive tumor margin (P < 0.05). Infiltrative tumor growth and lymph node metastasis were more frequent in cases of positive staining in tissue surrounding the tumor. Patients with the apicoluminal pattern achieved longer survival than patients with the diffuse-cytoplasmic pattern in the invasive tumor margin (P = 0.024) by a multivariate analysis including tumor stage and histologic differentiation.

CONCLUSION

The distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen in tumors and surrounding tissue seems to be closely correlated with invasiveness and metastatic behavior in colorectal carcinoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen immune staining can be considered as an efficient tool to determine groups with risk of recurrence.

Degeneration and transdifferentiation of human lens epithelial cells in nuclear and anterior polar cataracts

PURPOSE

To study the possible mechanisms of cataractogenesis by evaluating the characteristics of cataractous lens epithelial cells (LECs) in different types of human cataract.

SETTING

Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

METHODS

Lens epithelial cells attached to the anterior capsules in eyes with nuclear or anterior subcapsular were analyzed for morphological characteristics by electron microscopy and for cellular characteristics by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Human LECs beneath the anterior capsule were degenerated in nuclear cataracts and were transdifferentiated in anterior polar cataracts. In senile nuclear cataractous lenses, LECs beneath the anterior capsule showed degenerative changes in morphology. In nuclear cataracts, LECs were immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin and vimentin, while those in anterior polar cataracts were positive for vimentin only. The LECs of anterior subcapsular cataracts were transdifferentiated into spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells without cellular junctions and embedded within a fibrillar meshwork mass. The extracellular matrixes in the anterior capsule of anterior subcapsular cataracts were immunohistochemically positive for fibronectin, laminin, collagen type I, and collagen type IV.

CONCLUSIONS

Lens epithelial cells in different types of cataracts have distinct cellular characteristics and may possess a bipotential nature with the ability to transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells. This may be an underlying mechanism for the development of cataract and capsule opacification.

Carcinoembryonic antigen gene and carcinoembryonic antigen expression in the liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma

The presence of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene and CEA expression in the liver was tested to identify their possible roles in the liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. The CEA gene in the liver was identified by amplifying the CEA-specific N-terminal domain exon with digoxigenin-dUTP labeling in 16 colorectal carcinomas with liver metastases. Next, CEA expression was tested by immunostaining using the anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (T84.66, ATCC). Liver tissues from 13 stomach cancer patients and 12 colorectal cancer patients without liver metastasis were also tested as control groups. Three grades (<25%, 25-50%, and 50%< or =) were given according to the proportion of positive cells. The CEA gene was amplified in the metastatic tumor cells of the liver (2.6 +/- 0.2, mean grade +/- SEM) and their surrounding hepatocytes (1.5 +/- 0.2) in all cases. CEA expression was found in all metastatic tumor cells and 14 cases of the surrounding hepatocytes. Among the control groups, the CEA gene of the hepatocytes was found in 9 cases each of the colorectal and the stomach cancers that did not exhibit CEA expression. The level of serum CEA was related with the numbers and volume of liver metastases, but not with CEA expression in tumor cells and surrounding hepatocytes. The CEA gene in the metastatic tumor cells, not in the hepatocytes, was closely associated with CEA expression in the surrounding hepatocytes (p<0.01). Although the precise mechanism of CEA gene regulation in hepatocytes remains to be proven, the CEA gene in the metastatic tumor of the liver seems to affect CEA expression in the surrounding hepatocytes facilitating liver metastasis in colorectal carcinoma.

Modes of action of acarbose hydrolysis and transglycosylation catalyzed by a thermostable maltogenic amylase, the gene for which was cloned from a Thermus strain

A maltogenic amylase gene was cloned in Escherichia coli from a gram-negative thermophilic bacterium, Thermus strain IM6501. The gene encoded an enzyme (ThMA) with a molecular mass of 68 kDa which was expressed by the expression vector p6xHis119. The optimal temperature of ThMA was 60 degrees C, which was higher than those of other maltogenic amylases reported so far. Thermal inactivation kinetic analysis of ThMA indicated that it was stabilized in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. ThMA harbored both hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities. It hydrolyzed beta-cyclodextrin and starch mainly to maltose and pullulan to panose. ThMA not only hydrolyzed acarbose, an amylase inhibitor, to glucose and pseudotrisaccharide (PTS) but also transferred PTS to 17 sugar acceptors, including glucose, fructose, maltose, cellobiose, etc. Structural analysis of acarbose transfer products by using methylation, thin-layer chromatography, high-performance ion chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that PTS was transferred primarily to the C-6 of the acceptors and at lower degrees to the C-3 and/or C-4. The transglycosylation of sugar to methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside by forming an alpha-(1,3)-glycosidic linkage was demonstrated for the first time by using acarbose and ThMA. Kinetic analysis of the acarbose transfer products showed that the C-4 transfer product formed most rapidly but readily hydrolyzed, while the C-6 transfer product was stable and accumulated in the reaction mixture as the main product.

Extramammary Paget's disease with aggressive behavior: a report of two cases

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is an intraepithelial neoplastic disorder which is included as a rare malignant condition. However, it sometimes shows aggressive behavior of local recurrence and coexisting malignancy. We had experienced nine cases of EMPD involving the scrotum for seven years. Two cases of them presented metastasis. The first case presented extensive inguinal lymph node metastasis with underlying adnexal adenocarcinoma one year after wide local excision. The second case initially presented multiple metastasis to the liver and in the lymph node. The latter, showing fulminant progression with liver metastasis, may be only the second case reported in English literature. EMPD is considered as a malignant neoplasm with aggressive behavior from initial presentation. Because wide local excision of the lesion alone may be occasionally insufficient, a careful follow-up must be done to detect recurrence or internal malignancy.

N-Acetyl derivatives of type C fumonisins produced by fusarium oxysporum

Four new fumonisins, an isomer of fumonisin C1 (iso-FC1) (1) and three N-acetyl derivatives of hydroxylated fumonisin C1 (OH-FC1) (2), fumonisin C1 (FC1) (3), and iso-FC1 (4) were isolated from wheat cultures of Fusarium oxysporum. One of the hydroxy groups of compound 1 is at C-3 instead of C-4 for FC1. Compounds 2-4 are similar in structure to OH-FC1, FC1, and iso-FC1, respectively, except for the presence of an acetyl group at the amine of C-1.

Correlation of the Rates of Solvolysis of Methyl Chloroformate with Solvent Properties

The specific rates of solvolyis of methyl chloroformate are very well correlated by the extended Grunwald–Winstein equation over a wide range of solvents; the pathway is believed to be predominantly addition–elimination, except that a positive deviation for solvolysis in 90% 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol suggests an 80% contribution from an ionisation mechanism.