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Li J, White J, Guo L, Zhao X, Wang J, Smart EJ, Li XA. Salt inactivates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. J Nutr 2009; 139:447-51. [PMID: 19176751 PMCID: PMC2646221 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.097451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a 1-4 mmol/L rise in plasma sodium concentrations in individuals with high salt intake and in patients with essential hypertension. In this study, we used 3 independent assays to determine whether such a small increase in sodium concentrations per se alters endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function and contributes to hypertension. By directly measuring NOS activity in living bovine aortic endothelial cells, we demonstrated that a 5-mmol/L increase in salt concentration (from 137 to 142 mmol/L) caused a 25% decrease in NOS activity. Importantly, the decrease in NOS activity was in a salt concentration-dependent manner. The NOS activity was decreased by 25, 45, and 70%, with the increase of 5, 10, and 20 mmol/L of NaCl, respectively. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing eNOS, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of salt on eNOS activity. The eNOS activity was unaffected in the presence of equal milliosmol of mannitol, which excludes an osmotic effect. Using an ex vivo aortic angiogenesis assay, we demonstrated that salt attenuated the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent proliferation of endothelial cells. By directly monitoring blood pressure changes in response to salt infusion, we found that in vivo infusion of salt induced an acute increase in blood pressure in a salt concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that eNOS is sensitive to changes in salt concentration. A 5-mmol/L rise in salt concentration, within the range observed in essential hypertension patients or in individuals with high salt intake, could significantly suppress eNOS activity. This salt-induced reduction in NO generation in endothelial cells may contribute to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky Medical School, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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102
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Abstract
Caveolae are omega-shaped membrane invaginations present in essentially all cell types in the cardiovascular system, and numerous functions have been ascribed to these structures. Caveolae formation depends on caveolins, cholesterol and polymerase I and transcript release factor-Cavin (PTRF-Cavin). The current review summarizes and critically discusses the cardiovascular phenotypes reported in caveolin-1-deficient mice. Major changes in the structure and function of heart, lung and blood vessels have been documented, suggesting that caveolae play a critical role at the interface between blood and surrounding tissue. According to an emerging paradigm, many of these changes are secondary to uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Thus, nitric oxide synthase not only synthesizes more nitric oxide in the absence of caveolin-1, but also more superoxide with potential pathogenic consequences. It is further argued that the vasodilating drive from increased nitric oxide production in caveolin-1-deficient mice is balanced by changes in the vascular media that favour increased dynamic resistance regulation. Harnessing the therapeutic opportunities buried in caveolae, while challenging, could expand the arsenal of treatment options in cancer, lung disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- Division of Vascular and Airway Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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103
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CHIDLOW JOHNH, GREER JOSHUAJM, ANTHONI CHRISTOPH, BERNATCHEZ PASCAL, FERNADEZ–HERNANDO CARLOS, BRUCE MEGAN, ABDELBAQI MAISOUN, SHUKLA DEEPTI, GRANGER DNEIL, SESSA WILLIAMC, KEVIL CHRISTOPHERG, Kevil CG. Endothelial caveolin-1 regulates pathologic angiogenesis in a mouse model of colitis. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:575-84.e2. [PMID: 19111727 PMCID: PMC3667411 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Increased vascular density has been associated with progression of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and animal models of colitis. Pathologic angiogenesis in chronically inflamed tissues is mediated by several factors that are regulated at specialized lipid rafts known as caveolae. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the major structural protein of caveolae in endothelial cells, is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, so we investigated its role in experimental colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate to wild-type and Cav-1(-/-) mice, as well as Cav-1(-/-) mice that overexpress Cav-1 only in the endothelium. Colon tissues were analyzed by histologic analyses. Leukocyte recruitment was analyzed by intravital microscopy; angiogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in vivo disk assays. RESULTS Cav-1 protein levels increased after the induction of colitis in wild-type mice. In Cav-1(-/-) mice or mice given a Cav-1 inhibitory peptide, the colitis histopathology scores, vascular densities, and levels of inflammatory infiltrates decreased significantly compared with controls. Lower levels of leukocyte and platelet rolling and adhesion colitis also were observed in Cav-1(-/-) mice and mice given a Cav-1 inhibitory peptide, compared with controls. Cav-1(-/-) mice that received transplants of wild-type bone marrow had a lower colitis score than wild-type mice. Data from mice that overexpress Cav-1 only in the endothelium indicated that endothelial Cav-1 is the critical regulator of colitis. Genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of endothelial Cav-1 also significantly decreased vascular densities and angiogenesis scores, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial Cav-1 mediates angiogenesis in experimental colitis. Modulation of Cav-1 could provide a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOHN H. CHIDLOW
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - JOSHUA J. M. GREER
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - CHRISTOPH ANTHONI
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - PASCAL BERNATCHEZ
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - CARLOS FERNADEZ–HERNANDO
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - MEGAN BRUCE
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - MAISOUN ABDELBAQI
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - DEEPTI SHUKLA
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - D. NEIL GRANGER
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - WILLIAM C. SESSA
- Department of Pharmacology, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - CHRISTOPHER G. KEVIL
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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104
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Yildiz P. Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:9-16. [PMID: 19361468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is complex, involving multiple modulating genes and environmental factors. Multifactorial impairment of the physiologic balance can lead to vasoconstriction, vascular smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation/fibrosis, inflammation, remodeling and in-situ thrombosis. These are the likely mechanisms that lead to narrowing of the vessel followed by progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and the clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension. Subsequently, major goal of the therapy is to avoid acute pulmonary vasoconstriction, halt the progression of vascular remodeling, and reverse the early vascular remodeling if possible. Recently published data addressing certain molecular mechanisms for pathogenesis of PAH have led to the successful therapeutic interventions. This review will focus on the common and critical molecular pathways including genetic basis of the development of PAH that on the whole may be new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Yildiz
- Department of Pulmonology, Yedikule Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu Istanbul, Turkey.
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105
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Chapter 4 The Biology of Caveolae. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 273:117-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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106
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Lowering caveolin-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells inhibits signal transduction in response to shear stress. Int J Cell Biol 2008; 2009:532432. [PMID: 20111626 PMCID: PMC2809413 DOI: 10.1155/2009/532432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells have an extensive response to physiological levels of shear stress. There is evidence that the protein caveolin-1 is involved in the early phase of this response. In this study, caveolin-1 was downregulated in human endothelial cells by RNAi. When these cells were subjected to a shear stress of 15 dyn/cm(2) for 10 minutes, activation of Akt and ERK1/2 was significantly lower than in control cells. Moreover, activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in response to vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly lower in cells with low levels of caveolin-1. However, activation of integrin-mediated signaling during cell adhesion onto fibronectin was not hampered by lowered caveolin-1 levels. In conclusion, caveolin-1 is an essential component in the response of endothelial cells to shear stress. Furthermore, the results suggest that the role of caveolin-1 in this process lies in facilitating efficient VEGFR2-mediated signaling.
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107
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Martinive P, Defresne F, Quaghebeur E, Daneau G, Crokart N, Grégoire V, Gallez B, Dessy C, Feron O. Impact of cyclic hypoxia on HIF-1α regulation in endothelial cells - new insights for anti-tumor treatments. FEBS J 2008; 276:509-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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108
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Caveolin-1 regulates BMPRII localization and signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:557-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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109
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Burgermeister E, Liscovitch M, Röcken C, Schmid RM, Ebert MPA. Caveats of caveolin-1 in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:187-201. [PMID: 18482795 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1, an essential scaffold protein of caveolae and cellular transport processes, lately gained recognition as a stage- and tissue-specific tumor modulator in vivo. Patient studies and rodent models corroborated its janus-faced role as a tumor suppressor in non-neoplastic tissue, its down-regulation (loss of function) upon transformation and its re-expression (regain of function) in advanced-stage metastatic and multidrug resistant tumors. This review is focussed on the role of caveolin-1 in metastasis and angiogenesis and its clinical implications as a prognostic marker in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of München, München, Germany.
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110
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Guruswamy S, Rao CV. Multi-Target Approaches in Colon Cancer Chemoprevention Based on Systems Biology of Tumor Cell-Signaling. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2008; 2:163-176. [PMID: 19763245 PMCID: PMC2745153 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. Although it is preventable, thousands of lives are lost each year in the U.S. to colorectal cancer than to breast cancer and AIDS combined. In colon cancer, the formation and progression of precancerous lesions like aberrant crypt foci and polyps is associated with the up-regulation of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). The current review will focus on the signaling pathway involving COX-2 and HMG-CoA reductase enzymes and their downstream effectors in signaling mechanism. Cancer cells need huge pools of both cholesterol and isoprenoids to sustain their unlimited growth potential. Cholesterol by modulating caveolae formation regulates several signaling molecules like AKT, IGFR, EGFR and Rho which are involved in cell growth and survival. Cholesterol is also essential for lipid body formation which serves as storage sites for COX-2, eicosanoids and caveolin-1. Experimental studies have identified important mechanisms showing that COX-2, caveolin-1, lipid bodies and prenylated proteins is involved in carcinogenesis. Therefore multi-target, multi-drug approach is the ideal choice for effective colon cancer chemoprevention. This review will give an overview of the two pathways, their signaling networks, and the interactions between the components of the two networks in the activation and regulation of cell signaling involving growth/survival and explain the rationale for colon cancer chemoprevention using COX-2 inhibitors and statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Guruswamy
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.A
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111
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Yang E, Maguire T, Yarmush M, Androulakis I. Informative gene selection and design of regulatory networks using integer optimization. Comput Chem Eng 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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112
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Patel HH, Murray F, Insel PA. Caveolae as organizers of pharmacologically relevant signal transduction molecules. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 48:359-91. [PMID: 17914930 PMCID: PMC3083858 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.121506.124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae, a subset of membrane (lipid) rafts, are flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that contain caveolin proteins, which serve as organizing centers for cellular signal transduction. Caveolins (-1, -2, and -3) have cytoplasmic N and C termini, palmitolylation sites, and a scaffolding domain that facilitates interaction and organization of signaling molecules so as to help provide coordinated and efficient signal transduction. Such signaling components include upstream entities (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases, and steroid hormone receptors) and downstream components (e.g., heterotrimeric and low-molecular-weight G proteins, effector enzymes, and ion channels). Diseases associated with aberrant signaling may result in altered localization or expression of signaling proteins in caveolae. Caveolin-knockout mice have numerous abnormalities, some of which may reflect the impact of total body knockout throughout the life span. This review provides a general overview of caveolins and caveolae, signaling molecules that localize to caveolae, the role of caveolae/caveolin in cardiac and pulmonary pathophysiology, pharmacologic implications of caveolar localization of signaling molecules, and the possibility that caveolae might serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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113
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Desjardins F, Lobysheva I, Pelat M, Gallez B, Feron O, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Control of blood pressure variability in caveolin-1-deficient mice: role of nitric oxide identified in vivo through spectral analysis. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:527-36. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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114
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Nagy JA, Benjamin L, Zeng H, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Vascular permeability, vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2008; 11:109-19. [PMID: 18293091 PMCID: PMC2480489 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-008-9099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system has the critical function of supplying tissues with nutrients and clearing waste products. To accomplish these goals, the vasculature must be sufficiently permeable to allow the free, bidirectional passage of small molecules and gases and, to a lesser extent, of plasma proteins. Physiologists and many vascular biologists differ as to the definition of vascular permeability and the proper methodology for its measurement. We review these conflicting views, finding that both provide useful but complementary information. Vascular permeability by any measure is dramatically increased in acute and chronic inflammation, cancer, and wound healing. This hyperpermeability is mediated by acute or chronic exposure to vascular permeabilizing agents, particularly vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF, VEGF-A). We demonstrate that three distinctly different types of vascular permeability can be distinguished, based on the different types of microvessels involved, the composition of the extravasate, and the anatomic pathways by which molecules of different size cross-vascular endothelium. These are the basal vascular permeability (BVP) of normal tissues, the acute vascular hyperpermeability (AVH) that occurs in response to a single, brief exposure to VEGF-A or other vascular permeabilizing agents, and the chronic vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) that characterizes pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we list the numerous (at least 25) gene products that different authors have found to affect vascular permeability in variously engineered mice and classify them with respect to their participation, as far as possible, in BVP, AVH and CVH. Further work will be required to elucidate the signaling pathways by which each of these molecules, and others likely to be discovered, mediate the different types of vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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115
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Billon A, Lehoux S, Lam Shang Leen L, Laurell H, Filipe C, Benouaich V, Brouchet L, Dessy C, Gourdy P, Gadeau AP, Tedgui A, Balligand JL, Arnal JF. The estrogen effects on endothelial repair and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation are abolished in endothelial nitric-oxide (NO) synthase knockout mice, but not by NO synthase inhibition by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:830-8. [PMID: 18276789 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that estrogen exerts a vasoprotective effect by accelerating reendothelialization after perivascular artery injury through activation of the estrogen receptor alpha. Because 17beta-estradiol (E2) is known to increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide, in this study, we used the same perivascular model to characterize the role of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway in reendothelialization. Surprisingly, we found that the stimulatory effect of E2 on reendothelialization was not altered following pharmacological inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase enzymatic activity by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas it was abolished in eNOS-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice. This discrepancy between eNOS gene inactivation and the pharmacological inhibition of eNOS was confirmed in a classical model of endovascular injury. When assessing the involvement of eNOS in short-term membrane-associated signaling events induced by E2, we found that E2 stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in isolated perfused carotid arteries from wild-type mice in the absence or presence of N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, whereas this stimulation was abolished in carotid arteries from eNOS-/- mice. Similar results were obtained in primary cultures of mouse aortic endothelial cells. These data reveal an original and unexpected role of eNOS, in which its presence but not its enzymatic activity appears to be a determinant for estrogen signaling in the endothelium. The consequences of this novel function of eNOS with respect to vascular diseases should be explored.
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116
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Saliez J, Bouzin C, Rath G, Ghisdal P, Desjardins F, Rezzani R, Rodella LF, Vriens J, Nilius B, Feron O, Balligand JL, Dessy C. Role of caveolar compartmentation in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxation: Ca2+ signals and gap junction function are regulated by caveolin in endothelial cells. Circulation 2008; 117:1065-74. [PMID: 18268148 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.731679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In endothelial cells, caveolin-1, the structural protein of caveolae, acts as a scaffolding protein to cluster lipids and signaling molecules within caveolae and, in some instances, regulates the activity of proteins targeted to caveolae. Specifically, different putative mediators of the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated relaxation are located in caveolae and/or regulated by the structural protein caveolin-1, such as potassium channels, calcium regulatory proteins, and connexin 43, a molecular component of gap junctions. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparing relaxation in vessels from caveolin-1 knockout mice and their wild-type littermates, we observed a complete absence of EDHF-mediated vasodilation in isolated mesenteric arteries from caveolin-1 knockout mice. The absence of caveolin-1 is associated with an impairment of calcium homeostasis in endothelial cells, notably, a decreased activity of Ca2+-permeable TRPV4 cation channels that participate in nitric oxide- and EDHF-mediated relaxation. Moreover, morphological characterization of caveolin-1 knockout and wild-type arteries showed fewer gap junctions in vessels from knockout animals associated with a lower expression of connexins 37, 40, and 43 and altered myoendothelial communication. Finally, we showed that TRPV4 channels and connexins colocalize with caveolin-1 in the caveolar compartment of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that expression of caveolin-1 is required for EDHF-related relaxation by modulating membrane location and activity of TRPV4 channels and connexins, which are both implicated at different steps in the EDHF-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saliez
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Université catholique de Louvain, Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
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117
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Tahir SA, Yang G, Goltsov AA, Watanabe M, Tabata KI, Addai J, Fattah EMA, Kadmon D, Thompson TC. Tumor Cell–Secreted Caveolin-1 Has Proangiogenic Activities in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:731-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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118
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Hiroi Y, Guo Z, Li Y, Beggs AH, Liao JK. Dynamic regulation of endothelial NOS mediated by competitive interaction with alpha-actinin-4 and calmodulin. FASEB J 2008; 22:1450-7. [PMID: 18180332 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9309com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-actinins are critical components of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we show that alpha-actinins serve another important biological function by binding to and competitively inhibiting calcium-dependent activation of endothelial NOS (eNOS). Alpha-actinin-2 was found to associate with eNOS in a yeast two-hybrid screen. In vascular endothelial cells, which only express alpha-actinin-1 and -4, alpha-actinin-4 interacted and colocalized with eNOS. Addition of alpha-actinin-4 directly inhibited eNOS recombinant protein, and overexpression of alpha-actinin-4 inhibited eNOS activity in eNOS-transfected COS-7 cells and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). In contrast, knockdown of alpha-actinin-4 by siRNA increased eNOS activity in BAECs. The alpha-actinin-4-binding site on eNOS was mapped to a central region comprising the calmodulin-binding domain, and the eNOS-binding site on alpha-actinin-4 was mapped to the fourth spectrin-like rod domain, R4. Treatment of endothelial cells with a calcium ionophore, A23187, decreased alpha-actinin-4-eNOS interaction, leading to translocation of alpha-actinin-4 from plasma membrane to cytoplasm. Indeed, addition of calmodulin displaced alpha-actinin-4 binding to eNOS and increased eNOS activity. These findings indicate that eNOS activity in vascular endothelial cells is tonically and dynamically regulated by competitive interaction with alpha-actinin-4 and calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hiroi
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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119
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Patel HH, Murray F, Insel PA. G-protein-coupled receptor-signaling components in membrane raft and caveolae microdomains. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:167-84. [PMID: 18491052 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72843-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of signal transduction in cells derives in part from subcellular, in particular plasma membrane, microdomains that organize signaling molecules and signaling complexes. Two related plasma membrane domains that compartmentalize G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling complexes are lipid (membrane) rafts, domains that are enriched in certain lipids, including cholesterol and sphingolipids, and caveolae, a subset of lipid rafts that are enriched in the protein caveolin. This review focuses on the properties of lipid rafts and caveolae, the mechanisms by which they localize signaling molecules and the identity of GPCR signaling components that are organized in these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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120
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Santilman V, Baran J, Anand-Apte B, Evans RM, Parat MO. Caveolin-1 polarization in transmigrating endothelial cells requires binding to intermediate filaments. Angiogenesis 2007; 10:297-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-007-9083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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121
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Dewever J, Frérart F, Bouzin C, Baudelet C, Ansiaux R, Sonveaux P, Gallez B, Dessy C, Feron O. Caveolin-1 is critical for the maturation of tumor blood vessels through the regulation of both endothelial tube formation and mural cell recruitment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1619-28. [PMID: 17916598 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the normal microvasculature, caveolin-1, the structural protein of caveolae, modulates transcytosis and paracellular permeability. Here, we used caveolin-1-deficient mice (Cav(-/-)) to track the potential active roles of caveolin-1 down-modulation in the regulation of vascular permeability and morphogenesis in tumors. In B16 melanoma-bearing Cav(-/-) mice, we found that fibrinogen accumulated in early-stage tumors to a larger extent than in wild-type animals. These results were confirmed by the observations of a net elevation of the interstitial fluid pressure and a relative deficit in albumin extravasation in Cav(-/-) tumors (versus healthy tissues). Immunostaining analyses of Cav(-/-) tumor sections further revealed a higher density of CD31-positive vascular structures and a dramatic deficit in alpha-smooth muscle actin-stained mural cells. The increase in blood plasma volume in Cav(-/-) tumors was confirmed by dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging and found to be associated with a more rapid tumor growth. Finally, an in vitro wound test and the aorta ring assay revealed that silencing caveolin expression could directly impair the migration and the outgrowth of smooth muscle cells/pericytes, particularly in response to platelet-derived growth factor. In conclusion, a decrease in caveolin abundance, by promoting angiogenesis and preventing its termination by mural cell recruitment, appears as an important control point for the formation of new tumor blood vessels. Caveolin-1 therefore has the potential to be a marker of tumor vasculature maturity that may help adjusting anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dewever
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (UCL-FATH 5349), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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122
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Yang G, Addai J, Wheeler TM, Frolov A, Miles BJ, Kadmon D, Thompson TC. Correlative evidence that prostate cancer cell-derived caveolin-1 mediates angiogenesis. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1688-95. [PMID: 17707459 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of caveolin-1 (cav-1) has been implicated in human prostate cancer progression/metastasis and shown to promote cancer cell survival. It has also been shown that cav-1 is secreted by tumor cells and may regulate the growth, functional activities, and migration of vascular endothelial cells. However, the relationship of cav-1 expression in prostate cancer cells and tumor associated endothelial cells (TAEC) to tumor-associated angiogenesis remains to be investigated. Dual immunofluorescent labeling with antibodies to CD34 and cav-1 was performed on 56 prostate cancer specimens obtained by radical prostatectomy and stratified according to cav-1 positivity in cancer cells. The tumor microvessel densities (MVD) and cav-1 expression in TAEC within these specimens were measured and correlated with cav-1 expression in prostate cancer cells. The MVD values were significantly higher in cav-1-positive (n = 25) than in the cav-1-negative (n = 31) tumors (median of 44 versus 25 vessels/field, P = .0140). Additional studies showed that the cav-1 positivity in microvessels within tumor specimens was significantly less frequent than in the blood vessels of benign prostatic tissues (94.4% versus 98.6%, P = .0012). In contrast, the percentage of cav-1-positive TAEC in cav-1-positive tumors was significantly higher than in cav-1-negative tumors (95.8% versus 92.7%, P = .0024). This increased cav-1 positivity in TAEC was predominantly confined to regions with cav-1-positive tumor cells corresponding to the higher percentage of cav-1-positive microvessels within these regions in cav-1-positive, as opposed to cav-1-negative tumors (P = .0086). These positive correlations provide new evidence for the involvement of prostate cancer cell derived cav-1 in mediating angiogenesis during prostate cancer progression. They also establish a conceptual framework for further investigation of cav-1 proangiogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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123
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Sedding DG, Braun-Dullaeus RC. Caveolin-1: dual role for proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 16:50-5. [PMID: 16473762 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although caveolae function in vesicular and cholesterol trafficking, the recent identification of various signaling molecules in caveolae and their functional interaction with caveolin suggest that they may participate in transmembrane signaling. Interestingly, many of the signaling molecules that interact with caveolin-1 (cav-1) mediate mitogenic signals to the nucleus, implying that cav-1 may play a modulating role in the pathophysiology of vascular proliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Although much attention has been given to the predominantly antiproliferative role of cav-1 in growth-factor-induced signal transduction, we were recently able to demonstrate that cav-1 acts in mechanotransduction too. During cyclic strain, however, cav-1 is critically involved in proproliferative signaling. We propose that, at least in the vasculature which is constantly exposed to alternating mechanical force and different growth factors, cav-1 holds a dual role toward modulation of proliferation, depending on the stimulus the cells are exposed to. In vivo, the net effect of growth factors and mechanically triggered stimuli determines the amount of local cell proliferation and, therefore, the onset and progression of vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Biochemistry, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
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124
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Chidlow JH, Shukla D, Grisham MB, Kevil CG. Pathogenic angiogenesis in IBD and experimental colitis: new ideas and therapeutic avenues. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G5-G18. [PMID: 17463183 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is now understood to play a major role in the pathology of chronic inflammatory diseases and is indicated to exacerbate disease pathology. Recent evidence shows that angiogenesis is crucial during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in experimental models of colitis. Examination of the relationship between angiogenesis and inflammation in experimental colitis shows that initiating factors for these responses simultaneously increase as disease progresses and correlate in magnitude. Recent studies show that inhibition of the inflammatory response attenuates angiogenesis to a similar degree and, importantly, that inhibition of angiogenesis does the same to inflammation. Recent data provide evidence that differential regulation of the angiogenic mediators involved in IBD-associated chronic inflammation is the root of this pathological angiogenesis. Many factors are involved in this phenomenon, including growth factors/cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, integrins, matrix-associated molecules, and signaling targets. These factors are produced by various vascular, inflammatory, and immune cell types that are involved in IBD pathology. Moreover, recent studies provide evidence that antiangiogenic therapy is a novel and effective approach for IBD treatment. Here we review the role of pathological angiogenesis during IBD and experimental colitis and discuss the therapeutic avenues this recent knowledge has revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Chidlow
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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125
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Grande-García A, Echarri A, de Rooij J, Alderson NB, Waterman-Storer CM, Valdivielso JM, del Pozo MA. Caveolin-1 regulates cell polarization and directional migration through Src kinase and Rho GTPases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:683-94. [PMID: 17517963 PMCID: PMC2064213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development, angiogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis all involve the movement of cells in response to changes in the extracellular environment. To determine whether caveolin-1 plays a role in cell migration, we have used fibroblasts from knockout mice. Caveolin-1–deficient cells lose normal cell polarity, exhibit impaired wound healing, and have decreased Rho and increased Rac and Cdc42 GTPase activities. Directional persistency of migration is lost, and the cells show an impaired response to external directional stimuli. Both Src inactivation and p190RhoGAP knockdown restore the wild-type phenotype to caveolin-1–deficient cells, suggesting that caveolin-1 stimulates normal Rho GTP loading through inactivation of the Src–p190RhoGAP pathway. These findings highlight the importance of caveolin-1 in the establishment of cell polarity during directional migration through coordination of the signaling of Src kinase and Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Grande-García
- Integrin Signaling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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126
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Wu Y, Rizzo V, Liu Y, Sainz IM, Schmuckler NG, Colman RW. Kininostatin associates with membrane rafts and inhibits alpha(v)beta3 integrin activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1968-75. [PMID: 17585065 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.148759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cleaved form of high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo; the functional domain has been identified as domain 5 (D5, named as kininostatin). We now identify the subcellular targeting site for D5 on endothelial cells (ECs), and investigate D5 inhibition of integrin functions. METHODS AND RESULTS Endothelial membrane rafts were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. D5, bound to ECs, was predominantly associated with membrane rafts, in which uPAR, a HKa receptor, was also localized. In contrast, other HKa receptors, cytokeratin-1 and gC1q receptor, were not detected in membrane rafts. Colocalization of D5 with caveolin-1 was demonstrated on ECs by confocal microscopy. Disruption of membrane rafts by cholesterol removal decreased D5 binding to ECs. On stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor, alpha(v)beta3 integrin formed a complex with uPAR and caveolin-1, which was accompanied by an increase in ligand binding affinity of alpha(v)beta3 integrin. These events were inhibited by D5. Consistently, D5 suppressed specific alpha(v)beta3 integrin-mediated EC adhesion and spreading as well as small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS D5 binds to ECs via membrane rafts and downregulates alpha(v)beta3 integrin bidirectional signaling and the downstream Rac1 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3400 N Broad Street, OMS 418, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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127
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Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a sequela of a number of disparate diseases, often with a fatal consequence. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early event during the development of PAH. Impaired availability of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) is a key underlying feature in most forms of clinical and experimental PAH. NO, generated by catalytic activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) on l-arginine, modulates vascular function and structure. For optimal activation, eNOS is targeted to caveolae, the flask-shaped invaginations found on the surface of plasmalemmal membrane of a variety of cells, including endothelial cells. Caveolin-1, the major coat protein of caveolae, regulates eNOS activity. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that caveolin-1 may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PAH. This review is intended to summarize recent findings indicating a role for caveolin-1 and caveolin-1/eNOS interrelationship in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamma Mathew
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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128
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Abstract
Endothelial cell migration is essential to angiogenesis. This motile process is directionally regulated by chemotactic, haptotactic, and mechanotactic stimuli and further involves degradation of the extracellular matrix to enable progression of the migrating cells. It requires the activation of several signaling pathways that converge on cytoskeletal remodeling. Then, it follows a series of events in which the endothelial cells extend, contract, and throw their rear toward the front and progress forward. The aim of this review is to give an integrative view of the signaling mechanisms that govern endothelial cell migration in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lamalice
- Le Centre de recherche en cancérologie, l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
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129
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Kupatt C, Hinkel R, von Brühl ML, Pohl T, Horstkotte J, Raake P, El Aouni C, Thein E, Dimmeler S, Feron O, Boekstegers P. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Overexpression Provides a Functionally Relevant Angiogenic Switch in Hibernating Pig Myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1575-84. [PMID: 17418299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether retroinfusion of liposomal endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) S1177D complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) would affect neovascularization and function of the ischemic myocardium. BACKGROUND Recently, we demonstrated the feasibility of liposomal eNOS cDNA transfection via retroinfusion in a model of acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. In the present study, we used this approach to target a phosphomimetic eNOS construct (eNOS S1177D) into chronic ischemic myocardium in a pig model of hibernation. METHODS Pigs (n = 6/group) were subjected to percutaneous implantation of a reduction stent graft into the left anterior descending artery (LAD), inducing total occlusion within 28 days. At day 28, retroinfusion of saline solution containing liposomal green fluorescent protein or eNOS S1177D cDNA (1.5 mg/animal, 2 x 10 min) was performed. Furthermore, L-nitroarginine-methylester (L-NAME) was applied orally from day 28, where indicated. At day 28 and day 49, fluorescent microspheres were injected into the left atrium for perfusion analysis. Regional functional reserve (at atrial pacing 140/min) was assessed at day 49 by subendocardial segment shortening (SES) (sonomicrometry, percent of ramus circumflexus region). RESULTS The eNOS S1177D overexpression increased endothelial cell proliferation as well as capillary and collateral growth at day 49. Concomitantly, eNOS S1177D overexpression enhanced regional myocardial perfusion from 62 +/- 4% (control) to 77 +/- 3% of circumflex coronary artery-perfused myocardium, unless L-NAME was co-applied (69 +/- 5%). Similarly, eNOS S1177D cDNA improved functional reserve of the LAD (33 +/- 5% vs. 7 +/- 3% of circumflex coronary artery-perfused myocardium), except for L-NAME coapplication (13 +/- 6%). CONCLUSIONS Retroinfusion of eNOS S1177D cDNA induces neovascularization via endothelial cell proliferation and collateral growth. The resulting gain of perfusion enables an improved functional reserve of the hibernating myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kupatt
- Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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130
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Jasmin JF, Malhotra S, Singh Dhallu M, Mercier I, Rosenbaum DM, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 Deficiency Increases Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Circ Res 2007; 100:721-9. [PMID: 17293479 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000260180.42709.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caveolins (Cav), the principal structural proteins of the caveolar domains, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. Indeed, changes in caveolin expression and localization have been reported in renal and myocardial ischemia. Genetic ablation of the Cav-1 gene in mice was further shown to increase the extent of ischemic injury in a model of hindlimb ischemia. However, the role of Cav-1 in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia remains unknown. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses of rat brains subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion revealed marked increases in endothelial Cav-1 and Cav-2 protein levels. To directly assess the functional role of caveolins in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury, we next investigated the effects of cerebral ischemia in caveolin knockout (KO) mice. Interestingly, Cav-1 KO mice showed a marked increase of cerebral volume of infarction, as compared with wild-type and Cav-2 KO mice. Immunofluorescence analyses showed an increased number of proliferating endothelial cells in wild-type ischemic brains, as compared with Cav-1 KO ischemic brains. Immunoblot analyses of wild-type ischemic brains showed an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein levels. Conversely, the protein levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase remained unchanged in Cav-1 KO ischemic brains. TUNEL analysis also showed increased apoptotic cell death in Cav-1 KO ischemic brains, as compared with wild-type ischemic brains. Our findings indicate cerebral ischemia induces a marked increase in endothelial Cav-1 and Cav-2 protein levels. Importantly, genetic ablation of the Cav-1 gene in mice results in increased cerebral volume of infarction. Mechanistically, Cav-1 KO ischemic brains showed impaired angiogenesis and increased apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Jasmin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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131
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Santos SCR, Miguel C, Domingues I, Calado A, Zhu Z, Wu Y, Dias S. VEGF and VEGFR-2 (KDR) internalization is required for endothelial recovery during wound healing. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1561-74. [PMID: 17382929 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor activation regulates endothelial cell (EC) survival, migration and proliferation. Recently, it was suggested the cross-talk between the VEGF receptors-1 (FLT-1) and -2 (KDR) modulated several of these functions, but the detailed molecular basis for such interactions remained unexplained. Here we demonstrate for the first time that VEGF stimulation of EC monolayers induced a rapid FLT-1-mediated internalization of KDR to the nucleus, via microtubules and the endocytic pathway, internalization which required the activation of PI 3-kinase/AKT. KDR deletion mutants were generated in several tyrosine residues; in these, VEGF-induced KDR internalization was impaired, demonstrating this process required activation (phosphorylation) of the receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vitro wounding of EC monolayers leads to a rapid and transient internalization of VEGF+KDR to the nucleus, which is essential for monolayer recovery. Notably, FLT-1 blockade impedes VEGF and KDR activation and internalization, blocking endothelial monolayer recovery. Our data reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism induced by VEGF on EC, which regulates EC recovery following wounding, and as such indicate novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Constantino Rosa Santos
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil-CROL, SA, Lisboa, Portugal
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Bouzin C, Brouet A, De Vriese J, Dewever J, Feron O. Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the Lymphocyte-Endothelium Interactions: Identification of Caveolin-1 and Nitric Oxide as Control Points of Endothelial Cell Anergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1505-11. [PMID: 17237399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumors may evade immune responses at multiple levels, including through a defect in the lymphocyte-vessel wall interactions. The angiogenic nature of endothelial cells (EC) lining tumor blood vessels may account for such anergy. In this study, we examined whether mechanisms other than down-regulation of adhesion molecules could be involved, particularly signaling pathways dependent on the caveolae platforms. To mimic the influence of the tumor microenvironment, EC were exposed to TNF-alpha and the proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We identified a dramatic inhibition of lymphocyte adhesion on activated EC following either short or long VEGF pretreatments. We further documented that VEGF did not influence the abundance of major adhesion molecules, but was associated with a defect in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 clustering at the EC surface. We also found that overexpression of the caveolar structural protein, caveolin-1, overcame the VEGF-mediated inhibition of adhesion and restored ICAM-1 clustering. Conversely, EC transduction with a caveolin-1 small interfering RNA reduced the TNF-alpha-dependent increase in adhesion. Finally, we identified VEGF-induced NO production by the endothelial NO synthase as the main target of the changes in caveolin-1 abundance. We found that the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester could reverse the inhibitory effects of VEGF on lymphocyte adhesion and EC cytoskeleton rearrangement. Symmetrically, a NO donor was shown to prevent the ICAM clustering-mediated lymphocyte adhesion, thereby recapitulating the effects of VEGF. In conclusion, this study provides new insights on the mechanisms leading to the tumor EC anergy vs immune cells and opens new perspectives for the use of antiangiogenic strategies as adjuvant approaches to cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouzin
- Université Catholique de Louvain Medical School, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Brussels, Belgium
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Insel PA, Patel HH. Do studies in caveolin-knockouts teach us about physiology and pharmacology or instead, the ways mice compensate for 'lost proteins'? Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:251-4. [PMID: 17179949 PMCID: PMC2013904 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of phenotypic changes have been reported in mice with knockout of expression of caveolin-1. Neidhold et al. (2007) describe results in this issue that continue this trend by showing that saphenous arteries from adult caveolin-1 knockout mice lack caveolae, lose beta1-adrenoceptor-promoted relaxation, gain beta3-adrenoceptor-promoted relaxation but show no change in vasomotor response to beta2-adrenoceptor activation. Neither the physiological importance for wild-type animals nor the mechanistic basis for these changes is clear. Although the caveolin-1 knockout and wild-type mice express similar levels of the receptor mRNAs, the protein expression of the receptors is not specified and represents, in our view, an important limitation of the study. We also question the physiological relevance of the findings and ask: Do studies in total body/lifespan caveolin-knockout mice further understanding of physiology and pharmacology or do they primarily characterize secondary consequences? We propose that alternative approaches that decrease caveolin expression in a temporally and spatially discrete manner are more likely to facilitate definitive conclusions regarding caveolin-1 and its role in regulation of beta-adrenoceptors and other pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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Martinive P, Defresne F, Bouzin C, Saliez J, Lair F, Grégoire V, Michiels C, Dessy C, Feron O. Preconditioning of the Tumor Vasculature and Tumor Cells by Intermittent Hypoxia: Implications for Anticancer Therapies. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11736-44. [PMID: 17178869 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors associated with an increased resistance of tumor cells to therapies. In addition to O(2) diffusion-limited hypoxia, another form of tumor hypoxia characterized by fluctuating changes in pO(2) within the disorganized tumor vascular network is described. Here, we postulated that this form of intermittent hypoxia promotes endothelial cell survival, thereby extending the concept of hypoxia-driven resistance to the tumor vasculature. We found that endothelial cell exposure to cycles of hypoxia reoxygenation not only rendered them resistant to proapoptotic stresses, including serum deprivation and radiotherapy, but also increased their capacity to migrate and organize in tubes. By contrast, prolonged hypoxia failed to exert protective effects and even seemed deleterious when combined with radiotherapy. The use of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-targeting small interfering RNA led us to document that the accumulation of HIF-1alpha during intermittent hypoxia accounted for the higher resistance of endothelial cells. We also used an in vivo approach to enforce intermittent hypoxia in tumor-bearing mice and found that it was associated with less radiation-induced apoptosis within both the vascular and the tumor cell compartments (versus normoxia or prolonged hypoxia). Radioresistance was further ascertained by an increased rate of tumor regrowth in irradiated mice preexposed to intermittent hypoxia and confirmed in vitro using distinctly radiosensitive tumor cell lines. In conclusion, we have documented that intermittent hypoxia may condition endothelial cells and tumor cells in such a way that they are more resistant to apoptosis and more prone to participate in tumor progression. Our observations also underscore the potential of drugs targeting HIF-1alpha to resensitize the tumor vasculature to anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Martinive
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH 5349), Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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135
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Pan YM, Yao YZ, Zhu ZH, Sun XT, Qiu YD, Ding YT. Caveolin-1 is important for nitric oxide-mediated angiogenesis in fibrin gels with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1567-74. [PMID: 17112410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in angiogenesis remains poorly understood. The endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), a caveolin-interacting protein, was demonstrated to play a predominant role in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -induced angiogenesis. The purpose of our study was to examine the role of Cav-1 and the eNOS complex in NO-mediated angiogenesis. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were isolated and cultured in 3-D fibrin gels to form capillary-like tubules by VEGF stimulation. The expression of Cav-1 and eNOS was detected by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The HUVEC were treated with antisense oligonucleotides to downregulate Cav-1 expression. Both transduced and non-infected HUVEC were cultured in fibrin gels in the presence or absence of VEGF (20 ng/mL) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 5 mmol/L). NO was measured using a NO assay kit and capillary-like tubules were quantified by tubule formation index using the Image J program. RESULTS RT-PCR analysis revealed that Cav-1 levels steadily increased in a time-dependent manner and reached their maximum after 5 d of incubation, but there were no obvious changes in eNOS mRNA expression in response to VEGF in the fibrin gel model. VEGF (20 ng/mL) can promote NO production and the formation of capillary-like tubules, and this promoting effect of VEGF was blocked by the addition of L-NAME (5 mmol/L). When transduced HUVEC with the antisense Cav-1 oligonucleotides were plated in the fibrin gels, the capillary-like tubules were significantly fewer than those of the non-infected cells. The capillary-like tubules formation and NO production of transduced HUVEC with the antisense Cav-1 oligonucleotides cultured in fibrin gels showed no responses to the addition of VEGF (20 ng/mL) and L-NAME (5.0 mmol/L). CONCLUSION NO was a critical angiogenic mediator in this model. Cav-1 was essential for NO-mediated angiogenesis and may be an important target of anti-angiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ming Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical College of Nanjing University and Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Santilman V, Baran J, Anand-Apte B, Fox PL, Parat MO. Caveolin-1 polarization in migrating endothelial cells is directed by substrate topology not chemoattractant gradient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:673-80. [PMID: 16960885 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polarization is a hallmark of migrating cells, and an asymmetric distribution of proteins is essential to the migration process. Caveolin-1 is highly polarized in migrating endothelial cells (EC). Several studies have shown caveolin-1 accumulation in the front of migrating EC while others report its accumulation in the EC rear. In this paper we address these conflicting results on polarized localization of caveolin-1. We find evidence for the hypothesis that different modes of locomotion lead to differences in protein polarization. In particular, we show that caveolin-1 is primarily localized in the rear of cells migrating on a planar substrate, but in the front of cells traversing a three-dimensional pore. We also show that a chemoattractant, present either as a gradient or ubiquitously in the medium, does not alter caveolin-1 localization in cells in either mode of locomotion. Thus we conclude that substrate topology, and not the presence of a chemoattractant, directs the polarization of caveolin-1 in motile ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Santilman
- Department of Anesthesiology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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137
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Parsons-Wingerter P, Chandrasekharan UM, McKay TL, Radhakrishnan K, DiCorleto PE, Albarran B, Farr AG. A VEGF165-induced phenotypic switch from increased vessel density to increased vessel diameter and increased endothelial NOS activity. Microvasc Res 2006; 72:91-100. [PMID: 16872639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF(165)) regulates numerous angiogenic cellular activities, its complex effects on vascular morphology are not highly quantified. By fractal-based, multiparametric branching analysis of 2D vascular pattern in the quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), we report that vessel density increased maximally at lower VEGF concentrations, but that vessel diameter and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) increased maximally at higher VEGF concentrations. Following exogenous application of human VEGF(165) to the CAM at embryonic day 7, vessel density and diameter were measured after 24 h at arterial end points by the fractal dimension (D(f)) and generational branching parameters for vessel area density (A(v)), vessel length density (L(v)) and vessel diameter (D(v)) using the computer code VESGEN. The VEGF-dependent phenotypic switch from normal vessels displaying increased vessel density to abnormal, dilated vessels typical of tumor vasculature and other pathologies resulted from an approximate threefold increase in VEGF concentration (1.25 to 5 microg/CAM) and correlated positively with increased eNOS activity. Relative to control specimens, eNOS activity increased maximally to 60% following VEGF treatment at 5 microg/CAM, compared to 10% at 1.25 microg/CAM, and was accompanied by no significant change in activity of inducible NOS. In summary, VEGF(165) induced a phenotypic switch from increased vessel density associated with low VEGF concentration, to increased vessel diameter and increased eNOS activity at high VEGF concentration.
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138
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Maniatis NA, Brovkovych V, Allen SE, John TA, Shajahan AN, Tiruppathi C, Vogel SM, Skidgel RA, Malik AB, Minshall RD. Novel mechanism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation mediated by caveolae internalization in endothelial cells. Circ Res 2006; 99:870-7. [PMID: 16973909 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000245187.08026.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1, the caveolae scaffolding protein, binds to and negatively regulates eNOS activity. As caveolin-1 also regulates caveolae-mediated endocytosis after activation of the 60-kDa albumin-binding glycoprotein gp60 in endothelial cells, we addressed the possibility that endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent NO production was functionally coupled to caveolae internalization. We observed that gp60-induced activation of endocytosis increased NO production within 2 minutes and up to 20 minutes. NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) prevented the NO production. To determine the role of caveolae internalization in the mechanism of NO production, we expressed dominant-negative dynamin-2 mutant (K44A) or treated cells with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Both interventions inhibited caveolae-mediated endocytosis and NO generation induced by gp60. We determined the role of signaling via Src kinase in the observed coupling of endocytosis to eNOS activation. Src activation induced the phosphorylation of caveolin-1, Akt and eNOS, and promoted dissociation of eNOS from caveolin-1. Inhibitors of Src kinase and Akt also prevented NO production. In isolated perfused mouse lungs, gp60 activation induced NO-dependent vasodilation, whereas the response was attenuated in eNOS(-/-) or caveolin-1(-/-) lungs. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of caveolae-mediated endocytosis in regulating eNOS activation in endothelial cells and thereby the NO-dependent vasomotor tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Maniatis
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 835 S Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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139
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He Y, Luo Y, Tang S, Rajantie I, Salven P, Heil M, Zhang R, Luo D, Li X, Chi H, Yu J, Carmeliet P, Schaper W, Sinusas AJ, Sessa WC, Alitalo K, Min W. Critical function of Bmx/Etk in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2344-55. [PMID: 16932810 PMCID: PMC1551932 DOI: 10.1172/jci28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bmx/Etk non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase has been implicated in endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro. However, the role of Bmx in vivo is not known. Bmx is highly induced in the vasculature of ischemic hind limbs. We used both mice with a genetic deletion of Bmx (Bmx-KO mice) and transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active form of Bmx under the endothelial Tie-2 enhancer/promoter (Bmx-SK-Tg mice) to study the role of Bmx in ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis/angiogenesis. In response to ischemia, Bmx-KO mice had markedly reduced, whereas Bmx-SK-Tg mice had enhanced, clinical recovery, limb perfusion, and ischemic reserve capacity when compared with nontransgenic control mice. The functional outcomes in these mice were correlated with ischemia-initiated arteriogenesis, capillary formation, and vessel maturation as well as Bmx-dependent expression/activation of TNF receptor 2- and VEGFR2-mediated (TNFR2/VEGFR2-mediated) angiogenic signaling in both hind limb and bone marrow. More importantly, results of bone marrow transplantation studies showed that Bmx in bone marrow-derived cells plays a critical role in the early phase of ischemic tissue remodeling. Our study provides the first demonstration to our knowledge that Bmx in endothelium and bone marrow plays a critical role in arteriogenesis/angiogenesis in vivo and suggests that Bmx may be a novel target for the treatment of vascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yan Luo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shibo Tang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iiro Rajantie
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petri Salven
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Heil
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rong Zhang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dianhong Luo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xianghong Li
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jun Yu
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Schaper
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albert J. Sinusas
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - William C. Sessa
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
School of Public Health, and
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Molecular and Cancer Biology Program and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
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140
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Yu J, Bergaya S, Murata T, Alp IF, Bauer MP, Lin MI, Drab M, Kurzchalia TV, Stan RV, Sessa WC. Direct evidence for the role of caveolin-1 and caveolae in mechanotransduction and remodeling of blood vessels. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1284-91. [PMID: 16670769 PMCID: PMC1451207 DOI: 10.1172/jci27100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae in endothelial cells have been implicated as plasma membrane microdomains that sense or transduce hemodynamic changes into biochemical signals that regulate vascular function. Therefore we compared long- and short-term flow-mediated mechanotransduction in vessels from WT mice, caveolin-1 knockout (Cav-1 KO) mice, and Cav-1 KO mice reconstituted with a transgene expressing Cav-1 specifically in endothelial cells (Cav-1 RC mice). Arterial remodeling during chronic changes in flow and shear stress were initially examined in these mice. Ligation of the left external carotid for 14 days to lower blood flow in the common carotid artery reduced the lumen diameter of carotid arteries from WT and Cav-1 RC mice. In Cav-1 KO mice, the decrease in blood flow did not reduce the lumen diameter but paradoxically increased wall thickness and cellular proliferation. In addition, in isolated pressurized carotid arteries, flow-mediated dilation was markedly reduced in Cav-1 KO arteries compared with those of WT mice. This impairment in response to flow was rescued by reconstituting Cav-1 into the endothelium. In conclusion, these results showed that endothelial Cav-1 and caveolae are necessary for both rapid and long-term mechanotransduction in intact blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sonia Bergaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ilkay F. Alp
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Michael P. Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Michelle I. Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Marek Drab
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Teymuras V. Kurzchalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - William C. Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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141
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Komers R, Schutzer WE, Reed JF, Lindsley JN, Oyama TT, Buck DC, Mader SL, Anderson S. Altered endothelial nitric oxide synthase targeting and conformation and caveolin-1 expression in the diabetic kidney. Diabetes 2006; 55:1651-9. [PMID: 16731827 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental diabetes is associated with complex changes in renal nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. We explored the effect of diabetes on renal cortical protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) with respect to several determinants of its enzymatic function, such as eNOS expression, membrane localization, phosphorylation, and dimerization, in moderately hyperglycemic streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic control rats and diabetic rats with intensive insulin treatment to achieve near-normal metabolic control. We studied renal cortical expression and localization of caveolin-1 (CAV-1), an endogenous modulator of eNOS function. Despite similar whole-cell eNOS expression in all groups, eNOS monomer and dimer in membrane fractions were reduced in moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats compared with control rats; the opposite trend was apparent in the cytosol. Stimulatory phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser1177) was also reduced in moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats. eNOS colocalized and interacted with CAV-1 in endothelial cells throughout the renal vascular tree both in control and moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats. However, the abundance of membrane-localized CAV-1 was decreased in diabetic kidneys. Intensive insulin treatment reversed the effects of diabetes on each of these parameters. In summary, we observed diabetes-mediated alterations in eNOS and CAV-1 expression that are consistent with the view of decreased bioavailability of renal eNOS-derived NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radko Komers
- Division of NephrologyHypertension PP262, Oregon Health and Science University, 3314 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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142
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Nguyen A, Cai H. Netrin-1 induces angiogenesis via a DCC-dependent ERK1/2-eNOS feed-forward mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6530-5. [PMID: 16611730 PMCID: PMC1458918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 is critical for axonal pathfinding which shares similarities with formation of vascular network. Here we report that netrin-1 induction of angiogenesis is mediated by an increase in endothelial nitric oxide (NO*) production, which occurs via a DCC-dependent, ERK1/2-eNOS feed-forward mechanism. Exposure of mature aortic endothelial cells to netrin-1 resulted in a potent, dose-dependent increase in NO* production, detected by electron spin resonance. Scavenging NO* with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) abolished netrin-1 stimulated angiogenesis. Netrin-1-stimulated NO* production or angiogenesis was inhibited by DCC antibody, DCC small interfering RNA (siRNA), specific inhibitors (PD98059, U0126), or siRNAs for MEK1/2. PTIO attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating a feed-forward mechanism. Netrin-1 induced a time-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS(s1179, s116) and a rapid dephosphorylation of eNOS(t497). Only eNOS(s1179) was sensitive to U0126 or PTIO. These data characterized a mechanism whereby netrin-1 promotes angiogenesis, which may broadly relate to cardiovascular, neuronal and cancer physiology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Netrin-1
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences and Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Hua Cai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences and Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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143
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Sbaa E, Dewever J, Martinive P, Bouzin C, Frérart F, Balligand JL, Dessy C, Feron O. Caveolin plays a central role in endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and homing in SDF-1-driven postischemic vasculogenesis. Circ Res 2006; 98:1219-27. [PMID: 16601228 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000220648.80170.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
When neovascularization is triggered in ischemic tissues, angiogenesis but also (postnatal) vasculogenesis is induced, the latter requiring the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from the bone marrow. Caveolin, the structural protein of caveolae, was recently reported to directly influence the angiogenic process through the regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/nitric oxide pathway. In this study, using caveolin-1 null mice (Cav(-/-)), we examined whether caveolin was also involved in the EPC recruitment in a model of ischemic hindlimb. Intravenous infusion of Sca-1(+) Lin(-) progenitor cells, but not bone marrow transplantation, rescued the defective neovascularization in Cav(-/-) mice, suggesting a defect in progenitor mobilization. The adhesion of Cav(-/-) EPC to bone marrow stromal cells indeed appeared to be resistant to the otherwise mobilizing SDF-1 (Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1) exposure because of a defect in the internalization of the SDF-1 cognate receptor CXCR4. Symmetrically, the attachment of Cav(-/-) EPC to SDF-1-presenting endothelial cells was significantly increased. Finally, EPC transduction with caveolin small interfering RNA reproduced this advantage in vitro and, importantly, led to a more extensive rescue of the ischemic hindlimb after intravenous infusion (versus sham-transfected EPC). These results underline the critical role of caveolin in ensuring the caveolae-mediated endocytosis of CXCR4, regulating both the SDF-1-mediated mobilization and peripheral homing of progenitor cells in response to ischemia. In particular, a transient reduction in caveolin expression was shown to therapeutically increase the engraftment of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhem Sbaa
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
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144
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Nemocní po akutním infarktu myokardu - co více můžeme nabídnout? COR ET VASA 2006. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2006.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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145
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Hardin CD, Vallejo J. Caveolins in vascular smooth muscle: form organizing function. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69:808-15. [PMID: 16386721 PMCID: PMC1446070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are becoming increasingly recognized as an important organizational structure for a variety of signal and energy-transducing systems in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). In this review, we discuss the emerging role of the caveolins in organizing and modulating the basic functions of smooth muscle: contraction, growth/proliferation, and the energetic support systems that support these functions. With clear alterations in cell metabolism and function in VSM with altered caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein expression and with cardiovascular abnormalities associated with Cav-1 null mice, the caveolin family of proteins may play an important role in the function and dysfunction of VSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Hardin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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146
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Yu J, deMuinck ED, Zhuang Z, Drinane M, Kauser K, Rubanyi GM, Qian HS, Murata T, Escalante B, Sessa WC. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is critical for ischemic remodeling, mural cell recruitment, and blood flow reserve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10999-1004. [PMID: 16043715 PMCID: PMC1182413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501444102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic loss of endothelial-derived nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in mice impairs vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ischemia-initiated blood flow recovery resulting in critical limb ischemia. This result may occur through impaired arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, or mobilization of stem and progenitor cells. Here, we show that after ischemic challenge, eNOS knockout mice [eNOS (-/-)] have defects in arteriogenesis and functional blood flow reserve after muscle stimulation and pericyte recruitment, but no impairment in endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. More importantly, the defects in blood flow recovery, clinical manifestations of ischemia, ischemic reserve capacity, and pericyte recruitment into the growing neovasculature can be rescued by local intramuscular delivery of an adenovirus encoding a constitutively active allele of eNOS, eNOS S1179D, but not a control virus. Collectively, our data suggest that endogenous eNOS-derived NO exerts direct effects in preserving blood flow, thereby promoting arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, and mural cell recruitment to immature angiogenic sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Cell Signaling and Therapeutics Program, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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147
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Shin T, Kim H, Jin JK, Moon C, Ahn M, Tanuma N, Matsumoto Y. Expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:11-20. [PMID: 15925413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The expression of caveolin-1, -2, and -3 in the spinal cords of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was analyzed. Western blot analysis showed that three isotypes of caveolins including caveolin-1, -2 and -3 increased significantly in the spinal cords of rats during the early stage of EAE, as compared with the levels in control animals (p<0.05); the elevated level of each caveolin persisted during the peak and recovery stage of EAE. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that caveolin-1 and -2 were expressed constitutively in the vascular endothelial cells and ependymal cells of the normal rat spinal cord, whereas caveolin-3 was almost exclusively localized in astrocytes. In EAE lesions, the immunoreactivity of caveolin-1 was increased in the ependymal cells, some astrocytes, and some inflammatory cells of the spinal cord, while that of caveolin-2 showed an intense immunoreactivity. Caveolin-3 was expressed constitutively in some astrocytes, but not in endothelial cells; its immunoreactivity was increased in reactive astrocytes in EAE lesions. The results of the Western blot analysis largely confirmed the observations obtained with immunohistochemistry. Taking all the findings into consideration, we postulate that the expression levels of each caveolin begin to increase when EAE is initiated, possibly contributing to the modulation of signal transduction pathways in the affected cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolin 1
- Caveolin 2
- Caveolin 3
- Caveolins/biosynthesis
- Caveolins/immunology
- Caveolins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immune Sera
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
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148
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Sbaa E, Frérart F, Feron O. The Double Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Caveolae and Caveolin: A Paradox Solved Through the Study of Angiogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15:157-62. [PMID: 16165011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae are plasmalemmal invaginations formed by the sequestration of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids with self-associating molecules named caveolins, resulting in a platform for the assembly of signaling complexes at the surface of the cell. The enrichment of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in caveolae and its direct interaction with caveolin both account for the exquisite regulation of nitric oxide production in cardiovascular tissues. Dissection of the angiogenic signaling cascade downstream vascular endothelial growth factor recently led to recognition that although the former enables the compartmentation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and optimizes the process leading to its activation, the latter maintains the enzyme in its inactivated state in the absence of stimulation. Alteration in caveolin abundance or subcellular location may lead endothelial cells or cardiac myocytes to favor one mode of regulation over the other and thereby alter the subtle equilibrium governing nitric oxide production in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhem Sbaa
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Louvain Medical School, UCL-FATH 5349, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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149
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Massion PB, Pelat M, Belge C, Balligand JL. Regulation of the mammalian heart function by nitric oxide. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:144-50. [PMID: 15985381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart expresses all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in diverse cell types of the myocardium. Despite their apparent promiscuity, the NOS isoforms support specific signaling because of their subcellular compartmentation with colocalized effectors and limited diffusibility of NO in muscle cells. eNOS and nNOS sustain normal EC coupling and contribute to the early and late phases of the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart. They also attenuate the beta1-/beta2-adrenergic increase in inotropy and chronotropy, and reinforce the pre- and post-synaptic vagal control of cardiac contraction. By doing so, the NOS protect the heart against excessive stimulation by catecholamines, just as an "endogenous beta-blocker". In the ischemic and failing myocardium, induced iNOS further reinforces this effect, as does eNOS coupled to overexpressed beta3-adrenoceptors. nNOS expression also increases in the aging and infarcted heart, but its role (compensatory or deleterious) is less clear. In addition to their direct regulation of contractility, the NOS modulate oxygen consumption, substrate utilization, sensitivity to apoptosis, hypertrophy and regenerative potential, all of which illustrate the pleiotropic effects of this radical on the cardiac cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Massion
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, FATH 5349, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Pasteur +2, 53 Avenue E. Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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150
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Le Lay S, Kurzchalia TV. Getting rid of caveolins: phenotypes of caveolin-deficient animals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:322-33. [PMID: 16019085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the role of caveolae has been the topic of many investigations which were greatly enhanced after the discovery of caveolin, the protein marker of these flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations. The generation of mice deficient in the various caveolin genes (cav-1, cav-2 and cav-3) has provided physiological models to unravel the role of caveolins or caveolae at the whole organism level. Remarkably, despite the essential role of caveolins in caveolae biogenesis, all knockout mice are viable and fertile. However, lack of caveolae or caveolins leads to a wide range of phenotypes including muscle, pulmonary or lipid disorders, suggesting their implication in many cellular processes. The aim of this review is to give a broad overview of the phenotypes described for the caveolin-deficient mice and to link them to the numerous functions so far assigned to caveolins/caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig Le Lay
- MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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