1501
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Montes CL, Chapoval AI, Nelson J, Orhue V, Zhang X, Schulze DH, Strome SE, Gastman BR. Tumor-induced senescent T cells with suppressor function: a potential form of tumor immune evasion. Cancer Res 2008; 68:870-9. [PMID: 18245489 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescent and suppressor T cells are reported to be increased in select patients with cancer and are poor prognostic indicators. Based on the association of these T cells and poor outcomes, we hypothesized that tumors induce senescence in T cells, which negatively effects antitumor immunity. In this report, we show that human T cells from healthy donors incubated with tumor for only 6 h at a low tumor to T-cell ratio undergo a senescence-like phenotype, characterized by the loss of CD27 and CD28 expression and telomere shortening. Tumor-induced senescence of T cells is induced by soluble factors and triggers increases in expression of senescence-associated molecules such as p53, p21, and p16. Importantly, these T cells are not only phenotypically altered, but also functionally altered as they can suppress the proliferation of responder T cells. This suppression requires cell-to-cell contact and is mediated by senescent CD4(+) and CD8(+) subpopulations, which are distinct from classically described natural T regulatory cells. Our observations support the novel concept that tumor can induce senescent T cells with suppressor function and may effect both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Montes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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1502
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Hofman P, Butori C, Havet K, Hofman V, Selva E, Guevara N, Santini J, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. Prognostic significance of cortactin levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: comparison with epidermal growth factor receptor status. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:956-64. [PMID: 18268492 PMCID: PMC2266845 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is an actin-binding Src substrate involved in cell motility and invasion. In this study, we sought to examine the prognostic importance of cortactin protein expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To do so, cortactin and EGF receptor (EGFR) expression was retrospectively evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray composed of 176 HNSCCs with a mean follow-up time of 5 years. Cortactin immunoreactivity was weak to absent in normal epithelial tissue. Overexpression of the protein in 77 out of 176 tumours (44%) was associated with more advanced tumour-node-metastasis stage and higher histologic grade. Cortactin overexpression was associated with significantly increased local recurrence rates (49 vs 28% for high and low expressing carcinomas, respectively), decreased disease-free survival (17 vs 61%), and decreased the 5-year overall survival of (21 vs 58%), independently of the EGFR status. In multivariate analysis, cortactin expression status remained an independent prognostic factor for local recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Importantly, we identified a subset of patients with cortactin-overexpressing tumours that displayed low EGFR levels and a survival rate that equalled that of patients with tumoral overexpression of both EGFR and cortactin. These findings identify cortactin as a relevant prognostic marker and may have implications for targeted therapies in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Tissue Biobank Unit, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, and INSERM ERI-21, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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1503
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Phan V, Disis ML. Tumor stromal barriers to the success of adoptive T cell therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:281-3. [PMID: 17646987 PMCID: PMC11030862 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vy Phan
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 815 Mercer Street, Room 219, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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1504
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Chang KC, Huang GC, Jones D, Lin YH. Distribution patterns of dendritic cells and T cells in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas correlate with prognoses. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:6666-72. [PMID: 18006767 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, accounts for 30% to 40% of all lymphoma cases. However, long-term survival by current chemotherapy was achieved in only 40% of patients, warranting the development of novel therapeutic strategies including T-cell immunotherapy. However, the level of baseline immune activation in DLBCL is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The density and distribution of dendritic cells and T cells in 48 cases of primary DLBCL was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Increased numbers of intratumoral CD1a+ dendritic cells and increased S100+ cells and CD45RO+ T cells around the edges of the tumors were seen in 10 of 48 (21%), 9 of 48 (19%), and 10 of 48 (21%) cases and these were correlated with a favorable prognosis (P = 0.015; P = 0.070, and P = 0.017, respectively), along with increased granzyme B+ T cells in tumor beds (P = 0.013). Increased peritumoral T cells were correlated with tumor expression of HLA-DR (r = 0.446; P = 0.002). Extranodal lymphomas showed fewer tumor-associated CD45RO+ T cells (r = -0.407; P = 0.001) and less conspicuous dendritic cell infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS In DLBCL, the presence of baseline antitumor immune response is associated with favorable clinical outcome, and thus adjuvant T-cell immunotherapy may further boost treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
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1505
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O'Day SJ, Hamid O, Urba WJ. Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4): a novel strategy for the treatment of melanoma and other malignancies. Cancer 2008; 110:2614-27. [PMID: 18000991 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy centers on modulating the host's tumor-directed immune response. One promising approach involves augmentation of cell-mediated immunity by interrupting T-cell pathways responsible for immune down-regulation or tolerance. The discovery of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and its role as a key negative regulator for T cells has prompted efforts to target this signaling molecule to improve cancer therapy. Activation, or 'priming', of naive T cells in response to tumor-cell invasion comprises a dual-signaling mechanism. Signal 1 requires tumor-associated antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor, while signal 2 occurs through binding of CD80 or CD86 (B7.1 of 2) on the antigen presenting cell (APC) with CD28 on the T cell. Importantly, there is a final step responsible for naturally occurring immune regulation; this occurs in response to competitive binding of CD80/CD86 on the APC by CTLA-4 on the T cell. This 'immune checkpoint' interrupts signal 2 and inhibits the activated T cell. Targeting CTLA-4 as an anticancer strategy: Following proof-of-concept studies in animals, fully human anti-CTLA-4 antibodies were developed and 2 are undergoing clinical evaluation. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab have shown promising antitumor activity, initially in patients with advanced melanoma. Class-specific immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were common and mostly transient and/or manageable. These events are thought to be mechanism-of-action-related, indicating immune tolerance is broken; this relation may also explain the association between irAEs and response seen in several trials. Interruption of immune inhibitory pathways via CTLA-4 blockade appears to be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J O'Day
- Medical Oncology, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA.
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1506
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Abstract
Inflammatory cell infiltration of tumors contributes either positively or negatively to tumor invasion, growth, metastasis, and patient outcomes, creating a Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde conundrum when examining mechanisms of action. This is due to tumor heterogeneity and the diversity of the inflammatory cell phenotypes that infiltrate primary and metastatic lesions. Tumor infiltration by macrophages is generally associated with neoangiogenesis and negative outcomes, whereas dendritic cell (DC) infiltration is typically associated with a positive clinical outcome in association with their ability to present tumor antigens (Ags) and induce Ag-specific T cell responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) also infiltrate tumors, inhibiting immune responses and facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. In contrast, T cell infiltration of tumors provides a positive prognostic surrogate, although subset analyses suggest that not all infiltrating T cells predict a positive outcome. In general, infiltration by CD8(+) T cells predicts a positive outcome, while CD4(+) cells predict a negative outcome. Therefore, the analysis of cellular phenotypes and potentially spatial distribution of infiltrating cells are critical for an accurate assessment of outcome. Similarly, cellular infiltration of metastatic foci is also a critical parameter for inducing therapeutic responses, as well as establishing tumor dormancy. Current strategies for cellular, gene, and molecular therapies are focused on the manipulation of infiltrating cellular populations. Within this review, we discuss the role of tumor infiltrating, myeloid-monocytic cells, and T lymphocytes, as well as their potential for tumor control, immunosuppression, and facilitation of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Talmadge
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987660 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-7660, USA.
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1507
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Stearman RS, Dwyer-Nield L, Grady MC, Malkinson AM, Geraci MW. A Macrophage Gene Expression Signature Defines a Field Effect in the Lung Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2008; 68:34-43. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1508
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Tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1509
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Berinstein NL, Spaner D. Therapeutic cancer vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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1510
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Alexe G, Dalgin GS, Scanfeld D, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP, DeLisi C, Harris L, Barnard N, Martel M, Levine AJ, Ganesan S, Bhanot G. High expression of lymphocyte-associated genes in node-negative HER2+ breast cancers correlates with lower recurrence rates. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10669-76. [PMID: 18006808 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis has identified biologically relevant subclasses of breast cancer. However, most classification schemes do not robustly cluster all HER2+ breast cancers, in part due to limitations and bias of clustering techniques used. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that first separates the HER2+ tumors using a gene amplification signal for Her2/neu amplicon genes and then applies consensus ensemble clustering separately to the HER2+ and HER2- clusters to look for further substructure. We applied this procedure to a microarray data set of 286 early-stage breast cancers treated only with surgery and radiation and identified two basal and four luminal subtypes in the HER2- tumors, as well as two novel and robust HER2+ subtypes. HER2+ subtypes had median distant metastasis-free survival of 99 months [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 83-118 months] and 33 months (95% CI, 11-54 months), respectively, and recurrence rates of 11% and 58%, respectively. The low recurrence subtype had a strong relative overexpression of lymphocyte-associated genes and was also associated with a prominent lymphocytic infiltration on histologic analysis. These data suggest that early-stage HER2+ cancers associated with lymphocytic infiltration are a biologically distinct subtype with an improved natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alexe
- The Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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1511
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Kanagawa N, Niwa M, Hatanaka Y, Tani Y, Nakagawa S, Fujita T, Yamamoto A, Okada N. CC-chemokine ligand 17 gene therapy induces tumor regression through augmentation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in a murine model of preexisting CT26 colon carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2013-2022. [PMID: 17621629 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which regulate leukocyte trafficking and infiltration of local sites, are attractive candidates for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by enhancing the accumulation of immune cells in tumor tissue. Herein, we evaluated the antitumor effects of intratumoral injection of RGD fiber-mutant adenoviral vectors (AdRGDs) encoding the chemokines CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL27, XCL1 or CX3CL1 in a murine model of preexisting CT26 colon carcinoma. Among these 8 chemokine-expressing AdRGDs, injection of AdRGD-CCL17 most effectively induced tumor regression and generated specific immunity in rechallenge experiments. Tumor elimination activity by intratumoral injection of AdRGD-CCL17 depended on both the vector dose and the number of injections, and mainly required CD8+ CTLs in an effector phase as confirmed by analysis using BALB/c nude mice and an in vivo depletion assay. In addition, CCL17 gene transduction induced significant increases in the number of infiltrating macrophages and CD8+ T cells in CT26 tumors, and changed the tumor microenvironment to an immunologic activation state in which there was enhanced expression of lymphocyte activation markers and cell adhesion molecules. Thus, our data provide evidence that CCL17 gene transduction of local tumor sites is a promising approach for the development of a cancer immunogene therapy that can recruit activated tumor-infiltrating immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanagawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Niwa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hatanaka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Dako Japan Co. Ltd., Nishinotouin-higashiiru, Shijo-dori, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tani
- Department of Biomedical Science, Dako Japan Co. Ltd., Nishinotouin-higashiiru, Shijo-dori, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Okada
- Department of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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1512
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Abstract
Cancer patients mount adaptive immune responses against their tumors. However, tumor develops many mechanisms to evade effective immunosurveillance. T-cell death caused by tumor plays a critical role in establishing tumor immunotolerance. Chronic stimulation of T cells by tumors leads to activation-induced cell death. Abortive stimulation of T cells by tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells loaded with tumor antigens leads to autonomous death of tumor-specific T cells. Therapeutic approaches that prevent T-cell death in the tumor microenvironment and tumor draining lymph nodes, therefore, should boost adaptive immune responses against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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1513
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de Bruin EC, van de Pas S, van de Velde CJH, van Krieken JHJM, Peltenburg LTC, Marijnen CAM, Medema JP. Gene expression profiling reveals two separate mechanisms regulating apoptosis in rectal carcinomas in vivo. Apoptosis 2007; 12:1671-80. [PMID: 17610066 PMCID: PMC2668623 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The level of apoptosis in rectal carcinomas of patients treated by surgery only predicts local failure; patients with intrinsically high-apoptotic tumors develop less local recurrences than patients with low levels of apoptosis. To identify genes involved in this intrinsic apoptotic process in vivo, 47 rectal tumors with known apoptotic phenotype (24 low- and 23 high-apoptotic) were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray technology. We identified several genes differentially expressed between low- and high-apoptotic tumors. Unsupervised clustering of the tumors based on expression levels of these genes separated the low-apoptotic from the high-apoptotic tumors, indicating a gene expression-dependent regulation. In addition, this clustering revealed two subgroups of high-apoptotic tumors. One high-apoptotic subgroup showed subtle differences in mRNA and protein expression of the known apoptotic regulators BAX, cIAP2 and ARC compared to the low-apoptotic tumors. The other subgroup of high-apoptotic tumors showed high expression of immune-related genes; predominantly HLA class II and chemokines, but also HLA class I and interferon-inducible genes were highly expressed. Immunohistochemistry revealed HLA-DR expression in epithelial tumor cells in 70% of these high-apoptotic tumors. The expression data suggest that high levels of apoptosis in rectal carcinoma patients can be the result of either slightly altered expression of known pro- and anti-apoptotic genes or high expression of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza C. de Bruin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone van de Pas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lucy T. C. Peltenburg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie A. M. Marijnen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiotherapy, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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1514
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Song L, Ara T, Wu HW, Woo CW, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, DeClerck YA, Thiele CJ, Sposto R, Metelitsa LS. Oncogene MYCN regulates localization of NKT cells to the site of disease in neuroblastoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2702-12. [PMID: 17710228 PMCID: PMC1940236 DOI: 10.1172/jci30751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Valpha24-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are potentially important for antitumor immunity. We and others have previously demonstrated positive associations between NKT cell presence in primary tumors and long-term survival in distinct human cancers. However, the mechanism by which aggressive tumors avoid infiltration with NKT and other T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (MYCN), the hallmark of aggressive neuroblastoma, repressed expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), a chemokine required for NKT cell chemoattraction. MYCN knockdown in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines restored CCL2 production and NKT cell chemoattraction. Unlike other oncogenes, MYCN repressed chemokine expression in a STAT3-independent manner, requiring an E-box element in the CCL2 promoter to mediate transcriptional repression. MYCN overexpression in neuroblastoma xenografts in NOD/SCID mice severely inhibited their ability to attract human NKT cells, T cells, and monocytes. Patients with MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow had 4-fold fewer NKT cells in their bone marrow than did their nonamplified counterparts, indicating that the MYCN-mediated immune escape mechanism, which we believe to be novel, is operative in metastatic cancer and should be considered in tumor immunobiology and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tasnim Ara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chan-Wook Woo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yves A. DeClerck
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol J. Thiele
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Sposto
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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1515
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Zhang Q, Chen G, Liu X, Qian Q. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents in oncology and antibody gene therapy. Cell Res 2007; 17:89-99. [PMID: 17242688 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies as therapeutic agents are mostly used in oncology, as illustrated by their applications in lymphoma, breast cancer or colorectal cancer. This review provides a brief historical sketch of the development of monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment and summarizes the most significant clinical data for the best-established reagents to date. It also discusses strategies to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of antibody therapy, including antibody gene therapy and exploitation of bone marrow derived primary mesenchymal stem cells as the antibody gene transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600 Tianhe Rd, Guangzhou 510630, China
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1516
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Filaci G, Fenoglio D, Fravega M, Ansaldo G, Borgonovo G, Traverso P, Villaggio B, Ferrera A, Kunkl A, Rizzi M, Ferrera F, Balestra P, Ghio M, Contini P, Setti M, Olive D, Azzarone B, Carmignani G, Ravetti JL, Torre G, Indiveri F. CD8+CD28− T Regulatory Lymphocytes Inhibiting T Cell Proliferative and Cytotoxic Functions Infiltrate Human Cancers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4323-34. [PMID: 17878327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is allowed by its ability to escape immune system surveillance. An important role in determining tumor evasion from immune control might be played by tumor-infiltrating regulatory lymphocytes. This study was aimed at characterizing phenotype and function of CD8+ CD28- T regulatory cells infiltrating human cancer. Lymphocytes infiltrating primitive tumor lesion and/or satellite lymph node from a series of 42 human cancers were phenotypically studied and functionally analyzed by suppressor assays. The unprecedented observation was made that CD8+ CD28- T regulatory lymphocytes are almost constantly present and functional in human tumors, being able to inhibit both T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory lymphocytes associate with CD8+ CD28- T regulatory cells so that the immunosuppressive activity of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cell subsets, altogether considered, may become predominant. The infiltration of regulatory T cells seems tumor related, being present in metastatic but not in metastasis-free satellite lymph nodes; it likely depends on both in situ generation (via cytokine production) and recruitment from the periphery (via chemokine secretion). Collectively, these results have pathogenic relevance and implication for immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Filaci
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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1517
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Søndergaard H, Frederiksen KS, Thygesen P, Galsgaard ED, Skak K, Kristjansen PEG, Odum N, Kragh M. Interleukin 21 therapy increases the density of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells and inhibits the growth of syngeneic tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1417-28. [PMID: 17285290 PMCID: PMC11030032 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is a recently discovered cytokine in early clinical development, which has shown anti-tumor activity in various animal models. In the present study, we examine the anti-tumor activity of IL-21 protein therapy in two syngeneic tumor models and its effect on the density of tumor infiltrating T cells. We treated mice bearing established subcutaneous B16 melanomas or RenCa renal cell carcinomas with intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) IL-21 protein therapy and subsequently scored the densities of tumor infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by immunohistochemistry. Whereas both routes of IL-21 administration significantly inhibited growth of small, established RenCa and B16 tumors, only s.c. therapy significantly inhibited the growth of large, established tumors. We found a greater bioavailability and significant drainage of IL-21 to regional lymph nodes following s.c. administration, which could account for the apparent increase in anti-tumor activity. Specific depletion of CD8(+) T cells with monoclonal antibodies completely abrogated the anti-tumor activity, whereas NK1.1(+) cell depletion did not affect tumor growth. In accordance, both routes of IL-21 administration significantly increased the density of tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in both B16 and RenCa tumors; and in the RenCa model s.c. administration of IL-21 led to a significantly higher density of tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells compared to i.p. administration. The densities of CD4(+) T cells were unchanged following IL-21 treatments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IL-21 protein has anti-tumor activity in established syngeneic tumors, and we show that IL-21 therapy markedly increases the density of tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Søndergaard
- Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park F6.2.30, DK, Måløv, Denmark.
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1518
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Egawa H, Uemoto S, Takada Y, Ozawa K, Teramukai S, Haga H, Kasahara M, Ogawa K, Sato H, Ono M, Takai K, Fukushima M, Inaba K, Tanaka K. Initial steroid bolus injection promotes vigorous CD8+ alloreactive responses toward early graft acceptance immediately after liver transplantation in humans. Liver Transpl 2007; 13:1262-71. [PMID: 17763384 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have found that steroid bolus withdrawal prior to graft reperfusion increased the incidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR). This study aims to clarify how initial steroid bolus (ISB) injection at reperfusion influences the kinetics of CD8(+) alloreactive immune responses immediately after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). A total of 49 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected recipients were classified into 3 groups according to hierarchical clustering by preoperative CD8(+)CD45 isoforms. The naive T cell proportion was considerably higher in Group I than in Groups II and III, whereas Group II recipients had the highest effector memory (EM) T cells and Group III the highest effector T cells. The frequency of ACR was significantly higher in recipients without ISB than in those with ISB. In particular, the ACR rates were the highest in Group II without ISB. Following ISB, the proportion of effector T cells was promptly upregulated within 6 hours after graft reperfusion, simultaneously with the upregulation of CD27(-)CD28(-) subsets, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and perforin expression, which significantly correlated with increasing interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta 1 cells. These were then downregulated to below preoperative levels by tacrolimus (Tac) administered at 24 hours. These changes did not occur in the absence of ISB. In Group II without ISB, the downregulation of IL-12Rbeta1(+) cells was the greatest, consistent with the highest rates of ACR and mortality (60%). In conclusion, ISB must be done in place, especially in Group II with preexisting high EM T cells, to enable the development of early allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Egawa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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1519
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Webster WS, Thompson RH, Harris KJ, Frigola X, Kuntz S, Inman BA, Dong H. Targeting Molecular and Cellular Inhibitory Mechanisms for Improvement of Antitumor Memory Responses Reactivated by Tumor Cell Vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2860-9. [PMID: 17709500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective vaccination approaches to treat established tumors represents a focus of intensive research because such approaches offer the promise of enhancing immune system priming against tumor Ags via restimulation of pre-existing (memory) antitumoral helper and effector immune cells. However, inhibitory mechanisms, which function to limit the recall responses of tumor-specific immunity, remain poorly understood and interfere with therapies anticipated to induce protective immunity. The mouse renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) tumor model was used to investigate variables affecting vaccination outcomes. We demonstrate that although a whole cell irradiated tumor cell vaccine can trigger a functional antitumor memory response in the bone marrows of mice with established tumors, these responses do not culminate in the regression of established tumors. In addition, a CD103+ regulatory T (Treg) cell subset accumulates within the draining lymph nodes of tumor-bearing mice. We also show that B7-H1 (CD274, PD-L1), a negative costimulatory ligand, and CD4+ Treg cells collaborate to impair the recall responses of tumor-specific memory T cells. Specifically, mice bearing large established RENCA tumors were treated with tumor cell vaccination in combination with B7-H1 blockade and CD4+ T cell depletion (triple therapy treatment) and monitored for tumor growth and survival. Triple treatment therapy induced complete regression of large established RENCA tumors and raised long-lasting protective immunity. These results have implications for developing clinical antitumoral vaccination regimens in the setting in which tumors express elevated levels of B7-H1 in the presence of abundant Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Webster
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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1520
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Gutierrez-Dalmau A, Campistol JM. Immunosuppressive therapy and malignancy in organ transplant recipients: a systematic review. Drugs 2007; 67:1167-98. [PMID: 17521218 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767080-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant malignancy is recognised as being a major limitation to the success of solid organ transplantation and it is currently considered one of the unavoidable costs of long-term immunosuppressive therapy. However, the continual introduction of new immunosuppressive drugs and the growing knowledge about their different oncogenic profiles, requires a continuous evaluation of the available evidence on this topic. The incidence and risk of malignancy is elevated in solid organ transplant recipients compared with the general population. As proof of the relationship between immunosuppressive therapy and post-transplant malignancy, epidemiological data reveal that the length of exposure to immunosuppressive therapy and the intensity of therapy are clearly related to the post-transplant risk of malignancy, and that once cancer has developed, more intense immunosuppression can translate into more aggressive tumour progression in terms of accelerated growth and metastasis and lower patient survival. The association between malignancy and immunosuppressive therapy is mediated through several pathogenic factors. Indirectly, immunosuppressive drugs greatly increase the post-transplant risk of malignancy by impairing cancer surveillance and facilitating the action of oncogenic viruses. However, the direct pro- and anti-oncogenic actions of immunosuppressants also play an important role. The cancer-promoting effect of calcineurin inhibitors, independently of depressed immunosurveillance, has been demonstrated in recent years, and currently only mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have shown simultaneous immunosuppressive and antitumour properties. Reports of the initial results of the reduced incidence of cancer in organ transplant recipients receiving mTOR inhibitor therapy strongly indicate separate pathways for pharmacological immunosuppression and oncogenesis. The role of mTOR inhibitors has been firmly established for the treatment of post-transplant Kaposi's sarcoma and its role in the management of patients with other post-transplant malignancies should be clarified as soon as possible. Prevention of morbidity and mortality resulting from post-transplant malignancy should become a main endpoint in solid organ transplant programmes, and the choice and management of immunosuppressive therapy in each phase of transplantation plays a central role in this objective. Although comprehensive and rigorous information about the management of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients at risk of or affected by cancer is still lacking, new experimental and clinical data about mTOR inhibitors offers novel approaches to this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gutierrez-Dalmau
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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1521
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Saigusa S, Ichikura T, Tsujimoto H, Sugasawa H, Majima T, Kawarabayashi N, Chochi K, Ono S, Kinoshita M, Seki S, Ogawa K, Mochizuki H. Serum granulysin level as a novel prognostic marker in patients with gastric carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1322-7. [PMID: 17688669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulysin is a cytolytic molecule present in human cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cell granules, and plays a key role in the cell-mediated immunity against tumor and infection. However, few studies have estimated serum granulysin concentrations in patients with solid or hematological malignancies. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were taken from patients with gastric carcinoma preoperatively and from healthy volunteers. Serum and tumor tissue granulysin concentrations were measured using a granulysin-specific ELISA kit in order to assess its prognostic value. RESULTS Both serum and tumor tissue granulysin concentrations were higher in patients with stage II or III gastric cancer and lower in patients with stage IV disease as compared to healthy controls. The low preoperative granulysin levels were associated with more frequent hepatic and peritoneal metastases, and with a poor outcome of the curative gastrectomy. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative serum granulysin levels reflect the status of cell-mediated immunity in patients with gastric carcinoma. It has significance as a prognostic determinant following a curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Saigusa
- First Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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1522
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Dieli F, Vermijlen D, Fulfaro F, Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Cicero G, Roberts A, Buccheri S, D'Asaro M, Gebbia N, Salerno A, Eberl M, Hayday AC. Targeting human {gamma}delta} T cells with zoledronate and interleukin-2 for immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7450-7. [PMID: 17671215 PMCID: PMC3915341 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing evidence that gammadelta T cells have potent antitumor activity suggests their value in immunotherapy, particularly in areas of unmet need such as metastatic carcinoma. To this end, we initiated a phase I clinical trial in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer to examine the feasibility and consequences of using the gammadelta T-cell agonist zoledronate, either alone or in combination with low-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2), to activate peripheral blood gammadelta cells. Nine patients were enlisted to each arm. Neither treatment showed appreciable toxicity. Most patients were treated with zoledronate + IL-2, but conversely only two treated with zoledronate displayed a significant long-term shift of peripheral gammadelta cells toward an activated effector-memory-like state (T(EM)), producing IFN-gamma and perforin. These patients also maintained serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), consistent with a parallel microarray analysis showing that TRAIL is produced by gammadelta cells activated via the T-cell receptor and IL-2. Moreover, the numbers of T(EM) gammadelta cells showed a statistically significant correlation with declining prostate-specific antigen levels and objective clinical outcomes that comprised three instances of partial remission and five of stable disease. By contrast, most patients treated only with zoledronate failed to sustain either gammadelta cell numbers or serum TRAIL, and showed progressive clinical deterioration. Thus, zoledronate + IL-2 represents a novel, safe, and feasible approach to induce immunologic and clinical responses in patients with metastatic carcinomas, potentially providing a substantially increased window for specific approaches to be administered. Moreover, gammadelta cell phenotypes and possibly serum TRAIL may constitute novel biomarkers of prognosis upon therapy with zoledronate + IL-2 in metastatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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1523
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Prospects and challenges of building a cancer vaccine targeting telomerase. Biochimie 2007; 90:173-80. [PMID: 17716803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite their origin from self-tissue, tumor cells can be immunogenic and trigger immune responses that can profoundly influence tumor growth and development. Clinically, it may be possible to amplify or induce anti-tumor immune responses to achieve tumor rejection in patients. Increasing data over the last 8 years suggest that the human telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT is immunogenic both in vitro and in vivo and may be a suitable target for novel cancer immunotherapy. Peptides derived from hTERT are naturally processed by tumors and presented on MHC molecules and trigger effector functions of specific T lymphocytes. Vaccination of cancer patients against hTERT epitopes induces anti-tumor T cells without clinical toxicity. If second-generation vaccines and other strategies are able to generate optimal cellular immunity against hTERT without toxicity in humans, the possibility of broad-spectrum immunotherapy or even immunoprevention therapy of cancer may be possible.
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1524
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Abstract
The transfusion of lymphocytes, referred to as adoptive T cell therapy, is being tested for the treatment of cancer and chronic infections. Adoptive T cell therapy has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity, augment vaccine efficacy, and limit graft-versus-host disease. This form of personalized medicine is now in various early- and late-stage clinical trials. These trials are currently testing strategies to infuse tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CTLs, Th cells, and Tregs. Improved molecular biology techniques have also increased enthusiasm and feasibility for testing genetically engineered T cells. The current status of the field and prospects for clinical translation are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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1525
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Dubé V, Macdonald D, Allingham-Hawkins DJ, Kamel-Reid S, Colgan TJ. Vanishing Endometrial Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26:271-7. [PMID: 17581411 DOI: 10.1097/01.pgp.0000236945.74711.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three cases of histologically proven endometrial carcinoma (EmCa) demonstrated no residual carcinoma or biopsy site on the subsequent hysterectomy specimen. The shared identity of both endometrial biopsy and hysterectomy specimen was proven, and specimen misidentification was excluded in all 3 cases through successful DNA profiling. Just as vanishing cancer in prostatic carcinoma has recently been defined and accepted, it is suggested that vanishing EmCa can also be defined using specific pathological and clinical criteria. DNA profiling may serve to confirm the diagnosis. Vanishing EmCa is only a small subset within hysterectomy specimens that show no EmCa after a histological diagnosis of EmCa. The concept of vanishing EmCa may be useful in both clinical and medicolegal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dubé
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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1526
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Reiman JM, Kmieciak M, Manjili MH, Knutson KL. Tumor immunoediting and immunosculpting pathways to cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:275-87. [PMID: 17662614 PMCID: PMC2742305 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that a natural function of the immune system is to respond and destroy aberrant, dysfunctional cells by a process called immunosurveillance. These studies also suggest that the tumors that arise despite immunosurveillance have been immunosculpted by the immune system. The purported abilities of tumors to induce immune tolerance and suppression, the increased pathogenic behavior of the tumor cells following exposure to immune effectors and the loss of immunogenicity (i.e. immunoediting) often observed in advanced stage tumors could be the result of immunosculpting. In some cases, these immunosculpting features may be permanent and irreversible. However, in other cases, reversible epigenetic mechanisms may underlie the immune resistant tumor phenotype. Regardless, these immune-induced alterations could contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms by which tumors evade immunity will be important for disease prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Reiman
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Maciej Kmieciak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Keith L. Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 342C Guggenheim, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Telephone 507-284-0545; FAX (507) 266-0981; e-mail:
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1527
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Snook AE, Stafford BJ, Eisenlohr LC, Rothstein JL, Waldman SA. Mucosally restricted antigens as novel immunological targets for antitumor therapy. Biomark Med 2007; 1:187-202. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. While surgery remains the mainstay of therapy, approximately 50% of persons who undergo resection develop parenchymal metastatic disease. Unfortunately, current therapeutic regimens offer little improvement in survival. Using immunotherapy to fill this therapeutic gap has enjoyed limited success, reflecting a paucity of tumor-associated antigens. In that context, there is a significant unrealized opportunity to exploit structural and functional immune system compartmentalization to generate a therapeutic immune response against metastatic colorectal tumors employing biomarkers whose expression is normally confined to intestinal epithelial cells and their derivative malignancies. This novel class of biomarkers, here termed cancer mucosa antigens, may fill the unmet therapeutic need for colorectal cancer-associated immune targets. As a concrete example, guanylyl cyclase C is an intestinal mucosa-specific biomarker ideally suited to test this hypothesis and serve as the first cancer mucosa antigen for colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Here, we discuss colorectal cancer immunity, immune compartmentalization and preliminary results targeting guanylyl cyclase C in mouse models of colorectal cancer, as well as the potential paradigm shift to employing cancer mucosa antigens in immunotherapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Snook
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Stafford
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurence C Eisenlohr
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay L Rothstein
- Amgen, Inc., Inflammation Research, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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1528
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Zipin-Roitman A, Meshel T, Sagi-Assif O, Shalmon B, Avivi C, Pfeffer RM, Witz IP, Ben-Baruch A. CXCL10 promotes invasion-related properties in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3396-405. [PMID: 17409450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10 was recently shown to exert antimalignancy functions by influencing the tumor microenvironment. Here, we have taken a different approach, investigating the effects of CXCL10 directly on tumor-promoting functions in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. CXCL10 expression was detected in preferred metastatic sites of CRC (liver, lungs, and lymph nodes), and its CXCR3 receptor was expressed by eight CRC cell lines (detected: reverse transcription-PCR and/or flow cytometry). Detailed analysis was done on two cell lines derived from primary CRC tumors (SW480, KM12C) and their metastatic descendents (SW620 and KM12SM). The three known variants of CXCR3 (CXCR3-A, CXCR3-B, and CXCR3-alt) were detected in all four cell lines. CXCR3 expression was also observed on colorectal tumor cells in biopsies of CRC patients (immunohistochemistry). CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression were potently induced in CRC cells by Interferon gamma and all four CRC cell lines responded to CXCL10 by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 dephosphorylation. The chemokine did not affect tumor cell growth or angiogenesis-related functions in the tumor cells, such as CXCL8 and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Importantly, CXCL10 significantly up-regulated invasion-related properties in CRC cells: It promoted matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and induced CRC cell migration. Of note, CXCL10-induced migration was detected only in the two metastatic cells and not in their primary counterparts. Also, CXCL10 promoted the adhesion of metastatic cells to laminin. These results suggest that CXCL10 can be exploited by CRC cells toward their progression, thus possibly antagonizing the antimalignancy effects of the chemokine on the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, care should be taken when considering CXCL10 as a therapeutic antitumor modality for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zipin-Roitman
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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1529
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Recchia F, Saggio G, Cesta A, Candeloro G, Di Blasio A, Amiconi G, Lombardo M, Nuzzo A, Lalli A, Alesse E, Necozione S, Rea S. Phase II study of interleukin-2 and 13-cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:699-708. [PMID: 16955297 PMCID: PMC11030177 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) improved lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell count of patients with advanced tumors showing a clinical benefit from chemotherapy. The primary endpoint of this study was to ask whether IL-2 and 13-cis-RA improved (> or =30%) lymphocyte and NK cell count in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) that had a clinical benefit from induction chemotherapy. Secondary endpoint was the evaluation of toxicity, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty patients with MCRC, showing a clinical benefit from chemotherapy, were treated with subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 (1.8 x 10(6) IU) and oral 13-cis-RA (0.5 mg/kg) in order to maintain responses and improve survival through the increase of lymphocyte and NK cells. The biological parameters and the clinical outcome of these patients were compared with those of a control group of patients (80) with a similar disease status, including clinical benefit from chemotherapy. RESULTS The most common adverse events were mild cutaneous skin rash and fever. After 4 months and 2 years of biotherapy, a statistically significant improvement was observed in lymphocyte and number of NK cells with respect to baseline values and to controls. After a median follow-up of 36 months, median PFS was 27.8 months, while median OS was 52.9 months. CONCLUSION These data show that maintenance immunotherapy with low-dose IL-2 and oral 13-cis-RA in patients with MCRC showing a clinical benefit from chemotherapy is feasible, has a low toxicity profile, improves lymphocyte and NK cell count. An improvement in the expected PFS and OS was also observed. A randomized trial is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Recchia
- Unità operativa di Oncologia, Ospedale Civile di Avezzano, Avezzano, Italy.
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1530
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Perrot I, Blanchard D, Freymond N, Isaac S, Guibert B, Pachéco Y, Lebecque S. Dendritic cells infiltrating human non-small cell lung cancer are blocked at immature stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2763-9. [PMID: 17312119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of immune response to control human cancer remains controversial. It is particularly debated whether and to what extent the capacity of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DC) to drive immunization can be turned off by transformed cells, leading to tumor-specific tolerance rather than immunization. To address this issue, we have characterized the DC isolated from human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These biopsy specimens contained CD11c(high) myeloid DC (mDC), but also CD11c(-) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and a third DC subset expressing intermediate level of CD11c. Compared with peripheral blood, CD11c(high) tumor-infiltrating DC (TIDC) displayed a "semi-mature" phenotype, and TLR4 or TLR8 stimulation drove them to mature partially and to secrete limited amounts of cytokines. In contrast, most tumor-infiltrating pDC were immature but underwent partial maturation after TLR7 activation, whereas TLR9 ligation triggered low secretion of IFN-alpha. CD11c(int) mDC represented approximately 25% of total DC in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and expressed low levels of costimulatory molecules contrasting with high levels of the immunoinhibitory molecule B7-H1. Finally, the poor APC function of total TIDC even after TLR stimulation and the migratory response of both tumor-infiltrating mDC and pDC toward CCL21 and SDF-1 in vitro suggested their ability to compromise the tumor-specific immune response in draining lymph nodes in vivo. Further studies will be required to establish the specific role of the three TIDC subsets in tumor immunity and to draw conclusions for the design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Perrot
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, Dardilly, France
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1531
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Lin YH, Friederichs J, Black MA, Mages J, Rosenberg R, Guilford PJ, Phillips V, Thompson-Fawcett M, Kasabov N, Toro T, Merrie AE, van Rij A, Yoon HS, McCall JL, Siewert JR, Holzmann B, Reeve AE. Multiple gene expression classifiers from different array platforms predict poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:498-507. [PMID: 17255271 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop gene classifiers to predict colorectal cancer recurrence. We investigated whether gene classifiers derived from two tumor series using different array platforms could be independently validated by application to the alternate series of patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Colorectal tumors from New Zealand (n = 149) and Germany (n = 55) patients had a minimum follow-up of 5 years. RNA was profiled using oligonucleotide printed microarrays (New Zealand samples) and Affymetrix arrays (German samples). Classifiers based on clinical data, gene expression data, and a combination of the two were produced and used to predict recurrence. The use of gene expression information was found to improve the predictive ability in both data sets. The New Zealand and German gene classifiers were cross-validated on the German and New Zealand data sets, respectively, to validate their predictive power. Survival analyses were done to evaluate the ability of the classifiers to predict patient survival. RESULTS The prediction rates for the New Zealand and German gene-based classifiers were 77% and 84%, respectively. Despite significant differences in study design and technologies used, both classifiers retained prognostic power when applied to the alternate series of patients. Survival analyses showed that both classifiers gave a better stratification of patients than the traditional clinical staging. One classifier contained genes associated with cancer progression, whereas the other had a large immune response gene cluster concordant with the role of a host immune response in modulating colorectal cancer outcome. CONCLUSIONS The successful reciprocal validation of gene-based classifiers on different patient cohorts and technology platforms supports the power of microarray technology for individualized outcome prediction of colorectal cancer patients. Furthermore, many of the genes identified have known biological functions congruent with the predicted outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Genetics Laboratory and Departments of Biochemistry, Medical and Surgical Sciences, and Pathology, University of Otago
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1532
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Ling KL, Dulphy N, Bahl P, Salio M, Maskell K, Piris J, Warren BF, George BD, Mortensen NJ, Cerundolo V. Modulation of CD103 expression on human colon carcinoma-specific CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2908-15. [PMID: 17312135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent results have shown a correlation between survival and frequency of tumor-infiltrating T cells in colorectal cancer patients. However, the mechanisms controlling the ability of human T lymphocytes to infiltrate colon carcinoma remain unclear. Although, it is known that expression of the integrin CD103alpha(E)/beta(7) by intraepithelial lymphocytes controls the retention of lymphocytes in epithelial layers, very little is known about the expression of intestinal homing receptors in human T lymphocytes. In particular, it remains unknown whether expression of CD103/beta(7) by human colon cancer-specific T lymphocytes is controlled by recognition of tumor Ags and is imprinted during T cell priming, facilitating its expression during memory T cell activation. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of CD103/beta(7) in human colon carcinoma-specific CTL is synergistically enhanced by the simultaneous TGF-beta1 stimulation and Ag recognition. These results were confirmed by using a panel of human CTL clones. Finally, we show that priming of naive CD8(+) T cells in the presence of TGF-beta1 ensures up-regulation of CD103/beta(7) in recall responses, at concentrations of TGF-beta1 significantly lower than those required by memory T cells primed in the absence of TGF-beta1. These results indicate a role of TGF-beta1 during T cell priming in modulating expression of CD103/beta(7) and controlling retention of human memory CD8(+) T cells into tumor epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoon-Lin Ling
- Tumor Immunology Group, Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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1533
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Galon J, Fridman WH, Pagès F. The adaptive immunologic microenvironment in colorectal cancer: a novel perspective. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1883-6. [PMID: 17332313 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies, often presenting with a poor prognosis. To date, the anatomic extent of disease has been by far the most important prognostic factor. Recently, we obtained evidence that the type, density, and location of immune cells in colorectal cancer could provide a prognostic factor superior and independent to that of criteria related to the anatomic extent of the tumor. Here, we discuss the meaning and potential implications of this novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, UMRS872, Team 13 and Avenir team, Cordeliers Research Center, F-75006 Paris, France.
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1534
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Merino J, Ramírez N, Moreno C, Toledo E, Fernández M, Sánchez-Ibarrola A. BY55/CD160 cannot be considered a cytotoxic marker in cytomegalovirus-specific human CD8(+) T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:87-96. [PMID: 17425655 PMCID: PMC1942017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CD160/BY55 is a glucosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell membrane receptor that is expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) cells. Its presence in CD8(+) T lymphocytes is considered to be a marker of cytotoxic activity, although there are few data in this regard. In the present work, we analysed the expression of CD160 in subpopulations of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells. Subpopulations were defined by CD28 and CD57 expression and exhibited varying degrees of differentiation and cytotoxic potential, as evaluated by the expression of perforin, interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-7Ralpha/CD127. We included subjects with different intensities of anti-viral immune response. Results showed that the terminally differentiated CD28(-) CD57(+) subset displaying the highest level of perforin expressed CD160 at a level similar to that of memory CD28(+) CD57(-)perforin(-) cells. A comparison of the expression of perforin in CD160(+) cells versus CD160(-) cells showed that expression was significantly higher in the absence of CD160. Interestingly, the CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell subset from a patient with ongoing CMV reactivation did not begin to express CD160 until day +92 of the follow-up period. Taken together, our data show that CD160 cannot be considered a cytotoxic marker in CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Merino
- Department of Immunology, Clínica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain.
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1535
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Sahiratmadja E, Alisjahbana B, Buccheri S, Di Liberto D, de Boer T, Adnan I, van Crevel R, Klein MR, van Meijgaarden KE, Nelwan RHH, van de Vosse E, Dieli F, Ottenhoff THM. Plasma granulysin levels and cellular interferon-gamma production correlate with curative host responses in tuberculosis, while plasma interferon-gamma levels correlate with tuberculosis disease activity in adults. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:312-21. [PMID: 17382591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a recently identified cytolytic protein which is expressed by human cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK)-cells, and has broad antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity. Circulating granulysin levels are associated with T- and NK-cell activity, and may thus reflect protection-associated cellular immune responses. In a case-control study in Indonesia, a highly tuberculosis (TB)-endemic country, we therefore determined plasma granulysin levels in adults with active pulmonary TB before, during, and after TB treatment, both in mild/moderate-TB and advanced-TB patients, and compared these to healthy neighbourhood controls. Adults with active pulmonary TB had significantly lower plasma granulysin levels compared to controls. After 2 months of anti-TB therapy, levels in TB patients had significantly increased, reaching values similar to those in controls. Plasma granulysin levels further increased after completion of TB therapy, being significantly higher than those in controls. Plasma granulysin levels correlated inversely with TB disease activity but not with TB disease severity. In contrast, plasma interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels were significantly higher in active TB cases than in controls, normalised during treatment and correlated with both TB disease activity and TB disease severity. At the cellular level, granulysin and IFN-gamma expression both correlated inversely with disease activity. Interestingly, granulysin was predominantly expressed by IFN-gamma negative T-cells, suggesting that the cellular sources of IFN-gamma and granulysin in TB are partly non-overlapping. The observation that plasma granulysin levels and cellular IFN-gamma production correlate with curative host responses in pulmonary tuberculosis points to a potentially important role of granulysin, next to IFN-gamma, in host defence against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sahiratmadja
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
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1536
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Di Liberto D, Buccheri S, Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Romano A, Di Carlo P, Titone L, Dieli F, Krensky AM, Salerno A. Decreased serum granulysin levels in childhood tuberculosis which reverse after therapy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:322-8. [PMID: 17379576 PMCID: PMC2692947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytolytic protein of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Serum levels of granulysin are related to host cellular immunity. We used an ELISA to quantify granulysin serum levels in children with tuberculosis (TB), before and after chemotherapy. The study involved children affected by different clinical forms of TB (n=72) and healthy control children (n=150) from the same geographical area and of similar socio-economic background. Serum granulysin levels before the initiation of TB therapy were significantly lower in children with TB compared to controls, with the lowest levels being found in TB patients who were PPD skin test negative. No statistically significant differences were found between serum granulysin levels and clinical severity (mild/moderate or advanced pulmonary TB) or the clinical form (pulmonary or extra-pulmonary) of TB. At four months after completion of therapy, serum granulysin levels in children treated for TB were not significantly different to those observed in control children. This finding was paralleled by the increased in vitro mycobactericidal activity of sera from TB patients after completion of therapy. We propose that serum granulysin levels may provide a marker of disease activity in childhood TB and might be useful for monitoring improvement after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Buccheri
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Amelia Romano
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Università di Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Università di Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucina Titone
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Università di Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 091 6555916; fax: +39 091 6555901. E-mail address: (F. Dieli)
| | - Alan M. Krensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
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1537
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Lu H, Goodell V, Disis ML. Targeting serum antibody for cancer diagnosis: a focus on colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:235-44. [PMID: 17227237 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the immune system to magnify the appearance of disease by generating relatively large amounts of antibody in response to small amounts of disease makes it a natural biosensor, and serum antibodies have emerged as promising biomarkers for the detection of cancer. This review summarizes recent progress in targeting serum antibodies for cancer diagnosis, with a particular focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). Several serum antibodies have been detected at increased levels in CRC patients, including p53, carcinoembryonic antigen, Ras, topoisomerase II-alpha, histone deacetylase 3 and 5, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L3, tropomyosin and cyclin B1. As each antibody is only present in a limited proportion of patients (usually < 40%), a combination of serum antibodies that defines the 'immunological signature' of cancer needs to be developed. High-throughput methods to identify new serum antibodies for cancer diagnosis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lu
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, 815 Mercer Street, Room 219, Seattle, WA, USA.
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1538
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Taylor RC, Patel A, Panageas KS, Busam KJ, Brady MS. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:869-75. [PMID: 17327608 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered a manifestation of the host immune response to tumor, but the influence of TILs on outcome remains controversial. Studies evaluating the prognostic significance of TILs were published before routine examination of draining lymph nodes by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, the most important predictor of survival in patients with melanoma. The prognostic implications of TILs were re-evaluated in a large group of patients undergoing SLN biopsy at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients who underwent SLN mapping for primary cutaneous melanoma between January 1996 and July 2005 were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors that predict SLN positivity and survival. Factors analyzed included Breslow thickness, ulceration, anatomic site, sex, Clark level, age, mitotic rate, and the presence (brisk or nonbrisk) or absence of TIL. RESULTS Eight hundred eighty-seven patients underwent SLN mapping, and a SLN was identified in 875 patients (98.8%). The SLN was positive for tumor in 156 patients (17.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that only Breslow thickness (P < .0001), ulceration (P = .0004), male sex (P = .03), and absent TILs (P = .0003) were independently predictive of the presence of SLN metastases. In melanomas with a brisk TIL infiltrate, the probability of a positive SLN was 3.9% as compared with 26.2% for melanomas in which TILs were absent. TILs were not an independent predictive factor for survival. CONCLUSION The absence of TILs, together with increasing Breslow thickness, presence of ulceration and male sex, predicts SLN metastasis in patients undergoing SLN biopsy for primary cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Taylor
- Departments of Surgery, Biostatistics, and Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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1539
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Huang LP, Lyu SC, Clayberger C, Krensky AM. Granulysin-mediated tumor rejection in transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:77-84. [PMID: 17182542 PMCID: PMC2664664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytolytic molecule expressed by human CTL and NK cells with activity against a variety of tumors and microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the molecular mechanism of GNLY-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells is well defined in vitro, no direct evidence for its in vivo effects has been demonstrated. Because there is no murine homologue of GNLY, we generated mice expressing GNLY using a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human GNLY gene and its 5' and 3' flanking regions. GNLY is expressed in leukocytes from transgenic mice with similar kinetics as in PBMC from humans: GNLY is constitutively expressed in NK cells and, following stimulation through the TCR, appears in T lymphocytes 8-10 days after activation. Both forms of GNLY (9 and 15 kDa) are produced by activated T cells, whereas the 15-kDa form predominates in freshly isolated NK cells from transgenic animals. GNLY mRNA is highest in spleen, with detectable expression in thymus and lungs, and minimal expression in heart, kidney, liver, muscle, intestine, and brain. Allospecific cell lines generated from GNLY transgenic animals showed enhanced killing of target cells. In vivo effects of GNLY were evaluated using the syngeneic T lymphoma tumor C6VL. GNLY transgenic mice survived significantly longer than nontransgenic littermates in response to a lethal tumor challenge. These findings demonstrate for the first time an in vivo effect of GNLY and suggest that GNLY may prove a useful therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Exocytosis
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan M. Krensky
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Alan M. Krensky, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Science Research 2105, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5164. E-mail address:
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1540
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Garcia S, Dalès JP, Jacquemier J, Charafe-Jauffret E, Birnbaum D, Andrac-Meyer L, Lavaut MN, Allasia C, Carpentier-Meunier S, Bonnier P, Charpin-Taranger C. c-Met overexpression in inflammatory breast carcinomas: automated quantification on tissue microarrays. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:329-35. [PMID: 17242702 PMCID: PMC2359990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is a rare but aggressive tumour associated with poor outcome owing to early metastases. Increased expression of c-Met protein correlates with reduced survival and high metastatic risk in human cancers including breast carcinomas and is targetable by specific drugs, that could potentially improve the prognosis. In the present study, we compared c-Met expression in IBC (n=41) and non-IBC (n=480) immunohistochemically (Ventana Benchmark autostainer) in two tissue microarrays (TMA) along with PI3K and E-cadherin. The results were quantified through an automated image analysis device (SAMBA Technologies). We observed that (i) c-Met was significantly overexpressed in IBC as compared with non-IBC (P<0.001), (ii) PI3K was overexpressed (P<0.001) in IBC, suggesting that the overexpressed c-Met is functionally active at least through the PI3K signal transduction pathway; and (iii) E-cadherin was paradoxically also overexpressed in IBC. We concluded that overexpressed c-Met in IBC constitutes a potential target for specific therapy for the management of patients with poor-outcome tumours such as IBC. Automated image analysis of TMA proved to be a valuable tool for high-throughput immunohistochemical quantification of the expression of intratumorous protein markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France
| | - J-P Dalès
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France
| | - J Jacquemier
- Department of Biopathology, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - D Birnbaum
- UMR 599 INSERM, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - L Andrac-Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France
| | - M-N Lavaut
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France
| | - C Allasia
- Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - P Bonnier
- Department of Gynecology and Breast Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Conception, Centre Hospitalier Privé Beauregard, Marseille, France
| | - C Charpin-Taranger
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France
- E-mail:
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1541
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Ngan CY, Yamamoto H, Seshimo I, Tsujino T, Man-i M, Ikeda JI, Konishi K, Takemasa I, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Matsuura N, Monden M. Quantitative evaluation of vimentin expression in tumour stroma of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:986-92. [PMID: 17325702 PMCID: PMC2360104 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, among genes differentially expressed in tumours with more invasive features, suggesting an association between vimentin and tumour progression. The aim of this study, was to investigate whether vimentin expression in colon cancer tissue is of clinical relevance. We performed immunostaining in 142 colorectal cancer (CRC) samples and quantified the amount of vimentin expression using computer-assisted image analysis. Vimentin expression in the tumour stroma of CRC was associated with shorter survival. Overall survival in the high vimentin expression group was 71.2% compared with 90.4% in the low-expression group (P=0.002), whereas disease-free survival for the high-expression group was 62.7% compared with 86.7% for the low-expression group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the prognostic power of vimentin for disease recurrence was maintained in both stage II and III CRC. Multivariate analysis suggested that vimentin was a better prognostic indicator for disease recurrence (risk ratio=3.5) than the widely used lymph node status (risk ratio=2.2). Vimentin expression in the tumour stroma may reflect a higher malignant potential of the tumour and may be a useful predictive marker for disease recurrence in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ngan
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; E-mail:
| | - I Seshimo
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Tsujino
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Man-i
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J-I Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Konishi
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - I Takemasa
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Sekimoto
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N Matsuura
- Department of Pathology, School of Allied Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Monden
- Department of Surgery, Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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1542
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Petrausch U, Haley D, Miller W, Floyd K, Urba WJ, Walker E. Polychromatic flow cytometry: a rapid method for the reduction and analysis of complex multiparameter data. Cytometry A 2007; 69:1162-73. [PMID: 17089357 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in flow cytometry have resulted in the development of reliable techniques for performing polychromatic (5-17 color) flow cytometry analysis. However, the data reduction and analysis involved in the resolution of hundreds of possible cellular subphenotypes identified, using a single polychromatic flow cytometry staining panel, presents a major obstacle to the successful application of this technology. METHODS To generate two distinct collections of T cell populations with differentially expressed surface markers, cryopreserved lymph node cells from 5 melanoma patients vaccinated with the modified gp100(209-2M) melanoma peptide were stimulated with cognate peptide and cultured in either IL-21 + low-dose IL-2 or IL-15 + low-dose IL-2. In vitro stimulated (IVS) cells were interrogated using 8-color flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using Winlist Hyperlog and FCOM software, and 32 T cell subsets were resolved for each culture condition. Hierarchical clustering analysis was applied to the relative percentages of each subphenotype for both IVS conditions to determine if unique cell surface marker expression signatures were produced for each IVS culture. RESULTS Sequential data analysis using Hyperlog and FCOM demonstrated that lymphocytes cultured in IL-21 + IL-2 had a distinctively different set of subphenotype signatures compared to cells grown in IL-15 + IL-2 for all 5 patients. Importantly, subsequent cluster analysis of all 32 subphenotype frequencies in each IVS test condition for all 5 patients reproducibly demonstrated that cellular subphenotypes produced after IL-21 + IL-2 IVS partitioned separately from subphenotypes produced by IL-15 + IL-2 IVS. CONCLUSIONS The integrated sequential use of Hyperlog and FCOM software with cluster analysis algorithms for the reduction and analysis of polychromatic flow cytometry data produces an effective, rapid technique for the assessment of complex patterns of subphenotype expression between and within multiple test samples. This approach to data analysis may enhance the use of polychromatic flow cytometry for both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Petrausch
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center and Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97213, USA
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1543
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Li B, VanRoey MJ, Jooss K. Recombinant IL-7 enhances the potency of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:155-65. [PMID: 17320482 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 is known for its role in lymphopoiesis and T-cell homeostasis. In addition, its capacity to augment the immune response to weak or low affinity antigens makes it an ideal candidate to evaluate in combination with a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy, which has been shown to elicit broad humoral and cellular immune responses. The studies reported here show that IL-7, when combined with a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy, significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The enhanced anti-tumor protection correlated with an increased number of activated dendritic cells (DC) and T cells in lymphoid tissues, such as the draining lymph nodes (DLN) and spleen. Moreover, an increased number of activated effector T cells were found in the tumor microenvironment, correlating with a more potent systemic tumor-specific T-cell response than each monotherapy alone. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that IL-7 augments the anti-tumor response of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Li
- Cell Genesys Inc., 500 Forbes Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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1544
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Bui JD, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunosurveillance, immunoediting and inflammation: independent or interdependent processes? Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:203-8. [PMID: 17292599 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When immune cells and developing tumor cells localize to a common microenvironment, an assemblage of interactions takes place; this results in either tumor destruction by way of immunosurveillance or tumor outgrowth. These events put a functional imprint onto the emerging tumor repertoire because tumor cells arising in the presence of a fully functional immune system are less immunogenic than those that develop in the absence of immunity (i.e. in RAG2(-/-) and perforin(-/-) mice). However, other studies suggest that the immune system can also actively promote formation of certain tumors. These apparent disparate effects of immunity on tumorigenesis provide a unique model for study of the decision-making process that dictates immune function within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0612, La Jolla, CA 92093-0612, USA
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1545
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Baker K, Zlobec I, Tornillo L, Terracciano L, Jass JR, Lugli A. Differential significance of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in sporadic mismatch repair deficient versus proficient colorectal cancers: A potential role for dysregulation of the transforming growth factor-β pathway. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:624-31. [PMID: 17223543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic importance of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of TILs as prognostic indicators and to investigate the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in TIL infiltration. Immunohistochemical staining for components in the TGF-beta pathway was performed on a tissue microarray of 1420 unselected CRCs with complete clinico-pathological data. Statistical analyses were carried out on samples stratified by mismatch repair (MMR) proficiency status and TIL counts. TIL infiltration was found to correlate with multiple clinico-pathological features but was a prognostic marker only in MMR proficient CRCs. In all CRCs, findings indicative of insensitivity to TGF-beta and increased TGF-beta secretion were independent predictors of high TIL counts, suggesting that perturbations in the TGF-beta signalling pathway play an important role in the recruitment and retention of TILs within CRC epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Baker
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Lyman Duff Medical Building, 3755 University Street, Room B22, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 2B4, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
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1546
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Koch M, Beckhove P, Op den Winkel J, Autenrieth D, Wagner P, Nummer D, Specht S, Antolovic D, Galindo L, Schmitz-Winnenthal FH, Schirrmacher V, Büchler MW, Weitz J. Tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes in colorectal cancer: Tumor-selective activation and cytotoxic activity in situ. Ann Surg 2007; 244:986-92; discussion 992-3. [PMID: 17122624 PMCID: PMC1856622 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000247058.43243.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether tumor-selective infiltration, activation, and cytotoxic activity of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) can be demonstrated in situ in colorectal cancer samples. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Recent studies indicated a correlation between the presence of TIL and an improved prognosis in colorectal cancer. However, tumor-selective activation and cytotoxic activity of CD8 TIL in situ in colorectal cancer patients have not yet been examined. METHODS Tumor samples from 49 patients and corresponding normal mucosa samples from 23 patients with colorectal cancer (UICC stages II-IV) were examined for TIL. Two-color fluorescence immunohistochemistry and multicolor flowcytometric (FACS) analysis were used for quantification of CD8 T cells and measurement of their activation status (CD69-expression) and cytotoxic activity (CD107a-expression) in situ. Presence of tumor antigen-reactive T cells in tumor, blood, and bone marrow was evaluated by IFN-gamma Elispot analysis. RESULTS While absolute numbers of CD8 T cells were similar, CD4 T helper cells were significantly increased in tumor tissue compared with normal mucosa. There was a significantly higher proportion of activated and cytotoxically active CD8 TIL in colorectal cancer compared with normal mucosa. Increased activation, cytotoxic activity, and functional reactivity of TIL were correlated with the presence of functional tumor antigen-reactive T cells in the blood and bone marrow. The proportion of activated TIL decreased significantly with higher tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-selective activation and cytotoxic activity of CD8 TIL and tumor-selective migration of CD4 T helper cells were demonstrated in colorectal cancer for the first time. Our data support the immunogenicity of colorectal cancer and suggest clinical significance of tumor-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Koch
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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1547
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Cesana GC, Romano F, Piacentini G, Scotti M, Brenna A, Bovo G, Vaghi M, Aletti G, Caprotti R, Kaufman H, Uggeri F. Low-dose interleukin-2 administered pre-operatively to patients with gastric cancer activates peripheral and peritumoral lymphocytes but does not affect prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:1295-304. [PMID: 17225981 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that cancer is immunogenic under certain situations. IL-2 is described to stimulate an effective antitumor immune response in vitro and in vivo. The ability of cancer patients to undergo surgical resection is still the most important prognostic factor for many solid tumors, including gastric adenocarcinoma. The host immune system may be further compromised by surgical procedures leading to a generalized state of immunodepression in the post-operative period. The aim of this randomized case-control study is to evaluate the effects of pre-operative low-dose IL-2 treatment on patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who undergo surgery. METHODS Sixty-eight patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study and randomized in two groups: 36 patients were pre-treated with IL-2 and 32 underwent surgery without any treatment. Total peripheral WBC, neutrophils, CD3(+) T, CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T and NK cells were obtained before and after surgery, at different times. Peritumoral infiltration was analyzed on all surgical specimens. Overall survival and relapse-free survival were studied with a median follow-up of 51 months. RESULTS Low-dose IL-2 treatment resulted in an increase peritumoral lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrations and in a minor decrease in CD3(+) T and CD4(+) T cells after surgery (P < 0.05). A stepwise multivariate analysis revealed that overall survival and relapse-free survival were affected only by stage of tumor and age of patients. CONCLUSIONS According to our data low-doses of IL-2 administered pre-operatively to patients with gastric cancer activate peripheral and peri-tumoral lymphocytes but did not affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Carlo Cesana
- Department of General Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, S. Gerardo Hospital, via Donizzetti 106, Monza, 20052 Milan, Italy.
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1548
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Abstract
The transcription factors (TFs) that controls the intricate machinery of multistep differentiation and activation programs of the lymphoid system, represent a complex array of proteins, whose identification and function has only in part been completed. TFs are usually expressed during specific differentiation or activation cellular programs, making them interesting tools in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. In fact, the specificity of some of these TFs for lineage or activation/differentiation passages or their abnormal expression in specific disease entity, represents a feature that has been exploited in diagnostic/prognostic immunohistochemistry. Bcl-6 was the prototype of this class of markers. Currently, the expanding knowledge of the TFs involved in the differentiation programs and in the activation processes of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in normal and neoplastic conditions and the availability of antibodies able to efficiently recognize these TFs in histologic material, represent a powerful tool in diagnostic hematopathology. In this review we will consider the basic biologic aspects and the applications in hematopathology of some of the lymphocyte-related TFs, including Pax5/BSAB, MUM1/IRF4, BOB1, Oct-2, T-bet, and FOXP3. This field is rapidly evolving, as witnessed by the ongoing growing number of novel TFs with possible diagnostic applications appearing in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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1549
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Clarke SL, Betts GJ, Plant A, Wright KL, El-Shanawany TM, Harrop R, Torkington J, Rees BI, Williams GT, Gallimore AM, Godkin AJ. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells suppress anti-tumor immune responses in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2006; 1:e129. [PMID: 17205133 PMCID: PMC1762416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wealth of evidence obtained using mouse models indicates that CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain peripheral tolerance to self-antigens and also inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. To date there is limited information about CD4+ T cell responses in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We set out to measure T cell responses to a tumor-associated antigen and examine whether Treg impinge on those anti-tumor immune responses in CRC patients. Methodology and Principal Findings Treg were identified and characterized as CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ using flow cytometry. An increased frequency of Treg was demonstrated in both peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with either healthy controls or patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Depletion of Treg from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CRC patients unmasked CD4+ T cell responses, as observed by IFNγ release, to the tumor associated antigen 5T4, whereas no effect was observed in a healthy age-matched control group. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, these data demonstrate that Treg capable of inhibiting tumor associated antigen-specific immune responses are enriched in patients with CRC. These results support a rationale for manipulating Treg to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Clarke
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Gareth J. Betts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Plant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Wright
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq M. El-Shanawany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jared Torkington
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian I. Rees
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Godkin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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1550
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Chouaib S, El Hage F, Benlalam H, Mami-Chouaib F. [Immunotherapy of cancer: promise and reality]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:755-9. [PMID: 16962052 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20062289755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that the immune system regulates cancer development is now well established. An overwhelming amount of data from animal models, together with compelling data from human patients, indicate that the immune system is instrumental in scanning and irradicating tumors. Analysis of individuals with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies or patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy has documented a highly elevated incidence of virally induced malignancies and cancers compared with immunocompetent individuals [1-3]. During the last decade, thanks to the breakthoughts in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for immune activation, the tumor antigen identification, the dendritic cell biology, the immunogenecity of tumors, the immune escape mechanisms, the host-tumor relationship, we are facing a new area of tumor immunotherapy. The basic advances were translated in therapeutical applications and have changed the view of immunotherapy from "a dream scenario" to a clinical fourth modality to cancer treatments. Multiple cancer trials using active immunization with vaccines or adoptive immunotherapy have been conducted with only very limited success. There are still a number of issues that still need to be resolved including a better understanding of immune escape mechanisms. Cancer vaccines continue to be evaluated and may lead to the emergence of clinically useful new treatments. A comprehensive approach to define the intricate molecular program initiated by tumor cells to resist to escape and the immune system of the host may help in breaking down the barriers to a more adapted cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Chouaib
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines, Inserm U753, IFR-54, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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