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Tu L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Yang W, Liu B, Wu S, Xia X, Wang Y, Woo HY, Shi Y. Cyano-Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Block for n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319658. [PMID: 38265195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it is critical to design strong electron-deficient building blocks with simple structure and easy synthesis, which are essential for the development of n-type polymer semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano-functionalized highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CNPz) and 3,6-Dibromopyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), which feature simple structures and facile synthesis. CNPz and DCNPz can be obtained via only one-step reaction and three-step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on CNPz and DCNPz, two acceptor-acceptor (A-A) polymers, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) are successfully developed, featuring deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which are beneficial to n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility of 0.85 and 1.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained for P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz), respectively. When doped with N-DMBI, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) show high n-type electrical conductivities/power factors of 25.3 S cm-1 /41.4 μW m-1 K-2 , and 33.9 S cm-1 /30.4 μW m-1 K-2 , respectively. Hence, the cyano-functionalized pyrazine CNPz and DCNPz represent a new class of structurally simple, low-cost and readily accessible electron-deficient building block for constructing n-type polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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2
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Xu C, Wang D. Theoretical Perspective of Enhancing Order in n-Doped Thermoelectric Polymers through Side Chain Engineering: The Interplay of Counterion-Backbone Interaction and Side Chain Steric Hindrance. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1776-1783. [PMID: 38284760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers doped with n-type dopants are widely sought after for their potential in organic thermoelectric devices. However, the existing structural disorder significantly hampers their charge transport and thermoelectric performance. In this Letter, we propose a mechanism to mitigate this disorder through side chain engineering. Utilizing molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that strong Coulomb interactions between counterions and charged polymer backbones induce a transition in the stacking arrangement of the polymer backbones from a slipped to a vertical configuration. However, the presence of side chain steric hindrance impedes the formation of closely packed and ordered vertical stacking arrangements, resulting in greater distances between adjacent backbones and a higher level of structural disorder in the doped films. Therefore, we propose minimizing side chain steric hindrance to enhance the structural order in doped films. Our findings provide essential insights for advancing high-performance thermoelectric polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Wu W, Wang Y, Huang E, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Guo X, Feng K. Multi-Selenophene Incorporated Thiazole Imide-Based n-Type Polymers for High-Performance Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316214. [PMID: 37996990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing polymers with high electrical conductivity (σ) after n-doping is a great challenge for the advance of the field of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). Herein, we report a series of thiazole imide-based n-type polymers by gradually increasing selenophene content in polymeric backbone. Thanks to the strong intramolecular noncovalent N⋅⋅⋅S interaction and enhanced intermolecular Se⋅⋅⋅Se interaction, with the increase of selenophene content, the polymers show gradually lowered LUMOs, more planar backbone, and improved film crystallinity versus the selenophene-free analogue. Consequently, polymer PDTzSI-Se with the highest selenophene content achieves a champion σ of 164.0 S cm-1 and a power factor of 49.0 μW m-1 K-2 in the series when applied in OTEs after n-doping. The σ value is the highest one for n-type donor-acceptor OTE materials reported to date. Our work indicates that selenophene substitution is a powerful strategy for developing high-performance n-type OTE materials and selenophene incorporated thiazole imides offer an excellent platform in enabling n-type polymers with high backbone coplanarity, deep-lying LUMO and enhanced mobility/conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenchang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Enmin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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4
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Yang W, Feng K, Ma S, Liu B, Wang Y, Ding R, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Chan PKL, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Polymeric Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors: The Impacts of Halogen Functionalization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305416. [PMID: 37572077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance n-type polymer mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) is a grand challenge, which largely determines their applications in vaious organic electronic devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). Herein, two halogen-functionalized PMIECs f-BTI2g-TVTF and f-BTI2g-TVTCl built from fused bithiophene imide dimer (f-BTI2) as the acceptor unit and halogenated thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. Compared to the control polymer f-BTI2g-TVT, the fluorinated f-BTI2g-TVTF shows lower-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), improved charge transport property, and greater ion uptake capacity. Consequently, f-BTI2g-TVTF delivers a state-of-the-art µC* of 90.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 with a remarkable electron mobility of 0.41 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OECTs and an excellent power factor of 64.2 µW m-1 K-2 in OTEs. An OECT-based inverter amplifier is further demonstrated with voltage gain up to 148 V V-1 , which is among the highest values for OECT inverters. Such results shed light on the impacts of halogen atoms on developing high-performing n-type PMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Riqing Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Paddy Kwok Leung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Li Z, Wang R, Li Y, Li Y, Ma C, Yang J, Li H. Reversible electric switching of NDI molecular wires by orthogonal stimuli. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12743-12746. [PMID: 37807872 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The charge transport of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based molecules is explored. Experimental results show that the conductance of the TH-NDI molecular junction can be reversibly tuned by bias voltage and solvent, while the conductance of the PH-NDI junction is almost independent of the bias voltage and solvent. Based on these orthogonal stimuli, an AND logic gate of TH-NDI junction with an electric signal as the output is constructed. These results will advance the development of functional molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoqi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
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6
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Kim TH, Jang JG, Kim SH, Hong JI. Ambient-Stable n-Type Carbon Nanotube/Organic Small-Molecule Thermoelectrics Enabled by Energy Level Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46872-46880. [PMID: 37774009 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The stability of n-type organic and hybrid thermoelectric materials is limited in terms of their practical application to p-n parallel thermoelectric devices. We demonstrate the ambient stability of an n-type single-walled carbon nanotube/organic small-molecule (SWNT/OSM) hybrid by deepening the lowest occupied molecular orbital energy level. This hybrid exhibited the best figure of merit (0.032) among n-type SWNT/OSM hybrid thermoelectrics and an enhanced power factor of 291.0 μW m-1 K-2. Furthermore, we observed that the n-type thermoelectric stability of a hybrid of SWNT and pip containing two N-ethylpiperidinyl groups on both sides of a naphthalenediimide core was retained at 87% over 7 months (220 days) under ambient conditions without encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Jang
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Jong-In Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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7
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Feng K, Wang J, Jeong SY, Yang W, Li J, Woo HY, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics Enabled by Synergistically Achieving High Electron Mobility and Doping Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302629. [PMID: 37553779 PMCID: PMC10582446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped polymers with high electrical conductivity (σ) are still very scarce in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), which limits the development of efficient organic thermoelectric generators. A series of fused bithiophene imide dimer-based polymers, PO8, PO12, and PO16, incorporating distinct oligo(ethylene glycol) side-chain to optimize σ is reported here. Three polymers show a monotonic electron mobility decrease as side-chain size increasing due to the gradually lowered film crystallinity and change of backbone orientation. Interestingly, polymer PO12 with a moderate side-chain size delivers a champion σ up to 92.0 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) as high as 94.3 µW m-1 K-2 in the series when applied in OTE devices. The PF value is among the highest ones for the solution-processing n-doped polymers. In-depth morphology studies unravel that the moderate crystallinity and the formation of 3D conduction channel derived from bimodal orientation synergistically contribute to high doping efficiency and large charge carrier mobility, thus resulting in high performance for the PO12-based OTEs. The results demonstrate the great power of simple tuning of side chain in developing n-type polymers with substantial σ for improving organic thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
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Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Chang Y, Wu YS, Tung SH, Chen WC, Chueh CC, Liu CL. N-Type Doping of Naphthalenediimide-Based Random Donor-Acceptor Copolymers to Enhance Transistor Performance and Structural Crystallinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15745-15757. [PMID: 36920493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An integrated strategy of molecular design and conjugated polymer doping is proposed to improve the electronic characteristics for organic field effect transistor (OFET) applications. Here, a series of soluble naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based random donor-acceptor copolymers with selenophene π-conjugated linkers and four acceptors with different electron-withdrawing strengths (named as rNDI-N/S/NN/SS) are synthesized, characterized, and used for OFETs. N-type doping of NDI-based random copolymers using (12a,18a)-5,6,12,12a,13,18,18a,19-octahydro-5,6-dimethyl-13,18[1',2']-benzenobisbenzimidazo[1,2-b:2',1'-d]benzo[i][2.5]benzodiazocine potassium triflate adduct (DMBI-BDZC) is successfully demonstrated. The undoped rNDI-N, rNDI-NN, and rNDI-SS samples exhibit ambipolar charge transport, while rNDI-S presents only a unipolar n-type characteristic. Doping with DMBI-BDZC significantly modulates the performance of rNDI-N/S OFETs, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in electron mobility (μe) for 1 wt % doped device due to simultaneous trap mitigation, lower contact resistance (RC), and activation energy (EA), and enhanced crystallinity and edge-on orientation for charge transport. However, the doping of intrinsic pro-quinoidal rNDI-NN/SS films exhibits unchanged or even reduced device performance. These findings allow us to manipulate the energy levels by developing conjugated copolymers based on various acceptors and quinoids and to optimize the dopant-polymer semiconductor interactions and their impacts on the film morphology and molecular orientation for enhanced charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Eryilmaz IH, Chen YF, Mattana G, Orgiu E. Organic thermoelectric generators: working principles, materials, and fabrication techniques. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3160-3174. [PMID: 36805573 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic thermoelectricity is a blooming field of research that employs organic (semi)conductors to recycle waste heat through its partial conversion to electrical power. Such a conversion occurs by means of organic thermoelectric generator (OTEG) devices. The recent process on the synthesis of novel materials and on the understanding of doping mechanisms to increase conductivity has tremendously narrowed the gap between laboratory research and their application in actual applications. This Feature Article intends to highlight the impressive progress in materials and fabrication techniques for OTEGs made in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Hatice Eryilmaz
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1P7, Varennes, QC, Canada.
| | - Yan-Fang Chen
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1P7, Varennes, QC, Canada.
| | - Giorgio Mattana
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J.-A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Blvd. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1P7, Varennes, QC, Canada.
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Li J, Yang K, Wang D, Liu B, Wang Y, Jeong SY, Chen Z, Woo HY, Guo X. Regioisomeric Cyanated Polythiophenes Bearing Polar Side Chains for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Gao C, Ni Z, Zhang X, Hu W, Dong H. Recent advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors and their multi-functional applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1331-1381. [PMID: 36723084 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00720g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have received broad attention and research interest due to their unique integration of semiconducting properties with structural tunability, intrinsic flexibiltiy and low cost. In order to meet the requirements of organic electronic devices and their integrated circuits, p-type, n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors are all necessary. However, due to the limitation in both material synthesis and device fabrication, the development of n-type and ambipolar materials is quite behind that of p-type materials. Recent development in synthetic methods of organic semiconductors greatly enriches the range of n-type and ambipolar materials. Moreover, the newly developed materials with multiple functions also put forward multi-functional device applications, including some emerging research areas. In this review, we give a timely summary on these impressive advances in n-type and ambipolar organic semiconductors with a special focus on their synthesis methods and advanced materials with enhanced properties of charge carrier mobility, integration of high mobility and strong emission and thermoelectric properties. Finally, multi-functional device applications are further demonstrated as an example of these developed n-type and ambipolar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongshuai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhenjie Ni
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.,Department of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Wang D, Li J, Yang K, Wang Y, Jeong SY, Chen Z, Liao Q, Li B, Woo HY, Deng X, Guo X. Terminal Cyano-Functionalized Fused Bithiophene Imide Dimer-Based n-Type Small Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structure-Property Correlations, and Thermoelectric Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9714-9725. [PMID: 36753061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped small molecular organic thermoelectric materials (OTMs) hold advantages of high Seebeck coefficient and better performance reproducibility over their polymeric analogues; however, high-performance n-type small molecular OTMs are severely lacking. We report here a class of small molecular OTMs based on terminal cyanation of a bithiophene imide-based ladder-type heteroarene BTI2. It was found that the cyanation could effectively lower the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level from -2.90 eV (BTI2) to -4.14 eV (BTI2-4CN) and thus lead to significantly improved n-doping efficiency. Additionally, terminal cyano-functionalization can maintain the close packing and efficient intermolecular charge transfer between these cyanated molecules, thus yielding high electron mobilities of up to 0.40 cm2 V-1 s-1. Benefiting from its low LUMO-enabled efficient n-doping and high electron mobility, an encouraging n-type electrical conductivity of 0.43 S cm-1 and power factor (PF) of 6.34 μW m-1 K-2 were achieved for tetracyanated BTI2-4CN, significantly outperforming those of its noncynated BTI2 (<10-7 S cm-1, PF undetectable) and dicyanated BTI2-2CN (0.24 S cm-1, 1.78 μW m-1 K-2). These results suggest the great potential of the terminal cyanation strategy of ladder-type heteroarenes for developing high-performance small molecular OTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Xianyu Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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14
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Shi Y, Li J, Sun H, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Guo X. Thiazole Imide-Based All-Acceptor Homopolymer with Branched Ethylene Glycol Side Chains for Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214192. [PMID: 36282628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
n-Type semiconducting polymers with high thermoelectric performance remain challenging due to the scarcity of molecular design strategy, limiting their applications in organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices. Herein, we provide a new approach to enhance the OTE performance of n-doped polymers by introducing acceptor-acceptor (A-A) type backbone bearing branched ethylene glycol (EG) side chains. When doped with 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI), the A-A homopolymer PDTzTI-TEG exhibits n-type electrical conductivity (σ) up to 34 S cm-1 and power factor value of 15.7 μW m-1 K-2 . The OTE performance of PDTzTI-TEG is far greater than that of homopolymer PBTI-TEG (σ=0.27 S cm-1 ), indicating that introducing electron-deficient thiazole units in the backbone further improves the n-doping efficiency. These results demonstrate that developing A-A type polymers with EG side chains is an effective strategy to enhance n-type OTE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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15
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Borrmann F, Tsuda T, Guskova O, Kiriy N, Hoffmann C, Neusser D, Ludwigs S, Lappan U, Simon F, Geisler M, Debnath B, Krupskaya Y, Al‐Hussein M, Kiriy A. Charge-Compensated N-Doped π-Conjugated Polymers: Toward both Thermodynamic Stability of N-Doped States in Water and High Electron Conductivity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203530. [PMID: 36065004 PMCID: PMC9631074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and applications of electron-conducting π-conjugated polymers with naphtalene diimide (NDI) blocks show remarkable progress in recent years. Such polymers demonstrate a facilitated n-doping due to the strong electron deficiency of the main polymer chain and the presence of the positively charged side groups stabilizing a negative charge of the n-doped backbone. Here, the n-type conducting NDI polymer with enhanced stability of its n-doped states for prospective "in-water" applications is developed. A combined experimental-theoretical approach is used to identify critical features and parameters that control the doping and electron transport process. The facilitated polymer reduction ability and the thermodynamic stability in water are confirmed by electrochemical measurements and doping studies. This material also demonstrates a high conductivity of 10-2 S cm-1 under ambient conditions and 10-1 S cm-1 in vacuum. The modeling explains the stabilizing effects for various dopants. The simulations show a significant doping-induced "collapse" of the positively charged side chains on the core bearing a partial negative charge. This explains a decrease in the lamellar spacing observed in experiments. This study fundamentally enables a novel pathway for achieving both thermodynamic stability of the n-doped states in water and the high electron conductivity of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Borrmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Takuya Tsuda
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS)TU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Nataliya Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Cedric Hoffmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Bipasha Debnath
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Yulia Krupskaya
- Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Hussein
- Physics Department and Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific ResearchThe University of JordanAmman11942Jordan
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.VHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
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16
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Wang J, Feng K, Jeong SY, Liu B, Wang Y, Wu W, Hou Y, Woo HY, Guo X. Acceptor-acceptor type polymers based on cyano-substituted benzochalcogenadiazole and diketopyrrolopyrrole for high-efficiency n-type organic thermoelectrics. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Chen Y, Wu J, Lu S, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Semiconducting Copolymers with Naphthalene Imide/Amide π‐Conjugated Units: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Systematic Structure‐Property‐Mobility Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Jianglin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Shirong Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Flexterra Corporation Skokie IL 60077 USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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18
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Dong CS, Meng B, Liu J, Wang LX. Acceptor-acceptor-type Organoboron Conjugated Polymers: Effect of Backbone Configuration on Thermoelectric Performance. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Wu J, Lu S, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Semiconducting Copolymers with Naphthalene Imide/Amide π‐Conjugated Units: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Systematic Structure−Property−Mobility Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology CHINA
| | - Jianglin Wu
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center UNITED STATES
| | - Shirong Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology CHINA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center UNITED STATES
| | - Tobin Jay Marks
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd. 60208-3113 Evanston UNITED STATES
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20
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Du T, Liu Y, Wang C, Deng Y, Geng Y. n-Type Conjugated Polymers Based on an Indandione-Terminated Quinoidal Building Block. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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21
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Zhou D, Zhang H, Zheng H, Xu Z, Xu H, Guo H, Li P, Tong Y, Hu B, Chen L. Recent Advances and Prospects of Small Molecular Organic Thermoelectric Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200679. [PMID: 35285160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) materials possess unique energy conversion capabilities between heat and electrical energy. Small organic semiconductors have aroused widespread attention for the fabrication of TE devices due to their advantages of low toxicity, large area, light weight, and easy fabrication. However, the low TE properties hinder their large-scale commercial application. Herein, the basic knowledge about TE materials, including parameters affecting the TE performance and the remaining challenges of the organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials, are initially summarized in detail. Second, the optimization strategies of power factor, including the selection and design of dopants and structural modification of the dope-host are introduced. Third, some achievements of p- and n-type small molecular OTE materials are highlighted to briefly provide their future developing trend; finally, insights on the future development of OTE materials are also provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Hehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Haolan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Zhentian Xu
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Huilong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Peining Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yongfen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants, Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, 696 Fenghe South Avenue, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Lie Chen
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
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22
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Zhang Y, van Doremaele ERW, Ye G, Stevens T, Song J, Chiechi RC, van de Burgt Y. Adaptive Biosensing and Neuromorphic Classification Based on an Ambipolar Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200393. [PMID: 35334499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are central to bioelectronic applications such as biosensors, health-monitoring devices, and neural interfaces, and have facilitated efficient next-generation brain-inspired computing and biohybrid systems. Despite these examples, smart and adaptive circuits that can locally process and optimize biosignals have not yet been realized. Here, a tunable sensing circuit is shown that can locally modulate biologically relevant signals like electromyograms (EMGs) and electrocardiograms (ECGs), that is based on a complementary logic inverter combined with a neuromorphic memory element, and that is constructed from a single polymer mixed conductor. It is demonstrated that a small neuromorphic array based on this material effects high classification accuracy in heartbeat anomaly detection. This high-performance material allows for straightforward monolithic integration, which reduces fabrication complexity while also achieving high on/off ratios with excellent ambient p- and n-type stability in transistor performance. This material opens a route toward simple and straightforward fabrication and integration of more sophisticated adaptive circuits for future smart bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline R W van Doremaele
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Stevens
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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23
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang F, Dai K, Li C, Fan Y, Chen G, Zheng Q. Soft Organic Thermoelectric Materials: Principles, Current State of the Art and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104922. [PMID: 34921579 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enormous demand for waste heat utilization and burgeoning eco-friendly wearable materials has triggered huge interest in the development of thermoelectric materials that can harvest low-cost energy resources by converting waste heat to electricity efficiently. In particular, due to their high flexibility, nontoxicity, cost-effectivity, and promising applicability in various fields, organic thermoelectric materials are drawing more attention compared with their toxic, expensive, heavy, and brittle inorganic counterparts. Organic thermoelectric materials are approaching the figure of merit of the inorganic ones via the construction and optimization of unique transport pathways and device geometries. This review presents the recent development of the interdependence and decoupling principles of the thermoelectric efficiency parameters as well as the new achievements of high performance organic thermoelectric materials. Moreover, this review also discusses the advances in the thermoelectric devices with emphasis on their energy-related applications. It is believed that organic thermoelectric materials are emerging as green energy alternatives rivaling their conventional inorganic counterparts in the efficient and pure electricity harvesting from waste heat and solar thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbing Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
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24
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Wang J, Liu L, Wu F, Liu Z, Fan Z, Chen L, Chen Y. Recent Developments of n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials: Influence of Structure Modification on Molecule Arrangement and Solution Processing. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102420. [PMID: 34964275 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor (OSCs) thermoelectric materials have been studied widely due to their low thermal conductivity and solution processing characteristics. Currently, the high conductivity (up to 1000 s cm-1 ) has boosted the performance of p-type organic thermoelectric materials substantially. In contrast, the development of n-type organic thermoelectric materials is still limited by their low mobility, inferior air stability, and poor doping efficiency, which is relevant to the molecule structure and dopant dispersion. Herein, the recent development of n-type organic thermoelectric materials was reviewed with an emphasis on molecule structure modification and solution processing. Methods for optimizing conjugate structure were summarized from the effects of conjugated backbone modification and side chains diversification on molecular stacking. The primary n-type dopants were also summarized briefly. Especially, the role of solution aggregation controlling on film preparation and properties was given special attention. Additionally, the emergence of organic diradicals with low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and no doping was introduced, which shows great potential in n-type organic thermoelectric materials. All these endeavors have led to the development of n-type OSCs materials. This Review is aimed at illustrating the state-of-the-art progress and providing some guideline for the design of organic thermoelectric materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Zuoji Liu
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Fan
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (IASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
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25
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Alsufyani M, Stoeckel M, Chen X, Thorley K, Hallani RK, Puttisong Y, Ji X, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Regeta K, Combe C, Chen H, Tian J, Rivnay J, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Lactone Backbone Density in Rigid Electron‐Deficient Semiconducting Polymers Enabling High n‐type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xingxing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Rawad K. Hallani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Khrystyna Regeta
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology Linköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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26
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Organic Thermoelectric Materials as the Waste Heat Remedy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031016. [PMID: 35164278 PMCID: PMC8839541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary reason behind the search for novel organic materials for application in thermoelectric devices is the toxicity of inorganic substances and the difficulties associated with their processing for the production of thin, flexible layers. When Thomas Seebeck described a new phenomenon in Berlin in 1820, nobody could have predicted the future applications of the thermoelectric effect. Now, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in watches, and thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are applied in cars, computers, and various laboratory equipment. Nevertheless, the future of thermoelectric materials lies in organic compounds. This paper discusses the developments made in thermoelectric materials, including small molecules, polymers, molecular junctions, and their applications as TEGs and/or TECs.
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27
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Rosas Villalva D, Singh S, Galuska LA, Sharma A, Han J, Liu J, Haque MA, Jang S, Emwas AH, Koster LJA, Gu X, Schroeder BC, Baran D. Backbone-driven host-dopant miscibility modulates molecular doping in NDI conjugated polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:500-508. [PMID: 34927646 PMCID: PMC8725799 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping is the key to enabling organic electronic devices, however, the design strategies to maximize doping efficiency demands further clarity and comprehension. Previous reports focus on the effect of the side chains, but the role of the backbone is still not well understood. In this study, we synthesize a series of NDI-based copolymers with bithiophene, vinylene, and acetylenic moieties (P1G, P2G, and P3G, respectively), all containing branched triethylene glycol side chains. Using computational and experimental methods, we explore the impact of the conjugated backbone using three key parameters for doping in organic semiconductors: energy levels, microstructure, and miscibility. Our experimental results show that P1G undergoes the most efficient n-type doping owed primarily to its higher dipole moment, and better host-dopant miscibility with N-DMBI. In contrast, P2G and P3G possess more planar backbones than P1G, but the lack of long-range order, and poor host-dopant miscibility limit their doping efficiency. Our data suggest that backbone planarity alone is not enough to maximize the electrical conductivity (σ) of n-type doped organic semiconductors, and that backbone polarity also plays an important role in enhancing σ via host-dopant miscibility. Finally, the thermoelectric properties of doped P1G exhibit a power factor of 0.077 μW m-1 K-2, and ultra-low in-plane thermal conductivity of 0.13 W m-1K-1 at 5 mol% of N-DMBI, which is among the lowest thermal conductivity values reported for n-type doped conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rosas Villalva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saumya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Luke A Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jianhua Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Md Azimul Haque
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Soyeong Jang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul Hamid Emwas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Bob C Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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30
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Alsufyani M, Stoeckel MA, Chen X, Thorley K, Hallani RK, Puttisong Y, Ji X, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Regeta K, Combe C, Chen H, Tian J, Rivnay J, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Lactone Backbone Density in Rigid Electron-Deficient Semiconducting Polymers Enabling High n-type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113078. [PMID: 34797584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three lactone-based rigid semiconducting polymers were designed to overcome major limitations in the development of n-type organic thermoelectrics, namely electrical conductivity and air stability. Experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrated that increasing the lactone group density by increasing the benzene content from 0 % benzene (P-0), to 50 % (P-50), and 75 % (P-75) resulted in progressively larger electron affinities (up to 4.37 eV), suggesting a more favorable doping process, when employing (N-DMBI) as the dopant. Larger polaron delocalization was also evident, due to the more planarized conformation, which is proposed to lead to a lower hopping energy barrier. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity increased by three orders of magnitude, to achieve values of up to 12 S cm and Power factors of 13.2 μWm-1 K-2 were thereby enabled. These findings present new insights into material design guidelines for the future development of air stable n-type organic thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alsufyani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA
| | - Rawad K Hallani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Khrystyna Regeta
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig Combe
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Scaccabarozzi AD, Basu A, Aniés F, Liu J, Zapata-Arteaga O, Warren R, Firdaus Y, Nugraha MI, Lin Y, Campoy-Quiles M, Koch N, Müller C, Tsetseris L, Heeney M, Anthopoulos TD. Doping Approaches for Organic Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4420-4492. [PMID: 34793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic doping in organic materials has remained an elusive concept for several decades. It drew considerable attention in the early days in the quest for organic materials with high electrical conductivity, paving the way for the pioneering work on pristine organic semiconductors (OSCs) and their eventual use in a plethora of applications. Despite this early trend, however, recent strides in the field of organic electronics have been made hand in hand with the development and use of dopants to the point that are now ubiquitous. Here, we give an overview of all important advances in the area of doping of organic semiconductors and their applications. We first review the relevant literature with particular focus on the physical processes involved, discussing established mechanisms but also newly proposed theories. We then continue with a comprehensive summary of the most widely studied dopants to date, placing particular emphasis on the chemical strategies toward the synthesis of molecules with improved functionality. The processing routes toward doped organic films and the important doping-processing-nanostructure relationships, are also discussed. We conclude the review by highlighting how doping can enhance the operating characteristics of various organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filip Aniés
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ross Warren
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliar Firdaus
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication, Indonesian Institute of Science, Jalan Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Building 20 level 4, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Materials Science Institute of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Kekulé-Strasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Cheng S, Zhao R, Seferos DS. Precision Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Using the Kumada Methodology. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4203-4214. [PMID: 34726058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conductive poly(acetylene), the study of conjugated polymers has remained an active and interdisciplinary frontier between polymer chemistry, polymer physics, computation, and device engineering. One of the ultimate goals of polymer science is to reliably synthesize structures, similar to small molecule synthesis. Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerization (KCTP) is a powerful tool for synthesizing conjugated polymers with predictable molecular weights, narrow dispersities, specific end groups, and complex backbone architectures. However, expanding the monomer scope beyond the well-studied 3-alkylthiophenes to include electron-deficient and complex heterocycles has been difficult. Revisiting the successful applications of KCTP can help us gain new insight into the CTP mechanisms and thus inspire breakthroughs in the controlled polymerization of challenging π-conjugated monomers.In this Account, we highlight our efforts over the past decade to achieve controlled synthesis of homopolymers (p-type and n-type), copolymers (diblock and statistical), and monodisperse high oligomers. We first give a brief introduction of the mechanism and state-of-the-art of KCTP. Since the extent of polymerization control is determined by steric and electronic effects of both the catalyst and monomer, the polymerization can be optimized by modifying monomer and catalyst structures, as well as finding a well-matched monomer-catalyst system. We discuss the effects of side-chain steric hindrance and halogens in the context of heavy atom substituted monomers. By moving the side-chain branch point one carbon atom away from the heterocycle to alleviate steric crowding and stabilize the catalyst resting state, we were able to successfully control the polymerization of new tellurophene monomers. Inspired by innocent role of the sterically encumbered 2-transmetalated 3-alkylthiophene monomer, we introduce the treatment of hygroscopic monomers with a bulky Grignard compound as a water-scavenger for the improved synthesis of water-soluble conjugated polymers. For challenging electron-deficient monomers, we discuss the design of new Ni(II)diimine catalysts with electron-donating character which enhance the stability of the association complex between the catalyst and the growing polymer chain, resulting in the quasi-living synthesis of n-type polymers. Beyond n-type homopolymers, the Ni(II)diimine catalysts are also capable of producing electron-rich and electron-deficient diblock and statistical copolymers. We discuss how density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the role of catalyst steric and electronic effects in controlling the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthesis of monodisperse high oligomers by temperature cycling, which takes full advantage of the unique character of KCTP in that it proceeds through distinct intermediates that are not reactive. The insight we gained thus far leads to the first example of isolated living conjugated polymer chains prepared by a standard KCTP procedure, with general applicability to different monomers and catalytic systems. In summarizing a decade of innovation in KCTP, we hope this Account will inspire future development in the field to overcome key challenges including the controlled synthesis of electron-deficient heterocycles, complex and high-performance systems, and degradable and recyclable materials as well as cutting-edge catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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33
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Park KH, Go J, Lim B, Noh Y. Recent progress in lactam‐based polymer semiconductors for organic electronic devices. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hun Park
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Ji‐Young Go
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyu Lim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Young Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
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34
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Wei C, Xu P, Zhang W, Zhou Y, Wei X, Zheng Y, Wang L, Yu G. Incorporation of Cyano‐Substituted Aromatic Blocks into Naphthalene Diimide‐Based Copolymers: Toward Unipolar n‐Channel Field‐Effect Transistors. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Congyuan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Pan Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yankai Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xuyang Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuanhui Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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35
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Dong C, Deng S, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. A Distannylated Monomer of a Strong Electron-Accepting Organoboron Building Block: Enabling Acceptor-Acceptor-Type Conjugated Polymers for n-Type Thermoelectric Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16184-16190. [PMID: 33956396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Acceptor-acceptor (A-A) copolymerization is an effective strategy to develop high-performance n-type conjugated polymers. However, the development of A-A type conjugated polymers is challenging due to the synthetic difficulty. Herein, a distannylated monomer of strong electron-deficient double B←N bridged bipyridine (BNBP) unit is readily synthesized and used to develop A-A type conjugated polymers by Stille polycondensation. The resulting polymers show ultralow LUMO energy levels of -4.4 eV, which is among the lowest value reported for organoboron polymers. After n-doping, the resulting polymers exhibit electric conductivity of 7.8 S cm-1 and power factor of 24.8 μW m-1 K-2 . This performance is among the best for n-type polymer thermoelectric materials. These results demonstrate the great potential of A-A type organoboron polymers for high-performance n-type thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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36
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Dong C, Deng S, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. A Distannylated Monomer of a Strong Electron‐Accepting Organoboron Building Block: Enabling Acceptor–Acceptor‐Type Conjugated Polymers for n‐Type Thermoelectric Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changshuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Sihui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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37
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Griggs S, Marks A, Bristow H, McCulloch I. n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:8099-8128. [PMID: 34277009 PMCID: PMC8264852 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc02048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the design strategies which aim to develop high performing n-type materials in the fields of organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) and organic thermoelectrics (OTE). Figures of merit for each application and the limitations in obtaining these are set out, and the challenges with achieving consistent and comparable measurements are addressed. We present a thorough discussion of the limitations of n-type materials, particularly their ambient operational instability, and suggest synthetic methods to overcome these. This instability originates from the oxidation of the negative polaron of the organic semiconductor (OSC) by water and oxygen, the potentials of which commonly fall within the electrochemical window of n-type OSCs, and consequently require a LUMO level deeper than ∼-4 eV for a material with ambient stability. Recent high performing n-type materials are detailed for each application and their design principles are discussed to explain how synthetic modifications can enhance performance. This can be achieved through a number of strategies, including utilising an electron deficient acceptor-acceptor backbone repeat unit motif, introducing electron-withdrawing groups or heteroatoms, rigidification and planarisation of the polymer backbone and through increasing the conjugation length. By studying the fundamental synthetic design principles which have been employed to date, this review highlights a path to the development of promising polymers for n-type OSC applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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38
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Li JT, Lei T. Recent Progress on Addressing the Key Challenges in Organic Thermoelectrics. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1508-1518. [PMID: 33915036 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compared with inorganic thermoelectric materials, organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have attracted increasing attention due to their advantages of low toxicity, high mechanical flexibility, and large-scale solution processability. In the past few years, OTE materials have made remarkable progress in terms of their design, synthesis, and device performance. However, some challenges remain, including the low doping efficiency in n-type materials, poor doping stability with molecular dopants, and the largely reduced Seebeck coefficient after heavily doping, etc. All these factors hinder the further development of OTEs for commercial applications. In this Minireview, we highlight several key challenges during the development of OTEs and summarize recent understandings and efforts to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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39
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Tonga M, Wei L. A facile strategy for the development of n‒type carbon nanotube composites with tunable thermoelectric properties via thiol‒ene chemistry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2354. [PMID: 33883549 PMCID: PMC8060302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers, such as the p-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have enabled the development of an array of opto- and bio-electronics devices. However, to make these technologies truly pervasive, stable and easily processable, n-doped conducting polymers are also needed. Despite major efforts, no n-type equivalents to the benchmark PEDOT:PSS exist to date. Here, we report on the development of poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline):poly(ethyleneimine) (BBL:PEI) as an ethanol-based n-type conductive ink. BBL:PEI thin films yield an n-type electrical conductivity reaching 8 S cm-1, along with excellent thermal, ambient, and solvent stability. This printable n-type mixed ion-electron conductor has several technological implications for realizing high-performance organic electronic devices, as demonstrated for organic thermoelectric generators with record high power output and n-type organic electrochemical transistors with a unique depletion mode of operation. BBL:PEI inks hold promise for the development of next-generation bioelectronics and wearable devices, in particular targeting novel functionality, efficiency, and power performance.
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41
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Teshima Y, Saito M, Mikie T, Komeyama K, Osaka I. Bithiazole Dicarboxylate Ester: An Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Unit for π-Conjugated Polymers Enabling Electron Transport. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Teshima
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Mikie
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Komeyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Itaru Osaka
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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42
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Ye G, Liu J, Qiu X, Stäter S, Qiu L, Liu Y, Yang X, Hildner R, Koster LJA, Chiechi RC. Controlling n-Type Molecular Doping via Regiochemistry and Polarity of Pendant Groups on Low Band Gap Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021; 54:3886-3896. [PMID: 34054145 PMCID: PMC8154869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We demonstrate the
impact of the type and position of pendant groups
on the n-doping of low-band gap donor–acceptor (D–A)
copolymers. Polar glycol ether groups simultaneously increase the
electron affinities of D–A copolymers and improve the host/dopant
miscibility compared to nonpolar alkyl groups, improving the doping
efficiency by a factor of over 40. The bulk mobility of the doped
films increases with the fraction of polar groups, leading to a best
conductivity of 0.08 S cm–1 and power factor (PF)
of 0.24 μW m–1 K–2 in the
doped copolymer with the polar pendant groups on both the D and A
moieties. We used spatially resolved absorption spectroscopy to relate
commensurate morphological changes to the dispersion of dopants and
to the relative local doping efficiency, demonstrating a direct relationship
between the morphology of the polymer phase, the solvation of the
molecular dopant, and the electrical properties of doped films. Our
work offers fundamental new insights into the influence of the physical
properties of pendant chains on the molecular doping process, which
should be generalizable to any molecularly doped polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Stäter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yuru Liu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hildner
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Liu J, Ye G, Potgieser HGO, Koopmans M, Sami S, Nugraha MI, Villalva DR, Sun H, Dong J, Yang X, Qiu X, Yao C, Portale G, Fabiano S, Anthopoulos TD, Baran D, Havenith RWA, Chiechi RC, Koster LJA. Amphipathic Side Chain of a Conjugated Polymer Optimizes Dopant Location toward Efficient N-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006694. [PMID: 33306230 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is no molecular strategy for selectively increasing the Seebeck coefficient without reducing the electrical conductivity for organic thermoelectrics. Here, it is reported that the use of amphipathic side chains in an n-type donor-acceptor copolymer can selectively increase the Seebeck coefficient and thus increase the power factor by a factor of ≈5. The amphipathic side chain contains an alkyl chain segment as a spacer between the polymer backbone and an ethylene glycol type chain segment. The use of this alkyl spacer does not only reduce the energetic disorder in the conjugated polymer film but can also properly control the dopant sites away from the backbone, which minimizes the adverse influence of counterions. As confirmed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations with the host-dopant distance as the only variable, a reduced Coulombic interaction resulting from a larger host-dopant distance contributes to a higher Seebeck coefficient for a given electrical conductivity. Finally, an optimized power factor of 18 µW m-1 K-2 is achieved in the doped polymer film. This work provides a facile molecular strategy for selectively improving the Seebeck coefficient and opens up a new route for optimizing the dopant location toward realizing better n-type polymeric thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Hinderikus G O Potgieser
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Koopmans
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Selim Sami
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamad Insan Nugraha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diego Rosas Villalva
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Jingjin Dong
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Xuwen Yang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Yao
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-(S3), Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - L Jan Anton Koster
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, NL-9747 AG, the Netherlands
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44
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Lu Y, Yu ZD, Un HI, Yao ZF, You HY, Jin W, Li L, Wang ZY, Dong BW, Barlow S, Longhi E, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Silva C, Marder SR, Pei J. Persistent Conjugated Backbone and Disordered Lamellar Packing Impart Polymers with Efficient n-Doping and High Conductivities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005946. [PMID: 33251668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable highly conductive polymers are of great interest in emerging electronic applications. For p-doped polymers, conductivities as high a nearly 105 S cm-1 have been reported. In the case of n-doped polymers, they often fall well short of the high values noted above, which might be achievable, if much higher charge-carrier mobilities determined could be realized in combination with high charge-carrier densities. This is in part due to inefficient doping and dopant ions disturbing the ordering of polymers, limiting efficient charge transport and ultimately the achievable conductivities. Here, n-doped polymers that achieve a high conductivity of more than 90 S cm-1 by a simple solution-based co-deposition method are reported. Two conjugated polymers with rigid planar backbones, but with disordered crystalline structures, exhibit surprising structural tolerance to, and excellent miscibility with, commonly used n-dopants. These properties allow both high concentrations and high mobility of the charge carriers to be realized simultaneously in n-doped polymers, resulting in excellent electrical conductivity and thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Yang You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
- School of Physics and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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45
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Chen H, Moser M, Wang S, Jellett C, Thorley K, Harrison GT, Jiao X, Xiao M, Purushothaman B, Alsufyani M, Bristow H, De Wolf S, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Acene Ring Size Optimization in Fused Lactam Polymers Enabling High n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:260-268. [PMID: 33350307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three n-type fused lactam semiconducting polymers were synthesized for thermoelectric and transistor applications via a cheap, highly atom-efficient, and nontoxic transition-metal free aldol polycondensation. Energy level analysis of the three polymers demonstrated that reducing the central acene core size from two anthracenes (A-A), to mixed naphthalene-anthracene (A-N), and two naphthalene cores (N-N) resulted in progressively larger electron affinities, thereby suggesting an increasingly more favorable and efficient solution doping process when employing 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI) as the dopant. Meanwhile, organic field effect transistor (OFET) mobility data showed the N-N and A-N polymers to feature the highest charge carrier mobilities, further highlighting the benefits of aryl core contraction to the electronic performance of the materials. Ultimately, the combination of these two factors resulted in N-N, A-N, and A-A to display power factors (PFs) of 3.2 μW m-1 K-2, 1.6 μW m-1 K-2, and 0.3 μW m-1 K-2, respectively, when doped with N-DMBI, whereby the PFs recorded for N-N and A-N are among the highest reported in the literature for n-type polymers. Importantly, the results reported in this study highlight that modulating the size of the central acene ring is a highly effective molecular design strategy to optimize the thermoelectric performance of conjugated polymers, thus also providing new insights into the molecular design guidelines for the next generation of high-performance n-type materials for thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Cameron Jellett
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - George T Harrison
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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46
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Wang S, Ruoko TP, Wang G, Riera-Galindo S, Hultmark S, Puttisong Y, Moro F, Yan H, Chen WM, Berggren M, Müller C, Fabiano S. Sequential Doping of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers for Thermally Stable n-Type Organic Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53003-53011. [PMID: 33179508 PMCID: PMC7735673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is a powerful tool to optimize the performance of various organic (opto)electronic and bioelectronic devices. Despite recent advances, the low thermal stability of the electronic properties of doped polymers still represents a significant obstacle to implementing these materials into practical applications. Hence, the development of conducting doped polymers with excellent long-term stability at elevated temperatures is highly desirable. Here, we report on the sequential doping of the ladder-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) with a benzimidazole-based dopant (i.e., N-DMBI). By combining electrical, UV-vis/infrared, X-ray diffraction, and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, we quantitatively characterized the conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, spin density, and microstructure of the sequentially doped polymer films as a function of the thermal annealing temperature. Importantly, we observed that the electrical conductivity of N-DMBI-doped BBL remains unchanged even after 20 h of heating at 190 °C. This finding is remarkable and of particular interest for organic thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sergi Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Moro
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hongping Yan
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025 California, United States
| | - Weimin M. Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic
Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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47
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Recent development of n-type thermoelectric materials based on conjugated polymers. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Zhao W, Zhang F, Dai X, Jin W, Xiang L, Ding J, Wang X, Wan Y, Shen H, He Z, Wang J, Gao X, Zou Y, Di CA, Zhu D. Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of n-Type Organic Semiconductor via Electric Field Modulated Photo-Thermoelectric Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000273. [PMID: 32579297 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modulating photophysical processes is a fundamental way for tuning performance of many organic devices. However, it has not been explored as an effective strategy to manipulate the thermoelectric (TE) conversion of organic semiconductors (OSCs) owing to their critical requirement to carrier concentration (>1018 cm-3 ) and the fact of low exciton separation efficiency in single element OSCs. Here, an electric field modulated photo-thermoelectric (P-TE) effect in an n-type OSC is demonstrated to realize a significant improvement of TE performance. The electrical and spectroscopy characterizations reveal that the electric field gating generates combined modulation of exciton separation, charge screening, and carrier recombination, which produces a more than ten times improvement of photoinduced carrier concentration. These coupled processes contribute to the unconventional Seebeck coefficient (S)-electrical conductivity (σ) trade-off relationship of the photoexcited films, therefore leading to a more than 500% enhancement in the power factor for n-type OTE semiconductors. This work opens a unique way toward state-of-the-art organic P-TE materials for energy harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanyi Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Centre for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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49
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A thermally activated and highly miscible dopant for n-type organic thermoelectrics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3292. [PMID: 32620924 PMCID: PMC7335177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-doping plays an irreplaceable role in controlling the electron concentration of organic semiconductors thus to improve performance of organic semiconductor devices. However, compared with many mature p-doping methods, n-doping of organic semiconductor is still of challenges. In particular, dopant stability/processability, counterion-semiconductor immiscibility and doping induced microstructure non-uniformity have restricted the application of n-doping in high-performance devices. Here, we report a computer-assisted screening approach to rationally design of a triaminomethane-type dopant, which exhibit extremely high stability and strong hydride donating property due to its thermally activated doping mechanism. This triaminomethane derivative shows excellent counterion-semiconductor miscibility (counter cations stay with the polymer side chains), high doping efficiency and uniformity. By using triaminomethane, we realize a record n-type conductivity of up to 21 S cm−1 and power factors as high as 51 μW m−1 K−2 even in films with thicknesses over 10 μm, and we demonstrate the first reported all-polymer thermoelectric generator. Realizing efficient n-doping in organic thermoelectrics remains a challenge due to dopant-semiconductor immiscibility, poor dopant stability and low doping efficiency. Here, the authors use computer-assisted screening to develop n-dopants for thermoelectric polymers that show record power factors.
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50
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Shin YH, Komber H, Caiola D, Cassinelli M, Sun H, Stegerer D, Schreiter M, Horatz K, Lissel F, Jiao X, McNeill CR, Cimò S, Bertarelli C, Fabiano S, Caironi M, Sommer M. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of a Glycolated Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymer for Application in Low-Level n-Doped Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-hun Shin
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide Caiola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Cassinelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Marcel Schreiter
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Kilian Horatz
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Simone Cimò
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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