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Rushing AW, Rushing B, Hoang K, Sanders SV, Péloponèse JM, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor protects cells from oxidative stress by upregulating expression of Heme Oxygenase I. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007922. [PMID: 31251786 PMCID: PMC6623464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) is a lymphoproliferative disease of CD4+ T-cells infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-1). With the exception of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, there are no effective treatments to cure ATL, and ATL cells often acquire resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulating evidence shows that development and maintenance of ATL requires key contributions from the viral protein, HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ). In this study we found that HBZ activates expression of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), a component of the oxidative stress response that functions to detoxify free heme. Transcription of HMOX1 and other antioxidant genes is regulated by the small Mafs. These cellular basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factors control transcription by forming homo- or heterodimers among themselves or with other cellular bZIP factors that then bind Maf responsive elements (MAREs) in promoters or enhancers of antioxidant genes. Our data support a model in which HBZ activates HMOX1 transcription by forming heterodimers with the small Mafs that bind MAREs located in an upstream enhancer region. Consistent with this model, we found that HMOX-1 is upregulated in HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines and confers these cells with resistance to heme-induced cytotoxicity. In this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may contribute to resistance of ATL cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents. We also provide evidence that HBZ counteracts oxidative stress caused by two other HTLV-1-encoded proteins, Tax and p13. Tax induces oxidative stress as a byproduct of driving mitotic expansion of infected cells, and p13 is believed to induce oxidative stress to eliminate infected cells that have become transformed. Therefore, in this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may facilitate transformation. Overall, this study characterizes a novel function of HBZ that may support the development and maintenance of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W. Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
| | - Blake Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie V. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
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Kannagi M, Hasegawa A, Nagano Y, Iino T, Okamura J, Suehiro Y. Maintenance of long remission in adult T-cell leukemia by Tax-targeted vaccine: A hope for disease-preventive therapy. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:849-857. [PMID: 30666755 PMCID: PMC6398881 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disease caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Multi-agent chemotherapy can reduce ATL cells but frequently allows relapses within a short period of time. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) following chemotherapy is now a standard therapy for ATL in Japan as it can achieve long-term remission in approximately one-third of recipient ATL patients; however, it also has a risk of treatment-related mortality. Allo-HSCT often induces HTLV-1 Tax-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) as well as graft-versus-host (GVH) response in ATL patients. This observation led to development of a new therapeutic vaccine to activate Tax-specific CTL, anticipating anti-ATL effects without GVH response. The newly developed Tax-DC vaccine consists of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with Tax peptides corresponding to CTL epitopes that have been identified in post-allo-HSCT ATL patients. In a pilot study of Tax-DC therapy in three ATL patients after various initial therapies, two patients survived for more than 4 years after vaccination without severe adverse effects (UMIN000011423). The Tax-DC vaccine is currently under phase I trial, showing a promising clinical outcome so far. These findings indicate the importance of patients' own HTLV-1-specific T-cell responses in maintaining remission and provide a new approach to anti-ATL immunotherapy targeting Tax. Although Tax-targeted vaccination is ineffective against Tax-negative ATL cells, it can be a safe alternative maintenance therapy for Tax-positive ATL and may be further applicable for treatment of indolent ATL or even prophylaxis of ATL development among HTLV-1-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagano
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Iino
- Center for Advanced Medicine Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Okamura
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Youko Suehiro
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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Toriyama E, Imaizumi Y, Taniguchi H, Taguchi J, Nakashima J, Itonaga H, Sato S, Ando K, Sawayama Y, Hata T, Fukushima T, Miyazaki Y. EPOCH regimen as salvage therapy for adult T-cell leukemia–lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2018; 108:167-175. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mohammed TO, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Nakayama W, Takahashi Y, Shimomura T, Fujimoto T, Watanabe Y, Niki T, Suzushima H, Hattori T. Galectin-9 as a Predictive Marker for the Onset of Immune-Related Adverse Effects Associated with Anti-CCR4 MoAb Therapy in Patients with Adult T Cell Leukemia. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 241:201-208. [PMID: 28321034 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.241.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL/ATLL) is one of the most malignant lymphomas with poor prognosis. ATL/ATLL cells express CC chemokine receptor 4, and mogamulizumab (anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody) exhibits strong cytotoxicity for ATL/ATLL cells. We analyzed plasma samples of 6 patients with ATL/ATLL treated with chemotherapy followed by mogamulizumab therapy (mogatherapy) for changes in the levels of biomarkers in relation to immune-related adverse effects. As treatment is often associated with skin eruptions, we investigated the profiles of inflammatory cytokines, including galectin-9 (Gal-9), which becomes increased in various infectious diseases and allergic patients. Gal-9, soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10 levels were increased before chemotherapy, and Gal-9 levels were associated with the sIL-2 receptor, which reflects tumor burden. Inflammatory levels decreased after chemotherapy. After mogatherapy, 5 of 6 patients attained complete remission (CR), whereas 1 patient showed no response (NR) and died. Among 5 patients with CR, the biomarkers remained low during mogatherapy, except for a 3-5-fold increment in Gal-9 (associated with skin eruptions). A skin biopsy showed infiltration by inflammatory cells and Gal-9 synthesis in areas with CD8 cell infiltration. In the patient with NR, increased levels of Gal-9 and the aforementioned biomarkers were noted 3 days after mogatherapy, followed by opportunistic infections resembling immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Therefore, an increased Gal-9 plasma level in ATL/ATLL indicates tumor burden and reflects immune activation by mogatherapy. These findings may indicate that an increase in the Gal-9 level, a novel immune checkpoint molecule, can reflect immune-related adverse effects of various biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareg Omer Mohammed
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
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Margiotta AL, Bain LJ, Rice CD. Expression of the Major Vault Protein (MVP) and Cellular Vault Particles in Fish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1981-1992. [PMID: 28710803 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular vaults are ubiquitous 13 mega Da multi-subunit ribonuceloprotein particles that may have a role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Seventy percent of the vault's mass consists of a ≈100 kDa protein, the major vault protein (MVP). In humans, a drug resistance-associated protein, originally identified as lung resistance protein in metastatic lung cancer, was ultimately shown to be the previously described MVP. In this study, a partial MVP sequence was cloned from channel catfish. Recombinant MVP (rMVP) was used to generate a monoclonal antibody that recognizes full length protein in distantly related fish species, as well as mice. MVP is expressed in fish spleen, liver, anterior kidney, renal kidney, and gills, with a consistent expression in epithelial cells, macrophages, or endothelium at the interface of the tissue and environment or vasculature. We show that vaults are distributed throughout cells of fish lymphoid cells, with nuclear and plasma membrane aggregations in some cells. Protein expression studies were extended to liver neoplastic lesions in Atlantic killifish collected in situ at the Atlantic Wood USA-EPA superfund site on the southern branch of the Elizabeth River, VA. MVP is highly expressed in these lesions, with intense staining at the nuclear membrane, similar to what is known about MVP expression in human liver neoplasia. Additionally, MVP mRNA expression was quantified in channel catfish ovarian cell line following treatment with different classes of pharmacological agents. Notably, mRNA expression is induced by ethidium bromide, which damages DNA. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1981-1992, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Margiotta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
| | - Charles D Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
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Chen Y, Scully M, Petralia G, Kakkar A. Binding and inhibition of drug transport proteins by heparin: a potential drug transporter modulator capable of reducing multidrug resistance in human cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 15:135-45. [PMID: 24253450 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem in cancer treatment is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, multidrug resistance (MDR), associated with increased activity of transmembrane drug transporter proteins which impair cytotoxic treatment by rapidly removing the drugs from the targeted cells. Previously, it has been shown that heparin treatment of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy increases survival. In order to determine whether heparin is capable reducing MDR and increasing the potency of chemotherapeutic drugs, the cytoxicity of a number of agents toward four cancer cell lines (a human enriched breast cancer stem cell line, two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and a human lung cancer cell line A549) was tested in the presence or absence of heparin. Results demonstrated that heparin increased the cytotoxicity of a range of chemotherapeutic agents. This effect was associated with the ability of heparin to bind to several of the drug transport proteins of the ABC and non ABC transporter systems. Among the ABC system, heparin treatment caused significant inhibition of the ATPase activity of ABCG2 and ABCC1, and of the efflux function observed as enhanced intracellular accumulation of specific substrates. Doxorubicin cytoxicity, which was enhanced by heparin treatment of MCF-7 cells, was found to be under the control of one of the major non-ABC transporter proteins, lung resistance protein (LRP). LRP was also shown to be a heparin-binding protein. These findings indicate that heparin has a potential role in the clinic as a drug transporter modulator to reduce multidrug resistance in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gloria Petralia
- Thrombosis Research Institute; London, UK; University College London Hospitals NHS Trust; London, UK
| | - Ajay Kakkar
- Thrombosis Research Institute; London, UK; University College London; London, UK
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7
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El Azreq MA, Naci D, Aoudjit F. Collagen/β1 integrin signaling up-regulates the ABCC1/MRP-1 transporter in an ERK/MAPK-dependent manner. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3473-84. [PMID: 22787275 PMCID: PMC3431945 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen/β1 integrin/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling up-regulates the expression and function of ABCC1 transporter. This suggests that its activation could represent an important pathway in cancer chemoresistance. The mechanisms by which β1 integrins regulate chemoresistance of cancer cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we report that collagen/β1 integrin signaling inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of Jurkat and HSB2 leukemic T-cells by up-regulating the expression and function of the ATP-binding cassette C 1 (ABCC1) transporter, also known as multidrug resistance–associated protein 1. We find that collagen but not fibronectin reduces intracellular doxorubicin content and up-regulates the expression levels of ABCC1. Inhibition and knockdown studies show that up-regulation of ABCC1 is necessary for collagen-mediated reduction of intracellular doxorubicin content and collagen-mediated inhibition of doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. We also demonstrate that activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is involved in collagen-induced reduction of intracellular doxorubicin accumulation, collagen-induced up-regulation of ABCC1 expression levels, and collagen-mediated cell survival. Finally, collagen-mediated up-regulation of ABCC1 expression and function also requires actin polymerization. Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that collagen/β1 integrin/ERK signaling up-regulates the expression and function of ABCC1 and suggest that its activation could represent an important pathway in cancer chemoresistance. Thus simultaneous targeting of collagen/β1 integrin and ABCC1 may be more efficient in preventing drug resistance than targeting each pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed-Amine El Azreq
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie/Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Apatinib (YN968D1) enhances the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutical drugs in side population cells and ABCB1-overexpressing leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:586-97. [PMID: 22212563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) overexpression and enrichment of stem-like cells are linked to poor prognosis in tumor patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of apatinib, an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) on enhancing the efficacy of conventional anticancer drugs in side population (SP) cells and ABCB1-overexpressing leukemia cells in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. Our results showed that apatinib significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in SP cells sorted from K562 cells. Furthermore, apatinib also strongly reversed multidrug resistance (MDR) in K562/ADR cells, and the primary leukemia blasts overexpressing ABCB1 while showed no synergistic interactions with chemotherapeutic agents in MRP1-, MRP4-, MRP7- and LRP-overexpressing cells. Apatinib treatment markedly increased the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and rhodamine 123 in K562/ADR cells and the accumulation of rhodamine 123 in the primary leukemia blasts with ABCB1 overexpression. Apatinib stimulated the ATPase activity of P-gp in a dose-dependent manner but did not alter the expression of ABCB1 at both mRNA and protein levels. The phosphorylation level of AKT and ERK1/2 remained unchanged after apatinib treatment in both sensitive and MDR cells. Importantly, apatinib significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of doxorubicin in nude mice bearing K562/ADR xenografts. Taken together, our results suggest that apatinib could target to SP cells and ABCB1-overexpressing leukemia cells to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. These findings should be useful for the combination of apatinib and chemotherapeutic agents in the clinic.
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Phillips AA, Shapira I, Willim RD, Sanmugarajah J, Solomon WB, Horwitz SM, Savage DG, Bhagat G, Soff G, Zain JM, Alobeid B, Seshan VE, O'Connor OA. A critical analysis of prognostic factors in North American patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer 2010; 116:3438-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cortez MAA, Scrideli CA, Yunes JA, Valera ET, Toledo SRC, Pavoni-Ferreira PCB, Lee MLM, Petrilli AS, Brandalise SR, Tone LG. mRNA expression profile of multidrug resistance genes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Low expression levels associated with a higher risk of toxic death. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:996-1004. [PMID: 19672972 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes has been associated with treatment failure in acute leukemias, although with controversial reports. The objective of the present study was to assess the expression profile of the genes related to MDR: ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCG2, and LRP/MVP in terms of the clinical and biological variable and the survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE The levels of mRNA expression of the drug resistance genes ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC3, ABCG2, and LRP/MVP were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR using the median values as cut-off points, in consecutive samples from 140 children with ALL at diagnosis. RESULTS Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene in the patient group as a whole (P = 0.05) and of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes in patients classified as being at high risk were associated with higher rates of 5-year event-free survival (EFS) (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01). Expression levels of the ABCG2 gene below the median were associated with a greater chance of death related to treatment toxicity for the patient group as a whole (P = 0.009) and expression levels below the median of the ABCG2 and ABCC1 genes were associated with a greater chance of death due to treatment toxicity for the high-risk group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION The present data suggest a low participation of the drug efflux genes in treatment failure in patients with childhood ALL. However, the low expression of some of these genes may be associated with a higher death risk related to treatment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A A Cortez
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Taylor JM, Nicot C. HTLV-1 and apoptosis: role in cellular transformation and recent advances in therapeutic approaches. Apoptosis 2008; 13:733-47. [PMID: 18421579 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A universal cellular defense mechanism against viral invasion is the elimination of infected cells through apoptotic cell death. To counteract host defenses many viruses have evolved complex apoptosis evasion strategies. The oncogenic human retrovirus HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the neurodegenerative disease known as HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The poor prognosis in HTLV-1-induced ATLL is linked to the resistance of neoplastic T cells against conventional therapies and the immuno-compromised state of patients. Nevertheless, several studies have shown that the apoptotic pathway is largely intact and can be reactivated in ATLL tumor cells to induce specific killing. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms employed by HTLV-1 to counteract cellular death pathways remains an important challenge for future therapies and the treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3025 Wahl Hall West, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Moon YJ, Zhang S, Morris ME. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for BCRP, MDR1, and MRP1 mRNA levels in lymphocytes and monocytes. Acta Haematol 2007; 118:169-75. [PMID: 17911978 DOI: 10.1159/000109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The expression levels of mRNAs for MDR1 (P-glycoprotein), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1), and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein; mitoxantrone resistance protein) were quantitatively determined in lymphocytes and monocytes. Monocytes and lymphocytes were obtained from 3 healthy male and 2 healthy female volunteers. BCRP, MDR1, and MRP1 mRNA levels were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In lymphocytes, relative concentrations of mRNAs for target proteins (BCRP, MDR1, and MRP1) were 1.00 +/- 0.478, 9.67 +/- 5.53, and 0.116 +/- 0.0613 respectively, and in monocytes 1.00 +/- 0.854, 0.821 +/- 0.263, and 0.090 +/- 0.052, respectively. The MDR1 mRNA level was cell type dependent, whereas there was no difference in BCRP and MRP1 expression levels between lymphocytes and monocytes. Comparison of mRNA levels for the three major multidrug-resistant efflux pumps reveals that MDR1 is the predominant form in lymphocytes and BCRP is the predominant form in monocytes.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adult
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Organ Specificity/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-1200, USA
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Styczynski J, Wysocki M, Debski R, Czyzewski K, Kolodziej B, Rafinska B, Kubicka M, Koltan S, Koltan A, Pogorzala M, Kurylak A, Olszewska-Slonina D, Balwierz W, Juraszewska E, Wieczorek M, Olejnik I, Krawczuk-Rybak M, Kuzmicz M, Kowalczyk J, Stefaniak J, Badowska W, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Szczepanski T, Matysiak M, Malinowska I, Stanczak E, Wachowiak J, Konatkowska B, Gil L, Balcerska A, Maciejka-Kapuscinska L. Predictive value of multidrug resistance proteins and cellular drug resistance in childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:875-93. [PMID: 17671794 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cellular resistance in childhood acute leukemias might be related to profile and function of multidrug resistance proteins and apoptosis regulating proteins. The aims of the study were: (1) analysis of expression of MRP1, PGP1, LRP, BCL-2 and p53 proteins; (2) correlation with ex vivo drug resistance, and (3) analysis of their prognostic impact on clinical outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myeloid (AML) leukemia. METHODS Total number of 787 children diagnosed for initial ALL (n = 527), relapsed ALL (n = 104), initial AML (n = 133) and relapsed AML (n = 23) were included into the study. Mean follow-up period was 3.5 years. Drug resistance for up to 30 anticancer agents was performed by the MTT assay. Expression of all proteins was tested by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both initial AML and relapsed ALL samples showed higher drug resistance than initial ALL samples. No significant differences were found in drug resistance between initial and relapsed AML samples. The presence of multidrug resistance and apoptosis proteins had no impact on pDFS in iALL and iAML, however strong trend towards adverse prognostic impact of MRP1, PGP and LRP on pDFS in rALL was observed. The same trend was observed for each of analyzed co-expressions of tested multidrug resistance proteins. CONCLUSIONS The phenomenon of cellular drug resistance in childhood acute leukemias is multifactorial and plays an important role in response to therapy. Expression of MRP1, PGP and LRP proteins, as well as their co-expression play possible role in childhood relapsed ALL.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Styczynski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Curie-Sklodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Yang JJ, Ann DK, Kannan R, Lee VHL. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells: its effect on drug efflux and its regulation by adenoviral infection. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1490-500. [PMID: 17404811 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the expression, localization, function, and regulation of multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) in rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells (RCEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS MRP1 gene expression in RCEC was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and MRP1 protein expression and its localization were determined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence using an anti-MRP1 monoclonal antibody, MRPr1. The effect of MRP1 on the transport and uptake of fluorescein was evaluated in RCEC grown on Transwell filters. Moreover, the effect of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-infected RCEC, and cytokines (Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)) on MRP1 expression and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) uptake were investigated. RESULTS A 652 bp RT-PCR product from rabbit conjunctiva showed a 87% homology to human MRP1. Immunostaining with MRPr1 revealed a predominant basolateral localization of MRP1 in RCEC. Uptake of fluorescein, a MRP1 substrate, was increased (203-290%) in the presence of uricosuric drug probenecid at 100 microM, anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin at 10 microM and diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and ofloxacin at 1 mM, and by ATP depletion, but not influenced by the depletion of GSH, and the presence of antiviral cidofovir and anti-inflammatory drug cromolyn and prednisolone. Apical-to-basolateral facilitated transport of LTC4 was abolished in the presence of probenecid. Western blot analysis with MRPr1 revealed a distinct band at approximately 190 kDa for freshly isolated and cultured RCEC. Both Ad5 and cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) up-regulated MRP1 expression, thereby reducing LTC4 uptake. CONCLUSIONS MRP1 appears to be primarily localized in the basolateral membrane of RCEC and function in the efflux of certain organic anions and inflammatory factors out of cells from the basolateral membrane. The upregulation in the expression of MRP1 by Ad5-infection and cytokines suggests a role of MRP1 in the transport of inflammatory factors during ocular inflammation. Supported by NIH grants EY12578, EY10421, and EY12356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
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15
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Yasunami T, Wang YH, Tsuji K, Takanashi M, Yamada Y, Motoji T. Multidrug resistance protein expression of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Leuk Res 2007; 31:465-70. [PMID: 17134750 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), it is difficult to achieve remission and the reason for the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents may be linked to the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins. Lung resistance-related protein (LRP), multidrug resistance-associated protein and P-glycoprotein are three MDR proteins which we examined in ATL cells using multiparametric flow cytometry and real-time RT-PCR. LRP was highly expressed and suppressing LRP function increased doxorubicin accumulation in nuclei. This indicates LRP may be contributing to drug resistance in ATL patients, and the suppression of LRP function could be a new strategy for ATL treatment.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yasunami
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Kato K, Kanda Y, Eto T, Muta T, Gondo H, Taniguchi S, Shibuya T, Utsunomiya A, Kawase T, Kato S, Morishima Y, Kodera Y, Harada M. Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation from Unrelated Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-I–negative Donors for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: Retrospective Analysis of Data from the Japan Marrow Donor Program. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:90-9. [PMID: 17222757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from an HLA-matched related donor has been suggested to improve the poor prognosis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). However, the infusion of HTLV-I-infected cells from HTLV-I-positive related donors could lead to the development of donor-derived ATLL under immunosuppressive conditions. Although most ATLL patients lack a suitable HLA-matched related donor and require an HTLV-I-negative unrelated donor, little information is currently available regarding the outcome of unrelated bone marrow transplantation (UBMT) for ATLL. To evaluate the role of UBMT in treating ATLL, we retrospectively analyzed data from 33 patients with ATLL treated by UBMT through the Japan Marrow Donor Program (JMDP). Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival, and cumulative incidence of disease progression and progression-free mortality at 1 year after UBMT were 49.5%, 49.2%, 18.6%, and 32.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified recipient age as an independent prognostic factor for OS (P = .044). Patients age >or=50 years who showed nonremission at transplantation tended to have higher rates of treatment-related mortality. Our observations suggest that UBMT could represent a feasible treatment option for ATLL patients and warrant further investigation based on these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kato
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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17
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Hooijberg JH, de Vries NA, Kaspers GJL, Pieters R, Jansen G, Peters GJ. Multidrug resistance proteins and folate supplementation: therapeutic implications for antifolates and other classes of drugs in cancer treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 58:1-12. [PMID: 16362298 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, numerous reports have covered the crucial role of multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters in the efficacy of various chemotherapeutic drugs. Specific cell membrane-associated transporters mediate drug resistance by effluxing a wide spectrum of toxic agents. Although several excellent reviews have addressed general aspects of drug resistance, this current review aims to highlight implications for the efficacy of folate-based and other types of chemotherapeutic drugs. Folates are vitamins that are daily required for many biosynthetic processes. Folate supplementation in our diet may convey protective effects against several diseases, including cancers, but folate supplementation also makes up an essential part of several current cancer chemotherapeutic regimens. Traditionally, the folate leucovorin, for instance, is used to reduce antifolate toxicity in leukemia or to enhance the effect of the fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil in some solid tumors. More recently, it has also been noted that folic acid has the ability to increase antitumor activity of several structurally unrelated regimens, such as alimta/pemetrexed and cisplatin. Moreover, studies from our laboratory demonstrated that folates could modulate the expression and activity of at least two members of the MDR transporters: MRP1/ABCC1, and the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP/ABCG2. Thus, folate supplementation may have differential effects on chemotherapy: (1) reduction of toxicity, (2) increase of antitumor activity, and (3) induction of MRP1 and BCRP associated cellular drug resistance. In this review the role of MDR proteins is discussed in further detail for each of these three items from the perspective to optimally exploit folate supplementation for enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy of both antifolate-based chemotherapy and other classes of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hooijberg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Vasquez EM, Petrenko Y, Jacobssen V, Sifontis NM, Testa G, Sankary H, Benedetti E. An assessment of P-glycoprotein expression and activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of transplant candidates. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:175-7. [PMID: 15808585 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is involved in the transport of the xenobiotic immunosuppressive agents and many cytokines, such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Hence, P-gp activity on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) could affect the pharmacologic response to xenobiotic immunosuppressants and immune responsiveness. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of P-gp expression and activity on PBLs of kidney transplant candidates; and (2) determine whether P-gp expression correlates with P-gp activity. METHODS We measured P-gp expression and activity on CD3(+)/CD8(+), CD3(+)/CD4(+), B lymphocytes, and NK cells of 36 kidney transplant candidates using a flow cytometric assay. P-gp activity was determined for each subpopulation of cells by the ratio of the mean Rhodamine 123 fluorescence (MFI Rh123) in the presence of verapamil divided by the MFI Rh123 in the absence of verapamil. P-gp expression was noted as the percentage of P-gp(+) cells. RESULTS NK cells exhibited the greatest amount of P-gp activity (MFI Rh123 = 20.2 +/- 16.4) compared with other cell populations (P < .05). P-gp efflux activity was also significantly elevated in CD3(+)/CD8(+) cells (13.9 +/- 10.5) compared with B lymphocytes (4.9 +/- 2.7; P < .05) and CD4/CD3(+) cells (2.4 +/- 1.0; P < .05). P-gp expression was significantly higher in B lymphocytes (11.7 +/- 9.5) and NK cells (10.2 +/- 7.3) when compared with CD3(+)/CD8(+) cells (7.3 +/- 6.9) and CD3(+)/CD4(+) cells (6.4 +/- 3.8). P-gp expression was highly variable and did not correlate with P-gp activity (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS CD3(+)/CD8(+) cells and NK cells, exhibited significantly increased P-gp activity compared with the other cell populations. P-gp expression is not a good correlate of P-gp activity. These findings may have important implications for the use of immunosuppressive drugs posttransplant and immune responsiveness after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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19
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Ohsawa M, Ikura Y, Fukushima H, Shirai N, Sugama Y, Suekane T, Hirayama M, Hino M, Ueda M. Immunohistochemical expression of multidrug resistance proteins as a predictor of poor response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncology 2005; 68:422-31. [PMID: 16020972 DOI: 10.1159/000086984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to determine whether expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug-resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1), and lung resistance protein (LRP) was related to the response to induction chemotherapy and prognosis in untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS We assessed immunohistochemical expression of P-gp, MRP1 and LRP, using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of lymph node in 41 patients with DLBCL. Association between expression of these three proteins and their impact on clinical outcome and prognosis was statistically evaluated. RESULTS P-gp was positive in 37% of subjects, MRP1 in 63%, and LRP in 68%. The complete remission rates achieved in the group expressing these multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins was significantly lower than in the group not expressing them (20 versus 58%; p = 0.025 in P-gp, 23 versus 80%; p < 0.001 in MRP1 and 32 versus 69%, p = 0.043 in LRP, respectively). Furthermore, the patients expressing LRP had a shorter overall survival rate than those that did not (median of 26 months versus median not reached; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the three MDR proteins are important predictive factors for the clinical outcome and prognosis in patients with DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
- Treatment Outcome
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ohsawa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Isomoto H, Kanazawa Y, Nishi Y, Wen CY, Inoue K, Kohno S. Expression of CXC receptor 1 and 2 in esophageal mucosa of patients with reflux esophagitis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1793-7. [PMID: 15793866 PMCID: PMC4305876 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i12.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Interleukin 8 (IL-8) mediates neutrophil trafficking via its receptors. Recent studies have shown that IL-8 is likely involved in the development and progression of erosive reflux esophagitis (RE), yet little is known about the two distinct receptors, CXC receptor (CXCR)-1 and -2. The purpose of this study was to determine CXCR-1 and -2 messenger RNA expression levels in RE.
METHODS: We studied 26 patients with RE and 15 asymptomatic controls. Paired biopsy samples were taken from the esophagus 3 cm above the gastroesophageal junction; one biopsy was snap frozen for measurement of CXCR-1 and -2 mRNA levels by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and another was formalin-fixed for histopathological evaluation. We also examined the association of the expression levels of CXCR-1 and -2 mRNA with histopathological hallmarks of RE.
RESULTS: The relative CXCR-1 and -2 mRNA expression levels were rather decreased in esophageal mucosa of patients with RE, compared to those in normal esophagus of controls. There were no significant difference in the relative mRNA expression levels of CXCR-1 and -2 among endoscopic grades of RE based on the Los Angeles classification. Each histopathological hallmark of GERD was not associated with the expression levels of CXCR-1 and -2 mRNA.
CONCLUSION: Apart from overexpression of IL-8, the relative expression levels of CXCR-1 and -2 mRNA were rather lower than expected in the affected esophageal mucosa of patients with RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Isomoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
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21
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Stewart PL, Makabi M, Lang J, Dickey-Sims C, Robertson AJ, Coffman JA, Suprenant KA. Sea urchin vault structure, composition, and differential localization during development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2005; 5:3. [PMID: 15710043 PMCID: PMC550661 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaults are intriguing ribonucleoprotein assemblies with an unknown function that are conserved among higher eukaryotes. The Pacific coast sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is an invertebrate model organism that is evolutionarily closer to humans than Drosophila and C. elegans, neither of which possesses vaults. Here we compare the structures of sea urchin and mammalian vaults and analyze the subcellular distribution of vaults during sea urchin embryogenesis. Results The sequence of the sea urchin major vault protein (MVP) was assembled from expressed sequence tags and genome traces, and the predicted protein was found to have 64% identity and 81% similarity to rat MVP. Sea urchin MVP includes seven ~50 residue repeats in the N-terminal half of the protein and a predicted coiled coil domain in the C-terminus, as does rat MVP. A cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction of isolated sea urchin vaults reveals the assembly to have a barrel-shaped external structure that is nearly identical to the rat vault structure. Analysis of the molecular composition of the sea urchin vault indicates that it contains components that may be homologs of the mammalian vault RNA component (vRNA) and protein components (VPARP and TEP1). The sea urchin vault appears to have additional protein components in the molecular weight range of 14–55 kDa that might correspond to molecular contents. Confocal experiments indicate a dramatic relocalization of MVP from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during sea urchin embryogenesis. Conclusions These results are suggestive of a role for the vault in delivering macromolecules to the nucleus during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Miriam Makabi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Lang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | | | | | | | - Kathy A Suprenant
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
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Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia or lymphoma is an aggressive malignant disease of mature activated T cells caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I. Patients with this disease have a very poor outlook because of intrinsic chemoresistance and severe immunosuppression. In acute adult T-cell leukaemia, clinical trials in Japan show that although non-targeted combinations of chemotherapy improve response, they do not have a significant effect on complete remission and survival. Antiretroviral therapy with combination zidovudine and interferon alfa, which induces a high rate of complete remission and lengthens survival, should be the first treatment option in acute adult T-cell leukaemia. Patients with adult T-cell lymphoma might benefit from initial aggressive chemotherapy followed by antiretroviral therapy. To prevent relapse in all patients allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation when feasible, or additional targeted therapy, should be mandatory. Based on current pathophysiology, we discuss promising new drugs such as arsenic trioxide, proteasome inhibitors, retinoids, and angiogenesis inhibitors, as well as cellular immunotherapy.
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23
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Nasr R, El-Sabban ME, Karam JA, Dbaibo G, Kfoury Y, Arnulf B, Lepelletier Y, Bex F, de Thé H, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A. Efficacy and mechanism of action of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in T-cell lymphomas and HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Oncogene 2004; 24:419-30. [PMID: 15543232 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-I associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-negative peripheral T-cell lymphomas are associated with poor prognosis. Using pharmacological concentrations of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341, we demonstrate inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in fresh ATL cells, HTLV-I transformed and HTLV-I-negative malignant T cells, while normal resting or activated T lymphocytes were resistant. Combination of PS-341 and doxorubicin or etoposide resulted in an additive growth inhibition. In HTLV-I-negative malignant cells, PS-341 treatment significantly downregulated the antiapoptotic protein X-IAP and to a lesser extent c-IAP-1 and bcl-X(L) and resulted in caspase-dependent apoptosis. In HTLV-I transformed cells, the inhibition of the proteasomal degradation of Tax by PS-341 likely explains the relative protection of HTLV-I infected cells against caspase-dependent apoptosis. PS-341 treatment of these cells stabilized IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, IkappaBvarepsilon, p21, p27 and p53 proteins and selectively inhibited Rel-A DNA binding NF-kappaB complexes. In both HTLV-I-positive and -negative cells, PS-341 treatment induced ceramide accumulation that correlated with apoptosis. We conclude that PS-341 affects multiple pathways critical for the survival of HTLV-I-positive and -negative malignant T cells supporting a potential therapeutic role for PS-341 in both ATL and HTLV-I-negative T-cell lymphomas, whether alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Nasr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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24
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Arima N, Arimura K, Tokito Y, Sakaki Y, Matsushita K, Orihara K, Akimoto M, Ozaki A, Kukita T, Hagiwara T, Hamada H, Tei C. HTLV-I Tax protein inhibits apoptosis induction but not G1 arrest by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, an anti-oxidant, in adult T cell leukemia cells. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:195-201. [PMID: 15102481 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2003] [Revised: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the anti-tumor effect of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) on HTLV-1-infected T clones and the mechanism of HTLV-1 Tax protein inhibition of PDTC-induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tax-nonproducing clones S1T and Su9T01, Tax-producing clones K3T and F6T, and Tax cDNA stably transfected S1TcTax clones S1TcTax04 and S1TcTax05 were examined for PDTC inhibition of thymidine incorporation and apoptosis induction by ISEL method. In addition, S1TcTax clones were analyzed by DNA histography and DNA fragmentation and also examined for p53, p21, or Bax protein expression by Western blot. RESULTS PDTC inhibited thymidine incorporation of all four HTLV-1-infected T cells in a similar dose-dependent manner, but K3T and F6T were more resistant than S1T and Su9T01 in apoptosis induction. S1TcTax clones also showed resistance to PDTC-induced apoptosis as compared to Tax-nonproducing S1T and S1Tneo. DNA histography demonstrated that PDTC induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in S1T and S1Tneo, and that S1TcTax clones are also sensitive to PDTC in G1 arrest but resistant in apoptosis induction. DNA fragmentation also demonstrated ladder formation only in S1Tneo but not in S1TcTax04. Western blots demonstrated higher expression of p53 and p21 proteins in S1Tneo than in S1TcTax04 during whole phase after PDTC stimulation with moderate enhancement in S1Tneo but small in S1TcTax04. Bax protein expression was detected only at early phase in S1Tneo but was not detected in S1TcTax04. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PDTC-induced apoptosis is related with Bax, and that G1 arrest is possibly related with p21. Tax might inhibit apoptosis induction mainly via inhibition of Bax expression preceded at least in part by p53 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Arima
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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25
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Ohara H, Isomoto H, Wen CY, Ejima C, Murata M, Miyazaki M, Takeshima F, Mizuta Y, Murata I, Koji T, Nagura H, Kohno S. Expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 on vessel endothelium of gastric mucosa in patients with nodular gastritis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2701-5. [PMID: 14669317 PMCID: PMC4612036 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i12.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The interaction of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) with integrin α4β7 mediates lymphocyte recruitment into mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Nodular gastritis is characterized by a unique military pattern on endoscopy representing increased numbers of lymphoid follicles with germinal center, strongly associated with H pylori infection. The purpose of this study was to address the implication of the MAdCAM-1/integrin β7 pathway in NG.
METHODS: We studied 17 patients with NG and H pylori infection and 19 H pylori-positive and 14 H pylori-negative controls. A biopsy sample was taken from the antrum and snap-frozen for immunohistochemical analysis of MAdCAM-1 and integrin β7. In simultaneous viewing of serial sections, the percentage of MAdCAM-1-positive to von Willebrand factor-positive vessels was calculated. We also performed immunostaining with anti-CD20, CD4, CD8 and CD68 antibodies to determine the lymphocyte subsets co-expressing integrin β7.
RESULTS: Vascular endothelial MAdCAM-1 expression was more enhanced in gastric mucosa with than without H pylori infection. Of note, the percentages of MAdCAM-1-positive vessels were significantly higher in the lamina propria of NG patients than in H pylori-positive controls. Strong expression of MAdCAM-1 was identified adjacent to lymphoid follicles and dense lymphoid aggregates. Integrin β7-expressing mononuclear cells, mainly composed of CD20 and CD4 lymphocytes, were associated with vessels lined with MAdCAM-1-expressing endothelium.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the MAdCAM-1/ integrin α4β7 homing system may participate in gastric inflammation in response to H pylori-infection and contributes to MALT formation, typically leading to the development of NG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohara
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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26
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Abstract
More than 2 decades have elapsed since the proposal of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Since then, the discovery of the etiologic virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), and the establishment of the diagnostic steps of serum test and molecular study have clearly defined ATL as a distinct disease entity. Because conventional chemotherapy, which is active against other lymphoid malignancies, was proven to be ineffective for treating aggressive forms of ATL, ATL has become the target of several clinical studies for the purpose of improving therapeutic outcomes. Combination chemotherapy exclusively designed for ATL has considerably elevated the treatment response rate in ATL patients, but it has not sufficiently extended the median survival time. The introduction of antiviral agents has led to surprising effects for patients with acute ATL. Monoclonal antibodies seem to be promising, especially for patients with chemotherapy-resistant disease. Unfortunately, these approaches did not prove to be sufficient for most patients with ATL to obtain long-term survival. Recent promising reports on allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) for ATL have suggested that allo-SCT could overcome the limitations that other treatment modalities have not surmounted. More efforts are clearly needed to clarify the usefulness of allo-SCT, especially with reduced-intensity conditioning regimens, for ATL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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Donnenberg VS, Burckart GJ, Donnenberg AD. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function in T cells: implications for organ transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1049(03)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
More than 25 years have passed since adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATLL) was identified as a distinct clinical entity clustered in the southwestern part of Japan. During these years, its causative agent, Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I), was found, and remarkable clinical variance of this disease was recognized afterward. Because of the regional occurrence of this disease in the world, young medical scientists whose community is not endemic for this disease may have little understanding of it and may think that it a T-lymphoblastic leukaemia-lymphoma of adult-onset. In Nagasaki prefecture in Japan, where HTLV-I carriers account for 3-5% of the population, the incidence of ATLL is almost the same as the incidence of B-cell lymphomas, and hence ATLL is a matter of major concern. In contrast to the vast accumulation of knowledge about the oncogenic role of HTLV-I and molecular biology of ATLL cells, improvement in the prognosis of patients has not been satisfactorily achieved except for some recent progression. Here, we review the current status of therapy for ATLL in Japan and discuss how best to manage this difficult disease at this point and what next step should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yamada
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
The primate T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses belong to an oncogenic genus of complex retroviruses. Members of this genus have been shown to be pathogenic in man. The human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV) type I has been linked in the etiology of T-cell malignancies and "autoimmune-like" neurologic and rheumatic disorders; a related virus, HTLV-II, is becoming increasingly associated with similar disorders. Cell transformation is thought to be caused predominantly by the effects of the viral regulatory protein, Tax. An additional induced host cell molecule, adult T-cell lymphoma-derived factor, may contribute to cell immortalization. Like the DNA tumor viruses, HTLV activates transcription of cellular proto-oncogenes and inhibits cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. However, individuals who are able to mount a strong cell-mediated immune response and limit viral entry into uninfected cells do not develop associated malignancies. Unfortunately, HTLV-induced malignancies are difficult to treat with conventional chemotherapy, and disease progression is often rapid with a median survival of less than 2 years. There are, however, some novel approaches that have yet to be fully tested that may have greater efficacy in the treatment of HTLV-induced diseases. In the future, better screening and detection methods, along with new vaccines and therapies, may contribute to the increased prevention and control of HTLV infection and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, SUNY Syracuse, New York 13120, USA.
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Suprenant KA. Vault ribonucleoprotein particles: sarcophagi, gondolas, or safety deposit boxes? Biochemistry 2002; 41:14447-54. [PMID: 12463742 DOI: 10.1021/bi026747e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy A Suprenant
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. Fexofenadine transport in Caco-2 cells: inhibition with verapamil and ritonavir. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42:1269-74. [PMID: 12412827 DOI: 10.1177/009127002762491370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated fexofenadine (FXD) transport and the inhibition of FXD transport in Caco-2 cell monolayer transwells, using rhodamine 123 (RH123) transport as a positive control. FXD transport from the basolateral (B) to apical (A) compartment was fivefold higher than A to B transport. FXD transport was linear with respect to time (up to 270 min) and concentration (up to 300 microm). Similar results were seen with the positive control RH123. Ritonavir (100 PM) and verapamil (100 microm) reduced transport of FXD and RH123 by more than 80%, whereas transport was not inhibited by 100 m indomethacin or 2 mM probenecid. This suggests predominantly P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated transport as opposed to transport by multidrug resistance protein. In concentration-response experiments, FXD transport was inhibited by verapamil and ritonavir with IC50 values of 6.5 microm and 5.4 microm, respectively. Results from this in vitro study demonstrate differential transport of FXD across Caco-2 cell monolayers and inhibition of FXD transport by established P-gp inhibitors. Thefindings support the use of FXD as an index or probe compound to reflect P-gp activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Perloff
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Takeda Y, Wada T, Nishitani Y, Matsumoto M, Hojo K, Maekawa R, Yoshioka T. Preclinical combination chemotherapy of nedaplatin with gemcitabine against gemcitabine-refractory human lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2002; 182:61-8. [PMID: 12175524 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor efficacy of the combination of nedaplatin (NDP) with gemcitabine (GEM) was evaluated against Ma44/GEM, a GEM-refractory subline of Ma44 human lung cancer, which was established by serial in vitro passage of Ma44 cells in the presence of GEM.Ma44/GEM showed less sensitivity to GEM and cytosine arabinoside with resistance factors of 7.7 and 8.3, respectively, but not to Taxol, Irinotecan, Mitomycin C and NDP. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that membrane transporter molecules such as multidrug-resistant, multidrug-resistant related protein or lung resistant protein were not induced in Ma44/GEM cells. In vivo experiments confirmed the less sensitivity of Ma44/GEM to GEM. The resistant factor of Ma44/GEM to GEM in vivo was estimated to be 6.7 in terms of ED(50).MA44/GEM-implanted athymic mice were treated with GEM i.v. once followed by i.v. injection of NDP at an interval of approximately 30 min. The mice were treated again with GEM after 3 or 4 days. The combined dosing of NDP with GEM resulted in synergistically enhanced inhibition of tumor growth against Ma44/GEM. The antitumor efficacy of the combination of NDP and GEM was superior to the best effect of either monotherapy. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the combination of NDP with GEM against the GEM-refractory human lung cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Takeda
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, 12-4 Sagisu, 5-Chome, Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553-0002, Japan
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Leusch A, Volz A, Müller G, Wagner A, Sauer A, Greischel A, Roth W. Altered drug disposition of the platelet activating factor antagonist apafant in mdr1a knockout mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 16:119-28. [PMID: 12128165 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine a potential impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the tissue distribution and disposition of apafant (WEB 2086, CAS 105219-56-5), a selective platelet-activating factor antagonist, and on digoxin in mdr1a(-/-) and wildtype mice. Transport experiments in Caco-2 monolayers at low concentrations (<10 microM) showed that the secretory flux of [(14)C]apafant and [(3)H]digoxin exceeded the absorptive flux nine times. This efflux was concentration dependent and subject to inhibition by the P-gp substrates verapamil and cyclosporin A. This indicates that active drug transporter P-gp was involved in apafant and digoxin absorption. Mdr1a(-/-) mice showed a more than 70-fold higher concentration of digoxin-related radioactivity (P<0.001) in the brain than wildtype mice after intravenous doses of 0.05 mg/kg [(3)H]digoxin. Differences were less pronounced in other tissues. Both liquid scintillation counting and whole body autoradiography yielded comparable results and they also matched recently published data. Apafant-related radioactivity was about ten-fold higher in the brain of mdr1a(-/-) mice compared to wildtype mice following intravenous doses of 2 mg/kg radiolabelled apafant. Only slight or negligible differences were observed in other tissues. In wildtype mice, intestinal excretion of [(14)C]apafant (54.9%) exceeded biliary excretion (26.5%). However, in mdr1a(-/-) mice biliary excretion (50.7%) exceeded intestinal excretion (6.8%). These differences were mirrored in the urinary and faecal excretion. Pharmacokinetic parameters of apafant and radioactivity did not differ between wildtype and mdr1a(-/-) mice. The conclusions were: (1) apafant and digoxin are P-gp substrates, and (2) absence of mdr1a encoded P-gp significantly alters tissue distribution (especially in brain) and excretion routes (biliary and intestinal) of apafant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leusch
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
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Sakaki Y, Terashi K, Yamaguchi A, Kawamata N, Tokito Y, Mori H, Umehara M, Yoshiyama T, Ohtsubo H, Arimura K, Arima N, Tei C. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax activates lung resistance-related protein expression in leukemic clones established from an adult T-cell leukemia patient. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:340-5. [PMID: 11937269 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the significance of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax protein-induced resistance to anticancer drugs and the relationship between Tax and multidrug resistance proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS S1T cell, a leukemic non-Tax-producing T-cell clone established from an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patient, S1TcTax05 and S1TcTax10 clones, transfected with Tax stably expressing cDNA, and S1Tneo, transfected with a neomycin-resistant gene, were examined for Tax-related anticancer drug resistance. Resistance of those cells to the anticancer drugs doxorubicin, etoposide, cisplatin, and vindesine was tested with the MTT method. Expression of multidrug resistance protein mRNAs (MDR1, MRP1, cMOAT/MRP2, and LRP) was analyzed with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Doxorubicin subcellular distribution in those cells was examined by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS S1TcTax05 and S1TcTax10 showed resistance to doxorubicin, etoposide, and vindesine, but not to cisplatin as compared with S1T or S1Tneo. RT-PCR demonstrated that MRP1 mRNA was expressed, but MDR1, cMOAT, and LRP mRNAs were not in S1T or S1Tneo. Marked expression of LRP mRNA was detected, but no change of MDR1, MRP1, or cMOAT mRNA expression in Tax-expressing S1TcTax05 and S1TcTax10. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that doxorubicin was distributed mainly in the cytoplasm of S1TcTax05 and S1TcTax10, and in the nucleus of S1T and S1Tneo. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Tax-related drug resistance of ATL cells is due to LRP and not MDR1, as reported previously. These findings in cells derived from an ATL patient suggest a novel mechanism for drug resistance in Tax-expressing ATL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimune Sakaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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Sauerbrey A, Voigt A, Wittig S, Häfer R, Zintl F. Messenger RNA analysis of the multidrug resistance related protein (MRP1) and the lung resistance protein (LRP) in de novo and relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:875-9. [PMID: 12153178 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290017024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 86 children (58 initial ALL and 28 children with relapsed disease) were investigated for lung resistance protein (LRP) and multidrug resistance related protein (MRPI)-mRNA expression by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The majority of investigated cases demonstrated variable LRP and MRP1 mRNA expression, when normalized for beta-microglobulin expression. LRP and MRPI mRNA expression may be coordinately regulated, as expression of both transcripts was found to be significantly correlated (p = 0.0001). No differences of LRP and MRP expression were observed between initial and relapsed stage patients (LRP: p = 0.89 and for MRP: p = 0.09). The prognostic value of both resistance mechanisms was subjected to Kaplan-Meier analysis for event-free survival. For this analysis the patients were divided into groups with high or low LRP or MRPI mRNA expression by utilizing the median value as the cut-off point. Overexpression of both resistance mechanisms had no prognostic significance in our retrospective study (log-rank test for LRP: p = 0.12 and for MRPI: p = 0.95), however, patients who showed high LRP expression exhibited a lower tendency of remaining in continuous first remission.
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Kappelmayer J, Karászi E, Telek B, Jakab K. "Pros and cons" on how to measure multidrug resistance in leukemias. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:711-7. [PMID: 12153155 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290016791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most significant challenges in the treatment of various types of malignancies, however most of the experimental and clinical data in multidrug resistance (MDR) has been obtained in leukemias. MDR is the term that describes innate or acquired resistance of tumor cells to a wide range of anticancer drugs. As its presence determines treatment outcome in several forms of leukemias, it is imperative that clinical laboratories provide the most useful data on its expression. Here, a brief review is provided on the pathomechanism and diagnostics of MDR. From the diagnostic point of view it is fortunate that MDR proteins display similar effluxing activity towards many dissimilar agents some of which can be used in fluorescent assays. These tests mimic the real clinical problem i.e. the extrusion activity of MDR proteins towards xenobiotics. Thus, we believe that functional assays when carried out in a standardized way and particularly combined with labeling for various surface markers can be recommended as a front-line test in MDR measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Kappelmayer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ohnita K, Isomoto H, Mizuta Y, Maeda T, Haraguchi M, Miyazaki M, Murase K, Murata I, Tomonaga M, Kohno S. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric involvement by adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer 2002; 94:1507-16. [PMID: 11920508 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal involvement is seen frequently in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The authors previously showed a relatively low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in individuals with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection, including patients with ATLL; however, the correlation between H. pylori infection and ATLL gastric involvement has not been investigated. METHODS The authors studied 71 patients with ATLL. Gastric involvement was confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy. H. pylori infection was detected by serology, rapid urease test, and immunohistochemistry on biopsy samples. The expression of adhesion molecules on ATLL cells or their ligands on the vasculature in gastric mucosa was analyzed immunohistochemically. The expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. RESULTS Gastric involvement was detected in 21 patients (30%), including 8 patients with acute clinical subtype ATLL and 13 patients with lymphoma type ATLL. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 86% (18 of 21 patients) in the patients with gastric involvement but only 38% (19 of 50 patients) in the patients without such involvement (P < 0.001). The expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and its ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), was most frequent on ATLL cells infiltrating the stomach and was enhanced substantially on vascular endothelium in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Human mucosal lymphocyte antigen 1 also was expressed on infiltrating ATLL cells in the stomach. The expression of MAdCAM-1 mRNA assessed by RT-PCR also was seen selectively in H. pylori-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS ATLL cells infiltrate gastric tissues infected with H. pylori, probably through the interaction of adhesion molecules on these cells and their ligands on the vasculature, i.e., through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ohnita
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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Styczynski J, Wysocki M. In vitro drug resistance profiles of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: possible explanation for difference in outcome to similar therapeutic regimens. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:301-7. [PMID: 11999561 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290006071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Age has important prognostic impact in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Adults with ALL have a worse prognosis compared to children. This may be due to different, unfavorable biology, poor treatment tolerance, drug resistance, higher expression of drug resistance related proteins. The lymphoblasts from adult ALL show an increased in vitro resistance to cytotoxic drugs, including prednisolone, dexamethasone, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, L-asparaginase and methotrexate. Glucocorticoid resistance may be a fundamental difference between children, adolescents and adults with ALL, which may underlie different biological aspects and also explain the difference in prognosis. It seems that in vitro resistance to prednisolone with respect to the age might be a continuous variable in ALL patients, except infants. The greater the age, the higher the in vitro resistance to prednisolone. This may be due to induction of various defense mechanisms, such as an activation of P-glycoprotein, which develops throughout the life and protect the human against xenobiotics. Among a number of various drug resistance mechanisms, only several weak differences between adults and children with ALL have been reported including higher P-glycoprotein expression, lower methotrexate polyglutamate accumulation and possibly more often p53 gene mutations in adults. Intrinsic resistance, induction of drug resistance proteins expression during chemotherapy and co-existence of various mechanisms are common phenomena in adult ALL. It seems that age itself, more than drug resistance profile, reflects factors which have direct effect on chemotherapy response in adult ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Styczynski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Mahieux R, Pise-Masison C, Gessain A, Brady JN, Olivier R, Perret E, Misteli T, Nicot C. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1- and type 2-infected cells by a caspase-3-dependent mechanism involving Bcl-2 cleavage. Blood 2001; 98:3762-9. [PMID: 11739184 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.13.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of patients with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) using conventional chemotherapy has limited benefit because human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) cells are resistant to most apoptosis-inducing agents. The recent report that arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in HTLV-1-transformed cells prompted investigation of the mechanism of action of this drug in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 interleukin-2-independent T cells and in HTLV-1-immortalized cells or in ex vivo ATLL samples. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, fluorescence microscopy, and measures of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m) demonstrated that arsenic trioxide alone was sufficient to induce programmed cell death in all HTLV-1 and -2 cells tested and in ATLL patient samples. I kappa B-alpha phosphorylation strongly decreased, and NF-kappa B translocation to the nucleus was abrogated. Expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-X(L), whose promoter is NF-kappa B dependent, was down-regulated. The collapse of Delta Psi m and the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol resulted in the activation of caspase-3, as demonstrated by the cleavage of PARP. A specific caspase-3 inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) could reverse this phenotype. The antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 was then cleaved, converting it to a Bax-like death effector. These results demonstrated that arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in HTLV-1- and -2-infected cells through activation of the caspase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mahieux
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Donnenberg VS, Burckart GJ, Griffith BP, Jain AB, Zeevi A, Berg AD. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is upregulated in peripheral T-cell subsets from solid organ transplant recipients. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41:1271-9. [PMID: 11762554 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122012850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and corticosteroids are substrates for the transmembrane multidrug resistance pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Experience in oncologyhas suggested that chronic exposure to P-gp substrates induces upregulation of P-gp activity, which could result in resistance to immunosuppressive drugs. The authors investigated P-gp function in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood of solid organ transplant recipients (SOTX). Subjects included 14 stable SOTX (10 liver, 4 lung) and 16 healthy controls. Four-color flow cytometry was used to simultaneously measure intracellular concentration of the fluorescent P-gp substrate Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and surface expression of CD45RO (nominal memory/effector), CD45RA (naive), and either CD4 or CD8. P-glycoprotein function was measured by a dye efflux assay in which activity was inferred from a decrease in Rh123 fluorescence. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients and control subjects eliminated Rh123, and this activity was inhibited by verapamil, a known P-gp substrate. CD8+ T cells had greater P-gp activity than CD4+ cells, and naive and transitional T cells displayed greater activity than memory T cells. Activity was bimodal in CD8+ CD45RO+ T cells, with a subset of these cells expressing the greatest P-gp activity. Patient CD8+ naive and transitional T cells had upregulated P-gp activity compared to control subjects. We conclude that (1) P-gp activityis significantly upregulated in specific T-cell subsets (CD8+/CD45RA+) in the peripheral blood of SOTX, and (2) the bimodal nature of P-gp response in CD8+ T cells complicates analysis of the effect of chronic administration of P-gp substrates to SOTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Donnenberg
- Department of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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41
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Yamada Y, Tomonaga M, Fukuda H, Hanada S, Utsunomiya A, Tara M, Sano M, Ikeda S, Takatsuki K, Kozuru M, Araki K, Kawano F, Niimi M, Tobinai K, Hotta T, Shimoyama M. A new G-CSF-supported combination chemotherapy, LSG15, for adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9303. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:375-82. [PMID: 11380402 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This phase II trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a new granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-supported multi-agent chemotherapy protocol, LSG15, for aggressive adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATL). Ninety-six previously untreated patients with aggressive ATL were enrolled and grouped as: acute type (58), lymphoma type (28) and unfavourable chronic type (10). Therapy consisted of seven cycles of VCAP (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and prednisone), AMP (doxorubicin, ranimustine and prednisone) and VECP (vindesine, etoposide, carboplatin and prednisone). G-CSF was administered during the intervals between chemotherapy until neutrophil reconstitution was achieved. Eighty-one per cent of the 93 eligible patients responded [95% confidence interval (CI), 71.1-88.1%], with 33 patients obtaining complete response (35.5%) and 42 obtaining partial response (45.2%). The median survival time (MST) after registration was 13 months and the median follow-up duration of the 20 surviving patients was 4.2 years (range 2.8-5.6). Overall survival at 2 years was estimated to be 31.3% (95% CI, 22.0-40.5%). Grade 4 haematological toxicity of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 65.3% and 52.6% of the patients respectively, but grade 4 non-haematological toxicity was observed in only one patient. LSG15 is feasible with mild non-haematological toxicity and improved the clinical outcome of ATL patients. MST and overall survival at 2 years were superior to those obtained by our previous trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Siva AC, Raval-Fernandes S, Stephen AG, LaFemina MJ, Scheper RJ, Kickhoefer VA, Rome LH. Up-regulation of vaults may be necessary but not sufficient for multidrug resistance. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:195-202. [PMID: 11291045 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1168>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaults are ribonucleoprotein complexes comprised of the 100 kDa major vault protein (MVP), the 2 high m.w. vault proteins p193 (VPARP) and p240 (TEP1) and an untranslated small RNA (vRNA). Increased levels of MVP, vault-associated vRNA and vaults have been linked directly to non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). To further characterize the putative role of vaults in MDR, expression levels of all of the vault proteins were examined in various MDR cell lines. Subcellular fractionation of vault particles revealed that all 3 vault proteins are increased in MDR cells compared to the parental, drug-sensitive cells. Furthermore, protein analysis of subcellular fractions of the drug-sensitive, MVP-transfected AC16 cancer cell line indicated that vault levels are increased, in this stable line. Since TEP1 is shared by both vaults and the telomerase complex, TEP1 protein (and vault) levels were compared with telomerase activity in a variety of cell lines, including various MDR lines. Our studies demonstrate that while vault levels may be a good predictor of drug resistance, their up-regulation alone is not sufficient to confer the drug-resistant phenotype. This implies a requirement of an additional factor(s) for vault-mediated MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Siva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Eneroth A, Aström E, Hoogstraate J, Schrenk D, Conrad S, Kauffmann HM, Gjellan K. Evaluation of a vincristine resistant Caco-2 cell line for use in a calcein AM extrusion screening assay for P-glycoprotein interaction. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 12:205-14. [PMID: 11113639 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a fast fluorometric screening assay based on vincristine resistant Caco-2 cells (Caco-2VCR) in order to elucidate potential P-glycoprotein (Pgp) interactions of compounds, and to characterise Caco-2VCR cells with regard to their expression of the efflux transporters Pgp, MRP1 and MRP2. METHODS We applied the Caco-2VCR cells to a 96-well plate-based calcein AM extrusion assay. The Caco-2VCR cells were cultured as monolayers and incubated with calcein AM with/without addition of Pgp modulators. Fourteen known Pgp modulators were tested in the assay (chloropromazine, cyclosporin A, domperidone, digoxin, ivermectin, ketoconazole, loperamide, metoprolol, propranolol, progesterone, quinidine, quinine, verapamil and vincristine). For each compound an EC50 value was calculated. Protein and mRNA levels of the efflux transporters were analysed by Western blot and polymerase chain reaction techniques. RESULTS All compounds with the exception of digoxin displayed increased calcein levels. Protein and mRNA analysis showed increased levels of Pgp after vincristine exposure, while expression of the efflux transporters MRP1 and MRP2 remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The calcein AM extrusion assay applied to Caco-2VCR cells can be a valuable tool as a screening assay for new compounds and their potential interaction with P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eneroth
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca R&D, 15185, Södertälje, Sweden.
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Utsunomiya A, Miyazaki Y, Takatsuka Y, Hanada S, Uozumi K, Yashiki S, Tara M, Kawano F, Saburi Y, Kikuchi H, Hara M, Sao H, Morishima Y, Kodera Y, Sonoda S, Tomonaga M. Improved outcome of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27:15-20. [PMID: 11244433 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a poor prognosis T cell malignancy. In order to improve the outcome, we employed allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) for ATL in 10 patients, nine of whom were from HLA-identical siblings and one from an unrelated donor. Conditioning regimens varied among the patients except that all received total body irradiation. The patients tolerated the regimens well with mild, if any toxicity, and engraftment occurred in all cases. Median leukemia-free survival after allo-SCT was 17.5+ months (range 3.7-34.4+). Six of the 10 patients developed acute GVHD (one case each with grade I, III or IV, and three cases with grade II) and three patients developed extensive chronic GVHD. Four patients died after allo-SCT during the study period from either acute GVHD (grade IV), pneumonitis, gastrointestinal bleeding or renal insufficiency. Two of the 10 cases with no symptoms of GVHD relapsed with clinical ATL. These results strongly suggest that allo-SCT may improve the survival in ATL if a controlled degree of GVHD develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
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Scheffer GL, Schroeijers AB, Izquierdo MA, Wiemer EA, Scheper RJ. Lung resistance-related protein/major vault protein and vaults in multidrug-resistant cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2000; 12:550-6. [PMID: 11085454 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200011000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells that are insensitive to anticancer drugs frequently have a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. Proteins that can be involved in this phenomenon are transport-associated proteins such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug-resistance protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, and lung resistance-related protein (LRP). LRP was identified as the major vault protein (MVP), the main component of multimeric vault particles. With the recent identification of the two minor vault proteins as telomerase-associated protein (TEP1) and vault-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (VPARP), and with high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, the composition of vaults is almost unraveled. Although the first direct evidence for a causal relationship between LRP/MVP expression and drug resistance has been obtained, many functional aspects of vaults in normal physiology and in MDR still need to be clarified. The current clinical data on LRP/MVP detection indicate that LRP/MVP expression can be of high clinical value to predict the response to chemotherapy of several tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Scheffer
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ishitsuka K, Hanada S, Uozumi K, Utsunomiya A, Arima T. Arsenic trioxide and the growth of human T-cell leukemia virus type I infected T-cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37:649-55. [PMID: 11042529 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009058521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel therapeutic potential for acute promyelocytic leukemia using arsenic trioxide (As(2) O(3) ) has been reported. Recent in vitro studies demonstrated that As(2) O(3) effectively inhibits the growth of some cell lines derived from patients with malignant lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive neoplasm of mature T-cell origin caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) the prognosis of which still remains very poor. A possible role of As(2) O(3) for the treatment of ATL is demonstrated from evidence that As(2) O(3) significantly inhibits the growth of HTLV-I infected T-cell lines and induces apoptosis in fresh ATL cells at clinically achievable concentration of the agent. The growth inhibition of As(2) O(3) treated HTLV-I infected T-cell lines was induced by both apoptosis and G(1) phase accumulation. Cleaved bcl-2 protein and an enhanced expression of bak protein in the cells were coincidentally observed during As(2) O(3) treatment. A broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone inhibited the apoptosis induced by As(2) O(3). Increased expression of p53, Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27, and dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) were detected in the As(2) O(3) treated cells. In conclusion, As(2) O(3) might become a new therapeutic tool in the treatment of ATL as As(2) O(3) induces apoptosis by destruction of the bcl-2 protein and enhancement of the bak protein production proceeding to activate caspases, and also induces G(1) phase accumulation by enhancement of p53, Cip1/p21, Kip1/p27 and dephosphorylation of pRb to HTLV-I infected T-cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishitsuka
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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