Selenium Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From Development and Characterization to Therapeutics

Selenium nanoparticles as catalysts for nitric oxide generation

The critical role of nitric oxide (NO), a potent signalling molecule, in various physiological processes has driven the development of NO delivery strategies for numerous therapeutic applications. However, NO's short half-life poses a significant challenge for its effective delivery. Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme, can catalyse the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (endogenous NO prodrugs) to produce NO in situ. Inspired by this, we explored selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for their enzyme-mimicking NO-generating activity. Stabilised with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or chitosan (CTS), SeNPs demonstrated tuneable NO generation when exposed to varying concentrations of NO prodrug, nanoparticles, and glutathione (GSH). In the presence of GSH, a naturally occurring antioxidant in the human body, 0.1 µg mL-1 of SeNPs could catalytically generate 7.5 µM of NO under physiological conditions within 30 min. We investigated the effects of nanoparticle crystallinity and NO prodrug type on NO generation, as well as the stability and sustained NO generation of the catalytic nanoparticles. PVA-stabilised SeNPs were non-toxic to NIH 3T3 cells and effectively dispersed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms upon NO generation. This study broadens the repertoire of nanomaterials for NO generation and highlights SeNPs as a non-toxic alternative for therapeutic NO delivery.

Nanoparticles for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.

Nanocarriers for cutting-edge cancer immunotherapies

Cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the body's own immune system for effective and long-lasting elimination of malignant neoplastic tissues. Owing to the advance in understanding of cancer pathology and immunology, many novel strategies for enhancing immunological responses against various cancers have been successfully developed, and some have translated into excellent clinical outcomes. As one promising strategy for the next generation of immunotherapies, activating the multi-cellular network (MCN) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to deploy multiple mechanisms of action (MOAs) has attracted significant attention. To achieve this effectively and safely, delivering multiple or pleiotropic therapeutic cargoes to the targeted sites of cancerous tissues, cells, and intracellular organelles is critical, for which numerous nanocarriers have been developed and leveraged. In this review, we first introduce therapeutic payloads categorized according to their predicted functions in cancer immunotherapy and their physicochemical structures and forms. Then, various nanocarriers, along with their unique characteristics, properties, advantages, and limitations, are introduced with notable recent applications in cancer immunotherapy. Following discussions on targeting strategies, a summary of each nanocarrier matching with suitable therapeutic cargoes is provided with comprehensive background information for designing cancer immunotherapy regimens.

Nano-selenium alleviated immunoresponse, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Leydig cells of yak

Nano-selenium(SENP) plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and serves as an antioxidant in cell culture medium. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of SENP against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced toxicity in yak Leydig cells. In this research, in vitro cultured Leydig cells were exposed to LPS to simulate Gram-negative bacterial infection. Following LPS induction, the cell apoptosis rate reached 28 %, with significant increases in inflammation and oxidative stress markers including IL-6, IL-8, MDA, and ROS. Concurrently, testosterone concentration decreased by nearly 60 %. Subsequently, SENP was introduced into the culture medium. We then evaluated apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response, and testosterone concentration in Leydig cells. The results demonstrated that SENP effectively protected Leydig cells from LPS-induced damage.

Rod and spherical selenium nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties and effects on red blood cells and neutrophils

The influence of selenium (Se) nanoparticles in the form of rods (SeNrs) and spheres (SeSps), synthesized by laser ablation, on the structural and functional properties of human blood erythrocytes and neutrophils was studied for anticancer activity in vitro. SeNrs and SeSps do not have cytotoxicity towards neutrophils and do not cause hemolysis. The elastic modulus and resistance of erythrocytes to HOCl-induced hemolysis increased after binding of Se nanoparticles to the plasma membrane. The interaction of Se nanoparticles with neutrophils is accompanied by their actin-dependent macropinocytosis, triggering intracellular signaling processes leading to the assembly and activation of NADPH oxidase. Comparative analysis of the effects of SeNrs and SeSps on cells showed that they have similar effects. This may be due to the fact that SeNrs interact with the cell surface with their end faces, and, therefore, have the same initial contact with the plasma membrane as SeSps. However, SeSps and SeNrs showed chronic cytotoxicity after 48 h incubation, indicating the need to find ways to reduce their toxicity further. Further use of Se nanoparticles in anisotropic form in biomedical research for the development of therapeutic agents seems promising.

In vitro assessment of selenium bioavailability from selenized lactic acid bacteria using a static INFOGEST digestion model and intestinal permeability model

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Microbial selenium (Se) supplementation is an essential area of biotechnological research due to differences in the bioavailability and toxicity of different forms of selenium. To date, research has focused mainly on the use of selenized yeast. However, in recent years, scientific interest has also increased in other microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have several unique properties that can affect the quality and bioavailability of selenium. LAB, unlike yeast, can also act as probiotics, which may bring additional health benefits related to improving the intestinal microbiota and supporting the health of the gastrointestinal tract.

METHODS

This study investigates the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Se from two lactic acid bacterial strains, Streptococcus thermophilus CCDM 144 and Enterococcus faecium CCDM 922 A. We evaluated Se accumulation, speciation, and stability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and Se permeation through a Caco-2 cell monolayer model.

RESULTS

Both strains accumulated Se, metabolizing it predominantly into selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 64-77 % of total Se), with only a minor fraction (<5 % of total Se) of organic Se species. Experiments revealed that while organic Se species had high bioavailability (up to 90 %), their bioaccessibility during digestion was very low (<0.1 % of total Se). In contrast, SeNPs showed high bioaccessibility (∼90 %) and moderate transport efficiency through the intestinal model (16-19 % after 4 hours).

CONCLUSION

These results highlight the potential of SeNPs produced by lactic acid bacteria as a bioaccessible form of Se for dietary supplementation. Further research is required to explore the behavior of SeNPs within the human body to fully understand how they can be used safely and effectively in nutrition or other applications.

Selenium nanoparticles attenuate retinal pathological angiogenesis by disrupting cell cycle distribution

AIM

This study aims to explore the mechanism by which selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) inhibit retinal neovascularization (RNV) and to identify a more effective treatment for pathological RNV.

MATERIALS & METHODS

The characterization and identification of the synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were conducted to investigate their effects on the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), retinal blood vessel development in mice, and the impact on oxygen-induced retinopathy. Tritium-labeled thymine was utilized to label newly synthesized DNA both in vivo and in vitro, allowing for the observation of SeNPs' effects on cell proliferation. Additionally, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting techniques were employed to elucidate the mechanisms by which SeNPs inhibit retinal neovascularization.

RESULTS

SeNPs can significantly inhibit the functions of vascular endothelial cells, particularly their proliferation, both in vivo and in vitro. The SeNPs achieve this by modulating the expression of cell cycle-related proteins through the regulation of the PI3K-AKT-p21 axis, which in turn inhibits the transition of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S phase.

CONCLUSION

SeNPs may be a novel treatment for the interference of retinal neovascularization.

Elemental Profiling of Common Anti-diabetic Medicinal Plants of Swat and Peshawar Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province of Pakistan: An Investigation Using PIXE and ICP-OES

The use of medicinal plants is integral to addressing liver, heart, lung, and other metabolic issues. These plants are rich in vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which collectively help in lowering intestinal glucose absorption and increasing insulin secretion by pancreatic tissues. Elemental analysis, encompassing major, minor, and trace elements, was performed on various parts (leaves, roots, and seeds) of 16 anti-diabetic medicinal plants collected from different regions of Swat and Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. This analysis utilized proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) techniques. Our PIXE and ICP-OES analysis revealed the presence of major (Ca, K, S, P), minor (Si, Cl), and trace (Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr, and Sc) elements in various parts (leaves, roots, and seeds) of the 16 anti-diabetic medicinal plants studied. Specifically, elements such as Ca, K, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Se were detected, all of which are known to contribute in maintaining normal glucose metabolism. Notably, Zn and Se are crucial trace elements for the synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin. Significant Zn concentrations were observed in ten anti-diabetic medicinal plants: Albizia lebbeck (AL), Atropa acuminata (AA), Avena fatua (AF), Citrus medica (CM), Commiphora wightii (CW), Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Daucus carota (DC), Ziziphus mauritiana (FM), Hyoscyamus niger (HN), and Martynia annua (MA), and significant Se concentrations were observed in twelve medicinal plants, i.e., Albizia lebbeck (AL), Allium sativum (AS), Atropa acuminata (AA), Avena fatua (AF), Cannabis sativa (CS), Capparis spinosa (CaS), Commiphora wightii (CW), Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Datura alba (DA), Daucus carota (DC), Ziziphus mauritiana (FM), and Hyoscyamus niger (HN). Our study's elemental analysis using PIXE and ICP-OES on various parts of 16 medicinal plants identified a significant number of useful elements. Elements such as Ca, K, S, P, Al, Si, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, and Cr were identified and quantified. These findings support the potential use of these plants in managing diabetes and highlight the importance of elemental profiling in understanding their therapeutic properties.

Insights into folic acid functionalization of self-assembled octenyl succinic anhydride starch micelles towards targeted delivery of selenium nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibit significant potential in antitumor therapy. However, challenges such as aggregation and lack of targeting capability limit their application. Herein, we developed selenium-loaded octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSAS) micelles functionalized with folic acid (FA) for targeted tumor delivery. The FA-OSAS-SeNPs were synthesized through self-assembly, incorporating SeNPs into FA-conjugated OSAS micelles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-visible spectrophotometry confirmed the successful synthesis of FA-OSAS-SeNPs. The nanoparticles exhibited an average size of 131.66 ± 7.88 nm and a zeta potential of -19.54 ± 0.33 mV, with encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity of approximately 87.28 % and 8.96 %, respectively. FA-OSAS-SeNPs demonstrated good stability across various conditions, including different dilution ratios, temperatures, pH levels, and ionic strengths. In vitro studies showed that FA-OSAS-SeNPs exhibited significant targeted inhibitory effects on cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and markedly increased intracellular ROS levels, inducing apoptosis. This study presents a novel and effective strategy for targeted SeNPs delivery systems in tumor therapy, offering a valuable reference for future development of nanomaterials for clinical applications in cancer treatment.

Physalis peruviana heteropolysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and promising applications in cancer therapy

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of cancer therapy due to their remarkable biological activities and advantageous nanoscale properties. However, their inherent instability presents a considerable challenge for broader applications. To address this issue, the heteropolysaccharide extracted from golden berries (the fruits of Physalis peruviana), designated as DLG, was utilized to synthesize heteropolysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles, named DLG-SeNP3. Subsequent characterization showed that the nanoparticles DLG-SeNP3 were spherical, with an average particle size of 77 nm, a zeta potential of -14.4 mV, and excellent stability under physiological pH conditions. Further biological investigations showed that DLG-SeNP3 effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 41.60 μg/mL against A549 cells, and induced apoptosis, with a proportion of 31.30 % at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that DLG-SeNP3 not only inhibited angiogenesis, resulting in a 26.51 % decrease at 2 μg/mL, but also suppressed tumor growth and invasion, with reductions of 76.90 % and 66.67 % in the intensity and foci of red fluorescence, respectively, at 2 μg/mL. In conclusion, DLG-SeNP3, stabilized with polysaccharides derived from golden berries, shows promising potential for application in cancer treatment.

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Cinnamomum-Based Extracts and Their Applications

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter on the nanoscale, with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. It involves designing, synthesising, characterising and applying these nanoscale materials. Nanoparticles (NPs) are known for their high surface-area to volume-ratio, surface charge density, low melting point, and distinguishably good optical/electrical properties. NPs exhibit an excellent drug delivery system, an effective contrast agent for vascular imaging, and effective antimicrobial activity. The biological synthesis of NPs is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique. This bottom-up technique utilises organisms' enzymes/bio-compounds and a plant extract as capping and reducing agents. Cinnamomum species are known for their intrinsic antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarises articles that greenly synthesised NPs using Cinnamomum species' extracts, describing their methodologies, characterisation of the nanoparticles and their medical applications.

Methods

A literature search has been conducted on databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Frontier on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) using Cinnamomum-based extracts. Various articles reported the methodology of utilising Cinnamomum species' extracts as reducing and capping agents. Only original lab articles were considered.

Results

Various types of MNPs have been successfully synthesised. The most common Cinnamomum species utilised as extracts is Cinnamomum tamala. The most common applications tested were the MNPs' antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiabetic and anticancerous activity. MNPs also had a role in treating mice-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome and Parkinson-like neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusion

Cinnamomum species have been successfully utilised in the green synthesis of various MNPs. Silver and Gold NPs were the most reported. These MNPs proved their efficacy in multiple fields of medicine and biology, especially their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity. Notably, the newly synthesised NPs showed promising results in treating polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles: a comprehensive update on the multifaceted application, stability, biocompatibility, risk, and opportunity

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as promising area of research due to their unique properties and potential multifaceted applications. The biosynthesis of SeNPs through biological methods, such as using microorganism, plant extracts, etc., offers a safe, eco-friendly, and biocompatible approach, compared to traditional chemical synthesis. Recent several studies demonstrated that multifaceted application of SeNPs includes a broad area such as antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and excellent wound healing activity. On the other hand, SeNPs have also shown promising application in sensing of inorganic toxic metals, electrochemistry, agro-industries, aqua-cultures, and in fabrication of solar panels. Additionally, SeNPs capability to enhance the efficacy of traditional antibiotics and act as effective agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens has shown their potential in addressing critical health challenges. Although, the SeNPs exhibit wide applicability, the potential toxicity of Se, particularly in its various oxidative states, necessitates careful assessment of the environmental and health impacts associated with their use. Therefore, understanding the balance between their beneficial properties and potential risks is crucial for its safe applications. This review focuses exclusively on SeNPs synthesized via eco-friendly process, excluding research utilizing other synthesis processes. Moreover, this review aims to offer an overview of the diverse applications, potential risks, stability requirement, and cytocompatibility requirement, and multifaceted opportunities associated with SeNPs. Ultimately, the review bridges a gap in knowledge by providing an updated details of multifaceted applications of SeNPs.

Synthesis and Bioactivity of Selenium Nanoparticles From Tussilago farfara L. Polysaccharides: Antioxidant Properties and MCF-7 Cell Inhibition

The present study reports the synthesis of selenium nanocomplexes (Se-TFPs) using purified polysaccharides from Tussilago farfara L. (coltsfoot). It evaluates its structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and inhibitory effects of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. The influence of processing conditions on nanoparticle size and stability at 25°C was assessed using particle size and zeta potential measurements. The Se-TFPs were synthesized by optimizing the processing conditions via response surface methodology, yielding nanoparticles with a selenium (Se)-to-polysaccharide mass ratio of 1:13.5, a Se-to-ascorbic acid molar ratio of 1:4.5, a selenite concentration of 10.7 mM, and a reaction time of 4.4 h. The resulting Se-TFPs had an average particle size of 107.2 nm and a zeta potential of -35.1 mV. Structural and physicochemical analyses confirmed successful nanoparticle formation. Compared to TFPs, Se-TFPs exhibited significantly enhanced scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, flow cytometry, and cell cycle apoptosis analysis revealed that Se-TFPs effectively inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation at the S phase, with an IC50 value of 119.62 µg/mL.

Biosynthesis of a range of ZnO nanoparticles utilising Salvia hispanica L. seed extract and evaluation of their bioactivity

Zinc deficiency precipitates considerable health problems in developing countries, affecting development, growth, and immunological function. The main issue is that zinc exhibits limited bioavailability in diets, sometimes compounded by the high concentration of phytate molecules in staple foods, which impedes zinc absorption. Nanoparticles offer a promising approach to improve zinc bioavailability and address deficiency through the application of advanced agricultural techniques. The study introduces a novel method for synthesizing Zinc oxide (ZnO) biometallic nanoparticles by employing aqueous extracts of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia seed) as a reducing and capping agent in an environmentally sustainable way. Their active phytoconstituents acted as a stabilising agent and facilitated the conversion of ionic zinc (Zn2+) into elemental zinc. The study synthesized the diverse forms of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NP-α, NP-β, NP-γ, NP-δ, NP-ε, and NP-η) utilising various molar concentrations (0.5mM, 1.0mM, 3.0mM, 5.0mM, 7.0mM, and 9.0mM) of a precursor solution, zinc nitrate [(ZnNO3)2]. The synthesized NPs were evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, SAED, and HR-TEM methods to determine their characteristics. The standard particle size varies from 40 to 80 nm, exhibiting a consistent hexagonal morphology and a polydispersed characteristic with minimal size fluctuation. The molarity substantially influenced the shape of NPs, particularly concerning their size and surface area. An in vitro evaluation was performed to investigate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the possible degradation of the hazardous dye Congo red. The particles exhibited antibacterial efficacy at a concentration of 40 ppm ZnO, antidiabetic qualities at 10 µl/ml ZnONPs, antioxidant activity at concentrations ranging from 100 to 900 µl/ml showing 89.47 ± 0.022 µg AAE/mg, maximum activity with total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and dye degradation potential at a concentration of 50 mg ZnONPs, revealed 50.78% CR degradation after 90 min of irradiation. Additionally, it had significant inhibitory effects on the enzymes α-amylase (72.93%) and α-glucosidase (60.48%) by ZnONP-η. The efficacy of dye degradation with synthesized nanoparticles seems to enhance with increased particle sizes and reduced specific surface areas. The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and catalytic capabilities improved with an increase in particle size. Nevertheless, it was found that an increase in particle size corresponded with a substantial reduction in antibacterial activity. The study presents an efficient approach for the eco-friendly synthesis of ZnONPs, highlighting their significant potential for many biological applications.

Luminescent Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles From Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC: A Novel Hepatoprotective Strategy for Enhancing Liver Health

Indigofera aspalathoides is a medicinal plant with significant traditional importance, known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was performed using I. aspalathoides ethanolic extract and characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analytical techniques. The synthesized SeNPs were evaluated for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, cytotoxicity using the MTT assay against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, and hepatoprotective potential against the HepG2 liver cancer cell line. Characterization confirmed that the SeNPs possessed a stable, spherical structure with an optimal size range of 50-80 nm, enhancing their bioavailability and biological interactions. The SeNPs demonstrated remarkable antioxidant activity, achieving 70.32% DPPH scavenging and 73.68% hydroxyl radical scavenging, significantly surpassing the activity of the plant extract alone. The hepatoprotective effects were dose dependent, with maximum protection of HepG2 liver cells observed at 88 μg/mL (100% viability), but higher concentrations (100 μg/mL) showed some cytotoxicity. These results underscore the potential of I. aspalathoides-derived SeNPs as innovative nanomedicine solutions for addressing oxidative stress, hepatic disorders, and infections.

Advances in nephroprotection: the therapeutic role of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles in renal health

Renal toxicity is a disorder that causes considerable issues in healthcare systems world, highlighting the critical importance of creating alternative treatments. Metallic nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising therapeutic agents for nephroprotection because of their remarkable properties. Numerous disciplines, including medicine, biotechnology, and the food industry, are currently investigating and exploring metallic nanoparticles, such as selenium, silver, and gold, with promising outcomes. In this overview, we provide the most current findings on cutting-edge nephroprotection through metallic nanoparticles, especially selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles. While outlining the benefits, we outline possible methods for developing metallic nanoparticles, characterization techniques, and nephroprotection therapies. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) minimize oxidative stress, a primary cause of nephrotoxicity through cell regeneration which protects kidneys. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-inflammatory capabilities that help alleviate kidney damage and nephrotoxicity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are biocompatible and immune-modifying, reduce inflammation and promote renal cell regeneration, indicating nephroprotective advantages. Renal protection via the use of metallic nanoparticles represents a promising new frontier in the fight against kidney disease and other renal disorders. Metallic nanoparticles of selenium, silver, and gold can protect the kidneys by lowering oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and improving cell repair. Through their mechanisms, these nanoparticles effectively safeguard and repair kidney function, making them suitable for treating renal diseases. The potential applications of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles, as well as their complex modes of action and renal penetration, provide fresh hope for improving renal health and quality of life in patients with kidney disease. The current study highlights therapeutic ability, stability, nephroprotection, and toxicity profiles, as well as the importance of continuous research in this dynamic and evolving field.

A comprehensive review on recent advancements in drug delivery via selenium nanoparticles

Nanotechnology has significantly impacted drug discovery and development over the past three decades, offering novel insights and expanded treatment options. Key to this field is nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, with unique properties distinct from larger materials. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are particularly promising due to their low toxicity and selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. They have shown efficacy in reducing various cancers types and mitigating conditions like diabetic nephropathy and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights SeNPs' role in enhancing drug delivery systems, improving the absorption of water-soluble compounds, proteins, peptides, vaccines, and other biological therapies. By modifying nanoparticle surfaces with targeting ligands, drug delivery can achieve precise site-specific delivery, increasing effectiveness. SeNPs can be synthesised through physical, chemical, and biological methods, each offering advantages in stability, size, and application potential. Additionally, SeNPs enhance immune responses and reduce oxidative stress, validating their role in biotherapy and nanomedicine. Their ability to target macrophages and regulate polarisation underscores their potential in antimicrobial therapies. Recent advancements, such as mannosylated SeNPs for targeted delivery, exemplify innovative nanotechnology applications in medicine. Overall, SeNPs represent a promising frontier in nanomedicine, offering new avenues for treating and managing various diseases.

Selenium Nanoparticles Synergize with a KRAS Nanovaccine against Breast Cancer

Selenium (Se) is an element crucial for human health, known for its anticancer properties. Although selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility than other Se compounds, bare SeNPs are unstable in aqueous solutions. In this study, several materials, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), chitosan, polymethyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride, and tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, are explored to develop stable SeNPs and further evaluate their potential as candidates for cancer treatment. All optimized SeNP are spherical, <100 nm, and with a narrow size distribution. BSA-stabilized SeNPs produced under acidic conditions present the highest stability in medium, plasma, and at physiological pH, maintaining their size ≈50-60 nm for an extended period. SeNPs demonstrate enhanced toxicity in cancer cell lines while sparing primary human dermal fibroblasts, underscoring their potential as effective anticancer agents. Moreover, the combination of BSA-SeNPs with a nanovaccine results in a strong tumor growth reduction in an EO771 breast cancer mouse model, demonstrating a three-fold decrease in tumor size. This synergistic anticancer effect not only highlights the role of SeNPs as effective anticancer agents but also offers valuable insights for developing innovative combinatorial approaches using SeNPs to improve the outcomes of cancer immunotherapy.

Selenium nanoparticles modified with Ophiocordyceps gracilis polysaccharides: Enhancing stability, bioavailability, and anti-inflammatory efficacy

Here, a high molecular weight polysaccharide preparation from Ophiocordyceps gracilis was utilized as a stabilizer and dispersant to create nanocomposites based on selenium nanoparticles (GSP-1a-SeNPs). The NPs showed the highest stability at a selenium/polysaccharide mass ratio of 1:1, with no significant change after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. The NPs exhibited a symmetrical spheroid structure with an average diameter of 85.4 nm. Next, the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanisms of the GSP-1a-SeNPs were examined in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, which efficiently internalized the NPs. In the anti-inflammatory assays, GSP-1a-SeNPs significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, and lowered ROS levels by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. This pathway regulates selenoprotein expression, thereby balancing the immune microenvironment of RAW264.7 cells and mitigating inflammation. These results suggest that GSP-1a-SeNPs could serve as potential therapeutic agents or adjuvants for treating LPS-induced inflammation.

Enhanced antitumor immunity in breast cancer: Synergistic effects of ADAM10/ADAM17 inhibition, metabolic modulation, and camptothecin-loaded selenium nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

In this study, we investigate the impact of a multi-targeted therapeutic approach that includes camptothecin (CPT), a potent chemotherapeutic topoisomerase inhibitor; metformin (Met), a metabolic modulator with emerging anti-tumor effects; and GW280264X, an inhibitor of ADAM 10/ADAM 17 enzymes, which are associated with tumor invasion and immune response. The study aims to assess the combined effects of these agents in enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and suppressing cancer cell growth in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

Cell viability was performed on the 4 T1 human TNBC cell line. Furthermore, we examined c-MYC protein expression by western blot, TOX and NR4A expression by Real-time PCR, and the number of CD8+ CD28+ T cells by immunofluorescence assay to demonstrate the anticancer effects of combined of CPT, Met and GW280264X in BC growth, exhaustion and senescence of T cells.

RESULTS

Regarding cell viability, HA-Se@CPT + Met and HA-Se@CPT + Met + GW280264X treatments decreased 4 T1 cell growth (p < 0.001). Combination therapy of Met, HA-Se@CPT, and GW280264X significantly reduced tumor volume and weight in vivo. This treatment also increased the number of CD8+ CD28+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of BC (p < 0.0001) and decreased the expression of TOX and NR4A (p < 0.0001, p < 0.01). Furthermore, decreased expression of c-MYC as an oncogene protein was seen in the single and combined treatment by HA-Se@CPT and GW280264X (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that of HA-Se@CPT, Met, and GW280264X may inhibit tumor progression in BC by improving the function and infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Their effect is more pronounced when used in combination.

On-Resin Selenopeptide Catalysts: Synthesis and Applications of Enzyme-Mimetic Reactions and Cyclization of Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids

Selenium reagents are useful for selenoenzyme-mimicking reactions, as well as for organic synthesis. However, the reaction waste containing selenium frequently smells unpleasant and exhibits serious toxicity. Herein, we have developed new-type on-resin selenium reagents, H-UXX···-PAM (5) and Ac-(X)U*XX···-PAM (6), where U and U* represent selenocysteine (U) and p-methoxybenzyl (PMB)-protected U, respectively, as recyclable catalysts, in which U-containing peptide chains are linked to the polystyrene resin PAM. Synthesized on-resin selenopeptides 5a-g with a variable amino acid sequence were evaluated for their glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity using the UV and 1H NMR methods, using the reaction between dithiothreitol (DTTred) and H2O2 in methanol. It was found that the intramolecular interaction between U and a basic amino acid residue, such as histidine (H) and lysine (K), enhances peroxidase activity through the formation of an NH···Se hydrogen bond. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of 6a-d was evaluated in the oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated acids (7) into α,β-unsaturated lactones (8). Although the yield of 8 was significantly decreased after second- or third-round reaction, due to detachment of the selenium moiety from the resin, the results demonstrated reusability, as well as a substrate scope of 6 as a catalyst. Since U is a natural amino acid, on-resin selenopeptides are potential targets as novel-type green redox catalysts.

Intracellular Redox Environment Determines Cancer-normal Cell Selectivity of Selenium Nanoclusters

Elucidating the chemical structure and intracellular action mechanisms is still the critical limit for the clinical translation of nanomedicines. Intracellular redox environments originating from cell metabolism are key factors affecting internalized drug efficacy. Herein, we engineer Se-Se/Se-S bond to assemble selenium (Se) nanoclusters (SeClus) with intracellular redox environment-driven selective structure. Chemical structure analysis reveals that, the bonding of sulfur atom in intermediates to the two neighboring or interposition Se atoms in Se rings is the key internal driving force for SeClus formation. This nanocluster can be predominantly transformed to selenocysteine to facilitate selenoproteins synthesis in normal cells, while metabolize to cytotoxic SeO3 2- based on the oxidative intracellular redox environment of cancer cells. Resultantly, SeClus exhibit significant cell proliferation inhibition ability to cancer cells and impressive safety to normal cells. Taken together, this study not only clarifies the chemical nature of the atom engineering of SeClus, but also elucidates its intracellular redox environment-oriented anticancer mechanism.

The anticancer activity of fucoidan coated selenium nanoparticles and curcumin nanoparticles against colorectal cancer lines

Cancers still globally endanger millions of people yearly; the incidences/mortalities of colorectal cancers are particularly increasing. The natural nanoparticles (NPs) and marine biopolymers were anticipated to provide effectual safe significances for managing cancers. The transformation of curcumin to nano-curcumin (NCur) was conducted with gum Arabic. The resulted NCur was utilized for the biosynthesis of selenium NPs (SeNPs), then bioactive nanocomposites (NC) from them with fucoidan (Fu) were fabricated and evaluated as candidates to suppress colorectal cancers (CaCo-2 and HT-29) cells. The NCur and NCur-synthesized SeNPs were effectually produced with mean diameters of 34.67 ± 4.32 and 5.17 ± 1.06 nm, respectively. The plain and NCs of Fu/NCur/SeNPs characterization, with infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy, emphasized their interaction and conjugations. The entire agents/NCs had potent cytotoxic effects against cancers' lines; the NC of Fu/NCur/SeNPs was the most effectual with IC50 of 10.35 ± 0.83 and 19.44 ± 1.39 mg/L against CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells, respectively, which were significantly exceeded the action of standard cisplatin drug. The NCs led to vigorous DNA damages in CaCo-2 cancerous cells, as proved with comet assay. The ultrastructure imagining (scanning/transmission microscopy) of treated cells with Fu/NCur/SeNPs confirmed the capability of NCs to induce severe apoptosis and deformation signs in cancerous cells. The bio-based constituents of Fu/NCur/SeNPs and advocate their prospective applications for preventing/managing colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Doxorubicin- and Selenium-Incorporated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Combination Therapy for Osteosarcoma

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a promising anticancer chemotherapeutic, which has been widely investigated in osteosarcoma (OS) treatment. However, there are several disadvantages regarding its clinical use. Specifically, Dox has low specificity toward cancer cells, which can lead to serious side effects. In addition, cancer cells can develop resistance toward Dox, reducing its therapeutic efficiency. Combination therapy (CT) facilitated by nanoparticle delivery systems is a promising strategy to overcome these drawbacks. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of Dox and selenium (Se) CT using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as drug carriers. We hypothesized that combining Se as a second agent can increase Dox anti-OS effectiveness and that MSN can be used to facilitate dual drug delivery. In our system, HA was used as a gatekeeper to control the intracellular release of Se/Dox by means of its pH-responsive degradation. CT therapy using MSNs coated with HA led to a higher OS inhibitory efficiency in vitro compared to MSNs carrying either Se or Dox alone. This study demonstrates that using MSNs for the dual delivery of Se and Dox is a promising method for OS therapy.

Innovative anticancer nanocomposites from Corchorus olitorius mucilage/chitosan/selenium nanoparticles

Cancers are continuing to threaten human health globally; the achievement of effectual and biosafe anticancerous compounds is a precious goal. The extraction of Corchorus olitorius mucilage (Jm) and its usage for selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) biosynthesis was projected. The innovative formulation of bioactive nanocomposites (NCs) from Jm/SeNPs and chitosan nanoparticles (Cht) was also proposed to apply these NCs as effectual anticancers against CaCo-2 and HeLa cancerous cells. The Jm/SeNPs biosynthesis (mean diameter = 6.45 nm) was innovatively achieved and confirmed using infrared and ultraviolet-visible analysis. The constructions of different NCs were done (N1: 2Jm/SeNPs:1Cht; N2: 1Jm/SeNPs:1Cht; and N3: 1Jm/SeNPs:2Cht) with mean particles' diameter of 88.41, 46.86 and 69.35 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay of constructed NCs indicated their potentialities to suppress examined cells; N1 (negatively charged; -16.2 mV) was the most forceful with IC50 of 12.36 and 73.15 mg/L against CaCo-2 and HeLa cells, respectively. The scanning microscopy imaging of treated CaCo-2 cells with N1 of Cht/Jm/SeNPs indicated that the NCs led to remarkable apoptotic destructions of treated cells, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic vacuolization, cell debris and apoptotic indices. The innovative NCs from Cht/Jm/SeNPs are promisingly recommended as effectual, natural and bioactive anticancer formulations against human cancers.

Erythrocyte Selenium as a Potential Key Indicator for Selenium Supplementation in Low-Selenium Populations: A Selenium Supplementation Study Based on Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for maintaining human health, with significant antioxidant and immunoregulatory functions. Inadequate Se intake may be associated with Keshan disease, Kashin-Beck disease, and hypothyroidism. However, effective indicators for scientifically guiding Se supplementation in Se-deficient populations are still lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to explore the dynamic distribution of Se across various nutritional biomarkers and major organs in rats through a Se supplementation experiment, as well as the pairwise correlations between them, in order to identify reliable nutritional indicators for evaluating Se levels in the body.

METHODS

Se levels in hair, blood, and major tissues and organs were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were measured using an ELISA.

RESULTS

Se supplementation significantly increased Se levels in rat blood, hair, and major organs, as well as GSH-Px levels in blood. Se primarily accumulated in the liver and kidneys, followed by myocardium, spleen, and muscles. Serum and plasma Se were found to be the best indicators of short-term Se intake, while erythrocyte Se levels showed a stronger correlation with Se levels in tissues and organs, making it a better marker for assessing long-term Se nutritional status compared to hair Se.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates the potential of erythrocyte Se levels as an indicator for evaluating long-term Se nutritional status, providing scientific evidence for Se nutritional assessments.

Effect of degree of substitution of octenyl succinate on starch micelles for synthesis and stability of selenium nanoparticles: Towards selenium supplements

To develop a promising selenium supplement that overcomes the instability and poor water dispersibility of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), we synthesized a series of amphiphilic octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSAS) through esterification. As the degree of substitution (DS) increased, the particle size of OSAS micelles and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased. FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the successful introduction of octenyl succinic anhydride groups onto starch. Subsequently, OSAS micelles were used as carriers to synthesize SeNPs via in situ chemical reduction, forming SeNPs-loaded self-assembled starch nano-micelles (OSAS-SeNPs). The OSAS-SeNPs exhibited spherical dispersion in water with an average diameter of 116.1 ± 2.3 nm, contributed to enhanced hydrophobic interactions. TEM images showed a core-shell structure with SeNPs as the core and OSAS as the shell. FTIR results indicated hydrogen bonding interactions between OSAS and SeNPs. Due to the negatively charged OSAS shell and hydrogen bonding (OH⋯Se), OSAS-SeNPs remained non-aggregated for one month at room temperature, demonstrating remarkable stability. This study suggests that using OSAS can address the synthesis and stability issues of SeNPs, making it a potential selenium supplement candidate for further evaluation as an anticancer agent.

Nanocarriers for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: A succinct review of conventional and repositioned drugs in the last decade

Glioblastoma multiforme is a very combative and threatening type of cancer. The standard course of treatment involves excising the tumor surgically, then administering chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier and the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, chemotherapy is extremely difficult and has a high incidence of relapse. With their capacity to precisely target and transport therapeutic medications to the tumor while overcoming the challenges provided by invasive and infiltrative gliomas, nanocarriers offer a potentially beneficial treatment option for gliomas. Drug repositioning or, in other words, finding novel therapeutic uses for medications that have received approval for previous uses has also recently emerged to provide alternative treatments for many diseases, with glioblastoma being among them. In this article, our goal is to shed light on the pathogenesis of glioma and summarize the proposed treatment approaches in the last decade, highlighting how combining repositioned drugs and nanocarriers technology can reduce drug resistance and improve therapeutic efficacy in primary glioma.

Immunomodulatory effects of Fructus corni acidic polysaccharide and its selenium nanoparticles composites in hepatocellular carcinoma

Natural polysaccharides have promising application prospects in cancer immunotherapy due to their excellent biocompatibility and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, an acidic polysaccharide (FCP-3) from Fructus corni with good immunomodulatory effects was extracted. Stable polysaccharide‑selenium nanoparticles composites (FCP-SeNPs) were synthesized to enhance the immunoregulatory effects of FCP-3. The molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of FCP-3, as well as the morphological characteristics and chemical composition of FCP-SeNPs were analyzed. The immunological effects and anti-tumor activity of FCP-3 and FCP-SeNPs were explored. These results suggested that FCP-3 and FCP-SeNPs increased the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-12p70 in macrophages, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, as well as indirectly promoted hepatoma cells apoptosis in vitro. After treatment with FCP-3 and FCP-SeNPs, tumor size was significantly controlled. The proliferation antigen staining (KI67) and apoptosis assay (TUNEL) also demonstrated an obvious inhibitory effect on tumor proliferation. Moreover, FCP-SeNPs showed stronger efficacy compared to FCP-3 alone. These findings demonstrated the promising potential of FCP-SeNPs as an immunoregulatory agent for hepatic carcinoma.

Selenium nanoparticles ameliorate lumbar disc degeneration by restoring GPX1-mediated redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function of nucleus pulposus cells

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that involves the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and matrix metabolism imbalance in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Selenium, an indispensable trace element, plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis by being incorporated into antioxidant selenoproteins as selenocysteine. In this study, we employed a straightforward synthesis method to produce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) with consistent size and distribution, and evaluated their potential protective effects in ameliorating IVDD. In a simulated inflammatory environment induced by interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in vitro, SeNPs demonstrated a protective effect on the matrix synthesis capacity of NPCs through the up-regulation of aggrecan and type II collagen, while concurrently suppressing the expression of matrix degradation enzymes including MMP13 and ADAMTS5. Additionally, SeNPs preserved mitochondrial integrity and restored impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism by activating glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) to rebalance redox homeostasis. In a rat lumbar disc model induced by puncture, the local administration of SeNPs preserved the hydration of nucleus pulposus tissue, promoted matrix deposition, and effectively mitigated the progression of IVDD. Our results indicate that the enhancement of GPX1 by SeNPs may offer a promising therapeutic approach for IVDD by restoring mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized by L. brevis 23017 Enhance Aluminum Adjuvanticity and Make Up for its Disadvantage in Mice

The most popular vaccine adjuvants are aluminum ones, which have significantly reduced the incidence and mortality of many diseases. However, aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines are constrained by their limited capacity to elicit cellular and mucosal immune responses, thus constraining their broader utilization. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles are a low-cost, environmentally friendly, low-toxicity, and highly bioactive form of selenium supplementation. Here, we purified selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Levilactobacillus brevis 23017 (L-SeNP) and characterized them using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the L-SeNP has a particle size ranging from 30 to 200 nm and is coated with proteins and polysaccharides. Subsequently, we assessed the immune-enhancing properties of L-SeNP in combination with an adjuvant-inactivated Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine using a mouse model. The findings demonstrate that L-SeNP can elevate the IgG and SIgA titers in immunized mice and modulate the Th1/Th2 immune response, thereby enhancing the protective effect of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines. Furthermore, we observed that L-SeNP increases selenoprotein expression and regulates oxidative stress in immunized mice, which may be how L-SeNP regulates immunity. In conclusion, L-SeNP has the potential to augment the immune response of aluminum adjuvant vaccines and compensate for their limitations in eliciting Th1 and mucosal immune responses.

Synthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Grifola frondosa polysaccharides and gallic acid conjugates

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are of interest for their versatility and low toxicity, but bare SeNPs are unstable and tend to aggregate and precipitate as black elemental Se, which limits the application of SeNPs. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, physical stability, antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of SeNPs stabilized by Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs) and GFPs-gallic acid conjugates (GFPs-GA). The results showed that the particle size (PZ), polymer index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) of the GFPs-SeNPs and GFPs-GA-SeNPs were 58.72 ± 0.53 nm, 0.11, -8.36 ± 0.21 mV and 61.80 ± 0.16 nm, 0.12, -9.37 ± 0.13 mV, respectively. Besides, the GFPs-SeNPs and GFPs-GA-SeNPs remained stable when stored at 4 °C for 70 days in darkness. SeNPs stabilized with GFPs have improved the antioxidant activity and selective toxicity to tumour cells. Interestingly, SeNPs stabilized with GFPs-GA further enhanced these biological activities. This work provided a simple and effective method to construct well-dispersed SeNPs in aqueous systems, demonstrating the important roles of GFPs and GFPs-GA in the size control, dispersion and stabilization of SeNPs. The prepared GFPs-SeNPs and GFPs-GA-SeNPs can serve as good selenium supplements and have potential prospects for antioxidant activity and tumour inhibition.

Chondrocyte autophagy mediated by T-2 toxin via AKT/TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway and protective effect of CSA-SeNP

OBJECTIVE

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, degenerative, and cartilage-damaging disease for which low selenium and T-2 toxins are considered environmental pathogenic factors. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in cartilage damage caused by T-2 toxin and the protective effect of chondroitin sulfate A nano-elemental selenium (CSA-SeNP) on the cartilage.

METHODS

KBD chondrocytes and C28/I2 human chondrocyte cell lines were used. T-2 toxin, AKT inhibitor, and CSA-SeNP treatment experiments were conducted separately, with a treatment time of 24 h. Autophagy was monitored using MDC staining, and mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus, respectively. RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of the relevant genes and proteins.

RESULTS

The suppression of autophagy observed in KBD chondrocytes was replicated by applying 10 ng/mL T-2 toxin to C28/I2 chondrocytes for 24 h. The AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway was activated by T-2 toxin, which inhibits autophagy. The supplementation with CSA-SeNP alleviated the inhibition of autophagy by T-2 toxin through the AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Loss of autophagy regulated by the AKT/TSCR/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in cartilage damage caused by T-2 toxin. CSA-SeNP supplementation attenuated inhibition of autophagy in chondrocytes by T-2 toxin by modulating this signaling pathway. These findings provide promising new targets for the prevention and treatment of cartilage disease.

Fungal-mediated nanoparticles for industrial applications: synthesis and mechanism of action

The advancement of safe, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient techniques for nanoparticle production is a crucial objective in nanotechnology. Among the various sustainable methods, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and plants stands out. Fungi, in particular, are well suited for this task because of their capacity to secrete numerous enzymes and streamline subsequent processes. Using fungal strains for nanoparticle biosynthesis is both technologically appealing and economically viable. The utilization of fungal strains for nanoparticle biosynthesis is both technologically appealing and economically viable. Fungi have long been acknowledged as adept natural engineers capable of creating a wide array of nanoparticles with distinct properties and applications. This article provides an overview of fungus-mediated nanoparticle development, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of their synthesis and the factors influencing their characteristics. Furthermore, the potential of fungus-mediated nanoparticles in the industrial domain has been explored. These findings emphasize the importance of different fungal species in nanoparticle synthesis, as well as the biocompatibility and environmental friendliness of fungus-mediated nanoparticles. By underscoring the essential role of fungi in connecting natural knowledge with innovative industrial applications, recent progress in enhancing nanoparticle production and optimizing synthesis conditions through fungi has been examined to underscore the feasibility of extensive industrial nanoparticle utilization via fungi.

Selenomethionine and Allicin Synergistically Mitigate Intestinal Oxidative Injury by Activating the Nrf2 Pathway

Oxidative stress frequently contributes to intestinal barrier injury in animals and humans. It was reported that both Selenomethionine (SeMet) and allicin exhibit protective effects against a range of diseases caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antioxidant effects and underlying mechanisms of SeMet and allicin on a H2O2-induced intestinal barrier injury model using IPEC-J2 cells and mice. The results showed that H2O2 induced severe oxidative stress, including a decrease in cell viability, antioxidant level, migration capacity, and cell integrity. SeMet and allicin exhibited significant synergistic anti-oxidative effects on intestinal epithelial cells. The combined use of SeMet and allicin increased SOD activity, GSH content, and GSH/GSSG ratio while decreasing MDA, NO, and ROS content levels. Furthermore, we found that SeMet and allicin synergistically activated the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) signaling pathway and down-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)-related proteins. However, the synergistic antioxidative and intestinal barrier protective effects of SeMet and allicin were abolished by Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, SeMet and allicin synergistically attenuate intestinal barrier injury induced by excessively oxidative stress through the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition ER stress. These findings support that the combined use of SeMet and allicin could enhance antioxidative properties and alleviate intestinal injury in further clinical practice.

PEG-SeNPs as therapeutic agents inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation of cells infected with H1N1 influenza A virus

The rapid variation of influenza challenges vaccines and treatments, which makes an urgent task to develop the high-efficiency and low-toxicity new anti-influenza virus drugs. Selenium is one of the essential trace elements for the human body that possesses a good antiviral activity. In this study, we assessed anti-influenza A virus (H1N1) activity of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified gray selenium nanoparticles (PEG-SeNPs) on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells in vitro. CCK-8 assay showed that PEG-SeNPs had a protective effect on H1N1-infected MDCK cells. Moreover, PEG-SeNPs significantly reduced the mRNA level of H1N1. TUNEL-DAPI test showed that DNA damage reached a high level but effectively prevented after PEG-SeNPs treatment. Meanwhile, JC-1, Annexin V-FITC and cell cycle assay demonstrated the apoptosis induced by H1N1 was reduced greatly when treated with PEG-SeNPs. Furthermore, the downregulation of p-ATM, p-ATR and P53 protein, along with the upregualation of AKT protein indicated that PEG-SeNPs could inhibit H1N1-induced cell apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated related signaling pathways. Finally, Cytokine detection demonstrated PEG-SeNPs inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory factors after infection, including IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α. To sum up, PEG-SeNPs might become a new potential anti-H1N1 influenza virus drug due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.

Unveiling Green Synthesis and Biomedical Theranostic paradigms of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) - A state-of-the-art comprehensive update

The advancements in nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, and healthcare are propelling the field of theranostics, which combines therapy and diagnostics, to new heights; emphasizing the emergence of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as versatile theranostic agents. This comprehensive update offers a holistic perspective on recent developments in the synthesis and theranostic applications of SeNPs, underscoring their growing importance in nanotechnology and healthcare. SeNPs have shown significant potential in multiple domains, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, wound healing, and cytoprotective therapies. The review highlights the adaptability and biocompatibility of SeNPs, which are crucial for advanced disease detection, monitoring, and personalized treatment. Special emphasis is placed on advancements in green synthesis techniques, underscoring their eco-friendly and cost-effective benefits in biosensing, diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications. Additionally, the appraisal scrutinizes the progressive trends in smart stimuli-responsive SeNPs, conferring their role in innovative solutions for disease management and diagnostics. Despite their promising therapeutic and prophylactic potential, SeNPs also present several challenges, particularly regarding toxicity concerns. These challenges and their implications for clinical translation are thoroughly explored, providing a balanced view of the current state and prospects of SeNPs in theranostic applications.

Selenium nanoparticles alleviates cadmium induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro

Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental toxicant that could cause serious damage to various organs including severe hepatotoxicity in intoxicated animals. Selenium has been reported to possess the protective effects against Cd toxicity, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects and mechanism of chitosan coated selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) against Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in animal and cellular models. ICR mice and rat hepatocyte BRL-3A cells were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of CS-SeNPs. Analysis of histopathological images, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ultramicrostructure, serum liver enzyme activities, ferroptosis-related indicators contents, and further molecular biology experiments were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. In vivo experiment results showed that CdCl2 caused significant pathological damage involving significant increase of liver index, contents of tissue MDA and serum ALT and AST, and significant decrease of serum GSH-Px activity. Moreover, CdCl2 exposure upregulated ACSL4 and HO-1 protein levels, downregulated GPX4, TfR1, ferritin protein levels in the liver. Notably, CS-SeNPs increased the expression level of GPX4 and ameliorated CdCl2-induced changes in above-mentioned indicators. In vitro experimental results showed that treatment with CS-SeNPs significantly elevated GSH-Px activity and GPX4 protein level, reversed CdCl2-induced expression of several ferroptosis-related proteins TfR1, FTH1 and HO-1, and repressed ROS production and increased MMP of the cells exposed to CdCl2. Our research indicated that CdCl2 induced hepatocyte injury by inducing ferroptosis, while CS-SeNPs can inhibit ferroptosis and reduce the degree of hepatocyte injury. This study is of great significance for further revealing the mechanism of Cd hepatotoxicity and expanding the clinical application of SeNPs.

Theranostic scope of monometallic selenium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biomedicine: A review

The nanoparticles (NPs) of metals and metal oxides constitute significant components of technology in terms of monometallic NPs (MNPs). Over the last decade, the most fascinating and in-depth uses of NPs have been found in the biomedical field, which has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of these particles. Significant strides have been made in the application of nanotechnology across various industries, including biomedical sciences. In biomedicine, two of the most important applications of NPs are in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Given their ability to deliver specific drugs, these next-generation NPs provide safe and effective pharmacotherapies for a wide range of disorders. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs offer potential treatments for various applications, including hair care and cancer treatment. SeNPs help with abiotic stress, plant disease, and growth, while TiO2 NPs enhance bio-imaging and drug delivery. This comprehensive review focuses on MNPs like Se (metal-based) and TiO2 (metal-oxide based). It covers their synthesis methods, nanoscale physicochemical properties, and the definition of specific industrial applications in various fields of applied nanotechnology, including biomedicine.

Plant Extracts for Production of Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles

In recent years, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted expanding consideration, particularly in the nanotechnology field. This element participates in important biological processes, such as antioxidant defense, immune function, and thyroid hormone regulation, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Selenium in the form of nanoscale particles has drawn attention for its biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity; thus, it has found several biomedical applications in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Green methods for SeNP synthesis using plant extracts are considered to be single-step, inexpensive, and eco-friendly processes. Besides acting as natural reductants, compounds from plant extracts can also serve as natural capping agents, stabilizing the size of nanoparticles and contributing to the enhanced biological properties of SeNPs. This brief overview presents the recent developments in this area, focusing on the synthesis conditions and the characteristics of the obtained SeNPs.

Diselenide-Bridged Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoplatform with a Triple ROS-Scavenging Effect for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Treatment

Oxidative stress (OS) is a major mediator of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Thus, antioxidant therapy is emerging as an attractive strategy to combat ICH. To achieve both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability and on-demand drug release ability, we constructed a novel polydopamine (PDA)-coated diselenide-bridged mesoporous silica nanoparticle (DSeMSN) drug delivery system (PDA-DSeMSN). Edaravone (Eda) was blocked in the pores of DSeMSN by covering the pores with PDA as a gatekeeper. The drug maintained nearly "zero release" before reaching the lesion site, while in the ROS-enriched circumstances, the PDA shell went through degradation and the doped diselenide bonds broke up, triggering the disintegration of nanoparticles and leading to Eda release. Interestingly, the ROS-degradable property of the PDA shell and diselenide bond endowed the system with enhanced ROS-eliminating capacity. The synergistic effect of ROS-responsive drug delivery and ROS-scavenging PDA-DSeMSN showed efficient antioxidative and mitochondria protective performance without apparent toxicity in vitro. Importantly, PDA-DSeMSN@Eda through intravenous administration specifically accumulated in perihematomal sites and demonstrated robust neuroprotection in an ICH mouse model through antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects with high biological safety. Thus, the PDA-DSeMSN platform holds tremendous potential as an excellent carrier for on-demand delivery of drugs and provides a new and effective strategy for the clinical treatment of ICH.

Selenium Supplementation Sensor Based on Direct Electrochemistry of Urinary Selenosugar and Total Selenium

Emerging point-of-care testing methods are extremely beneficial for personalized assessments of trace element metabolism including selenium (Se). Given the lack of timely evaluation methods for well-received Se fortification, an electrochemical solution was developed based on the recently identified urinary selenosugar (Sel) as a marker. The Se content of crude urine was rapidly determined (∼5 min), and the square-wave voltammetric responses of a Se-selective probe (SeSE) composed of liquid metal amalgam demonstrated comparable performance (e.g., detection limit: 19 nM) to central lab benchtop equipment within the physiological range. Meanwhile, SeSE enabled total urinary Se detection via a mere one-step oxidation. Additionally, SeSE was utilized to jointly assess the apparent internalization and utilization rate of two typical nutrients, selenite and selenomethionine, in a rat nutrition model, demonstrating consistent results with those obtained by HPLC-MS and ICP-MS. Upon systematic standardization directed by Ramaley's theory, SeSE was integrated into a battery-operated portable kit (dubbed "SeEye") with a micro electrochemical drive and tablet PC console for one-stop service trials in a local commercial scenario. This study establishes (1) a nutritive value classifier in a low-cost consumer electronic format and (2) noninvasive diagnostic technology for Se supplementation.

Bioactive Hydrogel Formulation Based on Ferulic Acid-Grafted Nano-Chitosan and Bacterial Nanocellulose Enriched with Selenium Nanoparticles from Kombucha Fermentation

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) based on ferulic acid-grafted chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) enriched with SeNPs from Kombucha fermentation (SeNPsK), which could be used as an adjuvant for oral implant integration and other applications. The grafted chitosan and SeBNCSFa were characterized by biochemical and physical-chemical methods. The cell viability and proliferation of HGF-1 gingival fibroblasts were investigated, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. The inflammatory response was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in cell culture medium. Likewise, the amount of nitric oxide released was measured by the Griess reaction. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated. The grafting degree with ferulic acid was approximately 1.780 ± 0.07% of the total chitosan monomeric units, assuming single-site grafting per monomer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced a convolution of BNC and grafted chitosan spectra, and X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted an amorphous rearrangement of the diffraction patterns, suggesting multiple interactions. The hydrogel showed a high degree of cytocompatibility, and enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potentials.

Biomedical Promise of Aspergillus Flavus-Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles: A Green Synthesis Approach to Antiviral, Anticancer, Anti-Biofilm, and Antibacterial Applications

This study utilized Aspergillus flavus to produce selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) in an environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable manner, targeting several medicinal applications. These biosynthesized Se-NPs were meticulously characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), revealing their spherical shape and size ranging between 28 and 78 nm. We conducted further testing of Se-NPs to evaluate their potential for biological applications, including antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm activities. The results indicate that biosynthesized Se-NPs could be effective against various pathogens, including Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 19404), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). Additionally, the biosynthesized Se-NPs exhibited anticancer activity against three cell lines: pancreatic carcinoma (PANC1), cervical cancer (Hela), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), with IC50 values of 177, 208, and 216 μg/mL, respectively. The nanoparticles demonstrated antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HAV, achieving inhibition rates of 66.4% and 15.1%, respectively, at the maximum non-toxic concentration, while also displaying antibiofilm and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the biosynthesized Se-NPs by A. flavus present a promising avenue for various biomedical applications with safe usage.

In vivo Fate of Targeted Drug Delivery Carriers

This review aimed to systematically investigate the intracellular and subcellular fate of various types of targeting carriers. Upon entering the body via intravenous injection or other routes, a targeting carrier that can deliver therapeutic agents initiates their journey. If administered intravenously, the carrier initially faces challenges presented by the blood circulation before reaching specific tissues and interacting with cells within the tissue. At the subcellular level, the car2rier undergoes processes, such as drug release, degradation, and metabolism, through specific pathways. While studies on the fate of 13 types of carriers have been relatively conclusive, these studies are incomplete and lack a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, there are still carriers whose fate remains unclear, underscoring the need for continuous research. This study highlights the importance of comprehending the in vivo and intracellular fate of targeting carriers and provides valuable insights into the operational mechanisms of different carriers within the body. By doing so, researchers can effectively select appropriate carriers and enhance the successful clinical translation of new formulations.

Metastable FeSe2 nanosheets as a one-for-all platform for stepwise synergistic tumor therapy

The urgent need to curb the rampant rise in cancer has impelled the rapid development of nanomedicine. Under the above issue, transition metal compounds have received special attention considering their physicochemical and biochemical properties. However, how to take full advantage of the valuable characteristics of nanomaterials based on their spatial structures and chemical components for synergistic tumor therapy is a worthwhile exploration. In this work, a tailored two-dimensional (2D) FeSe2 nanosheet (NS) platform is proposed, which integrates enzyme activity and drug efficacy through the regulation of itsstability. Specifically, metastable FeSe2 NSs can serve as dual nanozymes in an intact state, depleting GSH and increasing ROS to induce oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment (TME). With the gradual degradation of the FeSe2 in TME, its degraded products can amplify the Fenton reaction and GSH consumption, enhance the expression of inflammatory factors, and achieve effective near-infrared (NIR)-light irradiation-enhanced synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Our exploration further confirmed such a strategy that may integrate carrier activity and drug action into a metastable nanoplatform for tumor synergistic therapy. These results prompt the consideration of the rational design of a one-for-all carrier that can exhibit multifunctional properties and nanomedicine efficacy for versatile therapeutic applications in the future.

Exploring the Link between Oxidative Stress, Selenium Levels, and Obesity in Youth

Obesity is a worldwide increasing concern. Although in adults this is easily estimated with the body mass index, in children, who are constantly growing and whose bodies are changing, the reference points to assess weight status are age and gender, and need corroboration with complementary data, making their quantification highly difficult. The present review explores the interaction spectrum of oxidative stress, selenium status, and obesity in children and adolescents. Any factor related to oxidative stress that triggers obesity and, conversely, obesity that induces oxidative stress are part of a vicious circle, a complex chain of mechanisms that derive from each other and reinforce each other with serious health consequences. Selenium and its compounds exhibit key antioxidant activity and also have a significant role in the nutritional evaluation of obese children. The balance of selenium intake, retention, and metabolism emerges as a vital aspect of health, reflecting the complex interactions between diet, oxidative stress, and obesity. Understanding whether selenium status is a contributor to or a consequence of obesity could inform nutritional interventions and public health strategies aimed at preventing and managing obesity from an early age.

Cross-Talk Between Selenium Nanoparticles and Cancer Treatment Through Autophagy

Autophagy is commonly referred as self-eating and a complex cellular process that is involved in the digestion of protein and damaged organelles through a lysosome-dependent mechanism, and this mechanism is essential for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis. Selenium is a vital trace element that plays essential functions in antioxidant defense, redox state control, and range of particular metabolic processes. Selenium nanoparticles have become known as a promising agent for biomedical use, because of their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and degradability. However, and in recent years, they have attracted the interest of researchers in developing anticancer nano-drugs. Selenium nanoparticles can be used as a potential therapeutic agent or in combination with other agents to act as carriers for the development of new treatments. More intriguingly, selenium nanoparticles have been extensively shown to impact autophagy signaling, allowing selenium nanoparticles to be used as possible cancer treatment agents. This review explored the connections between selenium and autophagy, followed by developments and current advances of selenium nanoparticles for autophagy control in various clinical circumstances. Furthermore, this study examined the functions and possible processes of selenium nanoparticles in autophagy regulation, which may help us understand how selenium nanoparticles regulate autophagy for the potential cancer treatment.

Repair spinal cord injury with a versatile anti-oxidant and neural regenerative nanoplatform

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in motor and sensory deficits, or even paralysis. Due to the role of the cascade reaction, the effect of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the early and middle stages of SCI severely damage neurons, and most antioxidants cannot consistently eliminate ROS at non-toxic doses, which leads to a huge compromise in antioxidant treatment of SCI. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have excellent ROS scavenging bioactivity, but the toxicity control problem limits the therapeutic window. Here, we propose a synergistic therapeutic strategy of SeNPs encapsulated by ZIF-8 (SeNPs@ZIF-8) to obtain synergistic ROS scavenging activity. Three different spatial structures of SeNPs@ZIF-8 were synthesized and coated with ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor (FSZ NPs), to achieve enhanced anti-oxidant and anti-ferroptosis activity without toxicity. FSZ NPs promoted the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, thereby regulating the expression of inflammatory factors and promoting the polarization of macrophages into M2 phenotype. In addition, the FSZ NPs presented strong abilities to promote neuronal maturation and axon growth through activating the WNT4-dependent pathways, while prevented glial scar formation. The current study demonstrates the powerful and versatile bioactive functions of FSZ NPs for SCI treatment and offers inspiration for other neural injury diseases.